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Raut SK, Behera PK, Pal TS, Mondal P, Naskar K, Singha NK. Self-healable hydrophobic polymer material having urethane linkages via a non-isocyanate route and dynamic Diels-Alder 'click' reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:1149-1152. [PMID: 33411860 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06407f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Conventional synthesis of polyurethane (PU) often involves the use of inherently toxic and overly moisture-sensitive isocyanates. Herein, we report the preparation of a self-healable hydrophobic polymer network having urethane linkages via a facile non-isocyanate route based on carbonylimidazole-amine reaction and dynamic Diels-Alder (DA) 'click' reaction based on furan-maleimide cycloaddition. This isocyanate-free DA 'clicked' polymer material showed excellent self-healing and hydrophobic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Kumar Raut
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | | | - Tuhin Subhra Pal
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Prantik Mondal
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Kinsuk Naskar
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Nikhil K Singha
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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Inhalationstrauma durch Rauchgas bei Bränden. Notf Rett Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10049-018-0450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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El-Zaemey S, Glass D, Fritschi L, Darcey E, Carey R, Driscoll T, Abramson M, Si S, Benke G, Reid A. Isocyanates in Australia: Current exposure to an old hazard. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2018; 15:527-530. [PMID: 29621434 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2018.1461221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to isocyanates has consistently been reported as the most common cause of occupational asthma. The objectives of this study were to assess how many Australian workers are currently exposed to isocyanates, identify the occupations with highest proportion of exposed workers and identify the main circumstances of exposures. Data comes from the Australian Workplace Exposure Study-Asthma, a national telephone survey which explored the prevalence of current occupational exposure to 227 asthmagens, grouped into 27 groups, among current Australian workers aged 18-65 years. A web-based tool, OccIDEAS, was used to collect job task information and to assign exposure to asthmagens, including isocyanates. Of the 4,878 eligible participants, 2.5% of them were deemed to be probably exposed to isocyanates at work in their current job (extrapolated to 3.0% of the Australian working population). The majority of those exposed were males (90.8%). The most common tasks undertaken that led to these exposures were using expanding foam fillers/sprays and isocyanate and/or polyurethane paints. Exposure occurred mainly among construction workers, wood workers, and painters or printers. This study investigating occupational exposure to isocyanates in a national working population provides information that can be used to inform the direction of occupational interventions and policies to decrease occupational asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia El-Zaemey
- a School of Public Health , Curtin University , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Deborah Glass
- b School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine , Monash University , Victoria , Australia
| | - Lin Fritschi
- a School of Public Health , Curtin University , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Ellie Darcey
- a School of Public Health , Curtin University , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Renee Carey
- a School of Public Health , Curtin University , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Tim Driscoll
- c School of Public Health , University of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Michael Abramson
- b School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine , Monash University , Victoria , Australia
| | - Si Si
- a School of Public Health , Curtin University , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Geza Benke
- b School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine , Monash University , Victoria , Australia
| | - Alison Reid
- a School of Public Health , Curtin University , Western Australia , Australia
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Diagnosis and prevention of diseases induced by isocyanate. Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 7:40-6. [PMID: 21432263 DOI: 10.1007/bf02897329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2001] [Accepted: 01/16/2002] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocyanates are among the most frequent causes of occupational asthma in industrialized countries. Early diagnosis of diisocyanate asthma followed by prompt termination of chemical exposure can prevent chronic morbidity due to persistent asthma. Chronic exposure to isocyanates also induces hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). The accurate diagnosis of diisocynate asthma requires a systematic approach that combines information obtained from the occupational history, immunologic tests and physiologic studies. The prevention of health problems from toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,6'-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) is essential for all those handling the chemicals. Regulatory exposure limits should be observed. However, wheezing, coughing or even asthmatic attacks may occur after exposure much below the regulatory exposure limits especially in sensitive individuals. Preventing or minimizing exposure is of prime importance and should be supported by the installation of engineering controls, by education of the workforce, by regular monitoring of the workplace exposure and by medical surveillance. To prevent such asthma it is suggested that workers should be tested airway sensitivity and should avoid working in areas that have dust containing specific-IgE. Such tests must be periodically performed after working. Symptoms induced by isocyanate need earlier discover and early isolation of the associated individuals.
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Abstract
Occupational asthma (OA) is the leading occupational respiratory disease. Cases compensated as OA by the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service (COMWEL) (218 cases), cases reported by a surveillance system (286 cases), case reports by related scientific journals and cases confirmed by the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute (OSHRI) over 15 yr from 1992 to 2006 were analyzed. Annual mean incidence rate was 1.6 by compensation and 3.5 by surveillance system, respectively. The trend appeared to increase according to the surveillance system. Incidence was very low compared with other countries. The most frequently reported causative agent was isocyanate followed by reactive dye in dyeing factories. Other chemicals, metals and dust were also found as causative agents. OA was underreported according to compensation and surveillance system data. In conclusion, a more effective surveillance system is needed to evaluate OA causes and distribution, and to effectively prevent newly developing OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Soo Oh
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Wonju Christian Hospital Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea.
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Shiotsuka RN, Stuart BP, Charles JM, Simon GS, Malichky P, Mostowy JM. Chronic inhalation exposures of Fischer 344 rats to 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate did not reveal a carcinogenic potential. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:875-87. [PMID: 20170335 DOI: 10.3109/08958370903572862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The polyisocyanates of 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) find widespread commercial use as components of paints and in the formulation of light-stable polyurethane coating materials. This 2-year study assessed the oncogenicity of the diisocyanate monomer HDI in male and female Fischer-344 rats exposed 6 h/day, 5 days/week to mean analytical air concentrations of 0, 0.005, 0.025, and 0.164 ppm HDI. During the in-life phase, transient eye irritation was observed in 0.164 ppm males, and a slight body weight decrease (5%) in the 0.164 ppm females during the second year of exposure. There were no exposure-related effects on mortality. Compound-related, non-neoplastic histopathologic changes were limited to the respiratory tract and changes were characterized by epithelial tissue reaction to the acute irritant properties of HDI vapor. For tissues of the nasal cavity, the major histopathologic findings were degeneration of the olfactory epithelium characterized by destruction of the epithelial architecture often with narrowing or atrophy and occasional focal erosion or ulceration. In addition, there was variable degeneration of the respiratory epithelium with hyperkeratosis of the epithelium, epithelial and mucus secretory cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, chronic-active inflammation, and errosive or ulcerative changes. These tissue effects along with a statistically significant decrease in body weight of female rats demonstrated attainment of a maximum tolerated dose. There was no evidence of progression of these changes in the nasal epithelium to neoplasia nor evidence of any compound-related neoplastic lesions for any of the other tissues examined. Therefore, it is concluded that HDI did not show a carcinogenic potential in this study.
