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Adsorption and Sensing Properties of Formaldehyde on Chemically Modified Graphene Surfaces. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12040553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemically modifying graphene (such as chemical doping) is a commonly used method to improve its formaldehyde sensing properties, but the microscopic mechanisms of heteroatoms in the adsorption and sensing process are still unclear. In this paper, the adsorption and sensing properties of formaldehyde on graphene surfaces modified by X doping (X = B, N, O, P, S, Mg and Al) were systematically investigated by first-principles calculations. The adsorption geometries, adsorption energies, charge transfers, and electronic structures were obtained and analyzed. The adsorption strengths of HCHO molecule on the Mg- and Al-doped graphene surfaces were stronger than those of non-metal (B, N, O, P and S)-doped cases. These results showed that the Mg- or Al-doped graphene was better for HCHO detecting than the non-metal-doped graphene systems. The sensing properties were simulated by theNEGF method for the two-probe nano-sensors constructed from Al- and Mg-doped graphene. The maximum sensing responses of nano-sensors based on Al- and Mg-doped graphene were obtained to be 107% and 60%, respectively. The present study supplies a theoretical basis for designing superior graphene-based HCHO gas sensors.
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Zucco GM, Doty RL. Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. Brain Sci 2021; 12:46. [PMID: 35053790 PMCID: PMC8773480 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS), a condition also known as Chemical Sensitivity (CS), Chemical Intolerance (CI), Idiopathic Environmental Illness (IEI) and Toxicant Induced Loss of Tolerance (TILT), is an acquired multifactorial syndrome characterized by a recurrent set of debilitating symptoms. The symptoms of this controversial disorder are reported to be induced by environmental chemicals at doses far below those usually harmful to most persons. They involve a large spectrum of organ systems and typically disappear when the environmental chemicals are removed. However, no clear link has emerged among self-reported MCS symptoms and widely accepted objective measures of physiological dysfunction, and no clear dose-response relationship between exposure and symptom reactions has been observed. In addition, the underlying etiology and pathogenic processes of the disorder remain unknown and disputed, although biologic and psychologic hypotheses abound. It is currently debated whether MCS should be considered a clinical entity at all. Nevertheless, in the last few decades MCS has received considerable scientific and governmental attention in light of the many persons reporting this illness. In this review, we provide a general overview of the history, definition, demographics, prevalence, and etiologic challenges in defining and understanding MCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesualdo M Zucco
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Roohi H, Ardehjani NA. Adsorption performance of TM doped (TM = Fe, Ni, Cr and Zn) silicon carbide nanotubes towards formaldehyde: a DFT-M06-L study. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.2006351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Roohi
- Computational Quantum Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Nastaran Askari Ardehjani
- Computational Quantum Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Kaneti YV, Benu DP, Xu X, Yuliarto B, Yamauchi Y, Golberg D. Borophene: Two-dimensional Boron Monolayer: Synthesis, Properties, and Potential Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1000-1051. [PMID: 34730341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Borophene, a monolayer of boron, has risen as a new exciting two-dimensional (2D) material having extraordinary properties, including anisotropic metallic behavior and flexible (orientation-dependent) mechanical and optical properties. This review summarizes the current progress in the synthesis of borophene on various metal substrates, including Ag(110), Ag(100), Au(111), Ir(111), Al(111), and Cu(111), as well as heterostructuring of borophene. In addition, it discusses the mechanical, thermal, magnetic, electronic, optical, and superconducting properties of borophene and the effects of elemental doping, defects, and applied mechanical strains on these properties. Furthermore, the promising potential applications of borophene for gas sensing, energy storage and conversion, gas capture and storage applications, and possible tuning of the material performance in these applications through doping, formation of defects, and heterostructures are illustrated based on available theoretical studies. Finally, research and application challenges and the outlook of the whole borophene's field are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Valentino Kaneti
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Didi Prasetyo Benu
- Division of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia.,Department of Chemistry, Universitas Timor, Kefamenanu 85613, Indonesia
| | - Xingtao Xu
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.,International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Brian Yuliarto
- Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology (RCNN), Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB), Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.,International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
