1
|
Schneider DJ, Smith KA, Latuszek CE, Wilke CA, Lyons DM, Penke LR, Speth JM, Marthi M, Swanson JA, Moore BB, Lauring AS, Peters-Golden M. Alveolar macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit endosomal fusion of influenza virus. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105057. [PMID: 32643835 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) and epithelial cells (ECs) are the lone resident lung cells positioned to respond to pathogens at early stages of infection. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important vectors of paracrine signaling implicated in a range of (patho)physiologic contexts. Here we demonstrate that AMs, but not ECs, constitutively secrete paracrine activity localized to EVs which inhibits influenza infection of ECs in vitro and in vivo. AMs exposed to cigarette smoke extract lost the inhibitory activity of their secreted EVs. Influenza strains varied in their susceptibility to inhibition by AM-EVs. Only those exhibiting early endosomal escape and high pH of fusion were inhibited via a reduction in endosomal pH. By contrast, strains exhibiting later endosomal escape and lower fusion pH proved resistant to inhibition. These results extend our understanding of how resident AMs participate in host defense and have broader implications in the defense and treatment of pathogens internalized within endosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Schneider
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katherine A Smith
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Catrina E Latuszek
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carol A Wilke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Danny M Lyons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Loka R Penke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer M Speth
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matangi Marthi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joel A Swanson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adam S Lauring
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marc Peters-Golden
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Choi WS, Lloren KKS, Baek YH, Song MS. The significance of avian influenza virus mouse-adaptation and its application in characterizing the efficacy of new vaccines and therapeutic agents. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2017; 6:83-94. [PMID: 28775972 PMCID: PMC5540968 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2017.6.2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the increased frequency of interspecies transmission of avian influenza viruses, studies designed to identify the molecular determinants that could lead to an expansion of the host range have been increased. A variety of mouse-based mammalian-adaptation studies of avian influenza viruses have provided insight into the genetic alterations of various avian influenza subtypes that may contribute to the generation of a pandemic virus. To date, the studies have focused on avian influenza subtypes H5, H6, H7, H9, and H10 which have recently caused human infection. Although mice cannot fully reflect the course of human infection with avian influenza, these mouse studies can be a useful method for investigating potential mammalian adaptive markers against newly emerging avian influenza viruses. In addition, due to the lack of appropriate vaccines against the diverse emerging influenza viruses, the generation of mouse-adapted lethal variants could contribute to the development of effective vaccines or therapeutic agents. Within this review, we will summarize studies that have demonstrated adaptations of avian influenza viruses that result in an altered pathogenicity in mice which may suggest the potential application of mouse-lethal strains in the development of influenza vaccines and/or therapeutics in preclinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Khristine Kaith S Lloren
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Weaver EA, Barry MA. Low seroprevalent species D adenovirus vectors as influenza vaccines. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73313. [PMID: 23991187 PMCID: PMC3749993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal and pandemic influenza remains a constant threat. While standard influenza vaccines have great utility, the need for improved vaccine technologies have been brought to light by the 2009 swine flu pandemic, highly pathogenic avian influenza infections, and the most recent early and widespread influenza activity. Species C adenoviruses based on serotype 5 (AD5) are potent vehicles for gene-based vaccination. While potent, most humans are already immune to this virus. In this study, low seroprevalent species D adenoviruses Ad26, 28, and 48 were cloned and modified to express the influenza virus A/PR/8/34 hemagglutinin gene for vaccine studies. When studied in vivo, these species D Ad vectors performed quite differently as compared to species C Ad vectors depending on the route of immunization. By intramuscular injection, species D vaccines were markedly weaker than species C vaccines. In contrast, the species D vaccines were equally efficient as species C when delivered mucosally by the intranasal route. Intranasal adenovirus vaccine doses as low as 108 virus particles per mouse induced complete protection against a stringent lethal challenge dose of influenza. These data support translation of species D adenoviruses as mucosal vaccines and highlight the fundamental effects of differences in virus tropism on vaccine applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Weaver
