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Xie L, Wang Y, Luo G, Zhou W, Miao J, Tang S, Jiang Q, Guan Y, Gao X. Identification of the multiple bioactive derivatives and their endogenous molecular targets that may mediate the laxative effect of rhubarb in rats. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Wang M, Fu J, Guo H, Tian Y, Xu F, Song R, Zhang Z. Discrimination of crude and processed rhubarb products using a chemometric approach based on ultra fast liquid chromatography with ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:395-401. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Jinfeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Fengguo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Rui Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Zunjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
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Kon R, Ikarashi N, Nagoya C, Takayama T, Kusunoki Y, Ishii M, Ueda H, Ochiai W, Machida Y, Sugita K, Sugiyama K. Rheinanthrone, a metabolite of sennoside A, triggers macrophage activation to decrease aquaporin-3 expression in the colon, causing the laxative effect of rhubarb extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 152:190-200. [PMID: 24412547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aquaporin-3 (AQP3) is expressed in mucosal epithelial cells in the colon and is important for regulating fecal water content. We examined the role of AQP3 in the laxative effect of rhubarb extract. METHODS After orally administering rhubarb extract or its major component (sennoside A) to rats, the fecal water content, AQP3 expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations in the colon were examined. The mechanism by which sennoside A decreases the expression of AQP3 was examined using the human colon cancer HT-29 cells and macrophage-derived Raw264.7 cells. RESULTS During diarrhea by rhubarb extract administration, the PGE2 levels in the colon increased while the AQP3 expression significantly decreased. Similar changes were also observed when sennoside A was administered. When sennoside A or its metabolites, rheinanthrone and rhein were added to Raw264.7 cells, a significant increase in the PGE2 concentration was observed only in cells treated with rheinanthrone. Fifteen minutes after adding PGE2 to the HT-29 cells, the AQP3 expression decreased to approximately 40% of the control. When pretreated with indomethacin, sennoside A neither decreased the AQP3 expression nor induced diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS Sennoside A may decrease AQP3 expression in the colon to inhibit water transport from the luminal to the vascular side, leading to a laxative effect. The decreases in the levels of AQP3 are caused by rheinanthrone, which is a metabolite of sennoside A, this metabolite activates the macrophages in the colon and increases the secretion of PGE2; PGE2 acts as a paracrine factor and decreases AQP3 expression in colon mucosal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risako Kon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Nobutomo Ikarashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Chika Nagoya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiki Kusunoki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Makoto Ishii
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Harumi Ueda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Wataru Ochiai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Machida
- Division of Applied Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hoshi University, Japan
| | | | - Kiyoshi Sugiyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
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Seminerio J, McGrath K, Arnold CA, Voltaggio L, Singhi AD. Medication-associated lesions of the GI tract. Gastrointest Endosc 2014; 79:140-50. [PMID: 24119504 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Seminerio
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin McGrath
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christina A Arnold
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lysandra Voltaggio
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Aatur D Singhi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Feng TS, Yuan ZY, Yang RQ, Zhao S, Lei F, Xiao XY, Xing DM, Wang WH, Ding Y, Du LJ. Purgative components in rhubarbs: adrenergic receptor inhibitors linked with glucose carriers. Fitoterapia 2013; 91:236-246. [PMID: 24096146 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhubarbs and their extractives have been used as cathartic for many years. There have been numerous breakthroughs in the pharmacological research of the drug. However, as the key point of the mechanism, the targets of the effective components still remain unclear. In this paper, with an in vitro system of isolated intestine, we found that both the rhubarb extractives and the anthraquinone derivatives can antagonize the adrenaline effectively. Furthermore, computer based docking provided the binding model of the anthraquinone derivatives and adrenergic receptor. Then, based on the results of the small intestinal promotion and purgative effect experiments in vivo, we built an "inhibitor-carrier" hypothesis to elucidate the mechanism of rhubarb. This work provided key massages for the pharmacological research of rhubarb, such a common and active medicinal plant, and might be of help for the development of new purgative drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Shi Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhi-Yi Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Run-Qing Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fan Lei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xin-Yue Xiao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dong-Ming Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei-Hua Wang