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Mahajan SG, Mali RG, Mehta AA. Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. seed extract on toluene diisocyanate-induced immune-mediated inflammatory responses in rats. J Immunotoxicol 2009; 4:85-96. [PMID: 18958717 DOI: 10.1080/15476910701337472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Moringa oleifera Lam. is a small tree cultivated throughout India. We have investigated the effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of Moringa oleifera (MOEE, an herbal remedy) on the potential prevention of immune-mediated inflammatory responses in toluene diisocyanate (TDI as antigen)-induced asthma in Wistar rats. Rats were divided into five different groups (n = 8/group): Group-I = unsensitized control; Group-II = TDI control/vehicle; Group-III = dexamethasone (DXM) 2.5 mg/kg; and, Groups IV and V = 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight [BW] of MOEE, respectively. All rats (except unsensitized controls) were sensitized by intranasal application of 10% TDI to induce airway hypersensitivity. Animals in Groups II-V were given their respective drug treatment per os from 1 wk prior to initiation of sensitization until the day of final provocation with 5% TDI. After this last challenge, all rats were examined for hyperreactivity symptoms and then sacrificed to determine their total and differential leucocytes in blood and bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid and levels of TNF proportional, variant, IL-4, and IL-6 in their BAL and serum. Homogenates of one lung lobe from each animal were utilized to assess oxidative stress; a separate lobe underwent histologic examination to assess airway inflammatory status. The results suggest that asthmatic symptoms were found in TDI control rats only, while both MOEE- and DXM-treated rats did not manifest any airway abnormality. In MOEE- and DXM-treated rats, neutrophil and eosinophil levels in the blood were decreased significantly; levels of total cells and each different cell in their BAL fluid were markedly decreased as compared to those in TDI controls. TNF alpha, IL-4, and IL-6 were predominant in serum as well as in BAL fluids in TDI controls, but these levels were reduced significantly by MOEE treatment. The antioxidant activity in relation to antiinflammatory activity of the extract and histopathological observations also reflected a protective effect. Based on the above findings and observations, it can be concluded that Moringa oleifera may possess some beneficial properties that act against chemically stimulated immune-mediated inflammatory responses that are characteristic of asthma in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailaja G Mahajan
- Department of Pharmacology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Evaluation of the effects of toluene inhalation on alveolar epithelial permeability by 99mTc-DTPA inhalation scintigraphy in automobile painters. Nucl Med Commun 2008; 29:45-52. [PMID: 18049097 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e3282f1b9db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main component of paint thinner used in industry is toluene diisocyanate (TDI) which can cause occupational asthma in 5-10% of exposed workers. AIM To investigate the effect of TDI on 99mTc clearance rate of alveolar epithelium and on pulmonary function tests (PFT) in automobile painters, and to determine the relationship between 99mTc-DTPA radioaerosol lung scintigraphy and serum levels of antioxidant enzymes and metalloproteinases (MMPs) of automobile painters. METHODS Twenty-eight automobile painters and 13 control subjects were included in the study. 99mTc-DTPA aerosol inhalation scintigraphy and PFT were administered to all subjects. Clearance half-time (T1/2) and penetration index (PI) on the first-minute image after 99mTc-DTPA scintigraphy were calculated. Blood levels of MDA, antioxidant enzymes and metalloproteinases were measured. RESULTS The mean T1/2 values of automobile painters were longer in both smoker and non-smoker subjects, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). Although the PFT values decreased in automobile painters, there was no significant difference between each group. Any correlation between spirometric measurements and T1/2 or PI values in non-smoking automobile painters was not detected. Negative correlation among mean T1/2 value and FVC% and FEV1% in smoking automobile painters, and positive correlation between mean T1/2 value and MMP-9, GSH-Px levels in non-smoking automobile painters were detected. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that the clearance of 99mTc-DTPA from the lungs of automobile painters was slower than in the control group, but the difference is not statistically significant. This data also supports the observation that TDI occasionally stimulates bronchial changes rather than alveolar changes in automobile painters.
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Oh MN, Cho MJ, Baek HK, Cho KS, Kang JH, Kim Y, Kwak JY. A Case of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis in an Automobile Paint Sprayer. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2008. [DOI: 10.4046/trd.2008.65.6.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Na Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Myoung Jin Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Hoon Ki Baek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ki Sung Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jin Young Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea
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Shiotsuka RN, Stuart BP, Sangha GK, Sturdivant DW, Hoss H. Subacute inhalation exposure of rats to 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate with recovery period. Inhal Toxicol 2006; 18:659-65. [PMID: 16864556 DOI: 10.1080/08958370600742730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this subacute inhalation toxicity study of 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), groups of 10 male and 10 female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 0, 0.005, 0.0175, or 0.150 ppm HDI vapor, 5 h/day, 5 days/wk for 15 exposure days and included animals sacrificed 2 wk postexposure. The purpose was to characterize the HDI-induced effects and their reversibility, and to determine a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL). No compound-related effects were found for body weights, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, hematology, and organ weights. Thus, no evidence of systemic toxicity was found in this study. The exposure-related findings were restricted to the portal of entry, the respiratory tract. Transient signs of sensory irritation were observed after the daily exposure periods, but the principal findings were the histopathologic changes of the nasal epithelium. Generally, an anterior to posterior gradient of incidence and severity was found, and the changes were characterized as acanthosis, erosion, hyperkeratosis, epithelial cell hyperplasia, chronic active inflammation, squamous metaplasia, ulceration, transitional epithelial cell degeneration, goblet-cell hyperplasia, and degeneration of the olfactory epithelium. Varying degrees of concordance between exposure concentration and incidence and/or severity of the histopathologic changes were found. During a 2-wk recovery period, a tendency toward recovery was evident for tissue changes in the nasal cavity. A NOAEL of 0.0175 ppm HDI was determined.
