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Requirement of rRNA methylation for 80S ribosome assembly on a cohort of cellular internal ribosome entry sites. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:4482-99. [PMID: 21930789 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05804-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein syntheses mediated by cellular and viral internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) are believed to have many features in common. Distinct mechanisms for ribosome recruitment and preinitiation complex assembly between the two processes have not been identified thus far. Here we show that the methylation status of rRNA differentially influenced the mechanism of 80S complex formation on IRES elements from the cellular sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 (SNAT2) versus the hepatitis C virus mRNA. Translation initiation involves the assembly of the 48S preinitiation complex, followed by joining of the 60S ribosomal subunit and formation of the 80S complex. Abrogation of rRNA methylation did not affect the 48S complex but resulted in impairment of 80S complex assembly on the cellular, but not the viral, IRESs tested. Impairment of 80S complex assembly on the amino acid transporter SNAT2 IRES was rescued by purified 60S subunits containing fully methylated rRNA. We found that rRNA methylation did not affect the activity of any of the viral IRESs tested but affected the activity of numerous cellular IRESs. This work reveals a novel mechanism operating on a cohort of cellular IRESs that involves rRNA methylation for proper 80S complex assembly and efficient translation initiation.
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2
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Jeske M, Moritz B, Anders A, Wahle E. Smaug assembles an ATP-dependent stable complex repressing nanos mRNA translation at multiple levels. EMBO J 2010; 30:90-103. [PMID: 21081899 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The nanos (nos) mRNA encodes the posterior determinant of the Drosophila embryo. Translation of the RNA is repressed throughout most of the embryo by the protein Smaug binding to Smaug recognition elements (SREs) in the 3' UTR. Translation is locally activated at the posterior pole by Oskar. This paper reports that the SREs govern the time- and ATP-dependent assembly of an exceedingly stable repressed ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP) in embryo extract. Repression can be virtually complete. Smaug and its co-repressor Cup as well as Trailer hitch and the DEAD box protein Me31B are part of the repressed RNP. The initiation factor eIF4G is specifically displaced, and 48S pre-initiation complex formation is inhibited. However, later steps in translation initiation are also sensitive to SRE-dependent inhibition. These data confirm several previously untested predictions of a current model for Cup-dependent repression but also suggest that the Cup model by itself is insufficient to explain translational repression of the nos RNA. In the embryo extract, recombinant Oskar relieves translational repression and deadenylation by preventing Smaug's binding to the SREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Jeske
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, General Biochemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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3
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Rubin H. Central roles of Mg2+ and MgATP2- in the regulation of protein synthesis and cell proliferation: significance for neoplastic transformation. Adv Cancer Res 2005; 93:1-58. [PMID: 15797443 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(05)93001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors are polypeptides that combine with specific membrane receptors on animal cells to stimulate proliferation, but they also stimulate glucose transport, uridine phosphorylation, intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, and other processes of the coordinate response. There are a variety of nonspecific surface action treatments which stimulate the same set of reactions as the growth factors do, of which protein synthesis is most directly related to the onset of DNA synthesis. Mg(2+) is required for a very wide range of cellular reactions, including all phosphoryl transfers, and its deprivation inhibits all components of the coordinate response that have so far been tested. Growth factors raise the level of free Mg(2+) closer to the optimum for the initiation of protein synthesis. The resulting increase in protein synthesis accelerates progression through G1 to the onset of DNA synthesis and mitosis. None of the other 3 major cellular cations are similarly involved in growth regulation, although internal pH may play an auxiliary role. Almost 10(5) externally bound divalent cations are displaced from membranes for every attached insulin molecule, implying a conformational membrane change that releases enough Mg(2+) from the internal surface of the plasma membrane to account for the increase in free cytosolic Mg(2+). It is proposed that mTOR, the central control point for protein synthesis of the PI 3-K kinase cascade stimulated by insulin, is regulated by MgATP(2-) which varies directly with cytosolic Mg(2+). Other elements of the coordinate response to growth factors such as the increased transport of glucose and phosphorylation of uridine are also dependent upon an increase of Mg(2+). Deprivation of Mg(2+) in neoplastically transformed cultures normalizes their appearance and growth behavior and raises their abnormally low Ca(2+) concentration. Tight packing of the transformed cells at very high saturation density confers the same normalizing effects, which are retained for a few days after subculture at low density. The results suggest that the activity of Mg(2+) within the cell is a central regulator of normal cell growth, and the loss of its membrane-mediated control can account for the neoplastic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Rubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Life Sciences Addition, University of California Berkeley, 94720-3200, USA
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4
