1
|
Zhang GY, Wang YW, Guo LY, Lin LR, Niu SP, Xiong CH, Wei JY. PEGylation and antioxidant effects of a human glutathione peroxidase 1 mutant. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:443-461. [PMID: 35020600 PMCID: PMC8791217 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human glutathione peroxidase1 (hGPx1) is a good antioxidant and potential drug, but the limited availability and poor stability of hGPx1 have affected its development and application. To solve this problem, we prepared a hGPx1 mutant (GPx1M) with high activity in an Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)cys auxotrophic strain using a single protein production (SPP) system. In this study, the GPx1M was conjugated with methoxypolyethylene glycol-succinimidyl succinate (SS-mPEG, Mw = 5 kDa) chains to enhance its stability. SS-mPEG-GPx1M and GPx1M exhibited similar enzymatic activity and stability toward pH and temperature change, and in a few cases, SS-mPEG-GPx1M was discovered to widen the range of pH stability and increase the temperature stability. Lys 38 was confirmed as PEGylated site by liquid-mass spectrometry. H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used to evaluate the effects of GPx1M and SS-mPEG-GPx1M on preventing or alleviating adriamycin (ADR)-mediated cardiotoxicity, respectively. The results indicated that GPx1M and SS-mPEG-GPx1M had good antioxidant effects in vitro and in vivo, and the effect of SS-mPEG-GPx1M is more prominent than GPx1M in vivo. Thus, PEGylation might be a promising method for the application of GPx1M as an important antioxidant and potential drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yuan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Yan-Wei Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Li-Ying Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Liang-Ru Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Shao-Peng Niu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Chang-Hao Xiong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Jing-Yan Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Campos-García VR, Benavides J, González-Valdez J. Reactive aqueous two-phase systems for the production and purification of PEGylated proteins. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|
3
|
Organophosphate detoxification by membrane-engineered red blood cells. Acta Biomater 2021; 124:270-281. [PMID: 33529769 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics have achieved global economic success due to their high specificity towards their drug targets, providing exceptional safety and efficiency. The ongoing shift away from small molecule drugs towards biotherapeutics heightens the need to further improve the pharmacokinetics of these biological drugs. Three pervasive obstacles that limit the therapeutic capacity of biotherapeutics are proteolytic degradation, circulating half-life, and the development of anti-drug antibodies. These challenges can culminate in limited efficiency and consequently warrant the need for higher drug doses and more frequent administration. We have explored the coupling of biotherapeutics to long-lived and biocompatible red blood cells (RBCs) to address limited pharmacokinetics. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), for example, provides prophylactic protection against organophosphate nerve agents (OPNAs), yet the short circulation life of the drug requires extraordinary doses. Herein, we report the rapid and tunable chemical engineering of BChE to RBC membranes to create a cell-based delivery system that retains the enzyme activity and enhances stability. In a three-step process that first pre-modifies BChE with a cell-reactive polymer chain, primes the cells for engineering, and then grafts the conjugates to the cells, we attached over 2 million BChE molecules to the surface of each RBC without diminishing the bioscavenging capacity of the enzyme. Critically, this membrane-engineering approach was cell-tolerated with minimal hemolysis observed. These results provide strong evidence for the ability of engineered RBCs to serve as an enhanced biotherapeutic delivery vehicle. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Organophosphate nerve agents (OPNAs) are one of the most lethal forms of chemical warfare. After exposure to OPNAs, a patient is given life-saving therapeutics, such as atropine and oxime. However, these drugs are limited, and the patient can still suffer from irreparable injuries. Given the toxicity of OPNAs, access to a prophylactic is vital. We have created an enhanced delivery system for prophylactic butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) by engineering this biotherapeutic to the red blood cell (RBC) surface. In three simple steps that first pre-modifies BChE with a cell-reactive polymer, primes the cells for engineering, and then grafts the conjugates to the cells, we attached over 2 million BChE molecules to a single RBC while retaining the enzyme's activity and enhancing its stability.
