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Gekle M, Dubourg V, Schwerdt G, Benndorf RA, Schreier B. The role of EGFR in vascular AT1R signaling: From cellular mechanisms to systemic relevance. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 217:115837. [PMID: 37777161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) belongs to the ErbB-family of receptor tyrosine kinases that are of importance in oncology. During the last years, substantial evidence accumulated for a crucial role of EGFR concerning the action of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) in blood vessels, resulting form AT1R-induced EGFR transactivation. This transactivation occurs through the release of membrane-anchored EGFR-ligands, cytosolic tyrosine kinases, heterocomplex formation or enhanced ligand expression. AT1R-EGFR crosstalk amplifies the signaling response and enhances the biological effects of angiotensin II. Downstream signaling cascades include ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, PLCγ and STAT. AT1R-induced EGFR activation contributes to vascular remodeling and hypertrophy via e.g. smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration and extracellular matrix production. EGFR transactivation results in increased vessel wall thickness and reduced vascular compliance. AT1R and EGFR signaling pathways are also implicated the induction of vascular inflammation. Again, EGFR transactivation exacerbates the effects, leading to endothelial dysfunction that contributes to vascular inflammation, dysfunction and remodeling. Dysregulation of the AT1R-EGFR axis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases and inhibition or prevention of EGFR signaling can attenuate part of the detrimental impact of enhanced renin-angiotensin-system (RAAS) activity, highlighting the importance of EGFR for the adverse consequences of AT1R activation. In summary, EGFR plays a critical role in vascular AT1R action, enhancing signaling, promoting remodeling, contributing to inflammation, and participating in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Understanding the interplay between AT1R and EGFR will foster the development of effective therapeutic strategies of RAAS-induced disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gekle
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 6, D-06112 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Virginie Dubourg
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 6, D-06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gerald Schwerdt
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 6, D-06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ralf A Benndorf
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany
| | - Barbara Schreier
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 6, D-06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
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2
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Minagawa E, Yamauchi N, Taguchi Y, Umeda M. Photodynamic reactions using high-intensity red LED promotes gingival wound healing by ROS induction. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17081. [PMID: 37816801 PMCID: PMC10564724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43966-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a treatment that combines a light source with a photosensitizer. LEDs have attracted considerable attention in clinical dentistry because they are inexpensive and safe to use. Although the interaction between photosensitizers and LEDs in dental practice is effective for treating periodontal disease by killing periodontopathic bacteria, little is known about the effects of LEDs on human gingival fibroblasts (HGnFs), which play an important role in gingival wound healing. In this study, we investigated the effects of high-intensity red LED irradiation on HGnFs after the addition of methylene blue (MB), one of the least harmful photosensitizers, on wound healing and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by photodynamic reactions. We found that irradiation of MB with high-intensity red LED at controlled energy levels promoted cell proliferation, migration, and production of wound healing factors. Furthermore, ROS production by a photodynamic reaction enabled the translocation of phosphorylated Grb2-associated binder-1, activating Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signals. Our findings suggest that proper control of ROS production has a beneficial effect on gingival fibroblasts, which constitute periodontal tissue, from the perspective of gingival wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emika Minagawa
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yamauchi
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Taguchi
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Makoto Umeda
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
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3