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Monnier A, Bellé R, Morales J, Cormier P, Boulben S, Mulner-Lorillon O. Evidence for regulation of protein synthesis at the elongation step by CDK1/cyclin B phosphorylation. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:1453-7. [PMID: 11266545 PMCID: PMC31266 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.7.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic elongation factor 1 (eEF-1) contains the guanine nucleotide exchange factor eEF-1B that loads the G protein eEF-1A with GTP after each cycle of elongation during protein synthesis. Two features of eEF-1B have not yet been elucidated: (i) the presence of the unique valyl-tRNA synthetase; (ii) the significance of target sites for the cell cycle protein kinase CDK1/cyclin B. The roles of these two features were addressed by elongation measurements in vitro using cell-free extracts. A poly(GUA) template RNA was generated to support both poly(valine) and poly(serine) synthesis and poly(phenylalanine) synthesis was driven by a poly(uridylic acid) template. Elongation rates were in the order phenylalanine > valine > serine. Addition of CDK1/cyclin B decreased the elongation rate for valine whereas the rate for serine and phenylalanine elongation was increased. This effect was correlated with phosphorylation of the eEF-1delta and eEF-1gamma subunits of eEF-1B. Our results demonstrate specific regulation of elongation by CDK1/cyclin B phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Monnier
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UFR 937), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UPR 9042), Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, BP 74, 29682 Roscoff Cedex, France
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5
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Spirin AS. Storage of messenger RNA in eukaryotes: envelopment with protein, translational barrier at 5' side, or conformational masking by 3' side? Mol Reprod Dev 1994; 38:107-17. [PMID: 7914085 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080380117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Messenger RNA can be stored in the cytoplasm of higher Eukaryotes in the form of masked messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (masked mRNPs, or informosomes). The typical example is the storage of mRNPs in germ cells (oocytes and spermatocytes). The masked mRNPs are inactive in translation, stable, i.e., protected against degradation, and unavailable for poly(A) tail processing, such as cytoplasmic polyadenylation and deadenylation. The major nonspecific mRNA-binding protein forming mRNPs and belonging to a special p50 family of basic, glycine-rich, phosphorylatable proteins seems to be necessary, but not sufficient for the masking. In some cases, mRNA-specific repressor proteins bound to the 5'-untranslated regions (5'-UTR) of mRNAs may be involved. Interactions of the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR) with sequence-specific proteins seem to be of decisive importance for the masking of mRNPs. The hypothesis is proposed that the masking is achieved through a 3'-UTR-induced conformational rearrangement of mRNP; closing into a circle and condensation of mRNP are considered plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Spirin
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region
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6
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Abstract
Polyribosomal and free mRNPs from rabbit reticulocytes were isolated and characterized. Translation of mRNPs was studied in the rabbit reticulocyte and wheat germ cell-free systems. Both classes of mRNPs were active in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. However, considerable differences between mRNPs and mRNA have been revealed. High concentrations of mRNA in the form of mRNP did not inhibit protein biosynthesis, whereas the same amounts of deproteinized mRNA caused inhibition of this process. Polyribosomal mRNPs and deproteinized mRNA, but not free mRNPs, are active in the wheat germ cell-free translation system. Translation of free mRNPs in this system can be restored by addition of 0.5 M KCl-wash of rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes. These results suggest the existence of a special repressor/activator regulatory system which controls mRNA distribution between free mRNPs and polyribosomes in rabbit reticulocytes. This regulatory system should include: i) a translation repressor associated with mRNA within free mRNPs, preventing its translation; and ii) a translation activator associated with ribosomes, overcoming the effect of the repressor. Both classes of cytoplasmic mRNPs contain a major 50 kDa protein (p50). The content of this protein per mol of mRNA in free mRNPs is twice as much as in polyribosomal ones. The method of p50 isolation has been developed and some properties of this protein were investigated. It has been shown that small amounts of p50 stimulate, whereas high amounts inhibit mRNA translation. We suggest that p50 has a dual role in protein biosynthesis. In polyribosomal mRNPs (p50:mRNA approximately 2:1, mol/mol), this protein promotes the translation process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Minich
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region
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7
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Schmeidler-Sapiro KT, Johnson TR, Ilan J, Ilan J. Regulation of transcription by translational components in coupled translation-transcription cell-free system. Biochimie 1992; 74:495-510. [PMID: 1637875 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(92)90091-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A coupled translation-transcription cell-free system was established from eukaryotic cells. The biosynthetic activity of this coupled system closely resembles the synthetic behavior of cells in vivo, and exhibits regulatory phenomena similar to that of intact cells. The translational system consists of rabbit reticulocyte lysate, or its components fractionated by centrifugation. The transcriptional portion consists of cockerel liver nuclei. Incorporation of amino acids into protein by the coupled system is linear for hours. Similarly, transcription in the coupled system is continuous for hours and is proportional with time. More than 90% of the transcriptional products are secreted into the incubation medium. The components of the translational system influence and regulate transcriptional activities. In the presence of ribosomes the nuclei transcribe mostly poly(A)+ RNA with alpha-amanitin sensitivity consistent with activation of RNA polymerase II. Hybrid selection experiments demonstrate authentic preproalbumin mRNA among the transcriptional products. The putative mRNA secreted into the medium in the coupled system is found on polysomes, indicating translation of de novo synthesized message. Addition of excess reticulocyte mRNP to the medium of the coupled system results in transcription of primarily ribosomal RNA, 5S RNA, and tRNA, the products of RNA polymerases I and III. These activities closely imitate the behavior of liver in vivo under conditions of nutritional shifts or hormonal influences. The coupled system transcribes, processes, and transports substantial quantities of RNA, about 1.6 micrograms/10(6) nuclei/h. Thus, a coupled system has been established that lends itself to the exploration of regulatory interactions of cell components as it appears to closely resemble the in vivo situation.