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Zheng K, Ariizumi M, Todoriki H, Nong D. Cytokine Profiles in Airways of Rats Exposed to Toluene Diisocyanate. J Occup Health 2006. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.43.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dong‐Xiao Nong
- Department of OtolaryngologySchool of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
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Liu PS, Chiung YM, Kao YY, Chen HT. 2,4-Toluene diisocyanate suppressed the calcium signaling of ligand gated ion channel receptors. Toxicology 2005; 219:167-74. [PMID: 16337724 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is widely used as a chemical intermediate in the production of polyurethane. TDI-induced asthma is related to its disturbance of acetylcholine activity in most affected workers, but the relevant mechanisms are unclear. Toluene diamine (TDA) is the main metabolite of TDI. TDI and TDA have in common the basic toluene structure. Toluene is an abused solvent affecting neuronal signal transduction by influencing the function of ligand gated ion channel receptors, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), P2X purinoceptors, [gamma]-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors, etc. To understand the actions of TDI and TDA on ligand gated ion channels, we investigated their effects on the changes of cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c) while stimulating nAChR in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, P2 purinoceptors in PC12 cells, and GABAA receptors in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Our results showed that both TDI and TDA suppressed the [Ca2+]c rise induced by the potent nicotinic ligand, epibatidine, in human SH-SY5Y cells. Similar but stronger suppression of ATP-induced [Ca2+]c rise occurred in PC12 cells. TDI and TDA also partially suppressed the [Ca2+] c rise induced by GABA in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. We conclude that TDI and TDA can act on ligand gated ion channel receptors. Our findings suggest that TDI and TDA might have some neurotoxicity that will need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Shihlin, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Kouadio K, Zheng KC, Tuekpe MKN, Todoriki H, Ariizumi M. Airway inflammatory and immunological events in a rat model exposed to toluene diisocyanate. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:1281-8. [PMID: 15950818 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the inflammatory and immunological events in the airway induced by a short period of repeated exposure to toluene diisocyanate (TDI), an animal model was established, which resembled the industrial field exposure. After whole body exposure of Wistar rats to 0.38 and 1.20 ppm TDI vapor 4h a day for five consecutive days in a glass chamber, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed. BAL fluid cellular and cytokine contents were then determined. Histopathological examinations were also carried out on the lungs. The TDI vapor exposure resulted in airway symptoms similar to those in occupational asthma. BAL fluid cellular analysis and lung histopathological examination revealed that inflammatory response was characterized by marked eosinophil infiltration of the airways. The cytokine assay revealed significant production of IL-4 in the airways of the TDI exposed rats as compared to the control rats. These findings indicated that a short period of repeated exposure to TDI vapor may cause respiratory hypersensitivity in which airway inflammatory and immunological events represented by eosinophil infiltration and Th2 cytokines may play an important role. Also, this animal model may be suitable for exploring the mechanism underlying TDI-induced occupational asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouame Kouadio
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan.
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Kearney S, Israel H, Ververeli K, Kimmel S, Silverman B, Schneider A. The Food Challenge Risk Index: Predicting Positive Open Food Challenges to Milk, Egg, and Peanuts in Children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1089/pai.2005.18.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Zheng KC, Kouadio K, Tuekpe MKN, Ariizumi M. Eosinophil Infiltration in Airways of Mice Exposed to Toluene Diisocyanate. J Occup Health 2004; 46:299-302. [PMID: 15308830 DOI: 10.1539/joh.46.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kui-Cheng Zheng
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan.
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Lee KS, Jin SM, Lee H, Lee YC. Imbalance between matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in toluene diisocyanate-induced asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:276-84. [PMID: 14987308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-induced asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by airway remodelling due, at least in part, to an excess of extracellular matrix deposition in the airway wall. The ratio of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and its inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) may be a marker of the balance between airway tissue destruction and repair. OBJECTIVE We determined whether an imbalance of the MMP-9 : TIMP-1 molar ratio is present before and/or after challenge with TDI. METHODS We used a murine model of TDI-induced asthma to evaluate the MMP-9 and TIMP-1 balance in the lung. RESULTS The expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 mRNAs and proteins in the lungs increased at 7 h after TDI inhalation and continued for up to 72 h. Immunohistochemical and immunocytological analyses in the lungs of TDI-exposed mice revealed increases of immunoreactive MMP-9 and TIMP-1. There were significant correlations between the levels of MMP-9 or TIMP-1 and the number of neutrophils, lymphocytes, or eosinophils. The molar ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 significantly decreased at 7 h after TDI inhalation and continued up to 72 h. CONCLUSION These data suggest that TDI-induced asthma may be associated with an imbalance between MMP-9 and TIMP-1, which could be useful as a marker of airway inflammation and airway remodelling in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Allergic Immune Diseases, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, South Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- X Baur
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Germany
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Fuchibe K, Nabe T, Fujii M, Mizutani N, Danno K, Koda A, Kohno S. Delayed Type Allergic Itch-Associated Response Induced by Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate in Hairless Mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2003; 93:47-54. [PMID: 14501151 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.93.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop an allergic dermatitis model showing persistent scratching in mice, toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) was repeatedly painted onto the skin of hairless HR-1 mice, and induction of itch-associated scratching behavior was observed. When HR-1 mice were epicutaneously sensitized with 1% TDI and then challenged by repeated painting the cervicodorsal skin with 0.1% TDI once every 10 days until the 10th challenge, delayed type scratching responses peaked at 1 - 2 days after challenge. TDI at 0.1% hardly induced scratching in non-sensitized HR-1 mice. The delayed scratching response was influenced by neither an H(1) nor 5-HT(1/2) receptor antagonist. On the other hand, intradermal injection of histamine and serotonin induced frequent scratching in HR-1 mice. In conclusion, repeated application of TDI can induce delayed type allergic scratching. Although HR-1 mice are high responders to both histamine and serotonin, induction of the delayed response depends on neither of these chemical mediators. This delayed response may be useful in analyzing the mechanisms of allergic pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Fuchibe
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
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Brown WE, Burkert AL. Biomarkers of toluene diisocyanate exposure. APPLIED OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2002; 17:840-5. [PMID: 12495594 DOI: 10.1080/10473220290107039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are very useful tools when the metabolic fate of the compound or the etiology of a resultant disease is completely understood. They may contribute to confusion if it is not possible to distinguish between markers of exposure and markers of disease. Such is the case for biomarkers used in the assessment of diisocyanate exposure. Biomarkers for diisocyanate exposure result from both direct and indirect effects. Molecules such as hemoglobin, albumin, tubulin, glutathione, and laminin have been implicated as having been directly modified as a result of exposure to toluene diisocyanate (TDI). In addition, indirect biomarkers have included profiles of molecules such as antibodies, cytokines, cell accumulation or proliferation, and markers of oxidative stress. While a brief presentation of each of these markers is provided here, the focus is primarily on immunological markers as an example of the difficulties with using biomarkers in assessing diisocyanate exposure in general, and TDI specifically. Compiled data will be used to demonstrate where gaps exist in our understanding of how the results of measured biomarkers are used with regard to isocyanate exposure, and whether it may be possible to develop these tools to define thresholds between exposure and disease. Issues addressed include whether the marker represents a measure of exposure or disease, whether the methods are sufficiently uniform between labs to be able to compare between studies, and whether the ambiguities are the result of the complexity of the isocyanate reactivity in the biological system, or our inability to accurately measure the end point of the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Bernstein DI, Cartier A, Côté J, Malo JL, Boulet LP, Wanner M, Milot J, L'Archevéque J, Trudeau C, Lummus Z. Diisocyanate antigen-stimulated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 synthesis has greater test efficiency than specific antibodies for identification of diisocyanate asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:445-50. [PMID: 12186818 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2109018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that diisocyanate-human serum albumin (DIISO-HSA) stimulated production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells is significantly associated with a clinical diagnosis of diisocyanate asthma (DA). Others have reported that antibodies for DIISO-HSA are specific but insensitive markers of DA. This study was performed to evaluate test characteristics of the in vitro MCP-1 assay compared with DIISO-HSA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgE in identifying workers with DA. MCP-1 was quantitated in peripheral blood mononuclear cell supernatants 48 hours after incubation with DIISO-HSA antigens. Assay results were compared with outcomes of specific inhalation challenge (SIC) testing. Nineteen of 54 (35%) workers assayed for antibodies and MCP-1 stimulation had SIC-confirmed DA. Mean MCP-1 produced by SIC-positive workers was greater than SIC-negative workers (p < or = 0.001). Diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and test efficiency for specific IgG were 47%, 74%, and 65%, respectively, and for specific IgE were 21%, 89%, and 65%, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, and test efficiency of the MCP-1 test were 79%, 91%, and 87%, respectively. This study indicates that the MCP-1 stimulation assay has greater sensitivity and specificity than the specific antibody assays in correctly identifying DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Bernstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0563, USA.
