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Kanarik M, Grimm O, Mota NR, Reif A, Harro J. ADHD co-morbidities: A review of implication of gene × environment effects with dopamine-related genes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104757. [PMID: 35777579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ADHD is a major burden in adulthood, where co-morbid conditions such as depression, substance use disorder and obesity often dominate the clinical picture. ADHD has substantial shared heritability with other mental disorders, contributing to comorbidity. However, environmental risk factors exist but their interaction with genetic makeup, especially in relation to comorbid disorders, remains elusive. This review for the first time summarizes present knowledge on gene x environment (GxE) interactions regarding the dopamine system. Hitherto, mainly candidate (GxE) studies were performed, focusing on the genes DRD4, DAT1 and MAOA. Some evidence suggest that the variable number tandem repeats in DRD4 and MAOA may mediate GxE interactions in ADHD generally, and comorbid conditions specifically. Nevertheless, even for these genes, common variants are bound to suggest risk only in the context of gender and specific environments. For other polymorphisms, evidence is contradictory and less convincing. Particularly lacking are longitudinal studies testing the interaction of well-defined environmental with polygenic risk scores reflecting the dopamine system in its entirety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margus Kanarik
- Chair of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A Chemicum, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nina Roth Mota
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Chair of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A Chemicum, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Psychiatry Clinic, North Estonia Medical Centre, Paldiski Road 52, 10614 Tallinn, Estonia.
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Grzywacz A, Chmielowiec J, Chmielowiec K, Mroczek B, Masiak J, Suchanecka A, Sipak-Szmigiel O, Szumilas K, Trybek G. The Ankyrin Repeat and Kinase Domain Containing 1 Gene Polymorphism ( ANKK1 Taq1A) and Personality Traits in Addicted Subjects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16152687. [PMID: 31357601 PMCID: PMC6695683 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Taq1A polymorphism located in the ANKK1 gene is one of the most widely studied polymorphisms in regards to the genetics of behavior and addiction. The aim of our study was to analyze this polymorphism with regard to personality characteristics and anxiety measured by means of the Personality Inventory—(NEO Five-Factor Inventory—NEO—FFI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in polysubstance addicted subjects. The study group consisted of 600 male volunteers, including 299 addicted subjects and 301 controls. Psychiatrists recruited members for both groups. Addiction was diagnosed in the case group. In the control group mental illness was excluded. The same psychometric test and genotyping using the real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) method was performed for both groups. The results were investigated by means of multivariate analysis of the main effects Multi-factor ANOVA. Significantly higher scores on the scale of STAI state and Neuroticism and Openness traits, as well as lower scores on the scales of Extraversion, Agreeability, and Conscientiousness, were found in the case group subjects, compared to the controls. Differences in frequency of genotypes and alleles of Taq1A polymorphism between the studied groups were not found. Multi-factor ANOVA of addicted subjects and control subjects and the ANKK1 Taq1A variant interaction approximated the statistical significance for the STAI state. The main effects ANOVA of both subjects’ groups were found for the STAI state and trait, the Neuroticism scale, the Extraversion scale, and the Agreeability scale. The ANKK1 Taq1A main effects approximated the statistical significance of the STAI trait. Our study shows not only differences in personality traits between addicted and non-addicted subjects, but also the possible impact of ANKK1 on given traits and on addiction itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Grzywacz
- Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion of the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 11 Chlapowskiego St., 70-204 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Chmielowiec
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Zielona Góra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Chmielowiec
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Zielona Góra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Bożena Mroczek
- Department of Human Sciences in Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 11 Chlapowskiego St., 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Masiak
- Neurophysiological Independent Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Aleje Racławickie St., 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Suchanecka
- Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion of the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 11 Chlapowskiego St., 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Olimpia Sipak-Szmigiel
- Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Pregnancy, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 48 Żołnierska St., 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Kamila Szumilas
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 70-111, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Trybek
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Chu CS, Chu CL, Liang CK, Lu T, Lin YT, Chou MY, Chow PCK. Association Between Polymorphisms in Dopamine-Related Genes and Orthopedic Pain Expression in a Chinese Elderly Population. Pain Pract 2018; 19:211-221. [PMID: 30317684 DOI: 10.1111/papr.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The dopaminergic pathway plays a vital role in pain expression. Here, our aim was to investigate the effects of polymorphisms in genes encoding the dopamine active transporter (SLC6A3) and dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) on preoperative pain expression among patients preparing for orthopedic surgery. METHODS Chinese elderly patients scheduled for orthopedic surgery were enrolled. The VAS was used to evaluate pain intensity (score range 0 to 10; 0 = no pain; 10 = worst pain possible). Depressive symptoms were evaluated via the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. DNA was isolated from venous blood samples, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms of SLC6A3 and DRD2 were genotyped. Multiple linear regressions analyses were carried out to adjust the results for confounders. RESULTS A total of 294 patients with a mean age of 73.82 ± 8.03 years were enrolled in this study. After adjustment for confounders, rs393795 in SLC6A3 showed a significant association with preoperative VAS scores. Patients with the A/A genotype reported lower mean pain scores than did those with the A/C genotype (P = 0.026). Subsequent depression-stratified analysis of rs6276 in DRD2 revealed that patients with the A/A genotype had higher pain scores than did those with the G/G genotype (P = 0.043). No associations were found for DRD2 rs6277 in the whole study population or depression-stratified groups. CONCLUSION Genetic variations in SLC6A3 and DRD2 may play an important role in pain expression among the elderly prior to orthopedic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Sheng Chu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Geriatric and Gerontology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Chih-Kuang Liang
- Center for Geriatric and Gerontology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ti Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Te Lin
- Center for Geriatric and Gerontology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yueh Chou
- Center for Geriatric and Gerontology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Hjärpe J, Söderman E, Andreou D, Sedvall GC, Agartz I, Jönsson EG. No major influence of regular tobacco smoking on cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite concentrations in patients with psychotic disorder and healthy individuals. Psychiatry Res 2018; 263:30-34. [PMID: 29482043 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism of the monoamines dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline, is altered in the central nervous system of people with schizophrenia, and their major metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), respectively, have been intensively studied as indirect measures of these neurotransmitters in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Regular tobacco smoking has been shown to alter neurotransmitter metabolism in the brain and studies have found CSF monoamine metabolite concentrations to be substantially lower in smokers. However, few studies investigating these monoamines in CSF have controlled for regular tobacco smoking. We investigated if regular tobacco smoking influences CSF HVA, 5-HIAA and MHPG concentrations in patients treated for psychotic disorders (n = 69) and healthy non-psychotic human volunteers (n = 200). After lumbar puncture CSF samples were analyzed with mass fragmentography. CSF HVA, 5-HIAA and MHPG concentrations did not significantly differ between smokers and non-smokers neither in patients, nor in healthy subjects, whereas back-length predicted HVA and 5-HIAA and antipsychotic medication MHPG concentrations. The results indicate that regular tobacco smoking has no significant effect on monoamine metabolite concentrations in CSF. This suggests that lack of controlling for regular tobacco smoking should not substantially violate the results in studies of the major monoamine metabolites in CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Hjärpe
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Söderman
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dimitrios Andreou
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran C Sedvall
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Yildirim BO, Derksen JJL. Mesocorticolimbic dopamine functioning in primary psychopathy: A source of within-group heterogeneity. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:633-77. [PMID: 26277034 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite similar emotional deficiencies, primary psychopathic individuals can be situated on a continuum that spans from controlled to disinhibited. The constructs on which primary psychopaths are found to diverge, such as self-control, cognitive flexibility, and executive functioning, are crucially regulated by dopamine (DA). As such, the goal of this review is to examine which specific alterations in the meso-cortico-limbic DA system and corresponding genes (e.g., TH, DAT, COMT, DRD2, DRD4) might bias development towards a more controlled or disinhibited expression of primary psychopathy. Based on empirical data, it is argued that primary psychopathy is generally related to a higher tonic and population activity of striatal DA neurons and lower levels of D2-type DA receptors in meso-cortico-limbic projections, which may boost motivational drive towards incentive-laden goals, dampen punishment sensitivity, and increase future reward-expectancy. However, increasingly higher levels of DA activity in the striatum (moderate versus pathological elevations), lower levels of DA functionality in the prefrontal cortex, and higher D1-to-D2-type receptor ratios in meso-cortico-limbic projections may lead to increasingly disinhibited and impetuous phenotypes of primary psychopathy. Finally, in order to provide a more coherent view on etiological mechanisms, we discuss interactions between DA and serotonin that are relevant for primary psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bariş O Yildirim