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8
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Miyata S, Yoshida Y, Kihara HK. Purification and characterization of a protease from Xenopus embryos. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 186:49-54. [PMID: 2480896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A proteolytic enzyme was purified from Xenopus embryos. The purification procedure consisted of fractionation of an extract of embryos with acetone, gel filtration of Sephadex G-75 and chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose and hydroxylapatite. The preparation of enzyme appeared to be homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. This protease had a molecular mass of 43-44 kDa and was composed of two subunits with molecular masses of 30 kDa and 13 kDa. The optimal pH of the reaction catalysed by the protease was approximately 4.0. This proteolytic activity was inhibited by antipain, leupeptin and iodoacetic acid; it was not affected by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and pepstatin; and it was enhanced by dithiothreitol. In the presence of RNA, the optimal pH was shifted from pH 4.0 to pH 4.5. The protease was activated by addition of total RNA from Xenopus embryos, by poly(rU) or poly(rG). In contrast, after addition of tRNA or poly(rC), no activation of the protease was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miyata
- Laboratory of Research for Biosynthesis and Metabolism, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Horowitz SB, Tluczek LJ. Gonadotropin stimulates oocyte translation by increasing magnesium activity through intracellular potassium-magnesium exchange. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:9652-6. [PMID: 2513575 PMCID: PMC298559 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.24.9652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that gonadotropin increases the K+ activity in Xenopus oocytes and that this is a signal for increased translation. However, K+ need not act to control synthesis directly but may act through an unidentified downstream effector. Using microinjection to vary the salt content of oocytes and concomitantly measuring [3H]leucine incorporation, we found that small changes in Mg2+ greatly affect translation rates. (Ca2+ had little influence.) By measuring intracellular ion activities, we found that oocyte cations existed in a buffer-like (ion-exchange) equilibrium in which K+ and Mg2+ are the preponderant monovalent and divalent cations. Hence, increasing cellular K+ activity might increase translation by causing Mg2+ activity to rise. If so, the increased translation rates produced by hormone treatment or K+ injection would be prevented by EDTA, a Mg2+ chelating agent. This prediction was tested and confirmed. We conclude that, when gonadotropin increases K+ activity, the cell's internal ion-exchange equilibrium is altered thereby increasing Mg2+ activity and this up-regulates translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Horowitz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Michigan Cancer Foundation, Detroit 48201
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10
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Lopo AC, Lashbrook CC, Hershey JW. Characterization of translation systems in vitro from three developmental stages of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Biochem J 1989; 258:553-61. [PMID: 2706000 PMCID: PMC1138397 DOI: 10.1042/bj2580553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have developed and characterized cell-free systems active in translation from unfertilized eggs, 30-min zygotes and hatched blastulae of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The ion concentrations selected for preparation of the lysates were 150 mM-K+, 40 mM-Na+, 40 mM-Cl-, 5 x 10(-7) M free Ca2+ and 1 mM free Mg2+. It was necessary to include the ribonuclease inhibitor RNas in the preparations to obtain full activity consistently. The pH optimum was 7.2 and was extremely sharp for the three S. purpuratus lysates. The temperature optima of the three lysates were remarkably similar to those of the intact unfertilized egg and embryos. Lysates from unfertilized egg and 30-min zygotes showed a temperature optimum at 15 degrees C. The hatched blastula lysate showed a broader temperature optimum with a shift to about 20 degrees C. The optimized lysates incorporated radiolabelled amino acids into polypeptides for up to 90 min. The polypeptides synthesized ranged in Mr from 200,000 to 20,000, suggesting that the mRNA in the lysates was intact and capable of directing the synthesis of complete polypeptides. Furthermore, the three lysates were capable of initiation, as demonstrated by inhibition of initiation using the inhibitors edeine and 7-methylguanosine 5'-triphosphate (m7GTP). At 15 degrees C, the transit times for the three lysates were: unfertilized egg, 40 min; 30-min zygotes and hatched blastula lysates, 20 min. These transit times are similar to those of intact eggs and embryos, and significantly, reflect the two-fold increase in elongation rate seen following fertilization in intact embryos. Thus, these lysates display many features and characteristic responses typical of intact eggs and embryos, indicating that the lysates should be useful tools for the analysis of translation control in early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Lopo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
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11
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Lau YT, Yassin RR, Horowitz SB. Potassium salt microinjection into Xenopus oocytes mimics gonadotropin treatment. Science 1988; 240:1321-3. [PMID: 3375816 DOI: 10.1126/science.3375816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin stimulates protein synthesis and growth in ovarian oocytes. The hormone is also known to modify transfollicular K+ fluxes and is now shown to cause increased intraoocytic K+ activity (aK). The hormone's effect on aK was duplicated by microinjecting K+ salts into oocytes which were incubated in paraffin oil. This treatment mimicked the influence of gonadotropin on both the rate of protein synthesis and the synthesis of specific polypeptides. These findings suggest that gonadotropin-stimulated oocyte growth is attributable largely to the hormone's influence on transfollicular K+ fluxes. They support the hypothesis that the K+ flux and aK changes observed during cell activation are critical in causing subsequent increases in protein synthesis and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Lau
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Michigan Cancer-Foundation, Detroit 48201
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12
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Horowitz SB, Lau YT. A function that relates protein synthetic rates to potassium activity in vivo. J Cell Physiol 1988; 135:425-34. [PMID: 3397385 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041350309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A newly developed experimental system allows the controlled alteration of intracellular K+ activity (aK) and the measurement of amino acid incorporation rates in a single cell, the Xenopus oocyte. We found that as aK is increased by microinjecting a K+ salt, [3H]leucine incorporation (R) varies over a 100-fold range, first stimulated and then inhibited as it passes through four response regions (A-D). In region A (aK approximately 60-100 mM), R is at a nongrowth or maintenance level and is stimulated weakly by increasing aK. In region B (aK approximately 100-130 mM), R is stimulated intensely by increasing aK, roughly tripling with every 10 mM increase. In region C (aK approximately 130-160 mM), R is inhibited intensely by increasing aK. Finally, in region D (aK greater than 160 mM), R is inhibited weakly as aK increases. Collectively, the four response regions constitute the oocyte's R/aK response function. The function provides a comprehensive description of how K+ activity influences the rate of protein synthesis in an intact cell. In the subsequent discussion, we compared the oocyte response function with the K+ response determined in cell-free translational systems. While in vivo and in vitro functions are similar, differences exist that may be important in a cellular control system. We then considered the relevance of the oocyte R/aK response function to "normal" processes in the oocyte and in somatic cells, i.e., those in which aK is varied by physiological changes in the plasma membrane. We concluded that the intensely stimulatory region B is importantly involved in hormonal action and other growth-activating processes and that the entire R/aK response function may play a role in control of protein synthesis during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Horowitz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Michigan Cancer Foundation, Detroit 48201
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13
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Abstract
Fertilization of sea urchin eggs results in a large increase in the rate of protein synthesis which is mediated by the translation of stored maternal mRNA. The masked message hypothesis suggests that messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) from unfertilized eggs are translationally inactive and that fertilization results in alterations of the mRNPs such that they become translationally active. Previous workers have isolated egg mRNPs by sucrose gradient centrifugation and have assayed their translational activity in heterologous cell-free systems. The conflicting results they obtained are probably due to the sensitivity of mRNPs to artifactual activation and inactivation. Previously, we demonstrated that unfractionated mRNPs in a sea urchin cell-free translation system were translationally inactive. Now, using large-pore gel filtration chromatography, we partially purified egg mRNPs while retaining their translationally repressed state. Polysomal mRNPs from fertilized eggs isolated under the same conditions were translationally active. The changes in the pattern of proteins synthesized by fractionated unfertilized and fertilized mRNPs in vitro were similar to those changes observed in vivo. Treatment of egg mRNPs with buffers containing high salt and EDTA, followed by rechromatography, resulted in the activation of the mRNPs and the release of an inhibitor of translation from the mRNPs. Analysis of the inhibitory fraction on one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate gels indicated that this fraction contains a complex set of proteins, several of which were released from high-salt-EDTA-activated mRNPs and not from inactive low-salt control mRNPs. One of the released proteins may be responsible for the repression of egg mRNPs in vitro and be involved in the unmasking of mRNPs at fertilization.