Collapse
|
4
|
Jo M, Ko S, Hwang B, Min SW, Ha JY, Lee JC, Jang SE, Jung ST. Engineered human FcγRIIa fusion: A novel strategy to extend serum half-life of therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2351-2361. [PMID: 32369186 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecule has a long circulating serum half-life (~3 weeks) through pH- dependent FcRn binding-mediated recycling. To hijack the intracellular trafficking and recycling mechanism of IgG as a way to extend serum persistence of non-antibody therapeutic proteins, we have evolved the ectodomain of a low-affinity human FcγRIIa for enhanced binding to the lower hinge and upper CH2 region of IgG, which is very far from the FcRn binding site (CH2-CH3 interface). High-throughput library screening enabled isolation of an FcγRIIa variant (2A45.1) with 32-fold increased binding affinity to human IgG1 Fc (equilibrium dissociation constant: 9.04 × 10-7 M for wild type FcγRIIa and 2.82 × 10-8 M for 2A45.1) and significantly improved affinity to mouse serum IgG compared to wild type human FcγRIIa. The in vivo pharmacokinetic profile of PD-L1 fused with engineered FcγRIIa (PD-L1-2A45.1) was compared with that of PD-L1 fused with wild type FcγRIIa (PD-L1-wild type FcγRIIa) and human PD-L1 in mice. PD-L1-2A45.1 showed 11.7- and 9.7-fold prolonged circulating half-life (t1/2 ) compared to PD-L1 when administered intravenously and intraperitoneally, respectively. In addition, the AUCinf of PD-L1-2A45.1 was two-fold higher compared to that of PD-L1-wild type FcγRIIa. These results demonstrate that engineered FcγRIIa fusion offers a novel and successful strategy for prolonging serum half-life of therapeutic proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Migyeong Jo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghwan Ko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Hwang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Won Min
- Life Science Laboratory, SG Medical, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Ha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Chul Lee
- Life Science Laboratory, SG Medical, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Eun Jang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
PEGylated pUR4/FUD peptide inhibitor of fibronectin fibrillogenesis decreases fibrosis in murine Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction model of kidney disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205360. [PMID: 30356276 PMCID: PMC6200241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin is a blood and extracellular matrix glycoprotein that plays important roles in wound healing and fibrosis since it controls the deposition of collagen and other extracellular matrix molecules and is a substrate for infiltrating lymphocytes. Using a high-affinity fibronectin-binding peptide (FUD/pUR4) that inhibits fibronectin deposition into extracellular matrix (ECM), we tested the ability of a PEGylated FUD/pUR4 (PEG-FUD) to inhibit fibrosis in the Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO) kidney disease model. Fibronectin fibrillogenesis assays, using human fibroblasts and human proximal tubular epithelial cultures, showed that PEG-FUD can inhibit fibronectin fibrillogenesis in vitro with an IC50 similar to unconjugated FUD, in the order of 20–35 nM. In contrast, a mutated FUD (mFUD) conjugated to PEG that lacked activity did not inhibit fibronectin assembly, even at 20 μM. The in vivo activity of PEG-FUD was tested in the murine UUO model by daily subcutaneous injection of 12.5 mg/kg for 7 days until harvest at day 10. Control treatments included saline, PEG, unconjugated FUD, and PEG-mFUD. Immunoblotting studies showed that fibronectin was enriched in the extracellular matrix fractions of extracted UUO kidneys, compared to contralateral untreated kidneys. In vivo, PEG-FUD significantly decreased fibronectin by ~70% in UUO kidneys as determined by both IHC and immunoblotting, respectively. In contrast, neither PEG-mFUD, PEG, nor saline had any significant effect. PEG-FUD also decreased collagens I and III and CD45-expressing cells (leukocytes) by ~60% and ~50%, as ascertained by picrosirius red staining and IHC, respectively. Immunoblotting studies also showed that the fibronectin remaining after PEG-FUD treatment was intact. Utilizing a custom-made polyclonal antibody generated against pUR4/FUD, intact PEG-FUD was detected by immunoblotting in both the ECM and lysate fractions of UUO kidneys. No adverse reaction or event was noted with any treatment. In summary, these studies suggest that PEG-FUD reached the kidneys without degradation, and decreased fibronectin incorporation into interstitial tissue. Decreased fibronectin was accompanied by a decrease in collagen and leukocyte infiltration. We propose that PEG-FUD, a specific inhibitor of fibronectin assembly, may be a candidate therapeutic for the treatment of fibrosis in kidney diseases.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hooftman G, Herman S, Schacht E. Review: Poly(Ethylene Glycol)s with Reactive Endgroups. II. Practical Consideration for the Preparation of Protein-PEG Conjugates. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391159601100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gert Hooftman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Polymer Materials Research Group, University of Ghent, Krijgslaan 281 S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sabine Herman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Polymer Materials Research Group, University of Ghent, Krijgslaan 281 S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Etienne Schacht
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Polymer Materials Research Group, University of Ghent, Krijgslaan 281 S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Physico-Chemical and Biological Properties of Monofunctional Hydroxy Teriminating Poly(N-Vinylpyrrolidone) Conjugated Superoxide Dismutase. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391159501000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Monofunctional hydroxy-terminated poly( N-vinylpyrrolidone) was obtained by radical polymerization in the presence of isopropoxyethanol for protein surface modification. Superoxide dismutase was modified to various degrees by reaction with PVP-OH activated by 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate with high retention of enzymatic activity. All the polymer-enzyme conjugates showed increased body residence time after intravenous injection in rats with respect to the native enzyme. The residence time depended upon the number of bound polymer chains. PVP was found to affect the pharmacokinetic properties of the enzyme after subcutaneous, intramuscular and intraperitoneal administration. The antigenicity of superoxide dismutase was reduced to one third following modification, while its immunogenicity after intravenous, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injection totally disappeared. The conjugates exhibited increased solubility in organic solvents and increased stability towards thermal denaturation, whereas changes in the structural properties were observed by circular dichroism measurements.