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Astroff AB, Sturdivant DW, Lake SG, Shiotsuka RN, Simon GS, Andrews LS. Developmental toxicity of 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) in the Sprague-Dawley rat. TERATOLOGY 2000; 62:205-13. [PMID: 10992262 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9926(200010)62:4<205::aid-tera6>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1,6-Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), a widely used chemical in commercial polyurethane manufacture, has been shown to affect the respiratory tract of experimental animals. However, its potential to affect neonatal development, particularly after inhalation exposure, is less well described. The present study was conducted to assess the developmental toxicity of HDI. METHODS Gravid Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to concentrations of 0, 0. 005, 0.050, or 0.300 ppm HDI via inhalation (whole-body exposure) on days 0-19 of gestation. Maternal toxicity, as demonstrated by clinical signs and changes in body weight gain during gestation, was characterized. Dams were sacrificed on gestation day 20, at which time fetuses were removed by cesarean section, the uterus was examined, and a gross maternal necropsy was performed. Maternal evaluation also included lung weight and a detailed histopathologic assessment of the nasal turbinates, larynx, trachea, and lungs. All fetuses were evaluated for external anomalies. Approximately one-half of each litter was examined for visceral effects, the other half underwent a skeletal (bone and cartilage) examination. RESULTS Maternal toxicity was demonstrated in the 0.300- and, to a lesser extent, in the 0.050-ppm exposure groups. No maternal effects were noted in the 0.005-ppm group. Test compound-related maternal effects were restricted to histopathological findings and included acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, inflammation of the nasal turbinates, and, more seriously, degeneration of the olfactory epithelium. No pathological alterations were noted in the larynx, trachea, or lungs in any dose group. No test compound-related effects were observed on any reproductive parameters, or any embryonic endpoints, including pre/postimplantation loss and resorption. There were no effects on litter size or the number of fetuses per implantation site and no effects on fetal or placental weights were observed. No test compound-related fetal external, visceral, or skeletal findings were observed. No effect on the fetal or litter incidence of total malformations or variations was observed, and there was no difference in the incidence of malformations between males and females. CONCLUSIONS Administered as described in this study, 1, 6-HDI produced maternal effects (nasal turbinate histopathology) at concentrations of 0.050 and 0.300 ppm with no developmental toxicity observed at any concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Astroff
- Bayer Corporation, Agriculture Division, Toxicology Department, Stilwell, Kansas 66085, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational Asthma (OA) is a common disorder attributable to causes and conditions found in the workplace. Occupational asthma may have an immunologic or nonimmunologic basis and may be caused by several hundred agents. A number of factors may increase the risk of developing OA including genetic, industrial, meteorologic, social, and medical factors. METHODS The diagnosis is best made by fulfilling well-defined clinical criteria by way of a meticulous and oftentimes arduous evaluation. Pre-existing asthma and allergy, along with other special variants of asthma and unrelated pulmonary disorders which can masquerade as asthma, must be ruled out. CONCLUSION Convincing physiologic evidence that demonstrates a cause-and-effect relationship must be obtained before a definitive diagnosis of work-related asthma is made.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Diisocyanates are among the most frequent causes of occupational asthma in industrialized countries. Early diagnosis of diisocyanate asthma followed by prompt termination of chemical exposure can prevent chronic morbidity due to persistent asthma. The accurate diagnosis of diisocyanate asthma requires a systematic approach that combines information obtained from the occupational history, immunologic tests and physiologic studies. METHODS The advantages, limitations and validity of various methods and diagnostic guidelines utilized in the evaluation of diisocyanate asthma are reviewed. RESULTS Recommended methods for evaluation of diisocyanates asthma are similar to approaches for other causative agents. Serologic assays of specific IgE are specific but insensitive diagnostic markers of diisocyanate asthma. If possible, workers should be evaluated, while at work, in order to demonstrate work-related changes in lung function associated with diisocyanate exposures. Specific bronchoprovocation challenge testing with diisocyanates, is reserved for situations where the diagnosis cannot be confirmed at work. Such tests can be performed safely but should be conducted exclusively at specialized centers by experienced personnel. CONCLUSIONS Published diagnostic guidelines for occupational asthma are directly applicable to the evaluation of diisocyanate asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Bernstein
- Division of Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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25
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Ucgun I, Ozdemir N, Metintaş M, Metintaş S, Erginel S, Kolsuz M. Prevalence of occupational asthma among automobile and furniture painters in the center of Eskisehir (Turkey): the effects of atopy and smoking habits on occupational asthma. Allergy 1998; 53:1096-100. [PMID: 9860245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational asthma (OA) is a respiratory disorder characterized by airway hyperreactivity caused by agents present in the workplace. For determination of the prevalence of OA among car and furniture painters exposed to isocyanate in the center of Eskisehir, Turkey, a clinical and epidemiologic prospective study in three phases was done, incorporating 312 (89.4%) of the painters. METHODS Of these subjects, 190 (61%) were furniture painters and 122 (39%) automobile painters. In the first phase of the study, a modified questionnaire and pulmonary function test (PFT) were done. During the second phase, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was monitored in 52 subjects whose complaints were confirmed and who agreed to a month of such monitoring. In the third phase, nonspecific bronchial provocation tests (NSBPT) with histamine were done on 23 of the PEFR-monitored workers. RESULTS Finally, through questionnaire, typical history, PFT, PEFR monitoring, and NSBPT, 30 workers (9.6%) were diagnosed as having OA. Smoking habits and atopy in the OA-diagnosed workers were found to be statistically significantly high in comparison to the other workers. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that OA is a common disorder among automobile and furniture painters, and smoking habits and atopy were seen to have a significant effect on OA occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ucgun
- Department of Chest Disease, Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey
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26