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, De Kluyskamp 1002, 6545 JD Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan J L Derksen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Room: A.07.04B, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Andreou D, Söderman E, Axelsson T, Sedvall GC, Terenius L, Agartz I, Jönsson EG. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite concentrations as intermediate phenotypes between glutamate-related genes and psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:497-504. [PMID: 26142836 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate-related genes have been associated with schizophrenia, but the results have been ambiguous and difficult to replicate. Homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) are the major degradation products of the monoamines dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline, respectively, and their concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), mainly HVA, have been associated with schizophrenia. In the present study, we hypothesized that CSF HVA, 5-HIAA and MHPG concentrations represent intermediate phenotypes in the association between glutamate-related genes and psychosis. To test this hypothesis, we searched for association between 238 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ten genes shown to be directly or indirectly implicated in glutamate transmission and CSF HVA, 5-HIAA and MHPG concentrations in 74 patients with psychotic disease. Thirty-eight nominally significant associations were found. Further analyses in 111 healthy controls showed that 87% of the nominal associations were restricted to the patients with psychosis. Some of the psychosis-only-associated SNPs found in the d-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA) and the kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) genes have previously been reported to be associated with schizophrenia. The present results suggest that CSF monoamine metabolite concentrations may represent intermediate phenotypes in the association between glutamate-related genes and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Andreou
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Erik Söderman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Axelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran C Sedvall
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Terenius
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Jhun E, He Y, Yao Y, Molokie RE, Wilkie DJ, Wang ZJ. Dopamine D3 receptor Ser9Gly and catechol-o-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphisms and acute pain in sickle cell disease. Anesth Analg 2015; 119:1201-7. [PMID: 25102390 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain in sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by episodes of acute pain, primarily responsible for acute health care utilization, and persistent chronic pain. Pain severity and frequency vary significantly among patients with SCD. In this study, we investigated the possible contribution of monoamine gene polymorphisms to pain variation. METHODS Adult subjects with SCD completed PAINReportIt, a computerized McGill Pain Questionnaire, from which we calculated the Composite Pain Index. Utilization data were obtained from the medical record and biweekly telephone calls for 12 months. Utilization is defined as admissions to the emergency department and/or the acute care center resulting from a sickle cell pain crisis. We performed genotyping for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met (rs4680) and dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) Ser9Gly (rs6280) polymorphisms, which were analyzed for associations with pain phenotypes. RESULTS Binary logistic models revealed that DRD3 Ser9Gly heterozygote patients were more likely not to have an acute pain crisis (odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval {CI}], 4.37 [1.39-22.89]; P = 0.020), which remained so when demographic variables were considered (OR [95% CI], 4.53 [1.41-28.58]; P = 0.016). COMT Val158Met Met allele showed lower probability for zero utilization (OR [95% CI], 0.32 [0.12-0.83]; P = 0.020) than the Val allele. In the negative binomial regression analysis, subjects with COMT Met/Met genotype had utilization incident rate ratio (95% CI) of 2.20 (1.21-3.99) over those with Val/Val (P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS These exploratory findings suggest that DRD3 Ser9Gly and COMT Val158Met may contribute to pain heterogeneity in SCD, as suggested by the different rates of acute pain crisis. Specifically, SCD patients with the DRD3 homozygote genotypes, COMT 158 Met allele or Met/Met genotype, are more likely to have acute care utilization, an indicator of acute pain. These results, however, will need to be further examined in future large prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Jhun
- From the *Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy; †Department of Biobehavioral Health Science, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Nursing; ‡Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine; §Jesse Brown Veteran's Administration Medical Center; and ∥Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Soda E, Miura I, Hoshino H, Kanno-Nozaki K, Ota T, Oguchi H, Watanabe K, Yang Q, Mashiko H, Niwa SI. Impacts of age on plasma monoamine metabolite concentrations in a large cohort of healthy individuals. Psychiatry Res 2014; 220:639-45. [PMID: 25200191 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of plasma concentrations of monoamine metabolites is a useful method for inferring the dynamics of monoamine metabolites in the brain. To clarify effects of age and sex on plasma monoamine metabolites levels, we used high-performance liquid chromatography to measure plasma levels of homovanillic acid (HVA), free and total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in healthy men and women of various ages (n=214). In all plasma monoamine metabolites, there were significant differences across the age groups, and multiple comparisons revealed that older subjects had higher levels than younger subjects. Moreover, significant positive correlations were found between age and plasma levels of HVA, free MHPG, total MHPG, and 5-HIAA. On the other hand, plasma concentrations of monoamine metabolites were not influenced by sex, except for total MHPG for which the plasma levels were significantly higher in men than in women. Age-related changes in monoamine oxidase and renal function might affect our results. This large cohort survey provides further evidence to be cautiously aware of age effects when regarding plasma monoamine metabolites levels as reflections of central activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Soda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Itaru Miura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan; Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.
| | - Hiroshi Hoshino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Keiko Kanno-Nozaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ota
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Haruka Oguchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kenya Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacy, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Qiaohui Yang
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Mashiko
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Niwa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Andreou D, Söderman E, Axelsson T, Sedvall GC, Terenius L, Agartz I, Jönsson EG. Polymorphisms in genes implicated in dopamine, serotonin and noradrenalin metabolism suggest association with cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite concentrations in psychosis. Behav Brain Funct 2014; 10:26. [PMID: 25073638 PMCID: PMC4123495 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-10-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) are the major monoamine metabolites in the central nervous system (CNS). Their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations, reflecting the monoamine turnover rates in CNS, are partially under genetic influence and have been associated with schizophrenia. We have hypothesized that CSF monoamine metabolite concentrations represent intermediate steps between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes implicated in monoaminergic pathways and psychosis. METHODS We have searched for association between 119 SNPs in genes implicated in monoaminergic pathways [tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), TPH2, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), DOPA decarboxylase (DDC), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and MAOB] and monoamine metabolite concentrations in CSF in 74 patients with psychotic disorder. RESULTS There were 42 nominally significant associations between SNPs and CSF monoamine metabolite concentrations, which exceeded the expected number (20) of nominal associations given the total number of tests performed. The strongest association (p = 0.0004) was found between MAOB rs5905512, a SNP previously reported to be associated with schizophrenia in men, and MHPG concentrations in men with psychotic disorder. Further analyses in 111 healthy individuals revealed that 41 of the 42 nominal associations were restricted to patients with psychosis and were absent in healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that altered monoamine turnover rates in CNS reflect intermediate steps in the associations between SNPs and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Andreou
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, R5:00, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Saung WT, Narasimhan S, Lohoff FW. Lack of influence of DAT1 and DRD2 gene variants on antidepressant response in generalized anxiety disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol 2014; 29:316-21. [PMID: 24723432 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although antidepressant drugs are used as first-line intervention to treat patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), only one-third of patients respond positively to treatment. In our study, we investigated whether functional genetic polymorphisms in the dopamine active transporter 1 (DAT1) and dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) may play a role in antidepressant treatment response in GAD. METHODS We examined 156 patients diagnosed with GAD who received venlafaxine Extended-Release (XR) treatment as part of an 18-month relapse-prevention study to determine whether variation in these genes had an effect on treatment response after 6 months of open-label treatment. Genotypes were obtained for rs1076560 (DRD2), rs1800497 (DRD2), rs2550948 (DAT1), and a variable number tandem repeat in the 3' untranslated region of the DAT1 gene using standard methods. RESULTS Results show that none of the tested variants were associated with treatment response to venlafaxine XR in GAD. Genotype and allele frequencies did not differ statistically significantly between responders and non-responders using either the Hamilton Anxiety or Clinical Global Impressions of Improvement Scale at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Although we detected no association in our sample, future studies using larger samples and more comprehensive gene coverage are needed to evaluate potential effects of dopaminergic variants on antidepressant treatment response in anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wint Thu Saung
- Psychiatric Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Polymorphisms in genes encoding dopamine signalling pathway and risk of alcohol dependence: a systematic review. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2014; 26:69-80. [PMID: 24983092 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2013.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol dependence (AD) is one of the major elements that significantly influence drinking pattern that provoke the alcohol-induced organ damage. The structural and neurophysiologic abnormalities in the frontal lobes of chronic alcoholics were revealed by magnetic resonance imaging scans. It is well known that candidate genes involved in dopaminergic pathway are of immense interest to the researchers engaged in a wide range of addictive disorders. Dopaminergic pathway gene polymorphisms are being extensively studied with respect to addictive and behavioral disorders. METHODS From the broad literature available, the current review summarizes the specific polymorphisms of dopaminergic genes that play a role in alcohol dependence. RESULTS No evidence indicating any strong association between AD and polymorphisms of dopamine pathway genes has emerged from the literature. DISCUSSION Further studies are warranted, considering a range of alcohol-related traits to determine the genes that influence alcohol dependence.