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu L, Bao L, Li F, Lv Q, Ma Y, Zhou J, Xu Y, Deng W, Zhan L, Zhu H, Ma C, Shu Y, Qin C. Adaption of seasonal H1N1 influenza virus in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28901. [PMID: 22194944 PMCID: PMC3241702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental infection of a mouse lung with influenza A virus has proven to be an invaluable model for studying the mechanisms of viral adaptation and virulence. The mouse adaption of human influenza A virus can result in mutations in the HA and other proteins, which is associated with increased virulence in mouse lungs. In this study, a mouse-adapted seasonal H1N1 virus was obtained through serial lung-to-lung passages and had significantly increased virulence and pathogenicity in mice. Genetic analysis indicated that the increased virulence of the mouse-adapted virus was attributed to incremental acquisition of three mutations in the HA protein (T89I, N125T, and D221G). However, the mouse adaption of influenza A virus did not change the specificity and affinity of receptor binding and the pH-dependent membrane fusion of HA, as well as the in vitro replication in MDCK cells. Notably, infection with the mouse adapted virus induced severe lymphopenia and modulated cytokine and chemokine responses in mice. Apparently, mouse adaption of human influenza A virus may change the ability to replicate in mouse lungs, which induces strong immune responses and inflammation in mice. Therefore, our findings may provide new insights into understanding the mechanisms underlying the mouse adaption and pathogenicity of highly virulent influenza viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Model of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Bao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Model of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fengdi Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Model of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Lv
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Model of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yila Ma
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Model of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Model of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Model of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lingjun Zhan
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Model of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Model of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Ma
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Model of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Model of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Weaver EA, Rubrum AM, Webby RJ, Barry MA. Protection against divergent influenza H1N1 virus by a centralized influenza hemagglutinin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18314. [PMID: 21464940 PMCID: PMC3065472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza poses a persistent worldwide threat to the human population. As evidenced by the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, current vaccine technologies are unable to respond rapidly to this constantly diverging pathogen. We tested the utility of adenovirus (Ad) vaccines expressing centralized consensus influenza antigens. Ad vaccines were produced within 2 months and protected against influenza in mice within 3 days of vaccination. Ad vaccines were able to protect at doses as low as 107 virus particles/kg indicating that approximately 1,000 human doses could be rapidly generated from standard Ad preparations. To generate broadly cross-reactive immune responses, centralized consensus antigens were constructed against H1 influenza and against H1 through H5 influenza. Twenty full-length H1 HA sequences representing the main branches of the H1 HA phylogenetic tree were used to create a synthetic centralized gene, HA1-con. HA1-con minimizes the degree of sequence dissimilarity between the vaccine and existing circulating viruses. The centralized H1 gene, HA1-con, induced stronger immune responses and better protection against mismatched virus challenges as compared to two wildtype H1 genes. HA1-con protected against three genetically diverse lethal influenza challenges. When mice were challenged with 1934 influenza A/PR/8/34, HA1-con protected 100% of mice while vaccine generated from 2009 A/TX/05/09 only protected 40%. Vaccination with 1934 A/PR/8/34 and 2009 A/TX/05/09 protected 60% and 20% against 1947 influenza A/FM/1/47, respectively, whereas 80% of mice vaccinated with HA1-con were protected. Notably, 80% of mice challenged with 2009 swine flu isolate A/California/4/09 were protected by HA1-con vaccination. These data show that HA1-con in Ad has potential as a rapid and universal vaccine for H1N1 influenza viruses.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cross Reactions/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Genetic Variation
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunity, Humoral/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Phylogeny
- Sequence Alignment
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Weaver
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The molecular mechanism by which pandemic 2009 influenza A viruses were able to sufficiently adapt to humans is largely unknown. Subsequent human infections with novel H1N1 influenza viruses prompted an investigation of the molecular determinants of the host range and pathogenicity of pandemic influenza viruses in mammals. To address this problem, we assessed the genetic basis for increased virulence of A/CA/04/09 (H1N1) and A/TN/1-560/09 (H1N1) isolates, which are not lethal for mice, in a new mammalian host by promoting their mouse adaptation. The resulting mouse lung-adapted variants showed significantly enhanced growth characteristics in eggs, extended extrapulmonary tissue tropism, and pathogenicity in mice. All mouse-adapted viruses except A/TN/1-560/09-MA2 grew faster and to higher titers in cells than the original strains. We found that 10 amino acid changes in the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex (PB2 E158G/A, PA L295P, NP D101G, and NP H289Y) and hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein (K119N, G155E, S183P, R221K, and D222G) controlled enhanced mouse virulence of pandemic isolates. HA mutations acquired during adaptation affected viral receptor specificity by enhancing binding to alpha2,3 together with decreasing binding to alpha2,6 sialyl receptors. PB2 E158G/A and PA L295P amino acid substitutions were responsible for the significant enhancement of transcription and replication activity of the mouse-adapted H1N1 variants. Taken together, our findings suggest that changes optimizing receptor specificity and interaction of viral polymerase components with host cellular factors are the major mechanisms that contribute to the optimal competitive advantage of pandemic influenza viruses in mice. These modulators of virulence, therefore, may have been the driving components of early evolution, which paved the way for novel 2009 viruses in mammals.