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Asare O, Ayala Y, Hafeez BB, Ramirez-Correa GA, Cho YY, Kim DJ. Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and its Impacts on Cutaneous Phosphorylation Signaling in Carcinogenesis: Focusing on Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases †. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:344-355. [PMID: 36029171 DOI: 10.1111/php.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight exposure is a significant risk factor for UV-induced deteriorating transformations of epidermal homeostasis leading to skin carcinogenesis. The ability of UVB radiation to cause melanoma, as well as basal and squamous cell carcinomas, makes UVB the most harmful among the three known UV ranges. UVB-induced DNA mutations and dysregulation of signaling pathways contribute to skin cancer formation. Among various signaling pathways modulated by UVB, tyrosine phosphorylation signaling which is mediated by the action of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) on specific tyrosine residues is highly implicated in photocarcinogenesis. Following UVB irradiation, PTKs get activated and their downstream signaling pathways contribute to photocarcinogenesis by promoting the survival of damaged keratinocytes and increasing cell proliferation. While UVB activates oncogenic signaling pathways, it can also activate tumor suppressive signaling pathways as initial protective mechanisms to maintain epidermal homeostasis. Tyrosine dephosphorylation is one of the protective mechanisms and is mediated by the action of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTP can counteract UVB-mediated PTK activation and downregulate oncogenic signaling pathways. However, PTPs have not been studied extensively in photocarcinogenesis with previous studies regarding their inactivation induced by UVB. This current review will summarize the recent progress in the protective function of PTPs in epidermal photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obed Asare
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX
| | - Yasmin Ayala
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX
| | - Bilal Bin Hafeez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX.,South Texas Center for Excellence in Cancer Research, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX
| | - Genaro A Ramirez-Correa
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Korea
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX.,South Texas Center for Excellence in Cancer Research, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX.,Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX
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4
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Mushtaq U, Bashir M, Nabi S, Khanday FA. Epidermal growth factor receptor and integrins meet redox signaling through P66shc and Rac1. Cytokine 2021; 146:155625. [PMID: 34157521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the concerted role of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and integrins in regulating Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through different signaling pathways. ROS as such are not always deleterious to the cells but they also act as signaling molecules, that regulates numerous indespensible physiological fuctions of life. Many adaptor proteins, particularly Shc and Grb2, are involved in mediating the downstream signaling pathways stimulated by EGFR and integrins. Integrin-induced activation of EGFR and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of a class of acceptor sites on EGFR leads to alignment and tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc, PLCγ, the p85 subunit of PI-3 K, and Cbl, followed by activation of the downstream targets Erk and Akt/PKB. Functional interactions between these receptors result in the activation of Rac1 via these adaptor proteins, thereby leading to Reactive Oxygen Species. Both GF and integrin activation can produce oxidants independently, however synergistically there is increased ROS generation, suggesting a mutual cooperation between integrins and GFRs for redox signalling. The ROS produced further promotes feed-forward stimulation of redox signaling events such as MAPK activation and gene expression. This relationship has not been reviewed previously. The literature presented here can have multiple implications, ranging from looking at synergistic effects of integrin and EGFR mediated signaling mechanisms of different proteins to possible therapeutic interventions operated by these two receptors. Furthermore, such mutual redox regulation of crosstalk between EGFR and integrins not only add to the established models of pathological oxidative stress, but also can impart new avenues and opportunities for targeted antioxidant based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Mushtaq
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, JK 190006, India; Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, JK 191201, India
| | - Muneesa Bashir
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, JK 190006, India; Department of Higher Education, Government of Jammu & Kashmir, 190001, India
| | - Sumaiya Nabi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, JK 190006, India
| | - Firdous A Khanday
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, JK 190006, India.