Collapse
|
8
|
Mayolo-Deloisa K, González-Valdez J, Rito-Palomares M. PEGylated protein separation using different hydrophobic interaction supports: Conventional and monolithic supports. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:702-7. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Mayolo-Deloisa
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey. Campus Monterrey; Monterrey NL 64849 México
| | - José González-Valdez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey. Campus Monterrey; Monterrey NL 64849 México
| | - Marco Rito-Palomares
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey. Campus Monterrey; Monterrey NL 64849 México
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Z, Ma G, Zhang J, Yuan Z, Wang L, Bernards M, Chen S. Surface protonation/deprotonation controlled instant affinity switch of nano drug vehicle (NDV) for pH triggered tumor cell targeting. Biomaterials 2015; 62:116-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
10
|
Yi X, Yuan D, Farr SA, Banks WA, Poon CD, Kabanov AV. Pluronic modified leptin with increased systemic circulation, brain uptake and efficacy for treatment of obesity. J Control Release 2014; 191:34-46. [PMID: 24881856 PMCID: PMC4197010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Modification of hydrophilic proteins with amphiphilic block copolymers capable of crossing cell membranes is a new strategy to improve protein delivery to the brain. Leptin, a candidate for the treatment of epidemic obesity, has failed in part because of impairment in its transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that develops with obesity. We posit that modification of leptin with poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide), Pluronic P85 (P85) might permit this protein to penetrate the BBB independently of its transporter, thereby overcoming peripheral leptin resistance. Here we report that peripherally administered leptin-P85 conjugates exhibit biological activity by reducing food intake in mouse models of obesity (ob/ob, and diet-induced obese mouse). We further generated two new leptin-P85 conjugates: one, Lep(ss)-P85(L), containing one P85 chain and another, Lep(ss)-P85(H), containing multiple P85 chains. We report data on their purification, analytical characterization, peripheral and brain pharmacokinetics (PK). Lep(ss)-P85(L) crosses the BBB using the leptin transporter, and exhibits improved peripheral PK along with increased accumulation in the brain compared to unmodified leptin. Lep(ss)-P85(H) also has improved peripheral PK but in a striking difference to the first conjugate penetrates the BBB independently of the leptin transporter via a non-saturable mechanism. The results demonstrate that leptin analogs can be developed through chemical modification of the native leptin with P85 to overcome leptin resistance at the level of the BBB, thus improving the potential for the treatment of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yi
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Dongfen Yuan
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Research and Development, VA Medical Center and Division of Geriatrics, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MI, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Chi-Duen Poon
- Research Computer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cisneros-Ruiz M, Mayolo-Deloisa K, Rito-Palomares M, Przybycien TM. Separation of PEGylated variants of ribonuclease A and apo-α-lactalbumin via reversed phase chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1360:209-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
12
|
Wang Z, Ma G, Zhang J, Lin W, Ji F, Bernards MT, Chen S. Development of zwitterionic polymer-based doxorubicin conjugates: tuning the surface charge to prolong the circulation and reduce toxicity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:3764-3774. [PMID: 24617705 DOI: 10.1021/la5000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-drug conjugates are commonly used as nano drug vehicles (NDVs) to delivery anticancer drugs. Zwitterionic polymers are ideal candidates to conjugate drugs because they show higher resistance to nonspecific protein adsorption in complex media than that of nonionic water-soluble polymers, such as poly(ethylene glycol). However, the charge balance characteristics of zwitterionic polymers used as NDVs will be broken from the inclusion of additional charged groups brought by conjugated drugs or functional groups, leading to the loss of resistance to protein adsorption. Consequently, the nonspecific protein adsorption on drug carriers will cause fast clearance from the blood system, an immune response, or even severe systemic toxicity. To overcome this drawback, a model zwitterionic polymer, poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (pCBMA), was modified by the introduction of a negatively charged component, to neutralize the positive charge provided by the model drug, doxorubicin (DOX). A DOX-conjugated NDV which possesses excellent resistance to nonspecific protein adsorption was achieved by the formation of a strongly hydrated pCBMA shell with a slightly negative surface charge. This kind of DOX-conjugated NDV exhibited reduced cytotoxicity and prolonged circulation time, and it accelerated DOX release under mild acid conditions. In tumor-bearing mouse studies a 55% tumor-inhibition rate was achieved without causing any body weight loss. These results indicate the importance of charge tuning in zwitterionic polymer-based NDVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Effects of chemical modifications in the partition behavior of proteins in aqueous two-phase systems: A case study with RNase A. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:378-85. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
14
|