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14
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Expression of a gene for mouse eucaryotic elongation factor Tu during murine erythroleukemic cell differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 1988. [PMID: 3481036 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.7.11.3929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The eucaryotic elongation factor Tu (eEF-Tu) is a single polypeptide with an approximate Mr of 53,000. During protein synthesis eEF-Tu promotes the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome. To study the expression of the gene(s) for this factor, a genomic clone was isolated that contains a mouse eEF-Tu gene. We screened a phage genomic library with a synthetic oligonucleotide probe complementary to a region of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Artemia sp. eEF-Tu genes which codes for an area that is highly conserved between both yeast and Artemia sp. eEF-Tu. From approximately 75,000 phage plaques we obtained five isolates with apparently identical inserts. All five clones contained a 3.8-kilobase EcoRI fragment that hybridized to additional oligonucleotide probes corresponding to different conserved regions of eEF-Tu. We sequenced the 5' end of one genomic clone and determined the length of the cloned fragment that was protected by eEF-Tu mRNA in S1 nuclease protection assays. A quantitative S1 nuclease protection assay was used to compare the relative steady-state levels of eEF-Tu mRNA in total mRNA in total RNA isolated from hexamethylene-bisacetamide-induced murine erythroleukemia cells. The results show a dramatic reduction in the steady-state level of eEF-Tu mRNA as differentiation proceeds. A similar reduction in transcription of eEF-Tu mRNA was observed in isolated nuclei. Finally, we examined the in vivo synthesis of eEF-Tu during differentiation and found that it declined in a manner parallel to the decline in the steady-state level of eEF-Tu mRNA. In addition, we have isolated and sequenced a cDNA clone for mouse eEF-Tu. The derived amino acid sequence is compared with sequences from other eucaryotes.
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15
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Roth WW, Bragg PW, Corrias MV, Reddy NS, Dholakia JN, Wahba AJ. Expression of a gene for mouse eucaryotic elongation factor Tu during murine erythroleukemic cell differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 1987; 7:3929-36. [PMID: 3481036 PMCID: PMC368061 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.7.11.3929-3936.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The eucaryotic elongation factor Tu (eEF-Tu) is a single polypeptide with an approximate Mr of 53,000. During protein synthesis eEF-Tu promotes the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome. To study the expression of the gene(s) for this factor, a genomic clone was isolated that contains a mouse eEF-Tu gene. We screened a phage genomic library with a synthetic oligonucleotide probe complementary to a region of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Artemia sp. eEF-Tu genes which codes for an area that is highly conserved between both yeast and Artemia sp. eEF-Tu. From approximately 75,000 phage plaques we obtained five isolates with apparently identical inserts. All five clones contained a 3.8-kilobase EcoRI fragment that hybridized to additional oligonucleotide probes corresponding to different conserved regions of eEF-Tu. We sequenced the 5' end of one genomic clone and determined the length of the cloned fragment that was protected by eEF-Tu mRNA in S1 nuclease protection assays. A quantitative S1 nuclease protection assay was used to compare the relative steady-state levels of eEF-Tu mRNA in total mRNA in total RNA isolated from hexamethylene-bisacetamide-induced murine erythroleukemia cells. The results show a dramatic reduction in the steady-state level of eEF-Tu mRNA as differentiation proceeds. A similar reduction in transcription of eEF-Tu mRNA was observed in isolated nuclei. Finally, we examined the in vivo synthesis of eEF-Tu during differentiation and found that it declined in a manner parallel to the decline in the steady-state level of eEF-Tu mRNA. In addition, we have isolated and sequenced a cDNA clone for mouse eEF-Tu. The derived amino acid sequence is compared with sequences from other eucaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Roth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216
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16
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Abstract
Fertilization of sea urchin eggs results in a large increase in the rate of protein synthesis which is mediated by the translation of stored maternal mRNA. The masked message hypothesis suggests that messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) from unfertilized eggs are translationally inactive and that fertilization results in alterations of the mRNPs such that they become translationally active. Previous workers have isolated egg mRNPs by sucrose gradient centrifugation and have assayed their translational activity in heterologous cell-free systems. The conflicting results they obtained are probably due to the sensitivity of mRNPs to artifactual activation and inactivation. Previously, we demonstrated that unfractionated mRNPs in a sea urchin cell-free translation system were translationally inactive. Now, using large-pore gel filtration chromatography, we partially purified egg mRNPs while retaining their translationally repressed state. Polysomal mRNPs from fertilized eggs isolated under the same conditions were translationally active. The changes in the pattern of proteins synthesized by fractionated unfertilized and fertilized mRNPs in vitro were similar to those changes observed in vivo. Treatment of egg mRNPs with buffers containing high salt and EDTA, followed by rechromatography, resulted in the activation of the mRNPs and the release of an inhibitor of translation from the mRNPs. Analysis of the inhibitory fraction on one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate gels indicated that this fraction contains a complex set of proteins, several of which were released from high-salt-EDTA-activated mRNPs and not from inactive low-salt control mRNPs. One of the released proteins may be responsible for the repression of egg mRNPs in vitro and be involved in the unmasking of mRNPs at fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Grainger
- Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin 78712
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17
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Swenson KI, Borgese N, Pietrini G, Ruderman JV. Three translationally regulated mRNAs are stored in the cytoplasm of clam oocytes. Dev Biol 1987; 123:10-6. [PMID: 3040499 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(87)90421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In situ hybridization was used to examine the spatial distributions of three translationally controlled maternal RNAs in oocytes and two-cell embryos of the clam Spisula. 3H-labeled single-stranded RNA probes were generated from SP6 recombinant clones containing DNA inserts encoding portions of histone H3 (the DNA sequence which is presented here), cyclin A, and the small subunit of ribonucleotide reductase. Hybridization of these probes to oocytes, in which the mRNAs are translationally inactive, shows that these mRNAs are stored in the cytoplasm. There is no evidence for sequestration of any of the RNAs within the nucleus or any other discrete structure. Instead they appear to be evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm.