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5
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Mayer F, Kemnitz I, Fitze G, Haase MG. Dynamics of caspase activation upon UV induced genotoxic injury. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:394-400. [PMID: 33320756 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1864501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Caspases are common mediators of cell death. Evasion of cell death including apoptosis are considered to be hallmarks of cancer. A deeper understanding of the apoptotic cascade may aid improving cancer therapies. Our aim was to characterize the progression of cell death following UV-induced genotoxic injury in a defined cell culture model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hela cells were UV-irradiated with doses ranging from 0.1 to 60 mJ/cm2. Cells were counted and colony forming assays were performed with caspase inhibitors. RESULTS In our model of HeLa cells, cells remain >90% viable until 6 hrs after UV radiation (UVR), but more than half of the cells are dead after 12 - 72 hrs after UVR. Within a dose range between 0.1 and 50 mJ/cm2, viability ranges roughly between 20 and 30%. The difference between the lowest dose applied (0.1 mJ/cm2) and the other doses applied is significant, with the exception of the next higher dose of 1 mJ/cm2. The activation of caspases precedes the cell death induction by several hrs. Caspase-9 starts to be activated at 1 hr after UVR followed by caspases 3, 6 and 7 which are fully active at 2 hrs after UVR while caspase-8 is fully active only 3 hrs after UVR. Most caspases are only weakly or not active at 0.1 mJ/cm2 after 3 hrs, but fully active at the same time point with increased radiation doses. PARP-1, a caspase substrate, is cleaved immediately after activation of the caspases. Colony formation activity of the tumor cells decreases exponentially after UVR dropping down to < 0.01% plating efficiency at a dose of 60 mJ/cm2. Interestingly, this drop in plating efficiency cannot be rescued by any of the two caspase inhibitors tested. CONCLUSIONS UV-induced cell death in this model involves the activation of apoptosis-related caspases, but this activation seems to be dispensable for the execution of cell death. Further experiments should clarify which mechanisms of cell death are really necessary for the execution of this type of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Mayer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ivonne Kemnitz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Guido Fitze
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael G Haase
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
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6
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Kim KM, Oh HT, Yoo GD, Hwang JH, Oh A, Hwang ES, Hong JH. Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif stimulates epidermal regeneration via induction of amphiregulin expression after ultraviolet damage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:242-248. [PMID: 31983436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation induces the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis, which increases epidermal thickness in skin regeneration. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not yet known in detail. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate that the transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) stimulates epidermal regeneration by increasing keratinocyte proliferation. During epidermal regeneration, TAZ is localized in the nucleus of keratinocytes of the basal layer and stimulates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. TAZ depletion in keratinocytes decreased EGFR signaling activation, which delays epidermal regeneration. Interestingly, TAZ stimulated the transcription of amphiregulin (AREG), a ligand of EGFR, through TEAD-mediated transcriptional activation. Together, these results show that TAZ stimulates EGFR signaling through AREG induction, suggesting that it plays an important role in epidermal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Min Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Ho Taek Oh
- Division of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Gi Don Yoo
- Division of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jun-Ha Hwang
- Division of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Areum Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Eun Sook Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea; Ewha Education & Research Center for Infection, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea.
| | - Jeong-Ho Hong
- Division of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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7
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Shipman WD, Chyou S, Ramanathan A, Izmirly PM, Sharma S, Pannellini T, Dasoveanu DC, Qing X, Magro CM, Granstein RD, Lowes MA, Pamer EG, Kaplan DH, Salmon JE, Mehrara BJ, Young JW, Clancy RM, Blobel CP, Lu TT. A protective Langerhans cell-keratinocyte axis that is dysfunctional in photosensitivity. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/454/eaap9527. [PMID: 30111646 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aap9527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitivity, or skin sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), is a feature of lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune and dermatologic conditions, but the mechanistic underpinnings are poorly understood. We identify a Langerhans cell (LC)-keratinocyte axis that limits UVR-induced keratinocyte apoptosis and skin injury via keratinocyte epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) stimulation. We show that the absence of LCs in Langerin-diphtheria toxin subunit A (DTA) mice leads to photosensitivity and that, in vitro, mouse and human LCs can directly protect keratinocytes from UVR-induced apoptosis. LCs express EGFR ligands and a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17), the metalloprotease that activates EGFR ligands. Deletion of ADAM17 from LCs leads to photosensitivity, and UVR induces LC ADAM17 activation and generation of soluble active EGFR ligands, suggesting that LCs protect by providing activated EGFR ligands to keratinocytes. Photosensitive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) models and human SLE skin show reduced epidermal EGFR phosphorylation and LC defects, and a topical EGFR ligand reduces photosensitivity. Together, our data establish a direct tissue-protective function for LCs, reveal a mechanistic basis for photosensitivity, and suggest EGFR stimulation as a treatment for photosensitivity in lupus erythematosus and potentially other autoimmune and dermatologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Shipman
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Susan Chyou
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Anusha Ramanathan
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Peter M Izmirly
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sneh Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tania Pannellini
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Dragos C Dasoveanu
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xiaoping Qing
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Cynthia M Magro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | - Eric G Pamer
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jane E Salmon
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Division of Rheumatology and Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Babak J Mehrara
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - James W Young
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Robert M Clancy
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Carl P Blobel
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Institute for Advanced Studies, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa T Lu
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA. .,Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Division of Rheumatology and Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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8
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Nie Q, Wang L, Gong X, Xiang JW, Xiao Y, Xie J, Yang L, Chen H, Gan Y, Chen Z, Li DWC. Altered Expression Patterns of the Sumoylation Enzymes E1, E2 and E3 Are Associated with Glucose Oxidase- and UVA-Induced Cataractogenesis. Curr Mol Med 2019; 18:542-549. [PMID: 30636603 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190111152324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Protein sumoylation is a well established regulatory mechanism that regulates chromatin structure and dynamics, cell proliferation and differentiation, stress response and cell apoptosis. In the vertebrate eye, we and others have shown that sumoylation plays an indispensable role in regulating eye development. During stress induction and aging process, the ocular tissues gradually loss their normality and develop major ocular diseases such as cataract and aging-related macular degeneration. We have recently demonstrated that sumoylation actively regulates differentiation of lens cells, whether this process is implicated in lens pathogenesis remains to be investigated. In this study, we have demonstrated that transparent mouse lenses treated with glucose oxidase and UVA irradiation undergo in vitro cataract formation, and associated with this process, the expression patterns of the 3 sumoylation enzymes have been found significantly altered. METHODS Four-week-old C57BL/6J mice were used in our experiment. Lenses were carefully excised from eyes and cultured in M199 medium (Sigma 3769) for at least 12 hours. Transparent lenses (without surgical damage) were selected for experimentation. The lenses were exposed to UVA for 60 min or treated with 30 mU/mL glucose oxidase (GO, MP Biomedicals, 1673) to induce cataract formation. The mRNA levels were analysed with qRT-PCR. The protein levels were determined with western blot analysis and quantitated with Image J. RESULTS we have obtained the following results: 1) Both GO treatment and UVA irradiation can induce cataract formation in the in vitro cultured mouse lenses; 2) With GO treatment, the mRNAs and proteins for the 5 sumoylation enzymes were all significantly downregulated; 3) With UVA irradiation, the changes in the expression patterns of the mRNAs and proteins for the SAE1, UBA2 , UBC9 and PIAS1 were opposite, while the mRNAs were upregulated either significantly (for SAE1, UBA2 and UBC9) or slightly (PIAS1), the proteins for all 4 sumoylation enzymes were downregulated; For RanBP2, the UVA induced changes in both mRNA and protein are consist with the GO treatment. CONCLUSION Under GO and UVA irradiation conditions, the expression levels of both mRNA and protein for the three major sumoylation enzymes were significantly changed. Our results suggest that altered expression patterns of the sumoylation enzymes are associated with oxidative stressinduced cataractogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Nie
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Ling Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Xiaodong Gong
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Jia-Wen Xiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Jie Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Lan Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Huimin Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Yuwen Gan
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - David Wan-Cheng Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
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9