Collapse
|
7
|
Coutte L, Botkin DJ, Gao L, Norris SJ. Detailed analysis of sequence changes occurring during vlsE antigenic variation in the mouse model of Borrelia burgdorferi infection. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000293. [PMID: 19214205 PMCID: PMC2632889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease Borrelia can infect humans and animals for months to years, despite the presence of an active host immune response. The vls antigenic variation system, which expresses the surface-exposed lipoprotein VlsE, plays a major role in B. burgdorferi immune evasion. Gene conversion between vls silent cassettes and the vlsE expression site occurs at high frequency during mammalian infection, resulting in sequence variation in the VlsE product. In this study, we examined vlsE sequence variation in B. burgdorferi B31 during mouse infection by analyzing 1,399 clones isolated from bladder, heart, joint, ear, and skin tissues of mice infected for 4 to 365 days. The median number of codon changes increased progressively in C3H/HeN mice from 4 to 28 days post infection, and no clones retained the parental vlsE sequence at 28 days. In contrast, the decrease in the number of clones with the parental vlsE sequence and the increase in the number of sequence changes occurred more gradually in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. Clones containing a stop codon were isolated, indicating that continuous expression of full-length VlsE is not required for survival in vivo; also, these clones continued to undergo vlsE recombination. Analysis of clones with apparent single recombination events indicated that recombinations into vlsE are nonselective with regard to the silent cassette utilized, as well as the length and location of the recombination event. Sequence changes as small as one base pair were common. Fifteen percent of recovered vlsE variants contained “template-independent” sequence changes, which clustered in the variable regions of vlsE. We hypothesize that the increased frequency and complexity of vlsE sequence changes observed in clones recovered from immunocompetent mice (as compared with SCID mice) is due to rapid clearance of relatively invariant clones by variable region-specific anti-VlsE antibody responses. Lyme borreliosis is the most common vector-transmitted infection in Europe and North America, and is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi and other closely related Borrelia species. Lyme disease Borrelia have an elaborate mechanism for varying the sequence of VlsE, a surface-localized, immunogenic lipoprotein. This antigenic variation is thought to be important in immune evasion and thus in the ability of Lyme disease Borrelia to cause long-term infection. In this study, we examined 1,399 B. burgdorferi clones isolated from infected immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice to gain a better understanding of the rate and variety of VlsE sequence changes that occur during infection. We determined that clones with few or no VlsE sequence changes are rapidly cleared in mice with active immune responses, whereas clones with many VlsE changes persist. The vls antigenic variation system can utilize any of the 15 silent cassette sequences as sequence “donors,” and does not exhibit obvious preferences in the location of changes within the vlsE cassette region or the types of VlsE sequence variations found in different tissues, such as in joints or in the heart. Our findings provide further evidence that the vls locus represents a remarkably robust recombination system and immune evasion mechanism.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigenic Variation/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/chemistry
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Borrelia burgdorferi/genetics
- Borrelia burgdorferi/immunology
- Data Interpretation, Statistical
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Lipoproteins/chemistry
- Lipoproteins/genetics
- Lipoproteins/immunology
- Lyme Disease/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Recombination, Genetic
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Coutte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Douglas J. Botkin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lihui Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Norris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Inhibition of influenza M2-induced cell death alleviates its negative contribution to vaccination efficiency. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1417. [PMID: 18197240 PMCID: PMC2175529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of recombinant vaccines encoding full-length M2 protein of influenza virus or its ectodomain (M2e) have previously been tested in a number of models with varying degrees of success. Recently, we reported a strong cytotoxic effect exhibited by M2 on mammalian cells in vitro. Here we demonstrated a decrease in protection when M2 was added to a DNA vaccination regimen that included influenza NP. Furthermore, we have constructed several fusion proteins of conserved genes of influenza virus and tested their expression in vitro and protective potential in vivo. The four-partite NP-M1-M2-NS1 fusion antigen that has M2 sequence engineered in the middle part of the composite protein was shown to not be cytotoxic in vitro. A three-partite fusion protein (consisting of NP, M1 and NS1) was expressed much more efficiently than the four-partite protein. Both of these constructs provided statistically significant protection upon DNA vaccination, with construct NP-M1-M2-NS1 being the most effective. We conclude that incorporation of M2 into a vaccination regimen may be beneficial only when its apparent cytotoxicity-linked negative effects are neutralized. The possible significance of this data for influenza vaccination regimens and preparations is discussed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Altstein AD, Gitelman AK, Smirnov YA, Piskareva LM, Zakharova LG, Pashvykina GV, Shmarov MM, Zhirnov OP, Varich NP, Ilyinskii PO, Shneider AM. Immunization with influenza A NP-expressing vaccinia virus recombinant protects mice against experimental infection with human and avian influenza viruses. Arch Virol 2005; 151:921-31. [PMID: 16292596 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two-fold immunization of Balb/c mice with a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing the NP protein of influenza A/PR8/34 (H1N1) virus under the control of a strong synthetic promoter induced specific antibodies and protected animals against low-dose challenge by mouse-adapted heterosubtypic variants of human A/Aichi2/68 (H3N2) and avian A/Mallard/Pennsylvania/10218/84 (H5N2) influenza virus strains. The surviving immunized animals had lower anti-hemagglutinin antibody titers compared to non-immunized mice. There was no difference in viral titers in lungs of immunized and non-immunized animals that succumbed to the infection. In order to try to increase immune system presentation of NP-protein-derived peptides, and thereby increase their immunogenicity, we constructed another vaccinia-based NP-expressing recombinant containing a rapid proteolysis signal covalently bound to the NP protein. This sequence, derived from the mouse ornithine decarboxylase gene has been shown to increase degradation of various proteins. However, we found that when used as part of a recombinant NP, this signal neither increased its proteolytic degradation, nor was it more efficient in the induction of a protective response against influenza infection.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Birds
- Chick Embryo
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Lung/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nucleocapsid Proteins
- Nucleoproteins/genetics
- Nucleoproteins/immunology
- Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase/genetics
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
- Viral Core Proteins/genetics
- Viral Core Proteins/immunology
Collapse
|
10
|
McCullers JA, Hoffmann E, Huber VC, Nickerson AD. A single amino acid change in the C-terminal domain of the matrix protein M1 of influenza B virus confers mouse adaptation and virulence. Virology 2005; 336:318-26. [PMID: 15892972 PMCID: PMC2737340 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Serial passage of an initially avirulent influenza B virus, B/Memphis/12/97, resulted in the selection of a variant which was lethal in mice. Virulence correlated with improved growth in vivo and prolonged replication. Sequencing of the complete coding regions of the parent and mouse-adapted viruses revealed 8 amino acid differences. Sequencing and characterization of intermediate passages suggested that one change in the C-terminal domain of the M1 protein, an asparagine to a serine at position 221, was responsible for acquisition of virulence and lethality. Site-directed mutagenesis of the M segment of a different virus, B/Yamanashi/166/98, to change this amino acid residue confirmed its importance by conferring improved growth and virulence in mice. This observation suggests a role for the C domain of the M1 protein in growth and virulence in a mammalian host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A McCullers