- Drug Discovery Facility, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Drug Discovery Facility, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Li-Jun Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Qin Y, Wang JB, Kong WJ, Zhao YL, Yang HY, Dai CM, Fang F, Zhang L, Li BC, Jin C, Xiao XH. The diarrhoeogenic and antidiarrhoeal bidirectional effects of rhubarb and its potential mechanism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:1096-1102. [PMID: 21112382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The present study investigated the pharmacological effects of different extracts of rhubarb on intestinal function of mice, further to explore possible reasons for the adverse effects of long-term use of rhubarb as a purgative. MATERIALS AND METHODS The total extract of rhubarb (TR) was extracted with 60% ethanol and the total anthraquinones extract (TA), total tannins extract (TT) and remaining components extract (RC) of rhubarb were separated from TR using macroporous resin. The pharmacological effects of each extract on the intestinal function of mice were evaluated by defecation test and the antidiarrhoeal activity of rhubarb tannins as well as its mechanism was studied by different animal models and histopathological examination. RESULTS Both TR and TA produced purgative activities, but the purgative activity of TA was stronger than that of TR. Successive administration of TT produced an antidiarrhoeal activity in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Besides, successive administration of RC showed no significant effect on the intestinal function of mice. The antidiarrhoeal activity of rhubarb tannins was confirmed directly for the first time and its mechanism was probable that rhubarb tannins generated protein-precipitating reaction to the gastrointestinal mucosa due to its protein-precipitating action. CONCLUSIONS The results confirmed that rhubarb had the diarrhoeogenic and antidiarrhoeal bidirectional effects due to the coexistence of anthraquinones and tannins. The bidirectional effects might be the reason or one of the reasons for the adverse effects of long-term use of rhubarb as a purgative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qin
- Integrative Medicine Center of 302 Military Hospital, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing 100039, PR China
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Soyuncu S, Cete Y, Nokay AE. Portal vein thrombosis related to Cassia angustifolia. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 46:774-7. [PMID: 19238740 DOI: 10.1080/15563650701682097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cassia angustifolia (Senna), used as a laxative, is a plant from the Fabaceae family. It includes hydroxyanthracene glycosides, also known as Senna Sennoside. These glycosides stimulate the peristalsis of the colon and alter colonic absorption and secretion resulting in fluid accumulation and expulsion. In the literature, there are reports illustrating the hepatotoxic effects of Cassia angustifolia but there is no report of portal vein thrombosis caused by Cassia Angustifolia. CASE REPORT A 42-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency department with a five-day history of worsening epigastric pain, anorexia, episodic vomiting, and intermittent fever. She reported that she had boiled dried senna leaves she had bought from herbalists and drank approximately 200 mL daily for two years. Color Doppler screening found an echogen thrombus obliterating portal vein bifurcation and the right branch. The lumen was obstructed at this level and there was no blood flow through it. Treatment with thrombolytics was unsuccessful. DISCUSSION Severe hepatotoxicity senna use is unusual. The cause of senna-related hepatotoxicity is unclear but could be explained by the exposure of the liver to unusual amounts of toxic metabolites of anthraquinone glycosides. CONCLUSION Chronic use of Cassia angustifolia may rarely be associated with portal vein thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Secgin Soyuncu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupinar Bulvari, 07059 Antalya, Turkey.
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Girard P, Pansart Y, Coppe MC, Gillardin JM. Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits water and electrolytes changes induced by castor oil in the rat colon. Dig Dis Sci 2005; 50:2183-90. [PMID: 16240237 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-005-3029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The biotherapeutic agent Saccharomyces boulardii has been shown to inhibit castor oil-induced diarrhoea in rats. The present study investigated the mechanism(s) of this antidiarrhoeal effect in terms of water and electrolyte (sodium, potassium and chloride) changes using two rat models. A single oral dose of S. boulardii of up to 12 x 10(10) CFU/kg of viable cells did not inhibit castor oil-induced fluid secretion in the enteropooling model. However, the yeast dose dependently reduced castor oil induced fluid secretion into the colon, with a significant protection at 12 x 10(10) CFU/kg. In this model, castor oil reversed net sodium and chloride absorption into net secretion, and increased net potassium secretion into the lumen. Single pre-treatment with S. boulardii at 4 and 12 x 10(10) CFU/kg dose dependently decreased these electrolyte changes. In conclusion, S. boulardii possesses potent anti-secretory properties versus water and electrolyte secretion induced by castor oil in the rat colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Girard
- Biocodex, Service de Pharmacologie, Zac de Mercières, 60200, Compiègne, France.