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Lee H, Hong Y, Tran Q, Cho H, Kim M, Kim C, Kwon SH, Park S, Park J, Park J. A new role for the ginsenoside RG3 in antiaging via mitochondria function in ultraviolet-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:431-441. [PMID: 31308815 PMCID: PMC6606973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of ginseng, the representative product of Korea, and its chemical effects have been well investigated. The ginsenoside RG3 has been reported to exhibit apoptotic, anticancer, and antidepressant-like effects. Methods In this report, the putative effect of RG3 on several cellular function including cell survival, differentiation, development and aging process were evaluated by monitoring each specific marker. Also, mitochondrial morphology and function were investigated in ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblast cells. Results RG3 treatment increased the expression of extracellular matrix proteins, growth-associated immediate-early genes, and cell proliferation genes in UV-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblast cells. And, RG3 also resulted in enhanced expression of antioxidant proteins such as nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor-2 and heme oxygenase-1. In addition, RG3 affects the morphology of UV-induced mitochondria and plays a role in protecting mitochondrial dysfunction. Conclusioin RG3 restores mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and membrane potential via its antioxidant effects in skin cells damaged by UV irradiation, leading to an increase in proteins linked with the extracellular matrix, cell proliferation, and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunji Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngeun Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Quangdon Tran
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjeong Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeyeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Kwon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - SungJin Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jisoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
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Kim M, Baek M, Kim DJ. Protein Tyrosine Signaling and its Potential Therapeutic Implications in Carcinogenesis. Curr Pharm Des 2018. [PMID: 28625132 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170616082125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a crucial signaling mechanism that plays a role in epithelial carcinogenesis. Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) control various cellular processes including growth, differentiation, metabolism, and motility by activating major signaling pathways including STAT3, AKT, and MAPK. Genetic mutation of PTKs and/or prolonged activation of PTKs and their downstream pathways can lead to the development of epithelial cancer. Therefore, PTKs became an attractive target for cancer prevention. PTK inhibitors are continuously being developed, and they are currently used for the treatment of cancers that show a high expression of PTKs. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), the homeostatic counterpart of PTKs, negatively regulate the rate and duration of phosphotyrosine signaling. PTPs initially were considered to be only housekeeping enzymes with low specificity. However, recent studies have demonstrated that PTPs can function as either tumor suppressors or tumor promoters, depending on their target substrates. Together, both PTK and PTP signal transduction pathways are potential therapeutic targets for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihwa Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Minwoo Baek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
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11
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Reichrath J, Saternus R, Vogt T. Challenge and perspective: the relevance of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and the vitamin D endocrine system (VDES) for psoriasis and other inflammatory skin diseases. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 16:433-444. [PMID: 28054069 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00280c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
During evolution, the ability of many organisms to synthesize vitamin D photochemically represented, and still represents, a major driving factor for the development of life on earth. In humans because not more than 10-20% of the requirement of vitamin D can be satisfied by the diet (under most living conditions in the US and Europe), the remaining 80-90% need to be photochemically synthesized in the skin through the action of solar or artificial ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. The skin is a key organ of the human body's vitamin D endocrine system (VDES), representing both the site of vitamin D synthesis and a target tissue for biologically active vitamin D metabolites. Human keratinocytes contain the enzymatic machinery (CYP27B1) for the synthesis of the biologically most active natural vitamin D metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), representing an autonomous vitamin D3 pathway. Cutaneous production of 1,25(OH)2D3 may mediate intracrine, autocrine and paracrine effects on keratinocytes and on neighboring cells. Many skin cells (including keratinocytes, sebocytes, fibroblasts, melanocytes, macrophages and other skin immune cells) express the vitamin D receptor (VDR), an absolute pre-requisite for exerting genomic effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and analogs. The VDR is a member of the superfamily of trans-acting transcriptional regulatory factors, which also contains the steroid and thyroid hormone receptors as well as the retinoid-X receptors (RXR) and retinoic acid receptors (RAR). A large body of evidence, including cDNA microarray analyses of mRNAs, indicates that as many as 500-1000 genes may be controlled by VDR ligands that regulate a broad variety of cellular functions including growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Clinical and laboratory investigations, including the observation that 1,25(OH)2D3 is very effective in inducing the terminal differentiation and in inhibiting the proliferation of cultured human keratinocytes have resulted in the use of 1,25(OH)2D3 and analogs for the treatment of psoriasis. Focussing on the UV-induced cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D, this review gives an update on the relevance of the VDES and of UV radiation for the management of psoriasis and other inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Reichrath