González-Valdez J, Rito-Palomares M, Benavides J. Advances and trends in the design, analysis, and characterization of polymer-protein conjugates for "PEGylaided" bioprocesses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2225-35. [PMID: 22367287 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their use as therapeutics and because of their enhanced properties, PEGylated proteins have potential application in fields such as bioprocessing. However, the use of PEGylated conjugates to improve the performance of bioprocess has not been widely explored. This limited additional industrial use of PEG-protein conjugates can be attributed to the fact that PEGylation reactions, separation of the products, and final characterization of the structure and activity of the resulting species are not trivial tasks. The development of bioprocessing operations based on PEGylated proteins relies heavily in the use of analytical tools that must sometimes be adapted from the strategies used in pharmaceutical conjugate development. For instance, to evaluate conjugate performance in bioprocessing operations, both chromatographic and non-chromatographic steps must be used to separate and quantify the resulting reaction species. Characterization of the conjugates by mass spectrometry, circular dichroism, and specific activity assays, among other adapted techniques, is then required to evaluate the feasibility of using the conjugates in any operation. Correct selection of the technical and analytical methods in each of the steps from design of the PEGylation reaction to its final engineering application will ensure success in implementing a "PEGylaided" process. In this context, the objective of this review is to describe technological and analytical trends in developing successful applications of PEGylated conjugates in bioprocesses and to describe potential fields in which these proteins can be exploited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José González-Valdez
- Departamento de Biotecnología e Ingeniería de Alimentos, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
González-Valdez J, Rito-Palomares M, Benavides J. Quantification of RNase A and Its PEGylated Conjugates on Polymer-Salt Rich Environments Using UV Spectrophotometry. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032711003789959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
16
|
Tong J, Luxenhofer R, Yi X, Jordan R, Kabanov AV. Protein modification with amphiphilic block copoly(2-oxazoline)s as a new platform for enhanced cellular delivery. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:984-92. [PMID: 20550191 DOI: 10.1021/mp100102p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several homopolymers, random copolymers and block copolymers based on poly(2-oxazoline)s (POx) were synthesized and conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) using biodegradable and nonbiodegradable linkers. These conjugates were characterized by amino group titration, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), isoelectric focusing, enzymatic activity assay and conformation analysis. The conjugates contained on average from about one to two polymer chains per enzyme. From 70% to 90% of enzymatic activity was retained in most cases. Circular dichroism (CD) analysis revealed that HRP modification affected the secondary structure of the apoprotein but did not affect the tertiary structure and heme environment. Enhanced cellular uptake was found in the conjugates of two block copolymers using both MDCK cells and Caco-2 cells, but not in the conjugates of random copolymer and homopolymer. Conjugation with a block copolymer of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline and 2-butyl-2-oxazoline led to the highest cellular uptake as compared to other conjugates. Our data indicates that modification with amphiphilic POx has the potential to modulate and enhance cellular delivery of proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5830, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Moosmann A, Christel J, Boettinger H, Mueller E. Analytical and preparative separation of PEGylated lysozyme for the characterization of chromatography media. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:209-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Li XZ, Yang QH, Yan JF, Xu K, Liu J, He XY, Zhang XW, Liu Q. Characterization of Poly(ethylene glycol)-modified Bovine Hemoglobin By Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 35:1-10. [PMID: 17364466 DOI: 10.1080/10731190600974210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was used to analyze the poly(ethylene glycol)-modified bovine hemoglobin(PEG-bHb). The results show that CZE separated the subunit of bovine hemoglobin based on the number of PEG conjugating to the protein surface, which makes it possible to evaluate the degree of modification of hemoglobin subunit; meanwhile, it also reflected the stability of PEG attaching to hemoglobin after incubating with hydroxylamine, which makes it successful to detect the distribution of attachment site and evaluate the stability of PEG on the surface of hemoglobin. As a simple, fast and accurate method, CZE is suitable to monitor the production procedures and quality control of the final products of the PEG-bHb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Zhong Li
- Beijing Kaizheng Biotech Developing Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Stastna M, Van Eyk J. Protein Separation: Liquid Chromatography. Clin Proteomics 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527622153.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
21
|
|
22
|
Zheng C, Zheng CY, Ma G, Su Z. Native PAGE eliminates the problem of PEG–SDS interaction in SDS-PAGE and provides an alternative to HPLC in characterization of protein PEGylation. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:2801-7. [PMID: 17702059 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PEGylation of proteins has become an increasingly important technology in recent years. However, determination and characterization of the PEGylation products are problematic especially for the reaction mixture containing various modified proteins, unreacted PEG, and unmodified protein. A comparative study was carried out with two HPLC methods and two electrophoresis methods for characterization of the reaction mixture in PEGylation of HSA with PEG 5000, 10000, and 20000. RP-HPLC fails to give the correct information about the reaction of PEG 20000. Size-exclusion HPLC (SE-HPLC) produced very poor resolution on the PEG 5000 reaction. SDS-PAGE can run multiple samples of all PEGylation but the bands were smeared or broadened probably due to the interaction between PEG and SDS. On the other hand, native PAGE eliminates the problem of PEG-SDS interaction and provides better resolutions for all samples. Various PEGylated products and unmodified protein migrate differentially in native PAGE under nondenatured conditions. The results demonstrated that native PAGE could be a good alternative to HPLC and SDS-PAGE for the analysis of PEG-protein conjugates especially for characterization of the PEGylation mixture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yu T, Traina JA, Pungor E, McCaman M. Precise and comparative pegylation analysis by microfluidics and mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2006; 359:54-62. [PMID: 17010928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Standard SDS-PAGE analysis of a pegylated protein was able to confirm an increase in its molecular size after reaction with an activated polyethylene glycol (PEG) but could do little to identify the extent of pegylation or to support