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12
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Gender-specific association of the SLC6A4 and DRD2 gene variants in bipolar disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:211-22. [PMID: 24229495 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713001296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Findings on the association between the risk for developing bipolar disorder and the functions of the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region gene (5-HTTLPR) and dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) variants are contradictory. One explanation for this is that a gender difference may exist for genetic contributions. We compared the gender-related main effects and the gene-to-gene interaction between serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) and DRD2 in adult male and female patients with bipolar I (BP-I) and bipolar II (BP-II) disorder. Patients with BP-I (n = 400) and BP-II (n = 493), and healthy controls (n = 442) were recruited from Taiwan's Han Chinese population. The genotypes of the 5-HTTLPR and DRD2 Taq-IA polymorphisms were determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Logistic regression analysis showed a significant gender-specific association of the DRD2 A1/A1 and the 5-HTTLPR S/S, S/LG , and LG/LG (S+) (p = 0.01) genotypes in men with BP-I (p = 0.002 and 0.01, respectively) and BP-II (p = 0.001 and 0.007, respectively), but not in women. A significant interaction for the DRD2 A1/A1 and 5-HTTLPR S+ polymorphisms was also found only in men with BP-I and BP-II (p = 0.003 and 0.001, respectively). We provide preliminary evidence for a gender-specific effect of the SLC6A4 and DRD2 gene variants for the risk of BP-I and of BP-II. We also found gender-specific interaction between 5-HTTLPR and DRD2 Taq-IA polymorphisms in patients with bipolar disorder.
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Hu J, Chan LF, Souza RP, Tampakeras M, Kennedy JL, Zai C, De Luca V. The role of tyrosine hydroxylase gene variants in suicide attempt in schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2014; 559:39-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dopamine D₃ receptor gene variation: impact on electroconvulsive therapy response and ventral striatum responsiveness in depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:1443-59. [PMID: 22093107 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145711001659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of dopamine D₃ receptors, particularly in the mesocorticolimbic system, has been linked to the pathogenesis of major depression. Preclinical data show enhanced D₃ receptor binding in the striatum upon antidepressant medication and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Thus, the potential impact of dopamine D₃ receptor gene (DRD3) variation on ECT outcome in treatment-resistant major depression was evaluated by applying a combined molecular and imaging genetic approach. Altogether, 10 representative variants covering 95.4% of DRD3 gene variation were investigated for association with response to ECT in a sample of 104 (71 female, 33 male) Caucasian patients with pharmacorefractory major depression. Additionally, ventral striatum responsiveness to happy faces was assessed in two independent samples of depressed patients (total N=54) by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T. Significant association of DRD3 rs3732790, rs3773679 and rs9817063 variants with response (uncorrected p=0.02-0.03) and remission (uncorrected p=0.01) after ECT was discerned. Logistic regression analyses revealed association of rs3732790 (uncorrected p=0.009; corrected p=0.045) and rs3773679 (uncorrected p=0.009; corrected p=0.045) with remission when applying a recessive model of inheritance. The rs3732790T allele conferring a more favourable treatment response was furthermore found to be associated with stronger striatal responsiveness to happy facial expressions (sample 1: cluster-corrected p=0.002; sample 2: p=0.023). In summary, the present study suggests some impact of DRD3 gene variation on ECT response, potentially mediated by alteration of striatal engagement during the processing of emotionally rewarding stimuli.
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Association study of DRD2 and MAOA genes with subtyped alcoholism comorbid with bipolar disorder in Han Chinese. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 40:144-8. [PMID: 23044341 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have hypothesized that genes involved in the dopamine system, including dopamine type-2 receptor (DRD2)-related TaqIA polymorphism and monoamine oxidase-A upstream variable number tandem repeat (uVNTR), may be associated with alcoholism. But their results were contradictory because of alcoholism's heterogeneity. Therefore, we examined whether the DRD2TaqIA and MAOA-uVNTR gene polymorphisms are susceptibility factors for alcoholism comorbid with bipolar disorder (ALC+BP) in Han Chinese in Taiwan. METHODS We recruited 101 Han Chinese men with comorbid alcoholism and bipolar disorder, and 328 healthy male controls from the community. Genotyping was done using PCR-RFLP. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the genotypic frequencies of the DRD2TaqIA or the MAOA-uVNTR polymorphisms between the 2 groups. The MAOA-uVNTR 3-repeat had a significant protective effect on the ALC+BP (odds ratio=0.432, p=0.035) but not on the healthy controls. However, the interaction between the MAOA-uVNTR 3-repeat and DRD2 A1/A2 was a risk factor in the ALC+BP (odds ratio=3.451, p=0.018). CONCLUSIONS We indicated the impact of the association between MAOA-uVNTR 3-repeat and DRD2 A1/A2 with ALC+BP.
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MacKillop J. Integrating behavioral economics and behavioral genetics: delayed reward discounting as an endophenotype for addictive disorders. J Exp Anal Behav 2012; 99:14-31. [PMID: 23344986 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Delayed reward discounting is a behavioral economic index of impulsivity, referring to how much an individual devalues a reward based on its delay in time. As a behavioral process that varies considerably across individuals, delay discounting has been studied extensively as a model for self-control, both in the general population and in clinical samples. There is growing interest in genetic influences on discounting and, in particular, the prospect of discounting as an endophenotype for addictive disorders (i.e., a heritable mechanism partially responsible for conferring genetic risk). This review assembles and critiques the evidence supporting this hypothesis. Via numerous cross-sectional studies and a small number of longitudinal studies, there is considerable evidence that impulsive discounting is associated with addictive behavior and appears to play an etiological role. Moreover, there is increasing evidence from diverse methodologies that impulsive delay discounting is temporally stable, heritable, and that elevated levels are present in nonaffected family members. These findings suggest that impulsive discounting meets the criteria for being considered an endophenotype. In addition, recent findings suggest that genetic variation related to dopamine neurotransmission is significantly associated with variability in discounting preferences. A significant caveat, however, is that the literature is modest in some domains and, in others, not all the findings have been supportive or consistent. In addition, important methodological considerations are necessary in future studies. Taken together, although not definitive, there is accumulating support for the hypothesis of impulsive discounting as an endophenotype for addictive behavior and a need for further systematic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James MacKillop
- Department of Psychology, 100 Hooper St. University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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Andreou D, Saetre P, Werge T, Andreassen OA, Agartz I, Sedvall GC, Hall H, Terenius L, Jönsson EG. D-amino acid oxidase activator gene (DAOA) variation affects cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid concentrations in healthy Caucasians. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012; 262:549-56. [PMID: 22454242 PMCID: PMC3464385 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-012-0313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The D-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA) protein regulates the function of D-amino oxidase (DAO), an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of D-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (D-DOPA) and D-serine. D-DOPA is converted to L-3,4-DOPA, a precursor of dopamine, whereas D-serine participates in glutamatergic transmission. We hypothesized that DAOA polymorphisms are associated with dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline turnover in the human brain. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms, previously reported to be associated with schizophrenia, were genotyped. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were drawn by lumbar puncture, and the concentrations of the major dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA), the major serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and the major noradrenaline metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were measured. Two of the investigated polymorphisms, rs3918342 and rs1421292, were significantly associated with CSF HVA concentrations. Rs3918342 was found to be nominally associated with CSF 5-HIAA concentrations. None of the polymorphisms were significantly associated with MHPG concentrations. Our results indicate that DAOA gene variation affects dopamine turnover in healthy individuals, suggesting that disturbed dopamine turnover is a possible mechanism behind the observed associations between genetic variation in DAOA and behavioral phenotypes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Andreou
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Peter Saetre
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, R5:00, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Werge
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- TOP Project, Division of Psychiatry, Ullevål University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,TOP Project, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry Section Vinderen, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, R5:00, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden ,Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway ,Institute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Göran C. Sedvall
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, R5:00, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Hall
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, R5:00, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden ,Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Terenius
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, R5:00, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik G. Jönsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, R5:00, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Relation between presynaptic and postsynaptic dopaminergic functions measured by positron emission tomography: implication of dopaminergic tone. J Neurosci 2011; 31:7886-90. [PMID: 21613502 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6024-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Both presynaptic and postsynaptic dopaminergic functions can be estimated by positron emission tomography (PET). While both presynaptic and postsynaptic dopaminergic functions would be regulated by corresponding genes and related to personality traits, the relation between presynaptic and postsynaptic functions in terms of interindividual variation has hardly been investigated. In the present study, both striatal dopamine D(2) receptor binding and endogenous dopamine synthesis rate were measured in the same healthy subjects using PET with [(11)C]raclopride and l-[β-(11)C]DOPA, respectively, and these two parameters were compared. Two PET studies with [(11)C]raclopride and l-[β-(11)C]DOPA were performed sequentially at rest condition on 14 healthy men. For [(11)C]raclopride PET, the binding potential was calculated by the reference tissue model method. For l-[β-(11)C]DOPA PET, the endogenous dopamine synthesis rate was estimated by graphical analysis. A significant negative correlation was observed between the binding potential of dopamine D(2) receptors and endogenous dopamine synthesis rate (r = -0.66, p < 0.05). Although the interindividual variation of binding potential of [(11)C]raclopride would be due to both the interindividual difference in the receptor density and that in the concentration of endogenous dopamine in the synaptic cleft, the negative correlation between parameters for both presynaptic and postsynaptic functions might indicate a compensative relation between the two functions.