- Center for Clinical and Experimental Photo-Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Germany and Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Roman Saternus
- Center for Clinical and Experimental Photo-Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Germany and Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Center for Clinical and Experimental Photo-Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Germany and Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
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12
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Wang H, Xu X, Chen R, Zhao J, Cui L, Sheng G, Shi Q, Wong SC, Yin J. Bioinspired Antioxidant Defense System Constructed by Antioxidants-Eluting Electrospun F127-Based Fibers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:38313-38322. [PMID: 29039918 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cells were continuously exposed to oxidative damage by overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when they contacted implanted biomaterials. The strategy to prevent cells from oxidative injures remains a challenge. Inspired by the antioxidant defense system of cells, we constructed a biocompatible and ROS-responsive architecture on the substrate of styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene elastomer (SEBS). The strategy was based on fabrication of architectures through reactive electrospinning of mixture including SEBS, acylated Pluronic F127, copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and 1,2-ethanedithiol (PEGDA-EDT), and antioxidants (AA-2G) and ROS-triggered release of AA-2G from microfibers to detoxify the excess ROS. We demonstrated that the stable and hydrophilic architecture was constructed by phase separation of SEBS/F127 components and cross-linking between polymer chains during electrospinning; the ROS-responsive fibers controlled the release of AA-2G and the interaction of AA-2G with ROS reduced the oxidative damage to cells. The bioinspired architecture not only reduced mechanical and oxidative damage to cells but also maintained normal ROS level for physiological hemostasis. This work provides basic principles to design and develop antioxidative biomaterials for implantation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Olefin Catalysis and Polymerization/Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (QUST), Ministry of Education/Shandong , Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University , Harbin 150001, China
| | - Runhai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jiruo Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Olefin Catalysis and Polymerization/Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (QUST), Ministry of Education/Shandong , Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Lele Cui
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University , Harbin 150001, China
| | - Guangkuo Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University , Harbin 150001, China
| | - Qiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Shing-Chung Wong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325-3903, United States
| | - Jinghua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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Xue P, Zeng F, Duan Q, Xiao J, Liu L, Yuan P, Fan L, Sun H, Malyarenko OS, Lu H, Xiu R, Liu S, Shao C, Zhang J, Yan W, Wang Z, Zheng J, Zhu F. BCKDK of BCAA Catabolism Cross-talking With the MAPK Pathway Promotes Tumorigenesis of Colorectal Cancer. EBioMedicine 2017; 20:50-60. [PMID: 28501528 PMCID: PMC5478211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids catabolism plays an important role in human cancers. Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in males and the second in females, and the new global incidence is over 1.2 million cases. The branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) is a rate-limiting enzyme in branched-chain amino acids catabolism, which plays an important role in many serious human diseases. Here we investigated that abnormal branched-chain amino acids catabolism in colorectal cancer is a result of the disease process, with no role in disease initiation; BCKDK is widely expressed in colorectal cancer patients, and those patients that express higher levels of BCKDK have shorter survival times than those with lower levels; BCKDK promotes cell transformation or colorectal cancer ex vivo or in vivo. Mechanistically, BCKDK promotes colorectal cancer by enhancing the MAPK signaling pathway through direct MEK phosphorylation, rather than by branched-chain amino acids catabolism. And the process above could be inhibited by a BCKDK inhibitor, phenyl butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Fanfan Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Qiuhong Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Linni Fan
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Huimin Sun
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Olesya S Malyarenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China; G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Xiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Shaoqing Liu
- Department of State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China.
| | - Jianyong Zheng
- Department of State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China.