characterization of the consistency of the modified protein. In this article, we demonstrate the utility of the capillary electrophoresis technology (using a microfluidic system) in analyzing the pegylation pattern of a recombinant protein over a range of 1-12 PEGs per polypeptide. Confirmatory data from mass spectrometry analysis of pegylated adducts are also presented. These allowed independent confirmation of the extent of pegylation. This electrophoretic analysis gives a robust, reproducible, and direct characterization of PEG adducts. We found that traditional estimation of PEG adducts by an indirect colorimetric (trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid) reaction, which detects loss of free amino groups, was quite erroneous for the recombinant protein in our study as well as several commercially available pegylated proteins. These results support the use of this capillary electrophoresis device for precise characterization of pegylated proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
There is growing clinical interest in the use of pegylated recombinant proteins with enhanced stability, half-life, and bioavailability. The objective of this study was to develop a quantitative understanding of the ultrafiltration characteristics of a series of pegylated proteins with different degrees of pegylation. Sieving data were compared with available theoretical models and with corresponding results for the partition coefficient in size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The sieving coefficients of the pegylated proteins depended not only on the protein size and the total molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) but also on the number of PEG chains. This is in sharp contrast to the partition coefficient in SEC, which was uniquely determined by the total molecular weight of the PEG and protein. This difference is due to the deformation and/or elongation of the PEG chains caused by the convective flow into the membrane pores, an effect that is not present in SEC. These results provide important insights into the transport and separation characteristics of pegylated proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Molek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yun Q, Yang RE, Chen T, Bi J, Ma G, Su Z. Reproducible preparation and effective separation of PEGylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor with novel “PEG-pellet” PEGylation mode and ion-exchange chromatography. J Biotechnol 2005; 118:67-74. [PMID: 15904987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel preparation for polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives and chromatographic separation procedure of the PEGylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) were designed to evaluate the reproducibility and scalability at large laboratory-scale level. The new "PEG-pellet" PEGylation mode was successfully applied to control the pH fluctuation during the conjugation reaction, a general problem in traditional liquid-phase conjugation mode. Moreover, two consecutive ion-exchange chromatography steps were successfully used to separate and purify the PEGylated rhG-CSF. Cation-exchange chromatography was firstly applied to separate PEGylated rhG-CSF from intact rhG-CSF, followed by anion-exchange chromatography to obtain individual PEG-rhG-CSF species (mono-, di- and tri-PEGylated rhG-CSF) and remove the excess free PEG. Furthermore, the molecular weight of individual PEGylated rhG-CSF was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and SDS-PAGE, and cell proliferation activity in vitro was detected by MTT assay using NFS-60 cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yun
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 353, Beijing 100080, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yun Q, Chen T, Zhang G, Bi J, Ma G, Su Z. Novel polyethylene glycol derivative suitable for the preparation of mono-PEGylated protein. Biotechnol Lett 2005; 27:213-7. [PMID: 15717132 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-004-8354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel methoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG) derivative, containing a reactive group of 1-methyl pyridinium toluene-4-sulfonate, was synthesized and characterized. The mPEG derivative was successfully conjugated with two proteins: recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) and consensus interferon (C-IFN). Homogeneous mono-PEGylated proteins were obtained which were identified by high performance size-exclusion chromatography and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The biological activities of the mono-PEGylated rhG-CSF and the mono-PEGylated C-IFN were maintained at 90% and 88%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yun
- National Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 353, Beijing 100080, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang J, Guo YL. A novel modification reagent for proteins: monitoring by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:2461-4. [PMID: 16059886 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
|
28
|
Bellocq NC, Pun SH, Jensen GS, Davis ME. Transferrin-containing, cyclodextrin polymer-based particles for tumor-targeted gene delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2004; 14:1122-32. [PMID: 14624625 DOI: 10.1021/bc034125f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transferrin is a well-studied ligand for tumor targeting due to upregulation of transferrin receptors in numerous cancer cell types. Here, we report the development of a transferrin-modified, cyclodextrin polymer-based gene delivery system. The delivery system is comprised of a nanoparticle (formed by condensation of a cyclodextrin polycation with nucleic acid) that is surface-modified to display poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) for increasing stability in biological fluids and transferrin for targeting of cancer cells that express transferrin receptor. A transferrin-PEG-adamantane conjugate is synthesized for nanoparticle modification. The transferrin conjugate retains high receptor binding and self-assembles with the nanoparticles by adamantane (host) and particle surface cyclodextrin (guest) inclusion complex formation. At low transferrin modification, the particles remain stable in physiologic salt concentrations and transfect K562 leukemia cells with increased efficiency over untargeted particles. The increase in transfection is eliminated when transfections are conducted in the presence of excess free transferrin. The transferrin-modified nanoparticles are appropriate for use in the systemic delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics for metastatic cancer applications.