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale Street, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kilbourne ED, Smith C, Brett I, Pokorny BA, Johansson B, Cox N. The total influenza vaccine failure of 1947 revisited: major intrasubtypic antigenic change can explain failure of vaccine in a post-World War II epidemic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:10748-52. [PMID: 12136133 PMCID: PMC125033 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.162366899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccine-induced immunity to influenza A virus is continually challenged by progressively selected mutations in the virus's major antigens (antigenic drift), virus strains within a subtype (e.g., H1N1) are antigenically cross-reactive. Although cross-immunity diminishes as further mutations accumulate, necessitating frequent changes in vaccine strains, older vaccines are usually partially protective. The post-World War II epidemic of 1947 is notable for the total failure of a vaccine previously effective in the 1943-44 and 1944-45 seasons. We have combined extensive antigenic characterization of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens of the 1943 and 1947 viruses with analysis of their nucleotide and amino acid sequences and have found marked antigenic and amino acid differences in viruses of the two years. Furthermore, in a mouse model, vaccination with the 1943 vaccine had no effect on infection with the 1947 strain. These findings are important, because complete lack of cross-immunogenicity has been found previously only with antigenic shift, in which antigenically novel antigens have been captured by reassortment of human and animal strains, sometimes leading to pandemics. Although the 1947 epidemic lacked the usual hallmarks of pandemic disease, including an extensive increase in mortality, it warns of the possibility that extreme intrasubtypic antigenic variation (if coupled with an increase in disease severity) could produce pandemic disease without the introduction of animal virus antigens.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigenic Variation/genetics
- Antigenic Variation/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Cross Reactions
- DNA, Viral
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Outbreaks
- Dogs
- Female
- Global Health
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Neuraminidase/immunology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Treatment Failure
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Warfare
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The experimental infection of mouse lung with influenza A virus has proven to be an invaluable model for studying the mechanisms of viral adaptation and virulence. These investigations have identified critical roles for the haemagglutinin (HA) and matrix (M) genes of the virus in determining virulence for mouse lung. For the HA gene, the loss of glycosylation sites from the encoded polypeptide or changes which may affect the pH of HA-mediated endosome fusion have been observed following adaptation. These alterations also have the potential to impact on receptor specificity, beta inhibitor sensitivity and activation cleavage which may act in concert to account for the increased virulence of adapted strains. For the M gene, two specific changes in the M1 protein have been identified in strains adapted to, or virulent for, mouse lung. These changes are likely to affect pH-dependent association/dissociation of M1 with the viral ribonucleoprotein, and control virulence as well as growth. The role of other genes in mouse lung virulence remains unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Ward
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, Institute of Hematology, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Günther I, Glatthaar B, Döller G, Garten W. A H1 hemagglutinin of a human influenza A virus with a carbohydrate-modulated receptor binding site and an unusual cleavage site. Virus Res 1993; 27:147-60. [PMID: 8460527 PMCID: PMC7133948 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(93)90078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Two receptor binding variants of the influenza virus A/Tübingen/12/85 (H1N1) were separated by their different plaque formation in MDCK cells. Hemagglutination of variant I was restricted to red blood cells of guinea pigs, whereas variant II also hemagglutinated chicken cells. The variants differed also in their ability to bind to alpha 2,6-linked sialic acid. Evidence is presented that this difference is determined by a complex carbohydrate side chain at asparagine131 near the receptor binding site which is absent in variant II. With both variants, the arginine found at the cleavage site of all other human isolates analyzed so far was replaced by lysine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Günther