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Lee SY, Chen SL, Chen SH, Huang SY, Tzeng NS, Chang YH, Wang CL, Lee IH, Yeh TL, Yang YK, Lu RB. The COMT and DRD3 genes interacted in bipolar I but not bipolar II disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2011; 12:385-91. [PMID: 20698735 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2010.505298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES. Clarifying the association between bipolar I and bipolar II disorders at the genetic level is essential for improving our understanding of them. In this study, we evaluated the hypothesis that the dopaminergic polymorphisms are risk factors for bipolar disorders. We examined the association between the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met and dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) Ser9Gly polymorphisms and bipolar I and II disorders, as well as possible interactions between these genes. METHODS. Seven hundred and eleven participants were recruited: 205 with bipolar I, 270 with bipolar II, and 236 healthy controls. The genotypes of the COMT Val158Met and DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphisms were determined using polymerase chain reactions plus restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS. Logistic regression analyses showed a statistically significant main effect for the Met/Met genotype of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism (P=0.032) and a significant interaction effect for the Met/Met genotype of the COMT Val158Met and Ser/Ser genotypes of the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism (P=0.001) predicted bipolar I patients. However, there was no association between the COMT Val158Met or DRD3 Ser9Gly and bipolar II. CONCLUSIONS. We provide initial evidence that the COMT Val158Met and DRD3 Ser9Gly genotypes interact in bipolar I and bipolar II disorders and that bipolar I and bipolar II are genetically distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Delayed reward discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 216:305-21. [PMID: 21373791 PMCID: PMC3201846 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Delayed reward discounting (DRD) is a behavioral economic index of impulsivity and numerous studies have examined DRD in relation to addictive behavior. To synthesize the findings across the literature, the current review is a meta-analysis of studies comparing DRD between criterion groups exhibiting addictive behavior and control groups. OBJECTIVES The meta-analysis sought to characterize the overall patterns of findings, systematic variability by sample and study type, and possible small study (publication) bias. METHODS Literature reviews identified 310 candidate articles from which 46 studies reporting 64 comparisons were identified (total N=56,013). RESULTS From the total comparisons identified, a small magnitude effect was evident (d= .15; p< .00001) with very high heterogeneity of effect size. Based on systematic observed differences, large studies assessing DRD with a small number of self-report items were removed and an analysis of 57 comparisons (n=3,329) using equivalent methods and exhibiting acceptable heterogeneity revealed a medium magnitude effect (d= .58; p< .00001). Further analyses revealed significantly larger effect sizes for studies using clinical samples (d= .61) compared with studies using nonclinical samples (d=.45). Indices of small study bias among the various comparisons suggested varying levels of influence by unpublished findings, ranging from minimal to moderate. CONCLUSIONS These results provide strong evidence of greater DRD in individuals exhibiting addictive behavior in general and particularly in individuals who meet criteria for an addictive disorder. Implications for the assessment of DRD and research priorities are discussed.
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Lee BT, Lee HY, Han C, Pae CU, Tae WS, Lee MS, Joe SH, Jung IK, Ham BJ. DRD2/ANKK1 TaqI A polymorphism affects corticostriatal activity in response to negative affective facial stimuli. Behav Brain Res 2011; 223:36-41. [PMID: 21510979 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
DRD2/ANKK1 TaqI A polymorphism has been suggested to be involved in a reward-related psychiatric disorders. However, the effect of Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) on emotional processing has not been investigated yet. We investigated the possible relationship between DRD2/ANKK1 TaqI A polymorphism and corticostriatal response to negative facial stimuli using functional magnetic resonance imaging. All participants were genotyped with regard to the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqI A polymorphism. Our results suggest an association between the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqI A polymorphism and activations in the putamen, the anterior cingulate cortex, and amygdala in response to negative facial stimuli. Furthermore, molecular heterosis at the TaqI polymorphism of DRD2/ANKK1 may play an important role in affective regulation by corticostriatal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Taek Lee
- Office of Admissions, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Andreou D, Saetre P, Werge T, Andreassen OA, Agartz I, Sedvall GC, Hall H, Terenius L, Jönsson EG. Tryptophan hydroxylase gene 1 (TPH1) variants associated with cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and homovanillic acid concentrations in healthy volunteers. Psychiatry Res 2010; 180:63-7. [PMID: 20580984 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin synthesis. We investigated possible relationships between five TPH1 gene polymorphisms and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the major serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the major dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA), and the major norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in healthy volunteers (n=132). The G-allele of the TPH1 rs4537731 (A-6526G) polymorphism was associated with 5-HIAA and HVA, but not MHPG concentrations. None of the other four TPH1 polymorphisms (rs211105, rs1800532, rs1799913 and rs7933505) were significantly associated with any of the monoamine metabolite concentrations. Two (rs4537731G/rs211105T/rs1800532C/rs1799913C/rs7933505G and rs4537731A/rs211105T/rs1800532C/rs1799913C/rs7933505G) of five common TPH1 five-allele haplotypes were associated with 5-HIAA and HVA concentrations in opposite directions. None of the common haplotypes was associated with MHPG concentrations in the CSF. The results suggest that TPH1 gene variation participates in the regulation of serotonin and dopamine turnover rates in the central nervous system of healthy human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Andreou
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, R5:00, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Jokinen J, Ouda J, Nordström P. Noradrenergic function and HPA axis dysregulation in suicidal behaviour. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35:1536-42. [PMID: 20576361 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Noradrenergic and HPA axis dysregulation may play a role in suicide risk. Studies of suicide risk have not found consistent relationship to the noradrenaline metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxphenylglycol (MHPG) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Non-suppression in the dexamethasone test (DST) has been associated with increased risk of suicide in depressed patients. The study sample consisted of 51 mood disorder inpatients admitted to the Department of Psychiatry at the Karolinska University Hospital between 1980 and 2000. Patients underwent lumbar punction and DST and were followed up for the cause of death. The hypothesis was that both CSF MHPG and HPA axis dysregulation are associated with suicidal behaviour. Nine suicide victims had significantly lower CSF MHPG and baseline plasma cortisol than survivors. Using both CSF MHPG and baseline cortisol in ROC analysis for suicide prediction, the positive predictive value was 44% and the area under the curve was 0.88. In conclusion, lower CSF MHPG was associated with suicide risk. Furthermore these results suggest that combined measures of noradrenergic system and HPA axis function may offer better prediction of suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Jokinen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Tsuchimine S, Yasui-Furukori N, Kaneda A, Saito M, Nakagami T, Sugawara N, Kaneko S. No association between polymorphism in tyrosine hydroxylase and personality traits in healthy Japanese subjects. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010; 64:196-8. [PMID: 20132525 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether there is an association between the (TCAT)(n) repeat polymorphism in the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene and personality. The (TCAT)(n) repeat polymorphism in the TH gene was genotyped in 898 healthy Japanese subjects. Personality traits were evaluated using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). There was no significant difference in the TCI scores of subjects with and without the T9 allele. Furthermore, no significant association was found between each genotype and the TCI scores, even when the TCI scores were compared with the homozygous genotype. These findings suggest that the (TCAT)(n) repeat polymorphism in the TH gene does not contribute to the personality traits evaluated on the TCI in healthy Japanese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Tsuchimine
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan.
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David SP, Mezuk B, Zandi PP, Strong D, Anthony JC, Niaura R, Uhl GR, Eaton WW. Sex differences in TTC12/ANKK1 haplotype associations with daily tobacco smoking in Black and White Americans. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 12:251-62. [PMID: 20133381 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 11q23.1 genomic region has been associated with nicotine dependence in Black and White Americans. METHODS By conducting linkage disequilibrium analyses of 7 informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the tetratricopeptide repeat domain 12 (TTC12)/ankyrin repeat and kinase containing 1 (ANKK1)/dopamine (D2) receptor gene cluster, we identified haplotype block structures in 270 Black and 368 White (n = 638) participants, from the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area cohort study, spanning the TTC12 and ANKK1 genes consisting of three SNPs (rs2303380-rs4938015-rs11604671). Informative haplotypes were examined for sex-specific associations with daily tobacco smoking initiation and cessation using longitudinal data from 1993-1994 and 2004-2005 interviews. RESULTS There was a Haplotype x Sex interaction such that Black men possessing the GTG haplotype who were smokers in 1993-2004 were more likely to have stopped smoking by 2004-2005 (55.6% GTG vs. 22.0% other haplotypes), while Black women were less likely to have quit smoking if they possessed the GTG (20.8%) versus other haplotypes (24.0%; p = .028). In Whites, the GTG haplotype (vs. other haplotypes) was associated with lifetime history of daily smoking (smoking initiation; odds ratio = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.1-2.4; p = .013). Moreover, there was a Haplotype x Sex interaction such that there was higher prevalence of smoking initiation with GTG (77.6%) versus other haplotypes (57.0%; p = .043). DISCUSSION In 2 different ethnic American populations, we observed man-woman variation in the influence of the rs2303380-rs4938015-rs11604671 GTG haplotype on smoking initiation and cessation. These results should be replicated in larger cohorts to establish the relationship among the rs2303380-rs4938015-rs11604671 haplotype block, sex, and smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P David
- Division of Family & Community Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Education in Family & Community Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1215 Welch Road, Modular G, Stanford, CA 94305-5408, USA.