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van Gorkom BA, de Vries EG, Karrenbeld A, Kleibeuker JH. Review article: anthranoid laxatives and their potential carcinogenic effects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13:443-52. [PMID: 10215727 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anthranoid laxatives are widely used laxatives of natural origin. Because of their chemical structure they are carried unabsorbed to the large bowel, where metabolism to the active aglycones takes place. These aglycones exert their laxative effect by damaging epithelial cells, which leads directly and indirectly to changes in absorption, secretion and motility. Damaged epithelial cells can be found as apoptotic bodies in the pigmented colonic mucosa, characteristic for pseudomelanosis coli. Pseudomelanosis coli is a condition caused by chronic (ab)use of anthranoid laxatives and has recently been associated with an increased risk of colorectal carcinoma. In vitro and animal studies have shown a potential role of anthranoid laxatives in both the initiation and promotion of tumorigenesis. Studies in humans have also suggested tumour promoting activities for these laxatives. Although the short-term use of these substances is generally safe, long-term use cannot be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A van Gorkom
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
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Mascolo N, Gaginella TS, Izzo AA, Di Carlo G, Capasso F. Nitric oxide involvement in sodium choleate-induced fluid secretion and diarrhoea in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1994; 264:21-6. [PMID: 7530202 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(94)90630-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile salt-induced diarrhoea, net water and electrolyte secretion, gastrointestinal transit and nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity were studied in rats. NG-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (2.5-25 mg/kg i.p.), an inhibitor of NO synthase, and dexamethasone (0.03-0.3 mg/kg i.p.), an inhibitor of the inducible isoform of NO synthase, antagonized the diarrhoeal response. The NO precursor, L-arginine and isosorbide-5-mononitrate (an NO donor), reversed the inhibitory effect of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. The bile salt-stimulated fluid secretion, transit through the gut and NO synthase all were inhibited by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (but not NG-nitro-D-arginine methyl ester). NO synthase activity also was inhibited by dexamethasone. The results are consistent with bile salt induction of epithelial cell injury and concomitant synthesis of NO, mainly through activation of the inducible form of the enzyme. We believe that in this study NO is a mediator of intestinal secretion and motility changes that enhance transit of luminal contents through the gut, resulting in diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mascolo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Izzo AA, Gaginella TS, Mascolo N, Capasso F. Nitric oxide as a mediator of the laxative action of magnesium sulphate. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 113:228-32. [PMID: 7529110 PMCID: PMC1510055 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb16198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Magnesium sulphate was studied for its effects on diarrhoea, fluid secretion, gastrointestinal transit and nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity in rats. 2. At a dose of 2 g kg-1 orally magnesium sulphate produced diarrhoea that was delayed in onset and intensity in a dose-related manner by the NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). This was prevented by the NO precursor, L-arginine and the NO donating compound, isosorbide-5-mononitrate (IMN). 3. Nitric oxide synthase activity was stimulated in gut tissue from rats given magnesium sulphate and this was inhibited by L-NAME. Dexamethasone (1 mg kg-1, i.p.), an inhibitor of inducible NO synthase, had no effect on magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhoea. 4. Magnesium sulphate stimulated fluid and electrolyte accumulation in the intestinal lumen; these effects were prevented by L-NAME but not D-NAME. 5. Gastrointestinal transit of a non-absorbable marker (charcoal suspension) was increased by oral magnesium sulphate from a mean value of 54.1% to 72.9% (P < 0.01), and this was prevented by pretreatment with L-NAME. 6. The results demonstrate that oral magnesium sulphate produces diarrhoea in rats by increasing the accumulation of fluid in the intestinal lumen and enhancing flow from the proximal to distal intestine. The mechanism involves release of NO, probably through stimulation of the constitutive form of NO synthase. Whether or not the effects of magnesium sulphate are due to an osmotic action or an intrinsic effect of the magnesium or sulphate ions cannot be determined from these experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Izzo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples, Italy
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Leng-Peschlow E. Sennoside-induced secretion is not caused by changes in mucosal permeability or Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity. J Pharm Pharmacol 1993; 45:951-4. [PMID: 7908035 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1993.tb05633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of sennosides (50 mg kg-1) on the rat colon in-situ was studied 6 h after oral treatment when the laxative effect was maximal. In a second experiment, rhein (4 x 10(-3) M), an active sennoside metabolite, was administered into the lumen of the colon for 1 h. Both sennosides and rhein reduced net H2O and Na+ absorption or reversed it to net secretion. Paracellular permeability, as measured using erythritol as a small marker molecule, was increased 2- to 3-fold; permeability to a large molecule, PEG 1000, was unchanged. The activity of Na+,K(+)-ATPase in the colon mucosa was not affected. There was no damage of the epithelial cells as determined by lactic acid dehydrogenase release. These results indicate that neither inhibition of Na+,K(+)-ATPase nor damage of the colon epithelium are involved in the secretory effect of sennosides or rhein. The increased paracellular permeability of small molecules fits into the concept of stimulation of active chloride secretion by sennosides, which is electrochemically and osmotically balanced by an increase in Na+ and H2O flow via the paracellular pathway.
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Nijs G, De Witte P, Geboes K, Mertens J, Eyssen H. Conventionalization of germ-free rats reverses the disability of rhein anthrone to induce laxation. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 239:241-3. [PMID: 8223901 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(93)91003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study shows that rhein anthrone has no laxative potency in germ-free rats because after intracaecal administration of a dose of 50 mg/kg the large intestine transit exceeded 240 min. The time course of the laxative potency of rhein anthrone injected intracaecally was evaluated after peroral inoculation of germ-free rats with the caecal contents of conventional rats. Large intestine transit was measured at consecutive periods, on days 0, 1, 2, 3 and 5 after peroral inoculation. It appeared that 1 day after peroral inoculation the laxative potency of rhein anthrone was already established (large intestinal transit < 10 min) and laxation remained on the following days (days 2, 3 and 5). We concluded that rhein anthrone is inactive in germ-free rats and acquires laxative potency after peroral inoculation of germ-free rats with caecal contents of conventional rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nijs
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytopharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Belgium
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