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Brown EG. Increased virulence of a mouse-adapted variant of influenza A/FM/1/47 virus is controlled by mutations in genome segments 4, 5, 7, and 8. J Virol 1990; 64:4523-33. [PMID: 2117072 PMCID: PMC247923 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.9.4523-4533.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To cause disease, influenza virus must possess several genetically determined abilities that mediate stages in pathogenesis. The virulent mouse-adapted variant A/FM/1/47-MA (FM-MA), derived from the avirulent A/FM/1/47 (FM) strain, had acquired mutations in genes that control virulence. The purpose of this study was to identify those genes that had mutated to result in increased virulence and to obtain viruses that differed in virulence because of differences in individual genome segments. The genes that had mutated to increase virulence were initially identified by genetic analysis of reassortants obtained by crossing FM-MA with the avirulent strain A/HK/1/68 (HK). FM-MA genome segments 4, 5, 7, and 8 were significantly associated with virulence, as determined by using the Wilcoxon ranked sum analysis. The role of FM-MA segments 4, 7, and 8 was confirmed by reintroduction of these genes into the parental strain, which also provided virus strains that differed in virulence because of mutations in individual genome segments. Segments 4, 7, and 8 were responsible for a 10(3.6)-fold increase in virulence that was proportioned 10(2.2)-, 10(0.7)-, and 10(0.8)-fold, respectively. The role of segment 5 could not be confirmed on transfer back into the parental strain because of reversion during preparation of such reassortants. The incidence of reversion was shown to be significantly associated with culturing of FM-MA in chicken embryo cells but was not associated with growth in MDCK cells. The genetic analysis of FM-MA suggests that adaptation to increased virulence is an incremental process that involves the acquisition of mutations in multiple genes, each of which plays an individual role in pathogenesis. The structural and functional properties of segments 4, 7, and 8 that control the virulence of FM-MA can now be determined by using viruses that differ in virulence because of mutations in these individual genome segments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E G Brown
- Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health and Welfare Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Anders EM, Hartley CA, Jackson DC. Bovine and mouse serum beta inhibitors of influenza A viruses are mannose-binding lectins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:4485-9. [PMID: 2162043 PMCID: PMC54140 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal bovine and mouse sera contain a component, termed beta inhibitor, that inhibits the infectivity and hemagglutinating activity of influenza A viruses of the H1 and H3 subtypes. To investigate the nature of the interaction of beta inhibitors with influenza A viruses we isolated a mutant of the virus Mem71H-BelN (H3N1) that could grow in the presence of bovine serum. The mutant virus was resistant to hemagglutination inhibition by mouse serum as well as by bovine serum and had undergone changes in the receptor-binding and the antigenic properties of its hemagglutinin (HA) molecule. Sequence analysis of the HA genes of parent and mutant viruses revealed a single nucleotide change in the mutant, resulting in the substitution Thr----Asn at residue 167 of the HA1 chain of HA. This change leads to loss of the potential glycosylation site Asn-165-Val-166-Thr-167 at the tip of the HA spike, which in viruses of the H3 subtype is known to bear a high-mannose (type II) carbohydrate side chain N-linked to Asn-165. The association of beta inhibitor resistance with loss of this carbohydrate side chain suggested that beta inhibitors may be lectins. In support of this hypothesis, treatment of the beta inhibitor-sensitive parent virus Mem71H-BelN with periodate converted it to the resistant state. Furthermore, the inhibitory activity of both bovine and mouse sera for the parental virus was abrogated by D-mannose. We conclude that the beta inhibitors in bovine and mouse sera are mannose-binding lectins that inhibit hemagglutination and neutralize virus infectivity by binding to carbohydrate at the tip of the HA spike, blocking access of cell-surface receptors to the receptor-binding site on HA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Anders
- Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shortridge KF, Underwood PA, King AP. Antigenic stability of H3 influenza viruses in the domestic duck population of southern China. Arch Virol 1990; 114:121-36. [PMID: 2222188 DOI: 10.1007/bf01311016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An antigenic analysis was carried out on 145 duck influenza virus isolates of the H3 haemagglutinin subtype obtained over five years continuous surveillance from the region of southern China, a hypothetical influenza epicentre. This was done using a panel of twelve monoclonal antibodies raised to an early human strain of the H3 subtype. We demonstrate the existence of an extensive range of antigenic profiles, broadly similar but not identical to the human H3 strain, which persisted over the five year period. This variability was as great during discrete twelve month periods as over the whole five years. Hierarchic progression (observed with human strains) was not