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Blum K, Chen ALC, Braverman ER, Comings DE, Chen TJH, Arcuri V, Blum SH, Downs BW, Waite RL, Notaro A, Lubar J, Williams L, Prihoda TJ, Palomo T, Oscar-Berman M. Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and reward deficiency syndrome. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008; 4:893-918. [PMID: 19183781 PMCID: PMC2626918 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular genetic studies have identified several genes that may mediate susceptibility to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A consensus of the literature suggests that when there is a dysfunction in the "brain reward cascade," especially in the dopamine system, causing a low or hypo-dopaminergic trait, the brain may require dopamine for individuals to avoid unpleasant feelings. This high-risk genetic trait leads to multiple drug-seeking behaviors, because the drugs activate release of dopamine, which can diminish abnormal cravings. Moreover, this genetic trait is due in part to a form of a gene (DRD(2) A1 allele) that prevents the expression of the normal laying down of dopamine receptors in brain reward sites. This gene, and others involved in neurophysiological processing of specific neurotransmitters, have been associated with deficient functions and predispose individuals to have a high risk for addictive, impulsive, and compulsive behavioral propensities. It has been proposed that genetic variants of dopaminergic genes and other "reward genes" are important common determinants of reward deficiency syndrome (RDS), which we hypothesize includes ADHD as a behavioral subtype. We further hypothesize that early diagnosis through genetic polymorphic identification in combination with DNA-based customized nutraceutical administration to young children may attenuate behavioral symptoms associated with ADHD. Moreover, it is concluded that dopamine and serotonin releasers might be useful therapeutic adjuncts for the treatment of other RDS behavioral subtypes, including addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene variation influences cerebrospinal fluid 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol concentrations in healthy volunteers. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2008; 115:1695-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-008-0113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kishida I, Aklillu E, Kawanishi C, Bertilsson L, Agren H. Monoamine metabolites level in CSF is related to the 5-HTT gene polymorphism in treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:2143-51. [PMID: 17299512 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) transporter (5-HTT) is considered to affect the pathogenesis of mood disorders. Large number of genetic association studies between 5-HTT functional polymorphisms and vulnerability of mood disorders and therapeutic response to antidepressants has been carried out. We investigated the influence of 5-HTT-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and 5-HTT 17 bp variable number of tandem repeat polymorphism (5-HTTVNTR) polymorphisms on concentrations of monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) among treatment-resistant patients with mood disorders. Subjects were 119 Swedish patients with persistent mood disorders and 141 healthy subjects. In 112 of these patients, we measured 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in CSF. Genotyping for 5-HTT polymorphisms from genomic DNA was carried out by PCR. There was no significant difference in allele/genotype frequency between patients and healthy subjects. In patients with mood disorders, we found significant difference in mean 5-HIAA concentration between 5-HTTLPR genotypes (p=0.03). Although the 5-HIAA concentration showed a tendency to be higher in short (S) carriers than in non-S carriers of the 5-HTTLPR in patients (p=0.06), when considering patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), the 5-HIAA concentration was significantly higher among S carriers than among non-S carriers (p=0.02). Moreover, the 5-HIAA concentration was higher in S/S subjects compared to long (L)/L (p=0.0001) and L/S (p=0.002) subjects in patients with MDD. Similarly, there was higher HVA concentration in S/S subjects compared to L/L (p=0.002) and L/S subjects (p=0.002). There was no effect of 5-HTTVNTR. Our findings show that the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism affects 5-HIAA and HVA concentrations among treatment-resistant patients with mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Kishida
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge,C-168,SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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Wasserman D, Geijer T, Sokolowski M, Rozanov V, Wasserman J. Nature and nurture in suicidal behavior, the role of genetics: some novel findings concerning personality traits and neural conduction. Physiol Behav 2007; 92:245-9. [PMID: 17585962 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Suicide affects about one million people each year, a phenomenon characterized by heterogeneous and complex causes. Often environmental factors such as negative life events may act as a significant contributor to suicidal behavior. However, in many cases the exposure to the same environmental stress does not result in increased suicidality. It is now well established that there is also a substantial genetic contribution to suicidal behavior. Here, functional and association studies which implicate specific genes in psychological traits and environmental factors are discussed, interactions which are related to completed suicide or suicide attempt, and our novel findings which need replication are presented. We found that genetic variation in the noradrenergic tyrosine hydroxylase gene was associated with the angry/hostility personality trait and vulnerability to stress. Similarly, we recently discovered that genetic variation in components of the stress-related hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical axis, T-box 19 and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1, showed association and linkage to high anger/hostility in and male depression the suicidal offspring, respectively. Further results from our studies have revealed that genetic variation in genes with roles in basal mechanisms of neural conduction, voltage-gated sodium channel type VIII alpha and vesicle-associated membrane 4 protein, showed association and linkage among suicide attempters. Additionally, we have results which give support to the findings of others, implicating the serotonin transporter and serotonin receptor 1A in suicidal behavior. Our future studies aim at identifying and resolving complex patterns and mechanisms of neurobiological gene-environment interactions, which may contribute to suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Wasserman
- Karolinska Institutet, The National and the Stockholm County Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP) at the Department of Public Health Sciences, Box 230, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ton TGN, Rossing MA, Bowen DJ, Srinouanprachan S, Wicklund K, Farin FM. Genetic polymorphisms in dopamine-related genes and smoking cessation in women: a prospective cohort study. Behav Brain Funct 2007; 3:22. [PMID: 17466074 PMCID: PMC1865548 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-3-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genes involved in dopaminergic neurotransmission have been suggested as candidates for involvement in smoking behavior. We hypothesized that alleles associated with reduced dopaminergic neurotransmission would be more common in continuing smokers than among women who quit smoking. Methods The study included 593 women aged 26–65 years who participated in a twelve month smoking cessation trial conducted in 1993–1994. Participants were contacted three years after the trial to obtain updated smoking history and biological specimens. Seven polymorphisms were assessed in genes involved in dopamine synthesis (tyrosine hydoxylase [TH]), receptor activation (dopamine receptors [DRD2, DRD3, DRD4]), reuptake (dopamine transporter [SLC6A3]), and metabolism (catechol-o-methyltransferase [COMT]). Smoking cessation was assessed as "short-term" quitting (abstinence for the seven days before the conclusion of the trial) and "long-term" quitting (abstinence for the six months before a subsequent interview conducted several years later). Results We observed no association of any polymorphism with either short- or long-term quitting. Although some relative risk estimates were consistent with weak associations, either the direction of effect was opposite of that hypothesized, or results of the short- and long-term cessation endpoints differed. However, effect modification on smoking cessation was observed between DRD2 Taq1A and SLC6A3 VNTR polymorphisms, DRD3 Ser/Gly and d,1-fenfluramine, and DRD4 VNTR and d,1-fenfluramine. Conclusion Although these results fail to support prior findings of independent associations of these polymorphisms with smoking status, our exploratory findings suggestive of gene-gene and gene-treatment interactions warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh GN Ton
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Box 359775, 325 Ninth Ave, Suite 3EH70, 98195-9775 Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Box 357236, 98195-7236 Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary Anne Rossing
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Box 359775, 325 Ninth Ave, Suite 3EH70, 98195-9775 Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, PO Box 19024, 98109-1024 Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deborah J Bowen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, PO Box 19024, 98109-1024 Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sengkeo Srinouanprachan
- Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, 98105-6099 Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristine Wicklund
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, PO Box 19024, 98109-1024 Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Federico M Farin
- Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, 98105-6099 Seattle, WA, USA
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Rujescu D, Thalmeier A, Möller HJ, Bronisch T, Giegling I. Molecular genetic findings in suicidal behavior: what is beyond the serotonergic system? Arch Suicide Res 2007; 11:17-40. [PMID: 17178640 DOI: 10.1080/13811110600897317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Various studies provide consistent evidence for a genetic component in suicidal behavior. First molecular genetic studies concentrated on genes of the serotonergic system based on the biochemical evidence that serotonergic neurotransmission is implicated in this behavior. Furthermore, genes of the dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitter systems have also been the subjects of investigations in this context. Some epidemical and clinical studies showed that low serum cholesterol levels are associated with suicidal behavior and genes involved in these pathways have been investigated. Microarray experiments provide the possibility of genome-wide gene expression analysis and help to investigate associated molecular mechanisms. The aim of this article is to review molecular genetic studies in suicidal behavior and to emphasize findings on new genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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Berlin I, Covey LS, Jiang H, Hamer D. Lack of effect of D2 dopamine receptor TaqI A polymorphism on smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob Res 2005; 7:725-8. [PMID: 16191743 DOI: 10.1080/14622200500259176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