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Talini D, Monteverdi A, Benvenuti A, Petrozzino M, Di Pede F, Lemmi M, Carletti A, Macchioni P, Serretti N, Viegi G, Paggiaro P. Asthma-like symptoms, atopy, and bronchial responsiveness in furniture workers. Occup Environ Med 1998; 55:786-91. [PMID: 9924457 PMCID: PMC1757531 DOI: 10.1136/oem.55.11.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the role of individual and occupational risk factors for asthma in furniture workers. METHODS 296 workers were examined (258 men, 38 women) with a questionnaire of respiratory symptoms and diseases, baseline spirometry, bronchial provocative test with methacholine, and skin prick tests. Non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity was defined as when a provocative dose with a fall of 20% in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (PD20FEV1) was < 0.8 mg and atopy in the presence of at least one positive response to skin prick tests. Workers were subdivided into spray painters (exposed to low concentrations of diisocyanates and solvents), woodworkers (exposed to wood dusts), and assemblers (control group). RESULTS The prevalences of attacks of shortness of breath with wheezing and dyspnoea were higher in spray painters (13.5% and 11.5% respectively) than in woodworkers (7.7% and 6.3%) or in assemblers (1.6% and 1.6%); prevalences of chronic cough, asthma, and rhinitis were also slightly but not significantly higher in spray painters and in woodworkers than in assemblers. The difference in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms among the job titles was due to the atopic subjects, who showed a higher prevalence of chronic cough, wheeze, shortness of breath with wheeze, dyspnoea, and asthma in spray painters than in the other groups. The prevalence of non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity in subjects who performed bronchial provocative tests was 17.7%, with no significant difference among groups. Asthma symptoms were significantly associated with non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity. Asthma-like symptoms plus non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity was found in 4% of assemblers, 10% of woodworkers, and 13.3% of spray painters (chi 2 = 2.6, NS). Multiple logistic analysis taking into account individual (smoke, atopy, age) and occupational (job titles) risk factors confirmed that spray painters had higher prevalence of chronic cough than assemblers, and a trend in increasing the prevalence of shortness of breath with wheeze, dyspnoea, and asthma. CONCLUSIONS Painters in the furniture industry, particularly atopic subjects, are at higher risk of asthma-like symptoms than other job titles. In these workers asthma-like symptoms are more sensitive than non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity in detecting a negative effect of the occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Talini
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- S Quirce
- Servicio de Alergología, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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28
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Mapp CE, Lucchini RE, Miotto D, Chitano P, Jovine L, Saetta M, Maestrelli P, Springall DR, Polak J, Fabbri LM. Immunization and challenge with toluene diisocyanate decrease tachykinin and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in guinea pig central airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158:263-9. [PMID: 9655739 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9704061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is a potent sensitizer that causes occupational asthma in a significant proportion of subjects exposed. We used an animal model to investigate whether neuropeptide changes occur in the airways of immunized and TDI-challenged guinea pigs. Animals were immunized by weekly intradermal injections, challenged with TDI (5 to 20 ppb) after the third injection, and killed 6 h after exposure. Control guinea pigs received injections of saline. Lung tissue was processed immediately and analyzed for nerves using the streptavidin-biotin complex peroxidase method with antisera to the neural marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), substance P (SP), and calcitonin gene- related peptide (CGRP). We also quantified the inflammatory infiltrate in the submucosa of central airways, and we measured the serum level of specific IgG and IgG1. Specific antibodies against TDI were present only in immunized animals. Immunized as compared with nonimmunized animals had a significant increase in eosinophils in the submucosa of central airways, and a further increase was observed 6 h after TDI challenge. Immunization and TDI challenge did not modify the number of mononuclear cells in the submucosa of central airways in both nonimmunized and immunized animals. TDI exposure did not change the overall innervation in both nonimmunized and immunized animals, but the density of PGP 9.5-positive nerves was significantly different between nonimmunized and immunized TDI-challenged animals. The density of SP-, and CGRP-immunostained nerves was significantly lower in immunized TDI-challenged than in nonimmunized animals. TDI exposure significantly decreased the density of SP-positive nerves in nonimmunized animals. A negative relationship was found between the presence of airway inflammation, as indexed by eosinophil cell infiltration, and the density of PGP 9.5-, SP-, and CGRP-immunostained nerves. In conclusion, TDI produces airway inflammation and neuropeptides changes in the central airways of immunized guinea pigs 6 h after TDI challenge. These findings support an interaction between tachykinins, inflammatory (i.e., eosinophils) and possibly immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Mapp
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, University of Padova, Padova; and Institute of Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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29
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Ban M, Hettich D, Goutet M, Bonnet P. TDI inhalation in guinea-pigs involves migration of dendritic cells. Toxicol Lett 1997; 93:185-94. [PMID: 9486955 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(97)00091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) can cause occupational asthma, but the mechanism underlying sensitization to this chemical compound remains controversial. The present study aims to investigate whether tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) liberated in the lungs after TDI inhalation can contribute to the migration of dendritic cells from respiratory airways towards lung associated lymph nodes for presentation of TDI hapten. Exposure was studied in two modes: (1) acute exposure (experiment no. 1, 2 and 3) where animals were exposed to 2.962, 1.060, and 1.076 ppm TDI for 1, 4, and two periods of 4 h, respectively; (2) subacute exposure (experiment no. 4, 5 and 6) where animals were exposed to 0.066, 0.110, and 0.999 ppm TDI for 48 h for the two lower doses and 5 days for the highest dose. Depending on the modes of exposure, two to four post exposure times were selected. After acute exposure to 2.962 ppm TDI for 1 h, the increase in TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was observed immediately at the end of inhalation exposure, whereas the maximum number of dendritic cells and total cells occurred at post exposure times of 48 h and 5 days, respectively. In two other acute exposures, the peak increases in TNF-alpha, IL-6 and total cell numbers were observed at 48 h post exposure time, whereas the peak increase in dendritic cells occurred at 24 h. After subacute exposure to 48 h TDI, where TDI concentrations were relatively low (0.006 or 0.110 ppm), a parallel increase in TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels, dendritic and total cell numbers were observed at 0 h post exposure time. This phenomenon was also apparent at 24 h post exposure time when the animals had been exposed to 1.999 ppm TDI for 5 days. From these results, we can conclude that dendritic cells could play a key role as antigen presenting cells in the development of TDI-induced respiratory sensitization, and that their migration toward lung-associated lymph nodes is probably conditioned by cytokine release in their micro-environment. Future work must delineate whether TNF-alpha and IL-6 are solely responsible for the migration of dendritic cells after TDI inhalation, for example by using antibodies to neutralize these cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ban
- Institut National de Recherche et de Securite, Vandoeuvre, France
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30
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Låstbom L, Skarping G, Moldéus P, Ryrfeldt A. Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI)-induced lung impairment: studies in isolated perfused and ventilated guinea pig lungs. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1997; 81:85-9. [PMID: 9298505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1997.tb00036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Isolated, perfused and ventilated guinea pig lungs were exposed to hexamethylene diisocyanate via the air passages. Two air concentrations of hexamethylene diisocyanate were studied (3.5 and 11 mg/m3). There was a statistically significant (P < 0.05-0.001) dose-related reduction in both conductance and compliance but no effects were noted on the pulmonary circulation. With 3.5 mg/m3 hexamethylene diisocyanate the conductance capacity was reduced with 38% and compliance with 30% after 60 min. exposure. Eleven mg/m3 hexamethylene diisocyanate reduced the conductance and compliance capacity with 86 and 69%, respectively, on an average. The reduction in lung function (with 11 mg/m3) was abolished when 100 microM diclofenac, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, was added to the perfusate (P < 0.01). The thromboxane A2 antagonist L-670, 596 (20 microM) exerted a partial protective effect. The capacity of conductance and compliance decreased with 46 and 32%, respectively, on an average, after preperfusion with L-670, 596 and a following exposure of 11 mg/m3 hexamethylene diisocyanate for 60 min. Statistically significant protection (P < 0.05) was obtained on compliance and the P-value was < 0.1 for conductance. Thus, these data indicate that hexamethylene diisocyanate-induced bronchoconstriction is mediated via arachidonic acid release and thromboxane formation, in isolated, perfused and ventilated guinea pig lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Låstbom