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Ou M, Wang X, Yu L, Liu C, Tao W, Ji X, Mei L. The Emergence and Evolution of Borophene. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2001801. [PMID: 34194924 PMCID: PMC8224432 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Neighboring carbon and sandwiched between non-metals and metals in the periodic table of the elements, boron is one of the most chemically and physically versatile elements, and can be manipulated to form dimensionally low planar structures (borophene) with intriguing properties. Herein, the theoretical research and experimental developments in the synthesis of borophene, as well as its excellent properties and application in many fields, are reviewed. The decade-long effort toward understanding the size-dependent structures of boron clusters and the theory-directed synthesis of borophene, including bottom-up approaches based on different foundations, as well as up-down approaches with different exfoliation modes, and the key factors influencing the synthetic effects, are comprehensively summarized. Owing to its excellent chemical, electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties, borophene has shown great promise in supercapacitor, battery, hydrogen-storage, and biomedical applications. Furthermore, borophene nanoplatforms used in various biomedical applications, such as bioimaging, drug delivery, and photonic therapy, are highlighted. Finally, research progress, challenges, and perspectives for the future development of borophene in large-scale production and other prospective applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meitong Ou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Liu Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of AnesthesiologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of AnesthesiologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational MedicineTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Lin Mei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjin300192China
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Gentry R, Thompson CM, Franzen A, Salley J, Albertini R, Lu K, Greene T. Using mechanistic information to support evidence integration and synthesis: a case study with inhaled formaldehyde and leukemia. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 50:885-918. [PMID: 33538218 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1854678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is one of the most comprehensively studied chemicals, with over 30 years of research focused on understanding the development of cancer following inhalation. The causal conclusions regarding the potential for leukemia are largely based on the epidemiological literature, with little consideration of cancer bioassays, dosimetry studies, and mechanistic research, which challenge the biological plausibility of the disease. Recent reanalyzes of the epidemiological literature have also raised significant questions related to the purported associations between formaldehyde and leukemia. Because of this, considerable scientific debate and uncertainty remain on whether there is a causal association between formaldehyde inhalation exposure and leukemia. Further complexity in evaluating this association is related to the endogenous production of formaldehyde. Multiple modes of action (MOA) have been postulated for the development of leukemia following formaldehyde inhalation that includes unsupported hypotheses of direct or indirect toxicity to the target cell population. Herein, the available evidence relevant to evaluating the postulated MOAs for leukemia following formaldehyde inhalation exposure is organized in the IPCS MOA Framework. The integration of all the available evidence clearly highlights the limited amount of data that support any of the postulated MOAs and demonstrates a significant amount of research supporting the null hypothesis that there is no causal association between formaldehyde inhalation exposure and leukemia. These analyses result in a lack of confidence in any of the postulated MOAs, increasing confidence in the conclusion that there is a lack of biological plausibility for a causal association between formaldehyde inhalation exposure and leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Richard Albertini
- Independent Consultant, Emeritus Professor, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Liu X, Chen Y, Zhang M, Zhang C. Adsorption properties of formaldehyde on β12-borophene surfaces: A first-principles study. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.137035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Respiratory Symptoms due to Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde and MDF Dust in a MDF Furniture Factory in Eastern Thailand. Adv Prev Med 2016; 2016:3705824. [PMID: 28119784 PMCID: PMC5227115 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3705824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate factors associated with respiratory symptoms in workers in a medium-density fiberboard (MDF) furniture factory in Eastern Thailand. Data were collected from 439 employees exposed to formaldehyde and MDF dust using questionnaire and personal sampler (Institute of Occupational Medicine; IOM). The average concentration of formaldehyde from MDF dust was 2.62 ppm (SD 367), whereas the average concentration of MDF dust itself was 7.67 mg/m3 (SD 3.63). Atopic allergic history was a factor associated with respiratory irritation symptoms and allergic symptoms among the workers exposed to formaldehyde and were associated with respiratory irritation symptoms and allergic symptoms among those exposed to MDF dust. Exposure to MDF dust at high level (>5 mg/m3) was associated with respiratory irritation symptoms and allergic symptoms. Excluding allergic workers from the study population produced the same kind of results in the analysis as in all workers. The symptoms were associated with the high concentrations of formaldehyde and MDF dust in this factory. If the concentration of MDF dust was >5 mg/m3, the risk of irritation and allergic symptoms in the respiratory system increased. The respiratory health of the employees with atopic allergic history exposed to formaldehyde and MDF dust should be monitored closely.