Collapse
|
29
|
Pesek JJ, Matyska MT, Krishnamoorthi V. Separation of polyethylene glycol-modified proteins by open tubular capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1044:317-22. [PMID: 15354454 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study involves the characterization of six polyethylene glycol-modified proteins by open tubular capillary electrochromatography, a high-resolution, versatile and reproducible technique for the analysis of biomolecules and pharmaceuticals. Optimized conditions were obtained with respect to type of capillary modification (cholesterol and octadecyl), applied voltage (+20 and -20 kV), buffer pH (2.14-8.14) and addition of methanol modifier to the mobile phase. Electrochromatograms were obtained with both cathodic and anodic applied electric fields. In the case of one PEG-protein, superoxide dismutase, a comparison was made to a previous study. Reproducibility and column lifetime were also evaluated in assessing the usefulness of the method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Pesek
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Na DH, Youn YS, Lee KC. Optimization of the PEGylation process of a peptide by monitoring with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:2241-2244. [PMID: 14515324 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
|
31
|
Veronese FM, Caliceti P, Schiavon O, Sergi M. Polyethylene glycol-superoxide dismutase, a conjugate in search of exploitation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002; 54:587-606. [PMID: 12052716 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(02)00029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Without a doubt PEG-SOD has been the enzyme most studied in PEGylation. One can say that it represents the preferred model to assess chemistries for PEG activation, analytical procedures suitable for conjugate characterization, the influence of PEG size in conjugate removal from circulation and elimination of immunogenicity and antigenicity, and the effect of route of administration. The effect of PEG conjugation was studied in vitro and in vivo models in comparison with the free enzyme and the following conclusions may be drawn: (1) At the blood vessel level, PEG-SOD has been shown to provide a greater resistance to oxidant stress, to improve endothelium relaxation and inhibit lipid oxidation. (2) In the heart, PEG-SOD proved to be at least as effective as native SOD in treatment of reperfusion-induced arrhythmias and myocardial ischemia. (3) In the lung, PEG-SOD appeared to be able to reduce oxygen toxicity and E. coli-induced lung injury, but not in the treatment of lung physiopathology associated with endotoxin-induced acute respiratory failure and in the reduction of asbestos-induced cell damage. (4) On cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injuries the effect of PEG-SOD was uncertain, also due to the difficulty of cerebral cell penetration. (5) In kidney and liver ischemia both enzyme forms were found to ameliorate reperfusion damage. In view of so much positive research on PEG-SOD, it is surprising that no approved application in human therapy has been established and approved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco M Veronese
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, 5, Via Marzolo, 35100 Padova, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Piquet G, Gatti M, Barbero L, Traversa S, Caccia P, Esposito P. Set-up of large laboratory-scale chromatographic separations of poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives of the growth hormone-releasing factor 1-29 analogue. J Chromatogr A 2002; 944:141-8. [PMID: 11831749 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we report the scale-up of the purification of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives of the growth hormone-releasing factor 1-29, from laboratory scale (100 mg of bulk starting material) to larger scale (3 g of bulk), through the use of a cation-exchange TSK-SP-5PW chromatographic column. A one-step purification process capable of purifying large amounts of mono-PEGylated GRF species from the crude reaction mixture was developed. A simple, straightforward stepwise gradient elution separation was developed at laboratory scale and then scaled up with a larger column packed with a chromatographic resin with the same chemistry which maintained the laboratory-scale separation profile. Active material recovery and material purity remained constant through the scale-up from the 13-microm stationary phase to the 25-microm larger column. Overall, the gram GRF equivalent/batch process scale showed to be quite reproducible, and could be considered as a good platform for scale up to production scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Piquet
- Istituto di Ricerca Cesare Serono, Drug Delivery Systems, Bioconjugates development and scale-up department, BioIndustry Park del Canavese, Turin, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Seely JE, Richey CW. Use of ion-exchange chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography in the preparation and recovery of polyethylene glycol-linked proteins. J Chromatogr A 2001; 908:235-41. [PMID: 11218126 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cation- and anion-exchange chromatography can be used to purify a polyethylene glycol-linked protein dimer (PEG dimer) made with M, 20 000 PEG bis-vinylsulfone, even when there are no net charge differences between the components that are being separated. The retention time on ion-exchange generally is inversely proportional to the PEG:protein ratio (on a mass basis). One of the biggest challenges in developing the process for making this PEG dimer was the quality of the PEG linker. Reversed-phase HPLC can be used to determine both size heterogeneity and the degree of end-group activation of Mr 20 000 PEG bis-vinylsulfone. In addition, we have found that hydrophobic interaction chromatography can be used make more size homogeneous preparations of Mr 20000 PEG bis-vinylsulfone, which significantly increased the recovery of the PEG dimer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Seely