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18
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Abstract
Specific proteins are associated with mRNA in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. The complement of associated proteins depends upon whether the mRNA is an integral component of the polysomal complex being translated, or, alternatively, whether it is part of the non-translated free mRNP fraction. By subjecting cells to ultraviolet irradiation in vivo to cross-link proteins to mRNA, mRNP proteins have been shown to be associated with specific regions of the mRNA molecule. Examination of mRNP complexes containing a unique mRNA has suggested that not all mRNA contain the same family of associated RNA binding proteins. The functions of mRNA associated proteins may include a role in providing stability for mRNA, and/or in modulating translation. With the recent demonstrations that both free and polysomal mRNPs are associated with the cytoskeletal framework, specific mRNP proteins may play a role in determining the subcellular localization of specific mRNPs.
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Sui AL, Shen SS. Intracellular free magnesium concentration in the sea urchin egg during fertilization. Dev Biol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(86)90396-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Colin AM. Chapter 22 Rapid Repetitive Microinjection. Methods Cell Biol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)60360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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22
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Brandhorst BP. Informational content of the echinoderm egg. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y. : 1985) 1985; 1:525-76. [PMID: 2481472 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-6814-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The sea urchin egg contains a store of mRNA synthesized during oogenesis but translated only after fertilization, which accounts for a large, rapid increase in the rate of synthesis of largely the same set of proteins synthesized by eggs. Starfish oocytes contain a population of stored maternal mRNA that becomes actively translated upon GVBD and codes for a set of proteins distinct from that synthesized by oocytes. The sequence complexity of RNA in echinoderm eggs is about 3.5 x 10(8) nucleotides, enough to code for about 12,000 different mRNAs averaging 3 kb in length. About 2-4% of the egg RNA functions as mRNA during early embryonic development; most of the sequences are rare, represented in a few thousand copies per egg, but some are considerably more abundant. Many of the stored RNA sequences accumulate during the period of vitellogenesis, which lasts a few weeks. The mechanisms of storage and translational activation of maternal mRNA are not well understood. Histone mRNAs are sequested in the egg pronucleus until first cleavage, but other mRNAs are widely distributed in the cytoplasm. The population of maternal RNA includes many very large molecules having interspersed repetitive sequence transcripts colinear with single-copy sequences. The structural features of much of the cytoplasmic maternal RNA is thus reminiscent of incompletely processed nuclear precursors of mRNA. The functional role of these strange molecules is not understood, but many interesting possibilities have been considered. For instance, they may be segregated into different cell lineages during cleavage and/or they may become translationally activated by selective processing during development. Maternal mRNA appears to be underloaded with ribosomes when translated, possibly because the coding sequences are short relative to the size of the mRNA. Most abundant and many rare mRNA sequences persist during embryonic development. The rare sequence molecules are replaced by newly synthesized RNA, but some abundant maternal transcripts appear to persist throughout embryonic development. Most of the proteins present in the egg do not change significantly in mass during development, but a few decline or accumulate substantially. Together, these observations indicate that much of the information for embryogenesis is stored in the egg, although substantial changes in gene expression occur during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Brandhorst
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Sardet C. [Fertilization in sea urchins: what's new?]. Biochimie 1984; 66:VII-XII. [PMID: 6395899 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(84)90091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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24
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Abstract
A characteristic of growing oocytes of all animal species is the synthesis and accumulation of messenger RNA which is destined to be used primarily by the early embryo. The mechanism(s) which regulates the translation of this maternal mRNA remains unknown. However, the inability of the oocyte to translate all of its putative mRNA has been attributed to at least three limitations: (1) The rate of translation is limited by the availability of components of the translational apparatus other than mRNA, (2) the structural organization of the mRNA prevents translation, and (3) proteins associated with the mRNA prevent translation. Several investigators have suggested that proteins associated with maternal mRNA suppress translation in sea urchin eggs, although others claim that such results may be due to experimental artefacts. Oocyte-specific proteins have been identified in association with non-translating poly(A)+ mRNAs from Xenopus laevis oocytes, and we report here that when these proteins are reconstituted with mRNAs in vitro the translation of the mRNAs in vitro is reversibly repressed. The implication is that these proteins are involved in the regulation of translation of stored maternal mRNAs.