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Density functional study on the adsorption of some aliphatic aldehydes on (ZnO)12 and M-doped (ZnO)12 nanocages. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Farmanzadeh D, Tabari L. Electric field effects on the adsorption of formaldehyde molecule on the ZnO nanotube surface: A theoretical investigation. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Golden R. Identifying an indoor air exposure limit for formaldehyde considering both irritation and cancer hazards. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 41:672-721. [PMID: 21635194 PMCID: PMC3175005 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.573467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a well-studied chemical and effects from inhalation exposures have been extensively characterized in numerous controlled studies with human volunteers, including asthmatics and other sensitive individuals, which provide a rich database on exposure concentrations that can reliably produce the symptoms of sensory irritation. Although individuals can differ in their sensitivity to odor and eye irritation, the majority of authoritative reviews of the formaldehyde literature have concluded that an air concentration of 0.3 ppm will provide protection from eye irritation for virtually everyone. A weight of evidence-based formaldehyde exposure limit of 0.1 ppm (100 ppb) is recommended as an indoor air level for all individuals for odor detection and sensory irritation. It has recently been suggested by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the National Toxicology Program (NTP), and the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) that formaldehyde is causally associated with nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) and leukemia. This has led US EPA to conclude that irritation is not the most sensitive toxic endpoint and that carcinogenicity should dictate how to establish exposure limits for formaldehyde. In this review, a number of lines of reasoning and substantial scientific evidence are described and discussed, which leads to a conclusion that neither point of contact nor systemic effects of any type, including NPC or leukemia, are causally associated with exposure to formaldehyde. This conclusion supports the view that the equivocal epidemiology studies that suggest otherwise are almost certainly flawed by identified or yet to be unidentified confounding variables. Thus, this assessment concludes that a formaldehyde indoor air limit of 0.1 ppm should protect even particularly susceptible individuals from both irritation effects and any potential cancer hazard.
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Kondo F, Kobayashi S, Saito H, Oka H, Nakazawa H, Odajima Y, Miyazaki Y. Development of Competition Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Determination of Formaldehyde in Serum. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2007. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.56.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Kondo
- Department of Toxicology, Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University
| | | | - Hiroshi Saito
- Department of Toxicology, Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health
| | - Hisao Oka
- Department of Toxicology, Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health
| | | | | | - Yutaka Miyazaki
- Department of Toxicology, Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health
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Cheng YK, Tsai MH, Lin CD, Hwang GY, Hang LW, Tseng GC, Shen PS, Chang WC. Oxidative stress in nonallergic nasal polyps associated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Allergy 2006; 61:1290-8. [PMID: 17002704 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasal polyposis (NP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of upper airway with unknown etiology. NP is frequently associated with asthma; the interaction between these comorbidities remains interesting. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of NP and asthma. The aim of this study is to investigate the significance of oxidative stress in sinonasal microenvironments by evaluating its association with clinopathological parameters and its impacts on the pathogenesis of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) in NP. METHODS Polyp biopsy specimens were obtained from 20 nonallergic patients; control mucosas were obtained from 20 volunteers. The levels of free radicals in the tissues and in blood were determined by a sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method. NP patients were substratified into three subgroups, NP without BHR, NP with asymptomatic BHR, and NP with BHR and asthma by the results of provocative testing. Four histological characteristics of NP, inflammatory cells, eosinophil infiltration, edema and fibrosis were estimated and applied to correlate with the tissue-CL. RESULTS The mean CL level in polyp-tissues, but not in blood, was higher than in the control specimens. In NP patients, tissue-CL was associated with endoscopy score; high tissue-CL levels were positively correlated with the abundance of inflammatory cells and eosinophils. Tissue-CL and endoscopy score were associated with BHR/asthma phenotype. CONCLUSION These results suggest an important role for oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of NP and a causal relation between oxidative stress and inflammatory cells, especially the eosinophils. Free radical levels in polyp-tissues associated with NP severity and with BHR/asthma phenotype in nonallergic NP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-K Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Buddhist Tzu-Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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Kita T, Fujimura M, Myou S, Ishiura Y, Abo M, Katayama N, Nishitsuji M, Yoshimi Y, Nomura S, Oribe Y, Nakao S. Potentiation of allergic bronchoconstriction by repeated exposure to formaldehyde in guinea-pigs in vivo. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 33:1747-53. [PMID: 14656365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2003.01826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoor formaldehyde (FA) might worsen allergies and be an underlying factor for the increasing incidence and severity of asthma; the exact mechanism, however, remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The present study examined the effects of repeated exposure to FA on methacholine- and antigen-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea-pigs in vivo. METHODS First, non-sensitized guinea-pigs were transnasally treated with 0.1 or 1.0% FA or saline three times a week for 6 weeks, and increasing concentrations of methacholine (50, 100, and 200 microg/mL) were inhaled at 5-min intervals. Second, guinea-pigs pre-treated with transnasal administration of FA or saline using the same protocol were passively sensitized with anti-ovalbumin (OA) serum 7 days before antigen challenge. Third, guinea-pigs were actively sensitized with OA and pre-treated with transnasal administration of FA or saline using the same protocol. The lateral pressure of the tracheal tube (Pao) was measured under anesthesia and artificial ventilation. RESULTS The antigen-induced increase in Pao in actively sensitized guinea-pigs was significantly potentiated by FA exposure in a dose-dependent manner. The dose-response curve of the methacholine-induced increase in Pao in non-sensitized guinea-pigs or of the antigen-induced increase in Pao in passively sensitized guinea-pigs was not altered by FA exposure. Transnasal administration of FA significantly increased the serum anti-OA homocytotropic antibody titre (IgG) as measured by the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in actively sensitized guinea-pigs. CONCLUSION The results suggest that repeated exposure to FA worsens allergic bronchoconstriction through enhancing antigen sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kita
- Respiratory Medicine, Cellular Transplantation Biology, Kanazawa University Postgraduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
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Xu B, Aoyama K, Takeuchi M, Matsushita T, Takeuchi T. Expression of cytokine mRNAs in mice cutaneously exposed to formaldehyde. Immunol Lett 2002; 84:49-55. [PMID: 12161283 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated the expression of cytokine mRNAs in mice cutaneously exposed to formaldehyde using semiquantitative RT-PCR. We show that formaldehyde induced the long-lasting expression of IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNAs and the transient expression of IL-13 mRNA in mouse spleen and draining lymph nodes. The transient increases in IL-2, IL-15, IL-12p40, IL-15 and IL-18 mRNAs, but long-lasting IL-15 mRNA were only seen in the formaldehyde-exposed mouse spleen. Moreover, a weak contact hypersensitivity (CH) and the significant increases in IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNAs were detected in the ear skin of formaldehyde-cutaneously exposed mice when rechallenged mouse ears. Furthermore, CH as measured by mouse ear swelling response was positively correlated with IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNA levels in the challenged ears. This study thus suggests that the induction of Th1 and Th2 cytokine mRNAs, particularly IL-4 and IFN-gamma, are a common immunological feature caused by contact allergens irrespective of strong or weak contact allergens. The analysis of IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNAs may be useful markers in establishing the novel test for predicting chemical sensitizing potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohui Xu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
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Wantke F, Focke M, Hemmer W, Bracun R, Wolf-Abdolvahab S, Götz M, Jarisch R, Götz M, Tschabitscher M, Gann M, Tappler P. Exposure to formaldehyde and phenol during an anatomy dissecting course: sensitizing potency of formaldehyde in medical students. Allergy 2000; 55:84-7. [PMID: 10696862 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sensitizing potency of formaldehyde and phenol during anatomy dissecting was investigated. The objective was to determine whether exposure induces specific IgE or IgG against formaldehyde-albumin or phenol-albumin. METHODS In 27 medical students, specific IgE against formaldehyde-albumin by RAST plus ELISA and specific IgE against phenol-albumin by ELISA were assessed. In addition, specific IgG against formaldehyde-albumin was assessed in 23 students. Symptoms before and during dissecting were assessed, and indoor formaldehyde and phenol were measured. RESULTS Mean indoor formaldehyde was 0.265 +/- 0.07 mg/m3, and mean indoor phenol was 4.65 +/- 2.96 mg/m3. Specific IgE/IgG against formaldehyde-albumin was not found at the beginning. Four students developed specific IgE against formaldehyde-albumin (RAST classes of > or =2.0), and all four also had specific IgE in the ELISA, but IgG against formaldehyde-albumin was not found. Specific IgE against phenol-albumin was not seen. Itch and paresthesia of the hands (P<0.00001), dizziness (P<0.008), burning eyes (P<0.01), headache, sneezing, epistaxis, gingival bleeding, oral or pharyngeal itch, and shortness of breath were experienced. CONCLUSIONS Formaldehyde exposure during dissecting may induce specific IgE, but not IgG, against formaldehyde-albumin. Sensitization did not correlate with symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wantke