- Amgen Colorado Process Development, Boulder 80301, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Veronese FM, Morpurgo M. Bioconjugation in pharmaceutical chemistry. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 1999; 54:497-516. [PMID: 10510847 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(99)00066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymer conjugation is of increasing interest in pharmaceutical chemistry for delivering drugs of simple structure or complex compounds such peptides, enzymes and oligonucleotides. For long time drugs, mainly with antitumoral activity, have been coupled to natural or synthetic polymers with the purpose of increasing their blood permanence time, taking advantage of the increased mass that reduces kidney ultrafiltration. However only recently complex constructs were devised that exploit the 'enhanced permeability and retention' (EPR) effect for an efficient tumor targeting, the high molecular weight for adsorption or receptor mediated endocytosis and finally a lysosomotropic targeting, taking advantage of acid labile bonds or cathepsin susceptible polypeptide spacers between polymer and drug. New original, very active conjugates of this type, as those based on poly(hydroxyacrylate) polymers, are already in advanced state of development. Labile oligonucleotides, including antisense drugs, were also successfully coupled to polymers in view of an increased cell penetration and stabilization towards nucleases. However, the most active research activity resides in the field of polypeptides and proteins delivery, mainly for the two following reasons: first of all because a great number of therapeutically interesting compounds are now being produced by genetic engineering in large quantity and, secondly, because these products are difficult to administer to patients for several inherent drawbacks. Proteins are in fact easily digested by many endo- and exo-peptidases present in blood or in other body districts; most of them are immunogenic to some extent and, finally, they are rapidly excreted by kidney ultrafiltration. Covalent polymer conjugation at protein surface was demonstrated to reduce or eliminate these problems, since the bound polymer behaves like a shield hindering the approach of proteolytic enzymes, antibodies, or antigen processing cell. Furthermore, the increase of the molecular weight of the conjugate allows to overcome the kidney elimination threshold. Many successful results were already obtained in peptides and proteins, conjugated mainly to water soluble or amphiphilic polymers like poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), dextrans, or styrenemaleic acid anhydride. Among the most successful are the conjugates of asparaginase, interleukin-2 or -6 and neocarcinostatin, to remind some antitumor agents, adenosine deaminase employed in a genetic desease treatment, superoxide dismutase as scavenger of toxic radicals, hemoglobin as oxygen carrier and urokinase and streptokinase as proteins with antithrombotic activity. In pharmaceutical chemistry the conjugation with polymers is also of great importance for synthetic applications since many enzymes without loss of catalytic activity become soluble in organic solvents where many drug precursors are. The various and often difficult chemical problems encountered in conjugation of so many different products prompted the development of many synthetic procedures, all characterized by high specificity and mild condition of reaction, now known as 'bioconjugation chemistry'. Bioconjugation developed also the design of new tailor-made polymers with the wanted molecular weight, shape, structure and with the functional groups needed for coupling at the wanted positions in the chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F M Veronese
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padua, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lee KC, Moon SC, Park MO, Lee JT, Na DH, Yoo SD, Lee HS, DeLuca PP. Isolation, characterization, and stability of positional isomers of mono-PEGylated salmon calcitonins. Pharm Res 1999; 16:813-8. [PMID: 10397599 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018861616465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To separate and characterize the different positional isomers of mono-PEGylated salmon calcitonins (mono-PEG-sCTs) and to evaluate the effects of the PEGylation site on the stability of different mono-PEG-sCTs in rat kidney homogenate. METHODS Mono-PEG-sCTs were prepared using succinimidyl carbonate monomethoxy polyethylene glycol (5,000 Da) and separated by gel-filtration HPLC followed by reversed-phase HPLC. To characterize PEGylated sCTs, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and reversed-phase HPLC of the trypsin digested samples were performed. Mono-PEG-sCTs and sCT in rat kidney homogenates were measured by column-switching reversed-phase HPLC with on-line detection of the radioiodinated samples using a flow-through radioisotope detector. RESULTS Three different mono-PEGylated sCTs were separated by reversed-phase gradient HPLC. From the MALDI-TOF MS analysis, the average molecular weight of mono-PEG-sCTs was confirmed as around 8650 Da. The presence of PEG moiety in the mono-PEG-sCTs was also manifested by the fact that the distance between two adjacent mass spectum lines was 44 Da which corresponds to PEG monomer unit. Tryptic digestion analysis demonstrated that these mono-PEG-sCTs are 3 positional isomers of N-terminus, Lys18- and Lys11-residue modified mono-PEGylated sCTs. The degradation half-life of these 3 positional isomers in rat kidney homogenates significantly increased in order of the N-terminus (125.5 min), Lys11- (157.3 min), and Lys18 residue modified mono-PEGylated sCT (281.5 min) over the native sCT (4.8 min). CONCLUSION Three positional isomers of mono-PEGylated sCTs were purified and characterized. Of these, the resistance to proteolytic degradation was highest for the Lys18-residue modified mono-PEG-sCT. These studies demonstrate that the in vivo stability of PEGylated sCTs is highly dependent on the site of PEG molecule attachment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Lee
- Drug Targeting Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon City, Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bullock J, Chowdhury S, Severdia A, Sweeney J, Johnston D, Pachla L. Comparison of results of various methods used to determine the extent of modification of methoxy polyethylene glycol 5000-modified bovine cupri-zinc superoxide dismutase. Anal Biochem 1997; 254:254-62. [PMID: 9417786 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1997.2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The protein bovine cupri-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD) was modified by the reaction of lysine residues with an active ester of methoxy polyethylene glycol 5000 (PEG). The extent of modification was determined by capillary zone electrophoresis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy and after removing PEG by alkaline hydrolysis of the linkages to SOD followed by quantification of the released PEG using gel-permeation chromatography. There was generally good agreement among the results obtained by these techniques on a typical sample of the PEG-modified protein. The results, extent of protein modification, determined by the preceding methods were compared to that found from the classical trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) procedure. In addition to providing alternatives to the TNBS procedure, results from the described methodologies strongly suggest that the extent of modification determined from the TNBS procedure is overestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Bullock