evident and no correlation of antigenic drift, in either positive or negative direction, was observed with the domestic duck isolates over time. Changing dominant antigenic profiles were, however, observed in faecal isolates with time within a single farm. The much broader range of profiles detected in pond water samples from the same farm suggested the existence of a heterogeneous antigenic reservoir. Local switching of dominant profiles may occur due to changes of cohorts as birds are taken to market. In vitro and in vivo passage experiments revealed a high degree of heterogeneity in antigenic profiles in progeny of uncloned isolates, whereas the profiles of cloned isolates were largely conserved. These results suggested that particular antigenic profiles in primary isolates may result from mixtures of subpopulations of the wild type virus in natural duck infections. Switching between reactivity profiles of different progeny is likely to be largely a result of regrouping of these subpopulations with lesser effects due to mutation. Hypervariability in some of the cloned isolates was observed with a few monoclonal antibodies recognising a region of HA reported to be hypervariable in swine influenza virus. Reactivity with one particular antibody was correlated with passage in chicken eggs. The ability of this enormously varied pool of duck influenza H3 strains to cross the species barrier to man and give rise to viruses with hierarchic capabilities was considered.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kaverin NV, Finskaya NN, Rudneva IA, Gitelman AK, Kharitonenkov IG, Smirnov YA. Studies on the genetic basis of human influenza A virus adaptation to mice: degrees of virulence of reassortants with defined genetic content. Arch Virol 1989; 105:29-37. [PMID: 2719553 DOI: 10.1007/bf01311114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A highly virulent mouse-adapted variant of influenza virus A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) was crossed either with the original A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1) influenza virus strain or with its mouse-adapted, moderately mouse virulent variant. The reassortants were characterized with respect to their genetic content and pneumovirulence for mice. The reassortants fell into three categories: avirulent, highly virulent (resembling in this respect the parent A/Aichi/2/68 virus) and moderately virulent (resembling the mouse-adapted A/USSR/90/77 parent virus). The analysis of the parental origin of the genes of 6 reassortants allowed to suggest that changes in the HA gene and in a polymerase gene (most likely, PB1) were necessary for the acquisition of virulence by the A/USSR/90/77 virus in the course of adaptation to mice, whereas the changes in two other polymerase genes as well as in the genes NA and NS were not involved. The low degree of pathogenicity characteristic of the mouse-adapted A/USSR/90/77 virus was determined by gene(s) other than HA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N V Kaverin
- D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, U.S.S.R
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rudneva IA, Kaverin NV, Varich NL, Gitelman AK, Makhov AM, Klimenko SM, Zhdanov VM. Studies on the genetic determinants of influenza virus pathogenicity for mice with the use of reassortants between mouse-adapted and non-adapted variants of the same virus strain. Arch Virol 1986; 90:237-48. [PMID: 3729728 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The original influenza virus strain A/USSR/90/77 (H 1 N 1) and its mouse-adapted variant, differing in their reactivity with anti-hemagglutinin monoclonal antibodies HC 22 and HC 124, were crossed in MDCK cells and in chicken embryos, and 21 clones were isolated by non-selective random cloning. In all the clones the virulence for mice was found to be linked to the antigenic specificity of hemagglutinin (HA). An independent marker, formation of filamentous forms, was reassorted with an expected frequency. In the crosses between UV-irradiated mouse-adapted variant and live non-adapted strain, with selection of clones by a mixture of monoclonal antibodies discriminating between HA of the two variants, virulence also was linked to HA gene. On the contrary, in the experiments with A/Aichi/2/68 (H 3 N 2) strain and its mouse-adapted highly virulent variant these two characteristics--virulence and HA antigenic specificity--could be dissociated. A pathogenic clone having HA of the non-adapted strain was readily obtained; its virulence, however, was weaker than that of the mouse-adapted parent. In the inter-subtypic crosses between A/USSR/90/77 and A/Aichi/2/68 the transfer of the HA gene of the mouse-adapted A/Aichi/2/68 did not confer virulence to the reassortant. The results are discussed in terms of the genetic basis of virulence acquired in the course of influenza virus adaptation to a new host.
Collapse
|