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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31
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Scheerens H, Buckley TL, Muis T, Van Loveren H, Nijkamp FP. The involvement of sensory neuropeptides in toluene diisocyanate-induced tracheal hyperreactivity in the mouse airways. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 119:1665-71. [PMID: 8982516 PMCID: PMC1915788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb16087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Recently, we developed a murine model to investigate toluene diisocyanate (%DI)-induced occupational asthma. After skin-sensitization and intranasal challenge with TDI (1%) mice exhibited tracheal hyperreactivity 24 h after the challenge. 2. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible role for sensory neuropeptides in the development of this tracheal hyperreactivity. 3. First, we demonstrated that direct application of TDI in vitro induced the release of tachykinins from the sensory nerves in the mouse isolated trachea. Second, capsaicin pretreatment, resulting in the depletion of sensory neuropeptides, completely abolished the TDI-induced tracheal hyperreactivity 24 h after the challenge. Third, the selective neurokinin1 (NK1)-receptor antagonist RP 67580 (0.2 mumol kg-1) also inhibited tracheal hyperreactivity when it was administered before the challenge. However, administration of RP 67580 during the sensitization phase did not result in a suppression of the TDI-induced tracheal hyperreactivity 24 after the challenge. 4. When TDI-sensitized mice were topically challenged with TDI a marked ear swelling response was observed. The cutaneous response after TDI application was not affected by capsaicin pretreatment or RP 67580 administration. 5. These results clearly show that sensory neuropeptides, particularly tachykinins, are essential for the development of TDI-induced tracheal hyperreactivity during the effector phase. The differences between the airways and skin with respect to the sensory neuropeptides is intriguing and could suggest a local action for the tachykinins in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Scheerens
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrech Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrech University, The Netherlands
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32
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Kennedy AL, Lastbom L, Skarping G, Dalene M, Ryrfeldt A, Moldeus P, Brown WE. Analysis of the reactivity of [14C]toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in an isolated, perfused lung model. Chem Biol Interact 1995; 98:167-83. [PMID: 8548856 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(95)03644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An isolated, perfused, guinea pig lung model was used to investigate the molecular events which occur when a 14C-labeled TDI vapor reaches the airways. Exposure concentrations of 0.2 and 0.7 ppm were tested. Perfusate composition included: Krebs Ringer buffer only, as well as buffer containing either guinea pig serum albumin, human serum albumin, or diluted guinea pig plasma. Radioactivity was detected in the perfusate within minutes of exposure, and following a delay, increased linearly. The rate of uptake was dependent on TDI concentration and the composition of the perfusate. Biochemical characterization of the state of the 14C-labeled material in the perfusate was performed. The distribution between low and high molecular weight reaction products was determined by molecular sieve fractionation and varied as a function of perfusate composition but no variability was observed as a function of time during the 45 min of exposure. An increase in nucleophile concentration in the perfusate was associated with both a higher percentage of conjugated products (from 15% with buffer only to 45% with diluted guinea pig plasma) and an increase in the rate of TDX uptake (from 0.5 microns Eq/min with buffer alone to 0.1 micrograms Eq/min with diluted GPSA as perfusate at 0.7 ppm). GC-MS analysis of the samples for free TDA, before and after acid hydrolysis, showed that the low molecular weight product(s), which represented from 55-85% of the circulating radioactivity, was composed of hydrolyzable and non-hydrolyzable conjugates and metabolites with approximately 4% of the label associated with free TDA. Although the distribution between high and low molecular weight species varies, this result is analogous to the findings from in vivo studies and suggests that the isolated, perfused lung (IVPL) system may be a useful tool in investigating the molecular mechanisms of isocyanate-induced disease and metabolic activity of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Kennedy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Yoshida K, Suga M, Nishiura Y, Arima K, Yoneda R, Tamura M, Ando M. Occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis in Japan: data on a nationwide epidemiological study. Occup Environ Med 1995; 52:570-4. [PMID: 7550795 PMCID: PMC1128308 DOI: 10.1136/oem.52.9.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diagnostic criteria were prepared for hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) and a nationwide survey was conducted to investigate epidemiological and clinical characteristics of HP in Japan. The results are presented with special focus on occupational HP and on the key to the diagnosis of HP. METHODS A questionnaire was completed by 185 doctors from 185 hospitals (response rate 89.5%). All cases were verified according to diagnostic criteria; 835 cases were classified as HP (653 definite and 182 probable). These 835 cases (total HP) and 99 possible cases of HP diagnosed during the 1980s were analysed and presented as a case series study. RESULTS Occupational HP was noted in 115 cases (13.8%). 21 occupations, and 20 aetiological antigens were listed. Farmer's lung: 68 cases (59% of occupational HP) was the most prevalent diagnosis followed by 19 industrial workers who handled chemicals (for example, isocyanate) and 10 office workers. Unique cases of mushroom, greenhouse, and silkworm farmers, and a new type of bagassosis are also described. Adverse environmental conditions, immunological findings on examination, antigen challenge, and pathological findings were all significantly lower for possible than for total HP. This was not true for clinical findings. The differences in antibody analysis (6% positive of possible HP v 59% of total HP) and environmental challenge (3% v 74%) were notable. CONCLUSION These data suggest that a careful interview about the environment and an antigen panel matched to variations in exposure are the key to the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yoshida
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan
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Haro M, Coloma R, Izquierdo M, Pérez MI, Arévalo M, Vizcaya M. [Pneumonitis secondary to the inhalation of isocyanates. An analysis of 2 cases]. Arch Bronconeumol 1995; 31:365-7. [PMID: 8777533 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-2896(15)30903-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We present two patients with diffuse interstitial lung disease attributed to two different forms of presentation of pneumonitis due to inhalation of isocyanates. The first case was acute and accidental and the second was due to longer workplace exposure. In both cases, clinical, radiological and lung function findings as well as results of bronchoalveolar lavage were similar to those of hypersensitivity pneumonitis triggered by organic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haro
- Sección de Neumología, Hospital General de Albacete
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35
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Abstract