One previous report (Cinciripini et al., [2004] Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 6, 229-239) found that the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) TaqI A polymorphism was associated with smoking cessation: Carriers of the A1 allele were less likely to quit than were those who were not carriers. If confirmed, this finding would allow one to use precessation genotyping to predict the likelihood of successful quitting. The present study reports on results of a similar smoking cessation study and uses the same methods and data analysis in a larger number of smokers. It fails to replicate the effect of DRD2 TaqI A polymorphism on smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Berlin
- Département de Pharmacologie, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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Chiu KC, Chuang LM, Chu A, Lu J, Hu J, Fernando S. Association of paraoxonase 1 polymorphism with beta-cell function: a case of molecular heterosis. Pancreas 2004; 28:e96-103. [PMID: 15097870 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200405000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme that inhibits the oxidative modification of LDL. Since PON1 has been shown to express in pancreatic islets and oxidative stress plays a role in beta-cell dysfunction, we investigated the impact of the PON1 polymorphisms on beta-cell function. This study included 84 healthy and glucose-tolerant white subjects who underwent an oral glucose tolerance test. Beta-cell function (1stPHS and 2ndPHS) was estimated according to the formulae published by Stumvoll et al. The relationship of the L55M and Q192R polymorphisms to beta-cell function was examined. Allelic frequency in this population was 0.37 for the M allele and 0.30 for the R allele. For the L55M polymorphism, the LM genotype had the lowest 1stPHS (P = 0.009) and 2ndPHS (P = 0.007), indicating molecular heterosis. Multivariate analyses confirmed that the L55M polymorphism was an independent determinant for 1stPHS (P = 0.016) and 2ndPHS (P = 0.009), after adjustment for covariates. For the Q192M polymorphism, no difference was noted in 1stPHS and 2ndPHS. We observed the L55M polymorphism of the PON1 gene as an independent determinant for beta-cell function in glucose-tolerant whites. Our observations suggest that this polymorphism could play a role in beta-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken C Chiu
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Jönsson EG, Bah J, Melke J, Abou Jamra R, Schumacher J, Westberg L, Ivo R, Cichon S, Propping P, Nöthen MM, Eriksson E, Sedvall GC. Monoamine related functional gene variants and relationships to monoamine metabolite concentrations in CSF of healthy volunteers. BMC Psychiatry 2004; 4:4. [PMID: 15102340 PMCID: PMC387829 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2003] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concentrations of monoamine metabolites in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been used extensively as indirect estimates of monoamine turnover in the brain. CSF monoamine metabolite concentrations are partly determined by genetic influences. METHODS We investigated possible relationships between DNA polymorphisms in the serotonin 2C receptor (HTR2C), the serotonin 3A receptor (HTR3A), the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4), and the dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) genes and CSF concentrations of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in healthy volunteers (n = 90). RESULTS The HTR3A 178 C/T variant was associated with 5-HIAA levels (p = 0.02). The DBH-1021 heterozygote genotype was associated with 5-HIAA (p = 0.0005) and HVA (p = 0.009) concentrations. Neither the HTR2C Cys23Ser variant, nor the DRD4 -521 C/T variant were significantly associated with any of the monoamine metabolites. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that the HTR3A and DBH genes may participate in the regulation of dopamine and serotonin turnover rates in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik G Jönsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, HUBIN project, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica Bah
- Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Sweden
| | - Jonas Melke
- Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Sweden
| | | | | | - Lars Westberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Sweden
| | - Roland Ivo
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Propping
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Göran C Sedvall
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, HUBIN project, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Anney RJL, Olsson CA, Lotfi-Miri M, Patton GC, Williamson R. Nicotine dependence in a prospective population-based study of adolescents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 14:73-81. [PMID: 15077008 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200402000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter of the mesolimbic reward pathway in the human brain, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis. Consequently, the gene encoding TH is a strong candidate for involvement in the genetic component of addiction. The importance of this gene in nicotine dependence is supported by many studies showing a link between nicotine administration and TH expression. A functional tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism within intron 1 of the TH gene (HUMTH01-VNTR) has been shown to modify tobacco use in two independent Caucasian samples from the USA and Australia. Using information drawn from an eight-wave Australian population-based longitudinal study of adolescent health, we tested the effect of the HUMTH01-VNTR on nicotine dependence. Comparisons were made between dependent smokers and non-dependent smokers. These data provide further support for a protective association between the K4 allele and dependent smoking (odds ratio 0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.28-1.0). No associations were observed at any of three other common TH polymorphisms (rs6356, rs6357 and HUMTH01-PstI). Including these data, three independent studies, two of which use identical phenotypes, have now identified a protective relationship between the K4 allele of the functional HUMTH01-VNTR polymorphism and high-level smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J L Anney
- Behavioural Genetics Laboratory, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital,University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
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Ponce G, Hoenicka J, Rodríguez-Jiménez R, Gozalo A, Jimenéz M, Monasor R, Aragüés M, Rubio G, Jiménez-Arriero MA, Ramos JA, Palomo T. IDRD2 TaqIA polymorphism is associated with urinary homovanillic acid levels in a sample of Spanish male alcoholic patients. Neurotox Res 2004; 6:373-7. [PMID: 15545020 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The TaqIA1 allele of the dopamine receptor gene D2 (DRD2) has been associated with alcoholism, as well as with other addictive behaviours. The exact nature of how the presence of this allele can be a vulnerability factor in the development of alcoholism remains unclear. In this study we found that the presence in the DRD2 genotype of the TaqIA1 allele in Spanish alcoholics is associated with higher levels of urine homovanillic acid (HVA) when compared to patients homozygous for the TaqIA2 allele. A sample of 142 Spanish male alcoholic patients was split into 2 groups on the basis of the presence or absence of the A1 allele in their genotype. The urine sample was analyzed by high performance liquid cromatography (HPLC), and the concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and vanilylmandelic acid (VMA) was determined. We found a statistical difference in the concentration of HVA between the groups, that suggests this polymorphism could be related to the variance of urine HVA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ponce
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Córdoba s/n. 28041 Madrid, Spain
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Carmine A, Buervenich S, Galter D, Jönsson EG, Sedvall GC, Farde L, Gustavsson JP, Bergman H, Chowdari KV, Nimgaonkar VL, Anvret M, Sydow O, Olson L. NURR1 promoter polymorphisms: Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and personality traits. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003; 120B:51-7. [PMID: 12815740 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously identified mutations in exon three in NURR1 (NR4A2) in two patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and one patient with bipolar disease with psychotic symptoms. In the present study we analyzed the promoter region of NURR1 and identified five polymorphic sites: three were found to be in strong linkage disequilibrium with a previously identified polymorphic site in the sixth intron. One polymorphism of this haplotype and the two other independent polymorphisms were investigated for their possible association with SZ and Parkinson's disease (PD) by comparing their frequencies in a Swedish material consisting of 134 subjects with SZ and 207 matched controls and 108 subjects with PD and 125 matched controls. Exon 1 was also investigated in our Parkinson and control material but no variances were found. The distributions of the two most informative polymorphisms in the promoter were investigated in an American material as well consisting of 141 subjects with SZ and 139 matched controls. Furthermore, the identified markers were screened for association with putative endophenotypes of SZ in the Swedish material. The distribution of sequence variants among the Swedish controls matched for SZ was investigated with regard to personality. No significant genotype or allelic association of the three sequence variants with SZ or PD was found. Several comparisons regarding endophenotypes or personality indicated association at the 5% confidence level, although correction for multiple testing rendered none of these findings significant. We conclude that the identified polymorphic sites in the human NURR1 are unlikely to be involved in conferring susceptibility for SZ or PD in our patient material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Carmine
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Benedetti F, Serretti A, Colombo C, Lilli R, Lorenzi C, Smeraldi E. Dopamine receptor D2 and D3 gene variants are not associated with the antidepressant effect of total sleep deprivation in bipolar depression. Psychiatry Res 2003; 118:241-7. [PMID: 12834818 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Total sleep deprivation (TSD) is an effective treatment for mood disorders that is thought to act through an enhancement in several neurotransmitter pathways including dopaminergic transmission. Genetic factors are likely to play a major role in determining individual differences in TSD response. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of dopamine receptor D3 (DRD3) and dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) variants on TSD antidepressant efficacy in bipolar disorder. One hundred twenty-four depressed inpatients affected by bipolar disorder (DSM-IV) were treated with TSD and were genotyped for DRD3 first exon Gly/Ser variants and DRD2 codon 311 Ser/Cys variants using polymerase chain reaction techniques. DRD3 and DRD2 variants were not associated with TSD outcome. Consideration of possible stratification effects such as gender, age at onset and duration of illness did not reveal any association either. The tested gene variants are not a main factor influencing TSD outcome in bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Benedetti
- Department of Neuropsychiatric Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy.