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25
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Richter JD, Smith LD, Anderson DM, Davidson EH. Interspersed poly(A) RNAs of amphibian oocytes are not translatable. J Mol Biol 1984; 173:227-41. [PMID: 6200602 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(84)90191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The poly(A) RNA of the Xenopus oocytes has been shown to include both single copy and interspersed transcripts. Interspersed maternal poly(A) RNAs contain repetitive sequence elements distributed within regions transcribed from single copy sequences. When renatured these RNAs form partially double-stranded RNA networks, and as shown earlier this can be utilized for preparative separation of interspersed maternal transcripts from maternal transcripts that remain single-stranded after renaturation (Anderson et al., 1982). The translational activity of these RNA fractions was tested in vitro, in wheat germ and reticulocyte systems. While the single-stranded fractions supported protein synthesis, the interspersed oocyte RNAs displayed little translational activity. Translational activity was measured in vivo by injection into the Xenopus oocyte. Oocytes previously injected with globin mRNA were injected with increasing amounts of single-stranded, double-stranded, or denatured double-stranded RNA fractions, and the amount of globin synthesis was determined. It was found that single-stranded RNA competes with globin mRNA for the limited translational apparatus of the oocyte, as manifested by a quantitative reduction of globin synthesis. However, globin synthesis was not affected when double-stranded RNA, either in renatured or denatured form, was injected. We conclude that the interspersed RNAs are not translated within the oocyte. The amount of single and double-stranded RNAs loaded onto polysomes in the injected oocytes was also determined. Sixty seven per cent of radio-iodinated single-stranded RNA pelleted with polysomes in injected oocytes, whereas less than 20% of similarly labeled double-stranded RNA pelleted with polysomes. This value is similar to that obtained when partially hydrolyzed RNA is injected, suggesting again that essentially none of the interspersed RNA is translated in vivo. The significance of these findings in relation to translational regulation during oogenesis and early development is discussed.
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26
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Takeshima K, Nakano E. Modification of ribosomal proteins in sea urchin eggs following fertilization. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 137:437-43. [PMID: 6662106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the ribosomal proteins in sea urchin eggs by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed postfertilization changes in the proteins of both the small and the large subunits. Five egg-ribosomal proteins (S7, S16, S19, L19, L31) appeared to undergo rapid changes to the corresponding embryo-specific proteins. These changes were completed within 30 min after fertilization, and identical electrophoretic patterns were observed among the different developmental stages of embryos. One of the five proteins, S7, showed an increase in the phosphorylated form. The remainder showed qualitative shifts to the corresponding embryo-specific proteins; however, peptide map analyses revealed the existence of common structural units between the corresponding proteins. These modifications were observed in the three species of sea urchin studied (Pseudocentrotus depressus, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Anthocidaris crassispina), except in the case of one protein (L31). Purification of ribosomes by different procedures based on high-salt treatment gave the same results with respect to the egg-specific and embryo-specific proteins.
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27
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Sastre L, Sebastián J. Developmental changes in poly(A) polymerase activity in Artemia. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 135:69-74. [PMID: 6309518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The levels of poly(A) polymerase activity have been determined during Artemia early development. Poly(A) polymerase activity increases steadily during postgastrular embryonic development reaching a maximum shortly after hatching. The rise of poly(A) polymerase is concomitant with an increase in poly(A) content and with a change in the subcellular distribution of the enzyme activity, the major increase corresponding to the nuclear fraction. Only one isoenzyme of poly(A) polymerase has been identified in Artemia embryos and nauplii despite changes in enzyme levels and subcellular changes during early development. Poly(A) polymerase is not associated with the cytoplasmic poly(A)-containing ribonucleoprotein particles stored in Artemia dormant embryos.
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28
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Moon RT. Poly(A)-containing messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes from sea urchin eggs and embryos: polypeptides associated with native and UV-crosslinked mRNPs. Differentiation 1983; 24:13-23. [PMID: 6135636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1983.tb01296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization of sea urchin eggs results in the rapid recruitment of stored messages into polyribosomes. Whether translational control in sea urchin eggs is mediated by macromolecules associated with the stored messages remains unknown, since preparations of messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes (mRNPs) were active in protein synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate. To facilitate the study of mRNPs, chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose was used to purify poly(A)-containing mRNPs from eggs and embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Nonpolyribosomal mRNPs purified from eggs had a similar sedimentation in sucrose to unpurified mRNPs, a peak buoyant density in metrizamide of 1.22 g/cm3, and peak buoyant densities in Cs2SO4 in 1.42 g/cm3 after fixation with glutaraldehyde and 1.46 g/cm3 without fixation. Nonpolyribosomal mRNPs from eggs and zygotes contained 5-10 major proteins on sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gels, and numerous minor bands. UV-irradiation of living eggs of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata produced cross-linked mRNPs which contained a similar pattern of polypeptides to noncross-linked mRNPs. The polypeptides associated with embryonic polyribosomal mRNPs were also qualitatively similar to those present in nonpolyribosomal mRNPs, although stoichiometric differences may exist.
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29
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Schmid HP, Schönfelder M, Setyono B, Köhler K. 76-kDa poly(A)-protein is involved in the formation of 48 S initiation complexes. FEBS Lett 1983; 157:105-10. [PMID: 6862007 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(83)81125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In erythropoietic mouse cells induced by Friend leukemia virus, approximately 50% of non-polyribosomal globin mRNA is found in 48 S initiation complexes ready to be translated. EDTA releases 15 S globin mRNPs, homologous to polyribosomal globin mRNPs. The 76-kDa poly(A)-protein is one of its main protein components. The other 50% of non-polyribosomal message can be separated as 20 S 'free' mRNPs. Its protein composition is different, especially the 76-kDa protein is lacking. The role of this protein is discussed.