- Sanofi Research Division, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bullock J, Chowdhury S, Johnston D. Characterization of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Modified Superoxide Dismutase: Comparison of Capillary Electrophoresis and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ac960240q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
38
|
Francis GE, Delgado C, Fisher D, Malik F, Agrawal AK. Polyethylene glycol modification: relevance of improved methodology to tumour targeting. J Drug Target 1996; 3:321-40. [PMID: 8866652 DOI: 10.3109/10611869608996824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Of all the polymers applied to molecule altering structural chemistry, polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification has numerous benefits and relatively few drawbacks. PEG is now increasingly being applied to the problems of tumour targeting, both in the context of the passive targeting of PEG-liposomes and in active targeting strategies using PEGylated anti-tumour antibodies. PEG can also serve as a useful linker molecule between targeting moieties and other agents, including cytotoxic or imaging agents and targeted liposomes. Despite these demonstrated benefits and the level of attention which PEGylation has received, relatively little consideration has been given to two key areas: first, the extent to which the coupling method has an impact on both the functionality of the PEG-adduct and the acquisition of beneficial properties; second, that the impact of PEGylation on biodistribution is complex, thus any attempt to optimise a PEG-peptide or PEG-liposome for a particular task must involve an examination of all the individual facets of the effects of PEGylation. Studies investigating the underlying principles of tumour targeting suggest that current views concerning the optimisation of PEGylated vehicles for tumour localisation need to be re-examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G E Francis
- Molecular Cell Pathology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, U.K
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chowdhury SK, Doleman M, Johnston D. Fingerprinting proteins coupled with polymers by mass spectrometry: Investigation of polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1995; 6:478-487. [PMID: 24214300 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(95)00190-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/1994] [Revised: 01/23/1995] [Accepted: 01/26/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry was investigated as a method for the rapid determination of the extent of polymer coupling in polyethylene glycol- (PEG) conjugated superoxide dismutase (SOD). PEG-conjugated SOD, an antioxidant with an extended in vivo circulation lifetime compared to that of superoxide dismutase, is being evaluated as an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of injuries and arthritis. The mass spectra of a standard batch of PEG-conjugated bovine SOD showed the presence of identifiable and well resolved peaks that correspond to 0-7 PEG molecules attached to bovine SOD. The area of each of the peaks provides a determination of the amount of PEG-conjugated SOD with a given number of bound PEG groups. SOD is a noncovalent dimer of two identical subunits that dissociates in MALDI. The information obtained in the mass spectra thus corresponds to a monomer of SOD. Each SOD monomer contains 10 lysines, which are the sites of PEG-conjugation. Multiple MALDI determinations of two batches of samples indicated good reproducibility for routine determination of the extent of polymer content. The amount of PEG-conjugated SOD that contained a given number of PEG molecules, determined by MALDI, was compared with the value deduced from the amount of PEG-conjugation at each attachment site measured by a peptide mapping method. Agreement between the data obtained in the two techniques (MALDI and peptide mapping) indicates that MALDI may be used to obtain quantitative information on PEG-conjugated SOD to determine the amounts of PEG-conjugated protein each with a different number of PEG groups attached. Measurement of several batches of samples stored at a higher temperature showed a lower extent of PEG-conjugation in PEG-conjugated SOD. This reduction in the PEG content resulted from the PEG-deconjugation of PEG-conjugated SOD at a higher temperature. Thus, MALDI can be used to examine the stability of PEG-conjugated SOD. The high sensitivity, relatively straightforward data interpretation, speed of analyses, and good reproducibility in measurements make this technique a useful analytical tool for fingerprinting PEG-conjugated SOD as well as potentially other polymer-conjugated proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Chowdhury
- Research Division, Sanofi-Winthrop, Inc., Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ohsaka T, Shintani Y, Matsumoto F, Okajima T, Tokuda K. Mediated electron transfer of polyethylene oxide-modified superoxide dismutase by methyl viologen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0302-4598(94)01772-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
41
|
Brumeanu TD, Zaghouani H, Bona C. Purification of antigenized immunoglobulins derivatized with monomethoxypolyethylene glycol. J Chromatogr A 1995; 696:219-25. [PMID: 7538402 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)01275-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered immunoglobulins (Igs) carrying viral B or T cell peptides in the CDR3 loop, function as efficient delivery system of the defined viral epitopes. Two of these antigenized Igs (AIgs) were derivatized with 2-O-monomethoxypolyethylene glycol-4,6-dichloro-s-triazine (mPEG). Herein, we describe a two-step strategy to purify mPEG-derivatized AIgs (AIgs-mPEG). Unreacted mPEG polymers were removed by size-exclusion chromatography using ammonium hydrogencarbonate as a buffer system. Mildly PEGylated AIgs were isolated from free and highly derivatized AIgs by anion-exchange chromatography. Electrophoretic analysis indicated that the AIgs-mPEG preparation contained less than 4 x 10(-4) M unreacted mPEG. This strategy may be applied to other mPEG-derivatized monoclonal antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T D Brumeanu
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Holthuis JJ, Driebergen RJ. Chromatographic techniques for the characterization of proteins. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1995; 7:243-99. [PMID: 8564020 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1079-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|