- Dermatologic and Pediatric Allergy Clinic, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Kim H, Kim YD, Cho SH. Formaldehyde exposure levels and serum antibodies to formaldehyde-human serum albumin of Korean medical students. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1999; 54:115-8. [PMID: 10094289 DOI: 10.1080/00039899909602245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In our study, we estimated formaldehyde exposure levels of Korean medical students during their cadaver dissection practice hours. In addition, we examined the prevalence rates of formaldehyde-specific immunoglobulin E or immunoglobulin G antibodies and compared the results with the symptoms the students experienced as a result of formaldehyde exposure. There were 167 Korean medical students (i.e., subjects) aged 23.8+/-2.5 y (mean+/-standard deviation) and a control group of 67 premedical students aged 20.1+/-2.8 y (mean+/-standard deviation). Concentrations of formaldehyde in the cadaver dissection practice laboratory ranged from 0.194 to 11.245 mg/m3 (3.736+/-3.478 mg/m3 [mean+/-standard deviation]). Students reported by self-administered questionnaires that eye soreness (92.8%) and lacrimation (74.9%) were the most common symptoms they experienced during the laboratory sessions. One (0.6%) of the 167 medical students had a history of wheezing during dissection. Fourteen (8.4%) had specific immunoglobulin G antibody, but none had specific immunoglobulin E antibody. These results suggest that (a) Korean medical students are exposed to formaldehyde at a relatively high levels in their dissection practice hours, (b) specific immunoglobulin G is not related to adverse eye or respiratory symptoms, and (c) specific immunoglobulin E is rarely induced as a result of exposure to formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
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19
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Dearman RJ, Basketter DA, Evans P, Kimber I. Comparison of cytokine secretion profiles provoked in mice by glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29:124-32. [PMID: 10051711 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde are commonly used sterilizing agents that are known skin sensitizers. There is some controversy, however, regarding their capacity to cause respiratory allergy. The authors have demonstrated previously that topical exposure of mice to chemical contact allergens such as 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) or respiratory allergens such as trimellitic anhydride (TMA) induces characteristic cytokine secretion profiles consistent with the selective activation of T helper1 (TH1)- and TH2-type cells, respectively. OBJECTIVE To investigate the quality of immune response provoked following topical exposure of mice to these materials. METHODS BALB/c strain mice were exposed topically to 50% formaldehyde or to various concentrations of glutaraldehyde in acetone. Control animals were treated concurrently with the reference contact allergen DNCB (1% in acetone:olive oil [AOO]) or with the reference respiratory sensitizer TMA (10% in AOO). Thirteen days after the initiation of exposure, draining lymph node cells (LNCs) were cultured for 12-120h and cytokine content of supernatants analysed by cytokine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS DNCB-alpha and formaldehyde-activated LNCs produced high levels of the TH1-type cytokine interferon gamma, but little of the TH2-type products interleukins 4 and 10. TMA- and glutaraldehyde-stimulated LNCs displayed the converse TH2-type pattern of cytokine expression. CONCLUSIONS These data are consistent with glutaraldehyde, but not formaldehyde, having significant potential to cause allergic sensitization of the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Dearman
- Zeneca Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
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Sakamoto T, Doi S, Torii S. Effects of formaldehyde, as an indoor air pollutant, on the airway. Allergol Int 1999. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1592.1999.00131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Bachert C, Wagenmann M, Rudack C, Höpken K, Hillebrandt M, Wang D, van Cauwenberge P. The role of cytokines in infectious sinusitis and nasal polyposis. Allergy 1998; 53:2-13. [PMID: 9491223 PMCID: PMC7159491 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/1997] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Bachert
- ENT Department, University of Ghent, Belgium
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Hilton J, Dearman RJ, Basketter DA, Scholes EW, Kimber I. Experimental assessment of the sensitizing properties of formaldehyde. Food Chem Toxicol 1996; 34:571-8. [PMID: 8690318 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(96)00012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde causes upper respiratory tract irritation and has been reported in some investigations to be a cause of occupational allergic asthma. The data are equivocal, however, and it has proved difficult to confirm that exposure to formaldehyde induces respiratory sensitization or provokes the production of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody. In this study the sensitizing properties of formaldehyde were examined experimentally. This chemical elicited strong positive responses in three independent methods for the prospective identification of contact sensitizing chemicals-the guinea pig maximization test, the occluded patch test of Buehler and the murine local lymph node assay. In contrast, in a novel predictive test method for assessment of respiratory sensitization potential-the mouse IgE test-formaldehyde at the same test concentrations was negative. Furthermore, formaldehyde induced in mice a pattern of cytokine secretion by draining lymph node cells inconsistent with the stimulation of IgE antibody responses or respiratory sensitization. These data indicate that, although formaldehyde is a potent contact allergen, it lacks a significant potential to cause sensitization of the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hilton
- Zeneca Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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