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Hallikainen T, Hietala J, Kauhanen J, Pohjalainen T, Syvälahti E, Salonen JT, Tiihonen J. Ethanol consumption and DRD2 gene TaqI a polymorphism among socially drinking males. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 119A:152-5. [PMID: 12749054 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The dopaminergic system in the human brain is thought to play a major role in the development of alcohol consumption habits and alcoholism. It has been reported that homozygous D2-/- knock-out mice lacking D2 receptors consume about 50% to 60% less ethanol than wild-type D2+/+ mice, and heterozygous mice have an intermediate level of alcohol consumption. The DRD2 gene TaqI A polymorphism has been suggested to associate with a low D2 receptor density in post mortem and in vivo measurements. Numerous association studies on this polymorphism and alcoholism have shown most controversial results. We studied whether DRD2 TaqI A genotype affects alcohol consumption in an ethnically homogeneous, representative sample of 1,019 Finnish Caucasian males. After excluding the abstainers from the study, the self-reported alcohol consumption among the remaining 884 non-abstainers was compared in the TaqI A genotype groups (A1/A1, A1/A2, A2/A2). The alcohol consumption of the homozygous A1/A1 group was about 30% lower than in A1/A2 group, and 40% lower than in A2/A2 group (P = 0.042 and 0.041 in a sociodemographic variable-adjusted multivariate model). The results indicate an association between DRD2 genotype and alcohol consumption habits in humans. These results in the large sample of non-alcoholic males are also opposite to some previous findings on the higher A1 allele frequency among alcoholic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero Hallikainen
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Kuopio, Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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Lee HS. Gender-specific molecular heterosis and association studies: dopamine D2 receptor gene and smoking. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003; 118B:55-9. [PMID: 12627467 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.10036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
If the concept of the gender-specific molecular heterosis is not considered and tested, incorrect conclusions would easily be drawn in association studies. Therein, heterosis and its gender effect in the genetic effect of DRD2 gene for smoking were examined with 187 healthy Korean individuals. The male smokers showed a higher A1 allele frequency (P = 0.016) and prevalence (P = 0.049) than those of the male non-smokers, and the female smokers showed a lower frequency of heterozygotes (P = 0.018) than the female non-smokers. However, the association of DRD2 gene with smoking found in each gender disappeared when both males and females were considered as one group because of the opposite genetic effect of DRD2 gene for smoking: (1) while 75% of heterozygotes males were smokers, only 22% of female heterozygotes were; (2) males showed an excess of heterozygotes and the deviation from Hardy-Weinberg expectations in smokers, while these were true in the female non-smokers; and (3) in non-smokers, females were different from the males exhibiting a significantly higher prevalence (P = 0.005) and frequency (P = 0.015) of A1 allele, and significantly different genotype (P = 0.017) distribution, and higher frequency of heterozygotes (P = 0.055). Meanwhile, in smokers, males showed higher frequency of heterozygotes (P = 0.019) compared to females. The results indicate that gender-specific molecular heterosis at DRD2 gene for smoking is also applicable in healthy individuals as well as schizophrenics. Moreover, this concept has general applicability to other candidate genes and biological phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Seock Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University Hospital, 126-1, 5-Ga Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, 136-705 Seoul, Korea.
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Carmine A, Chheda MG, Jönsson EG, Sedvall GC, Farde L, Gustavsson JP, Bergman H, Anvret M, Buervenich S, Olson L. Two NOTCH4 polymorphisms and their relation to schizophrenia susceptibility and different personality traits. Psychiatr Genet 2003; 13:23-8. [PMID: 12605097 DOI: 10.1097/00041444-200303000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, linkage disequilibrium mapping of the major histocompatibility complex region on the short arm of human chromosome 6 suggested that the NOTCH4 locus is highly associated with schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS We analysed two polymorphisms in this gene in Swedish schizophrenic patients ( =74) and control subjects ( =135). The NOTCH4 variants were also analysed in schizophrenic patients with regard to subdiagnosis, age at first hospitalization, abuse/dependence of alcohol, solvents, or drugs, previous suicide attempts, extrapyramidal symptoms, treatment with anticholinergic drugs, and response to anti-psychotic drug treatment. Control subjects were scrutinized with regard to personality, another partially heritable trait suggested being of importance in schizophrenia. In addition, two intermediate endophenotypes suggested being of importance in schizophrenia, dopamine D(2) receptor density in striatum and monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid, respectively, were investigated with regard to the two NOTCH4 variants. RESULTS There was no significant association between the patients and the controls for the two investigated polymorphisms neither for the parameters analysed in the schizophrenia material. The NOTCH4 SNP2 variant, an A-->G substitution, was associated with the Karolinska Scales of Personality Irritability scale. The NOTCH4 (CTG)(n) variant was associated with the revised NEO personality inventory Extraversion and Activity (E4) scales. However, after correction for multiple testing, no difference remained significant. The results for the endophenotypes and the polymorphisms were non-significant. CONCLUSIONS The present study does not support that the investigated NOTCH4 variants have a major influence on susceptibility to schizophrenia or related neurobiological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Carmine
- Department of Neuroscience, Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
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Potkin SG, Basile VS, Jin Y, Masellis M, Badri F, Keator D, Wu JC, Alva G, Carreon DT, Bunney WE, Fallon JH, Kennedy JL. D1 receptor alleles predict PET metabolic correlates of clinical response to clozapine. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8:109-13. [PMID: 12556915 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A goal of pharmacogenetics is to clarify associations between allelic variation and risk factors in psychiatric illness. We report changes in regional brain metabolism based on dopamine alleles. Treatment-resistant schizophrenic subjects were positron emission tomography scanned with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose after 5 weeks each of placebo and clozapine treatment. Significant regional brain metabolic effects were found for the D1 receptor genotypes (P < 0.05), adjusted for multiple comparisons. Metabolic decreases for the 2,2 genotype but not the 1,2 genotype were observed in all major sectors of the brain, with the exception of the ventral parts of the caudate and putamen. Frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital neocortices showed decreased metabolism as did the cingulate juxta-allocortex and the parahippocampal allocortex. Decreases were also observed in the thalamus, amygdala, and cerebellum bilaterally. No significant metabolic differences by genotype were observed for D3, 5HT(2A), and 5HT(2C) polymorphisms. In terms of clinical response, the DRD1 2,2 genotype significantly improved with clozapine treatment, demonstrating a 30% decrease in the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale positive symptoms in contrast to a 7% worsening for the 1,2 genotype (P < 0.05). In this preliminary study, brain metabolic and clinical response to clozapine are related to the D1 receptor genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Caliornia, Irvine 92697-3960, USA.
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43
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Franke L, Uebelhack R, Müller-Oerlinghausen B. Low CSF 5-HIAA level in high-lethality suicide attempters: fact or artifact? Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52:375-6; author reply 376-7. [PMID: 12208646 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Lee HS, Kim SH, Lee HJ, Kim L, Lee SK, Jang DW, Lee MS, Son BG, Suh KY, Kim S. Gender-specific molecular heterosis of dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) for smoking in schizophrenia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 114:593-7. [PMID: 12210271 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We examined the genetic effect of DRD2 A1 allele in 167 Korean schizophrenics in relation to their smoking habit. Although there was no apparent difference in the genotype distributions of DRD2 gene among the female schizophrenics (n = 66), the male counterpart (n = 101) showed significant differences in their genotype distributions. The comparison between male smoking and non-smoking patients showed the difference in genotype distribution (P = 0.010) with a higher prevalence of A1 allele (P = 0.020) and frequency of heterozygotes (P = 0.005), but not frequency of the A1 allele. The A1A2 heterozygotes male showed significantly higher smoking rate compared to the A1A1 or A2A2 homozygotes male, and non-smokers were deficient in heterozygotes. By contrast, among female schizophrenics, the heterozygotes showed a lower smoking rate than homozygotes and there were more heterozygotes in non-smokers. The deviation from Hardy-Weinberg expectations was observed in male and female non-smokers showing quite opposite profiles. Highly significant differences were seen between male and female non-smokers in A1 prevalence (P = 0.001), genotype distribution (P = 0.00011), and frequency of heterozygotes (P = 0.00003), but not in A1 frequency. The analyses from both male and female as one group showing no significant difference in the genotype distributions between smokers and non-smokers could be explained by the gender difference in the genetic effect of DRD2 A1 allele. Our findings present the gender-specific molecular heterosis of DRD2 gene in relation specifically to the smoking status of schizophrenic patients. They indicate the importance of heterosis and gender effects that should be taken into consideration for the association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Seock Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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45
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Abstract
Pharmacogenetics will be of substantial help in the field of affective disorders pharmacotherapy. The possible definition of a genetic liability profile for drug side-effects and efficacy will be of great help in treatments that need weeks to months to be effective. During the last few years, a number of groups have reported possible liability genes. The efficacy and time of onset of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been associated with a polymorphism in the promoter region of the transporter (SERTPR) in many independent studies, while variants at the tryptophan hydroxylase gene, 5-HT2a receptor and G-protein beta3 have been associated with them in pilot studies. Lithium long-term prophylactic efficacy has been associated with SERTPR, TPH and inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase variants, though in unreplicated samples. A number of further candidate genes were not associated with these treatments. In conclusion, both acute and long-term treatments appear to be, at least to some extent, under genetic influence and preliminary data have identified possible liability genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Psychiatry, Instituto Scientifico H San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University, Fondazione Centro San Raffaele del Monte Tabor, Via Stamira D'Ancona 20, 20127, Milan, Italy.