RAST is routinely used to assess the presence of IgE antibodies against environmental allergens in the sera of symptomatic patients. With exposure to low-mol.-mass (chemical) allergens, RAST is also done, but the interpretation of results is more difficult. A study was undertaken to assess methods which have been employed to determine the positivity of sera and to develop an objective, statistically based procedure for determination of RAST positivity to chemical allergens. Sera were obtained from 14 nonsensitized (control) subjects and examined for total IgE by radioimmunoassay, and for cyanuric chloride (CyCl)-specific IgE by RAST. Linear regression analysis revealed the correlation between the tests to be 0.94. Equations for the 95% and 99% predicted intervals were obtained. Sera from 19 cyanuric chloride workers were tested for total and specific IgE. Positivity of RAST results was determined by three methods: RAST inhibition, RAST ratio (binding to CyCl-human serum albumin (HSA) disks/HSA disks), and the regression equation where values outside the 99% predicted interval were considered to be positive and those > 95% < 99% were considered to be borderline values. Determination of CyCl RAST positivity by the regression method gave results comparable to those obtained from RAST inhibition, whereas the RAST ratio resulted in many more false positive conclusions. This statistical approach to RAST analysis was also used to assess sera from patients exposed to the unrelated chemical allergens, toluene diisocyanate and formaldehyde. Conclusions based on the regression method were in good agreement with those from RAST inhibition assay. Moreover, use of one standard curve may be sufficient for interpretation of RAST results for diverse haptenic allergens. These results indicate that the regression method provides a statistical basis from which to determine positivity of RAST analyses while eliminating the need for RAST inhibition assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Karol
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA
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Baur X, Marek W, Ammon J, Czuppon AB, Marczynski B, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Roemmelt H, Fruhmann G. Respiratory and other hazards of isocyanates. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1994; 66:141-52. [PMID: 7814092 DOI: 10.1007/bf00380772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Isocyanates are increasingly being used for manufacturing polyurethane foam, elastomers, adhesives, paints, coatings, insecticides, and many other products. At present, they are regarded as one of the main causes of occupational asthma. The large number of workers who are exposed to these chemicals have a concentration-dependent risk of developing chronic airway disorders, especially bronchial asthma. Different pathophysiologic mechanisms are involved. Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated sensitization and irritative effects have been clearly demonstrated in both exposed subjects and animals. Presumably, neural inflammation due to neuropeptide release of capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves is crucial. We collected data on 1780 isocyanate workers who had been examined by our groups. Of them 1095 (including subjects from outpatient departments) had work-related symptoms, predominantly of the respiratory tract. Specific IgE antibodies were found in 14% of the 1095 subjects. The methacholine challenge test was shown to be an inadequate predictor of the results of inhalative isocyanate provocation tests in workers and in asthmatic controls. Isocyanate (toluene diisocyanate TDI) air concentrations of 10 ppb (0.07 mg/m3) and 20 ppb (0.14 mg/m3), respectively, did not cause significant bronchial obstruction in the majority of previously unexposed asthmatics with bronchial hyperreactivity. IgG-mediated allergic alveolitis, a rare disease among isocyanate workers, was found in approximately 1% of the symptomatic subjects. Experimental studies exhibit dose-dependent toxic effects and give evidence for tachykinin-mediated bronchial hyperreactivity after exposure to isocyanates. The clinical role of genotoxic effects of isocyanates and their by-products demonstrated here in vitro and in vivo has yet to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Baur
- Research Institute for Occupational Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, Germany
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37
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Meggs WJ. RADS and RUDS--the toxic induction of asthma and rhinitis. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 1994; 32:487-501. [PMID: 7932908 DOI: 10.3109/15563659409011053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation exposures can produce asthma and rhinitis by several mechanisms. Sensitization with the production of IgE specific for a substance can lead to symptoms on reexposure via mast cell degranulation and the release of inflammatory mediators. Some substances, known as environmental adjuvants, enhance the immune response to concomitant exposures with the environmental adjuvant. Respiratory irritants can lead to asthma and rhinitis through interaction with chemical irritant receptors in the airway, leading to release of substance P from sensory nerves and neurogenic inflammation. The reactive airways dysfunction syndrome is a chronic asthma-like syndrome resulting from a single acute exposure to a respiratory irritant, while the reactive upper-airways dysfunction syndrome is chronic rhinitis stemming from an irritant exposure. The dysregulation of neurogenic inflammation by chemical exposures may be an important mechanism in the toxic induction of reactive airways dysfunction syndrome and reactive upper-airways dysfunction syndrome and may play a role in understanding the sick building syndrome and the multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Meggs
- East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina
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38
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OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(22)00659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- R Von Burg
- ICF Kaiser Engineering, Oakland, CA 14612
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40
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Vandenplas O, Cartier A, Lesage J, Cloutier Y, Perreault G, Grammer LC, Shaughnessy MA, Malo JL. Prepolymers of hexamethylene diisocyanate as a cause of occupational asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 91:850-61. [PMID: 8473673 DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90342-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational asthma (OA) caused by products that contain hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) has been ascribed to the highly volatile monomer of HDI. Most two-component paints are now made up primarily of nonvolatile prepolymers of HDI (30% to 60%) with only trace amounts (< 0.1%) of the monomer. The respective role of the two chemical forms of HDI in causing OA has never been investigated. METHODS Twenty workers who were consecutively referred for possible OA that resulted from exposure to spray paints underwent inhalation challenges on separate days with pure HDI monomer and the commercial formulation of HDI prepolymers to which they had been exposed at work. RESULTS Specific inhalation challenges elicited a positive asthmatic reaction in 10 of the 20 subjects. Among these subjects, four had positive bronchial reactions (two early, one late, and one dual) to both the monomer and the prepolymers. Four other subjects had asthmatic reactions (two early, one late, and one dual) after exposure to the prepolymers but not after exposure to the monomer. The discordance in bronchial response elicited by the monomer and the prepolymers could not be due to differences in the level of baseline nonspecific bronchial reactivity or in HDI concentrations during the tests. One subject showed an atypical progressive reaction after exposure to the monomer but not after exposure to the prepolymer. In this case, the discordant response could be explained by differences in HDI concentration. CONCLUSION These observations show that, although they are nonvolatile, the prepolymers of HDI can induce OA and that asthmatic reactions as a result of exposure to prepolymers but not the monomer is not a rare occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Vandenplas
- Department of Chest Medicine, Sacré-Coeur Hospital, Montreal, Canada
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41