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Rosenthal ET, Tansey TR, Ruderman JV. Sequence-specific adenylations and deadenylations accompany changes in the translation of maternal messenger RNA after fertilization of Spisula oocytes. J Mol Biol 1983; 166:309-27. [PMID: 6854649 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(83)80087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A dramatic change in the pattern of protein synthesis occurs within ten minutes after fertilization of Spisula oocytes. This change is regulated entirely at the translational level. We have used DNA clones complementary to five translationally regulated messenger RNAs to follow shifts in mRNA utilization at fertilization and to characterize alterations in mRNA structure that accompany switches in translational activity in vivo. Four of the mRNAs studied are translationally inactive in the oocyte. After fertilization two of these mRNAs are completely recruited onto polysomes, and two are partially recruited. All four of these mRNAs have very short poly(A) tracts in the oocyte; after fertilization the poly(A) tails lengthen considerably. In contrast, a fifth mRNA, that encoding alpha-tubulin mRNA, is translated very efficiently in the oocyte and is rapidly lost from polysomes after fertilization. Essentially all alpha-tubulin mRNA in the oocyte is poly(A)+ and a large portion of this mRNA undergoes complete deadenylation after fertilization. These results reveal a striking relationship between changes in adenylation and translational activity in vivo. This correlation is not perfect, however. Evidence for and against a direct role for polyadenylation in regulating these translational changes is discussed. Changes in poly(A) tails are the only alterations in mRNA sizes that we have been able to detect. This indicates that, at least for the mRNAs studied here, translational activation is not due to extensive processing of larger translationally incompetent precursors. We have also isolated several complementary DNA clones to RNAs encoded by the mitochondrial genome. Surprisingly, the poly(A) tracts of at least two of the mitochondrial RNAs also lengthen in response to fertilization.
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31
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32
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Moon RT, Nicosia RF, Olsen C, Hille MB, Jeffery WR. The cytoskeletal framework of sea urchin eggs and embryos: developmental changes in the association of messenger RNA. Dev Biol 1983; 95:447-58. [PMID: 6186548 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(83)90046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Extraction of sea urchin eggs and embryos with Triton X-100 generated a cytoskeletal framework (CSK) composed of a cortical filamentous network and an internal system of filaments associated with ribosomes. The CSK contained only 10-20% of the cellular protein, RNA, and lipid. A specific subset of proteins was enriched in the CSK. Several lines of evidence suggest that mRNA is a component of the CSK of both eggs and embryos. First, the CSK contained poly(A) sequences which hybridized with [3H]poly(U). Second, the CSK contained polyribosomes. Finally, RNA extracted from the CSK showed translational activity in an in vitro system. The nonhistone messages present in the CSK were qualitatively similar to those solubilized by detergent, as determined by separation on polyacrylamide gels of the products of in vitro translation. In the unfertilized egg, most mRNA was present as nonpolyribosomal messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes which, along with monoribosomes, were efficiently extracted by Triton X-100. The converse was found in blastulae, as most of the mRNA was present as polyribosomes associated with the CSK, although monoribosomes were still efficiently extracted by detergent. These results indicate a correlation between the activation of protein synthesis in eggs and the association of polyribosomes with the CSK.
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33
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Ward GE, Vacquier VD, Michel S. The increased phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in Arbacia punctulata is not a universal event in the activation of sea urchin eggs. Dev Biol 1983; 95:360-71. [PMID: 6825939 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(83)90037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Eggs of the sea urchins Arbacia punctulata (Ap), Lytechinus pictus (Lp), and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Sp) were labeled to equilibrium with 32PO3-4. Approximately 65-70% of the label in extractable adenine nucleotides comigrates chromatographically with ATP. Autoradiograms of one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) slab gels show that each species possesses a distinct complement of phosphate-exchangeable phosphoproteins. No changes in the phosphoprotein composition are detected in Lp and Sp eggs as a result of fertilization or development for 2.5 hr (with the possible exception of a 43,000 Mr protein in Lp). In Ap, increases in the phosphorylation of bands at Mr's 30,000, 55,000, and 105,000 are seen during the first 10 min postinsemination. The 30,000 Mr band in Ap eggs has previously been identified as ribosomal protein S6 and the hypothesis presented that its increased phosphorylation may be an important step in the activation of protein synthesis at fertilization (D. G. Ballinger and T. Hunt, 1981, Dev. Biol. 87, 277-285). In Lp and Sp eggs S6 (identified by two-dimensional PAGE) is heavily phosphorylated in the unfertilized state and the extent of labeling does not increase after fertilization. If the increased phosphorylation of S6 seen in Ap is indeed related to translational activation, then these results suggest that different sea urchin species may rely on different mechanisms for the activation of protein synthesis.
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34
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Moon RT, Danilchik MV, Hille MB. An assessment of the masked message hypothesis: sea urchin egg messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes are efficient templates for in vitro protein synthesis. Dev Biol 1982; 93:389-403. [PMID: 6814972 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(82)90126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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35
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Takeshima K, Nakano E. Ribosomal proteins of sea urchin eggs. I. Characterization of cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins. CELL DIFFERENTIATION 1982; 11:229-34. [PMID: 6889468 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(82)90070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomal proteins from the eggs of sea urchin, Pseudocentrotus depressus, were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-PAGE. Thirty different proteins including three acidic proteins were detected in the small subunit. The large subunit was found to contain at least 43 different proteins, 42 basic and one acidic. The ribosomal proteins from the small subunit have molecular weights ranging from 11,900 to 51,700 (average molecular weight: 25,600). The molecular weights of the large subunit proteins range from 12,700 to 76,300 (average molecular weight: 28,700).