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46
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Serretti A, Zanardi R, Cusin C, Rossini D, Lilli R, Lorenzi C, Lattuada E, Smeraldi E. No association between dopamine D(2) and D(4) receptor gene variants and antidepressant activity of two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Psychiatry Res 2001; 104:195-203. [PMID: 11728608 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(01)00324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The possible association of the dopamine receptor D(2) (Ser 311Cys) and D(4) exon 3 (48 base pair repeat) gene variants with the antidepressant activity of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) was investigated in a sample of 364 inpatients affected by a major depressive episode treated with fluvoxamine, 300 mg/day (n=266), or paroxetine, 20-40 mg/day (n=98). The severity of depressive symptoms was assessed weekly with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Dopamine receptor D(2) (DRD2) and dopamine receptor D(4) (DRD4) allelic variants were determined in each subject by polymerase chain reaction. We observed that DRD2 and DRD4 variants were not associated with response to SSRI treatment. Possible stratification factors, such as sex, diagnosis, presence of psychotic features, depressive symptoms at baseline, paroxetine and fluvoxamine plasma levels, and pindolol augmentation did not significantly influence the observed results. The investigated DRD2 and DRD4 gene variants therefore do not seem to play a major role in the antidepressant activity of SSRIs, at least in the present sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serretti
- Department of Psychiatry, Istituto Scientifico H San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University, Via Stamira D'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy.
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47
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Feusner J, Ritchie T, Lawford B, Young RM, Kann B, Noble EP. GABA(A) receptor beta 3 subunit gene and psychiatric morbidity in a post-traumatic stress disorder population. Psychiatry Res 2001; 104:109-17. [PMID: 11711165 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(01)00296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
GABAergic systems have been implicated in the pathogenesis of anxiety, depression and insomnia. These symptoms are part of the core and comorbid psychiatric disturbances in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In a sample of Caucasian male PTSD patients, dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms of the GABA(A) receptor beta 3 subunit gene were compared to scores on the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ). As the major allele at this gene locus (GABRB3) was G1, the alleles were divided into G1 and non-G1 groups. On the total score of the GHQ, which comprises the somatic symptoms, anxiety/insomnia, social dysfunction and depression subscales, patients with the G1 non-G1 genotype had a significantly higher score when compared to either the G1G1 genotype (alpha=0.01) or the non-G1 non-G1 genotype (alpha=0.05). No significant difference was found between the G1G1 and non-G1 non-G1 genotypes. When the G1 non-G1 heterozygotes were compared to the combined G1G1 and non-G1 non-G1 homozygotes, a significantly higher total GHQ score was found in the heterozygotes (P=0.002). These observations suggest a heterosis effect. Further analysis of GHQ subscale scores showed that heterozygotes compared to the combined homozygotes had higher scores on the somatic symptoms (P=0.006), anxiety/insomnia (P=0.003), social dysfunction (P=0.054) and depression (P=0.004) subscales. In conclusion, the present study indicates that in a population of PTSD patients, heterozygosity of the GABRB3 major (G1) allele confers higher levels of somatic symptoms, anxiety/insomnia, social dysfunction and depression than found in homozygosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Feusner
- Alcohol Research Center and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
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Comings DE, Blum K. Reward deficiency syndrome: genetic aspects of behavioral disorders. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 126:325-41. [PMID: 11105655 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(00)26022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The dopaminergic and opioidergic reward pathways of the brain are critical for survival since they provide the pleasure drives for eating, love and reproduction; these are called 'natural rewards' and involve the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and frontal lobes. However, the same release of dopamine and production of sensations of pleasure can be produced by 'unnatural rewards' such as alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, nicotine, marijuana, and other drugs, and by compulsive activities such as gambling, eating, and sex, and by risk taking behaviors. Since only a minority of individuals become addicted to these compounds or behaviors, it is reasonable to ask what factors distinguish those who do become addicted from those who do not. It has usually been assumed that these behaviors are entirely voluntary and that environmental factors play the major role; however, since all of these behaviors have a significant genetic component, the presence of one or more variant genes presumably act as risk factors for these behaviors. Since the primary neurotransmitter of the reward pathway is dopamine, genes for dopamine synthesis, degradation, receptors, and transporters are reasonable candidates. However, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA, opioid, and cannabinoid neurons all modify dopamine metabolism and dopamine neurons. We have proposed that defects in various combinations of the genes for these neurotransmitters result in a Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) and that such individuals are at risk for abuse of the unnatural rewards. Because of its importance, the gene for the [figure: see text] dopamine D2 receptor was a major candidate gene. Studies in the past decade have shown that in various subject groups the Taq I A1 allele of the DRD2 gene is associated with alcoholism, drug abuse, smoking, obesity, compulsive gambling, and several personality traits. A range of other dopamine, opioid, cannabinoid, norepinephrine, and related genes have since been added to the list. Like other behavioral disorders, these are polygenically inherited and each gene accounts for only a small per cent of the variance. Techniques such as the Multivariate Analysis of Associations, which simultaneously examine the contribution of multiple genes, hold promise for understanding the genetic make up of polygenic disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/genetics
- Behavior, Addictive/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology
- Compulsive Behavior/genetics
- Dangerous Behavior
- Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Exploratory Behavior
- Genetic Heterogeneity
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Impulsive Behavior/genetics
- Models, Neurological
- Monoamine Oxidase/genetics
- Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism
- Neurotransmitter Agents/physiology
- Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects
- Nucleus Accumbens/physiology
- Opioid Peptides/genetics
- Opioid Peptides/physiology
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects
- Prefrontal Cortex/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic/genetics
- Receptors, Cannabinoid
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D4
- Receptors, Drug/drug effects
- Receptors, Drug/genetics
- Receptors, Neurotransmitter/drug effects
- Receptors, Neurotransmitter/genetics
- Receptors, Neurotransmitter/physiology
- Reward
- Satiation/physiology
- Self Stimulation/physiology
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/genetics
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/physiopathology
- Substance-Related Disorders/genetics
- Tourette Syndrome/genetics
- Tourette Syndrome/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Comings
- Department of Medical Genetics, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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Arinami T, Ishiguro H, Onaivi ES. Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 410:215-226. [PMID: 11134671 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00816-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D(1), D(2), and D(4) receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D(3) and D(5) receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arinami
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Tsukuba, Japan.
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50
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Abstract
Molecular heterosis occurs when subjects heterozygous for a specific genetic polymorphism show a significantly greater effect (positive heterosis) or lesser effect (negative heterosis) for a quantitative or dichotomous trait than subjects homozygous for either allele. At a molecular level heterosis appears counterintuitive to the expectation that if the 1 allele of a two-allele polymorphism is associated with a decrease in gene expression, those carrying the 11 genotype should show the greatest effect, 12 heterozygotes should be intermediate, and 22 homozygotes should show the least effect. We review the accumulating evidence that molecular heterosis is common in humans and may occur in up to 50% of all gene associations. A number of examples are reviewed, including those for the following genes: ADRA2C, C3 complement, DRD1, DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, ESR1, HP, HBB, HLA-DR DQ, HTR2A, properdin B, SLC6A4, PNMT, and secretor. Several examples are given in which the heterosis is gender-specific. Three explanations for molecular heterosis are proposed. The first is based on an inverted U-shaped response curve in which either to little or too much gene expression is deleterious, with optimal gene expression occurring in 12 heterozygotes. The second proposes an independent third factor causing a hidden stratification of the sample such that for in one set of subjects 11 homozygosity is associated with the highest phenotype score, while in the other set, 22 homozygosity is associated with the highest phenotype score. The third explanation suggests greater fitness in 12 heterozygotes because they show a broader range of gene expression than 11 or 22 homozygotes. Allele-based linkage techniques usually miss heterotic associations. Because up to 50% of association studies show a heterosis effect, this can significantly diminish the power of family-based linkage and association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Comings
- Department of Medical Genetics, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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