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Paggiaro PL, Vagaggini B, Dente FL, Bacci E, Bancalari L, Carrara M, Di Franco A, Giannini D, Giuntini C. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness and toluene diisocyanate. Long-term change in sensitized asthmatic subjects. Chest 1993; 103:1123-8. [PMID: 8131451 DOI: 10.1378/chest.103.4.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term change in nonspecific and specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness was studied in 16 subjects with asthma induced by toluene diisocyanate (TDI). A significant positive correlation between months of follow-up and provocative dose inducing a 20 percent fall in FEV1 (PD20FEV1) methacholine was observed in 5 of 16 subjects. In 4 of these 5 subjects, a PD20FEV1 > 1 mg of methacholine was observed 30 to 48 months after the end of TDI exposure. In most subjects, nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness did not change. Nine of 16 subjects became nonresponsive to TDI at follow-up examination, but only 3 of these showed a significant increase in PD20FEV1 methacholine. Seven subjects were still responsive to TDI. Recovery from TDI-induced asthma can occur and only after long-term work cessation. Nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine can persist even in the absence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness to TDI, suggesting permanent chronic damage to mechanisms controlling airway tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Paggiaro
- Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
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42
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Zeiss CR. Isocyanate induced lung disease. AGENTS AND ACTIONS. SUPPLEMENTS 1993; 43:119-129. [PMID: 8368156 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7324-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A review of the pathogenesis of isocyanate induced lung disease is given with an emphasis on immunologic mechanisms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Zeiss
- VA Lakeside Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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43
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Takeda N, Kalubi B, Abe Y, Irifune M, Ogino S, Matsunaga T. Neurogenic inflammation in nasal allergy: histochemical and pharmacological studies in guinea pigs. A review. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1993; 501:21-4. [PMID: 7680520 DOI: 10.3109/00016489309126207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The role of neuropeptides in nasal allergy was examined in guinea pigs by histochemical and pharmacological study. Intranasal application of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) induced nasal allergy-like behaviors: sneezing and watery rhinorrhea, and decreased histamine content in the nasal mucosa in guinea pigs sensitized with TDI. The immunoreactivity of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the nerve terminals in the nasal mucosa was increased after intranasal application of TDI. We also observed a decrease in the immunoreactivity of SP and CGRP, and an increase in their mRNA expression in the trigeminal ganglion neurons. These findings indicate that exposure to TDI enhanced the biosynthesis of both SP and CGRP in the trigeminal ganglion neurons and their axonal transportation to the terminals in the nasal mucosa. In animals pretreated with capsaicin before sensitization, TDI did not induce nasal allergy-like behaviors and histamine release in the nasal mucosa. Since capsaicin depletes SP and CGRP in the sensory nerves, this finding indicates neuropeptide-mediated histamine release in the nasal mucosa. All these findings suggest that, on exposure to TDI, the antidromic release of SP and CGRP in the nasal mucosa triggers the release of histamine, resulting in the development of symptoms of nasal allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Takeda
- Department of Otolaryngology, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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44
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PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS IN OCCUPATIONAL HYPERSENSITIVITY STATES. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(22)00142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Occupational asthma is recognized as the most common form of occupational lung disease. Over 200 causative substances have been described. Major cases of occupational asthma are discussed along with valuable diagnostic approaches. Early diagnosis and removal of the patient from workplace exposure to the causative substance can prevent progression to severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Bernstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio
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46
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Butcher BT, Banks DE. IMMUNOLOGIC AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA ATTRIBUTABLE TO SMALL MOLECULAR WEIGHT AGENTS. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(22)00112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mattoli S, Colotta F, Fincato G, Mezzetti M, Mantovani A, Patalano F, Fasoli A. Time course of IL1 and IL6 synthesis and release in human bronchial epithelial cell cultures exposed to toluene diisocyanate. J Cell Physiol 1991; 149:260-8. [PMID: 1660901 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041490212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that human bronchial epithelial cells release appreciable amounts of interleukin 1 (IL1) and interleukin 6 (IL6) when exposed to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in vitro. TDI is an inflammatory and asthmogenic stimulus presumed to act at least in part through immunological mechanisms. The epithelial cell-derived IL1 and IL6 can promote T cell activation and proliferation in culture, and if this also happens in vivo they may contribute to the persistence of the inflammatory response of the bronchial mucosa observed in TDI-sensitive asthmatics. In this study, we confirmed the release of biologically active IL1 beta and IL6-like substances from bronchial epithelial cells exposed to isocyanates in vitro, and related the rate and the magnitude of the cytokine secretion with the pattern of IL1 beta and IL6 gene expression and the extent of epithelial cell injury. In the epithelial cell cultures exposed to TDI, there was a parallel, progressive increase in the expression of IL6 mRNA and in the secretion of IL6 protein between 48 hours and 6 days after exposure. By contrast, although increasing amounts of biologically active IL1 beta were detected in the supernatants of TDI-exposed epithelial cells throughout the 6-day period following exposure, augmented levels of IL1 beta mRNA were only evident 6 days after exposure, suggesting that TDI exposure might have initially affected the enzymatic cleavage of the intracellular IL1 beta precursor and the mechanisms which regulate the secretion of mature IL1 beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mattoli
- Laboratorio di Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare Polmonare, Università di Milano, Italia
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Parker DL, Waller K, Himrich B, Martinez A, Martin F. A cross-sectional study of pulmonary function in autobody repair workers. Am J Public Health 1991; 81:768-71. [PMID: 2029053 PMCID: PMC1405165 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.81.6.768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated pulmonary function in workers from 39 autobody repair shops. Based on 152 White male workers with known smoking status, the mean percent predicted FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC were 93.6, 96.8, and 96.6, respectively. Twenty-three percent of workers had a FEV1/FVC ratio less than the fifth percentile. Isocyanate levels ranged from nondetectable to 0.06 parts per million (STEL = 0.02 ppm). No shop had an adequate respiratory protection program. We concluded that there was an increase in abnormal pulmonary function in autobody workers. Three recommendations were made to shop owners: functional paint booths should be maintained, respiratory protection programs should be developed, and isocyanate-free paints should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Parker
- Chronic Disease and Environmental Epidemiology, Minnesota Department of Health, Minneapolis 55440
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Zeiss
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lakeside Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60611
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