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37
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Claes-Reckinger N, Vandenhaute J, van Bezooijen CF, Delcour J. Functional properties of rat liver protein synthesizing machinery in relation to aging. Exp Gerontol 1982; 17:281-6. [PMID: 7160446 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(82)90017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
It is well established (van Bezooijen et al., 1977a) that the protein synthesis by isolated liver parenchymal cells (ILPC) from Wag/Rij rats is dependent in a characteristic way on the age of the donor. Whereas cells of middle-aged animals exhibit a decrease in proteo-synthesis activity under in vitro incubation conditions as compared to cells of young rats, a marked increase is observed between 24 and 36 months of age. To investigate whether this overall age-related variation is directly correlated with an intrinsic change at the level of the protein synthesis apparatus of hepatic cells, we compared the size distribution and the in vitro translational activity of polysomes from four age groups. We show that both exhibit the same biphasic response to aging as does the protein synthesizing capacity of ILPC.
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38
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Havaranis AS, Heywood SM. Cytoplasmic utilization of liposome-encapsulated myosin heavy chain messenger ribonucleoprotein particles. During muscle cell differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:6898-902. [PMID: 6947265 PMCID: PMC349159 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.11.6898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Myosin heavy chain messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (MHC mRNPs) have been isolated. Characterization of the RNA components revealed an mRNA of approximately the same size as tobacco mosaic virus RNA and three low molecular weight components. The protein consists of 9-10 major bands ranging in molecular weight between 22,000 and 130,000. The messenger contained in these mRNPs was found to direct the synthesis of both fast-muscle and slow-muscle MHC in a cell-free system. When MHC [3H]mRNPs were encapsulated into liposomes and subsequently delivered to myoblasts and myotubes, the mRNPs were taken up by the cells at both stages of differentiation. However, the MHC [3H]mRNPs taken up by the myoblasts remained as free cytoplasmic particles (80-120S), whereas in myotubes the incorporated mRNP RA was associated with polysomes. The results indicate that MHC mRNPs contain a repressor molecule(s) and that myotubes possess a mechanism for activating these mRNPs that is absent from myoblasts.
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39
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Ballinger DG, Hunt T. Fertilization of sea urchin eggs is accompanied by 40 S ribosomal subunit phosphorylation. Dev Biol 1981; 87:277-85. [PMID: 6269932 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(81)90151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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40
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Raff RA, Brandis JW, Huffman CJ, Koch AL, Leister DE. Protein synthesis as an early response to fertilization of the sea urchin egg: a model. Dev Biol 1981; 86:265-71. [PMID: 7286402 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(81)90184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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41
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Hille MB, Hall DC, Yablonka-Reuveni Z, Danilchik MV, Moon RT. Translational control in sea urchin eggs and embryos: initiation is rate limiting in blastula stage embryos. Dev Biol 1981; 86:241-9. [PMID: 6793424 PMCID: PMC4096317 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(81)90336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether initiation is rate-limiting in protein synthesis during the embryogenesis of sea urchins, polyribosome profiles of unfertilized eggs and cleavage, blastula and prism stage embryos were examined after incubation of the eggs and embryos in the presence and absence of low amounts of emetine, an inhibitor of polypeptide elongation. The ribosomes were radioactively labeled with [3H]uridine by injection of the adults during oogenesis so that we could monitor emetine-dependent shifts of monoribosomes to polyribosomes. Although initiation is not rate limiting in unfertilized eggs or 2- to 16-cell embryos of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, it is rate limiting in blastula and prism embryos. We suggest that initiation becomes rate limiting to allow the selective translation of certain classes of mRNA during later development.
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42
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43
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Sea urchin egg and embryo ribosomes: Differences in translational activity in a cell-free system. Dev Biol 1981; 84:291-8. [DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(81)90397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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44
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Kelly S, Folman R, Hochberg A, Ilan J. Isolation of ribonuclease-free polysomes from human placenta. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 609:278-85. [PMID: 7407189 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(80)90239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human placenta is known to have a high level of polysome-bound ribonuclease which has hindered the isolation of intact polyribosomes from this tissue. We describe conditions for preparing polysomes devoid of apparent ribonuclease activity from both first trimester and term placenta. This stable preparation was achieved by utilizing buffer at low pH containing 300 mM LiCl and precipitating the polysomes chemically with 200 mM MgCl2. The yield of polysomes obtained by this procedure is 2-2.5 fold greater than that obtained by the conventional method of preparing placental polysomes. The polysomes are considered pure as judged by the ratios of absorbance 260/280 and 260/235. Moreover, the yield of polysomes obtained is greater than 95% of the tissue content and the profile of the polysomes is probably representative of the in vivo population. This is concluded from experiments in which a known amount of labelled chick polysomes was added to fresh placental tissue and the recovery of label and its distribution was analyzed.
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45
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Civelli O, Vincent A, Maundrell K, Buri JF, Scherrer K. The translational repression of globin mRNA in free cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 107:577-85. [PMID: 7398654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb06066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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46
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Liautard JP, Egly JM. In vitro translation studies of the cytoplasmic nonpolysomal particles containing messenger RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1980; 8:1793-804. [PMID: 7433129 PMCID: PMC324036 DOI: 10.1093/nar/8.8.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the translational capacity of different kinds of free cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes (free mRNP) in a Hela cell cell free system. Native free mRNP are not translated although free mRNP washed with 0.5 M KC1 can direct polypeptide synthesis. Furthermore, the 0.5 M KC1 wash possesses a factor which inhibits the translation of 0.5 M KC1 washed free mRNP as well as globin mRNA naked mRNA from plasmocytoma, or Hela cells. We also demonstrated that native free mRNP are able to form a complex with ribosomal subunits in the presence of initiation factors. This indicates that inhibition of translation by the 0.5 M KC1 wash occurs either at some point after initiation complex formation or at the elongation step.
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47
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Mermod JJ, Schatz G, Crippa M. Specific control of messenger translation in Drosophila oocytes and embryos. Dev Biol 1980; 75:177-86. [PMID: 6768627 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(80)90153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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