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
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Torricelli P, Fini M, Fanti PA, Dika E, Milani M. Protective effects of Polypodium leucotomos extract against UVB-induced damage in a model of reconstructed human epidermis. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2017; 33:156-163. [PMID: 28140474 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polypodium leucotomos (PL) exerts potent antioxidant, photo-protective, and immune-modulatory activities. A reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) (Episkin) is a suitable model for the evaluation of acute UV-induced cell damage. No data regarding the photo-protective action of PL in this model are available. PURPOSE We evaluated the effects of PL on the prevention of UVB-induced cell damage assessing sunburn cells, CPD formation, p53, Ki-67, p21 expression, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) production. MATERIALS & METHODS RHE was incubated in standard conditions. PL was topically applied at the concentration of 2 mg/cm2 , immediately before UVB exposition. UVB exposition (300 mJ/cm2 ) was performed using a dedicated UVB lamp. Irradiated samples without PL and non-irradiated samples were used as positive and negative controls. Expression of p53, p21, and Ki-67 was evaluated with immune-histochemical methods. CPD were measured using a monoclonal antibody. RESULTS PL significantly reduced sunburned cells (-80%) in comparison with positive control. PL significantly prevented the increase in EGF production at tested times. PL significantly reduced the p53 (-80%), p21 (-84%), and Ki-67 (-48%) positive cells. Finally, PL prevented the formation of CPD (0% vs. 20% positive cells). CONCLUSION In this model, PL has shown to prevent UVB cell damage, the upregulation of proliferating proteins, and fully blocking the formation of CPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Torricelli
- Laboratory of Biocompatibility Innovative Technologies and Advanced Therapies (BITTA), Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- Laboratory of Biocompatibility Innovative Technologies and Advanced Therapies (BITTA), Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Emi Dika
- Dermatology Clinic of the University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Milani
- Medical Direction Difa Cooper, Caronno Pertusella, Italy
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15
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Kim JY, Kim G, Lim SC, Choi HS. LPIN1 promotes epithelial cell transformation and mammary tumourigenesis via enhancing insulin receptor substrate 1 stability. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:1199-1209. [PMID: 27729374 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
LPIN1 is a protein that exhibits dual functions as a phosphatidic acid phosphatase enzyme in regulation of triglyceride and glycerophospholipid metabolism and a transcriptional coregulator. Through unknown tumour-promoting mechanism, LPIN1 frequently observed in various human cancer cell lines controls main cellular processes involved in cancer progression. Here, we demonstrate that LPIN1 enhances the tumour-promoting function of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) by controlling IRS1 stability. LPIN1 interacts with IRS1 in an insulin growth factor-1-dependent signalling pathway and inhibits its serine phosphorylation, and thereby eliminating ubiquitin-dependent degradation of IRS1 via proteasomal and lysosomal pathways. Consequently, LPIN1 overexpression increases IRS1 abundance and enhances IRS1's ability to induce epithelial cell proliferation and mammary tumourigenesis. By contrast, depletion or inhibition of LPIN1 in breast cancer cells leads to a decreased IRS1 level, which subsequently inhibits the RAF1-mediated signalling pathway and AP-1 activity. In the syngeneic 4T1 breast cancer model, LPIN1 overexpression increased tumour development, whereas inhibition of LPIN1 and IRS1 suppressed it. Consistent with these observations, LPIN1 levels were positively correlated with IRS1 expression in human breast cancer. Thus, our results indicate a mechanism by which IRS1 expression is increased in breast cancer, and LPIN1 may be a promising drug target for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sung-Chul Lim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, 309 Philmundaero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
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Lee H, Hong Y, Kwon SH, Park J, Park J. Anti-aging effects of Piper cambodianum P. Fourn. extract on normal human dermal fibroblast cells and a wound-healing model in mice. Clin Interv Aging 2016; 11:1017-26. [PMID: 27536082 PMCID: PMC4973718 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s107734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aging of skin is associated with environmental factors such as ultraviolet rays, air pollution, gravity, and genetic factors, all of which can lead to wrinkling of skin. Previous reports suggest that the wound repair is impaired by the aging process and strategies to manipulate the age-related wound healing are necessary in order to stimulate repair. Objective Several traditional plant extracts are well-known for their properties of skin protection and care. Piper cambodianum P. Fourn. (PPF), a member of Piperacecae, is a plant found in Vietnam that might have therapeutic properties. Therefore, the effects of PPF stem and leaf extract on aging process were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Methods PPF extract dissolved in methanol was investigated using Western blotting, real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and cell wound-healing assays. We assessed the anti-aging effect of PPF in mouse using the wound-healing assay. The results were analyzed by Student’s unpaired t-test; *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 were considered to indicate significant and highly significant values, respectively, compared with corresponding controls. Results PPF treatment demonstrated in vitro and in vivo anti-aging activity. Western blot analysis of PPF-treated normal human dermal fibroblast cells showed a dose-dependent increase in the expression of extracellular matrix genes such as collagen and elastin, but decreased expression of the aging gene matrix metalloproteinase-3. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that PPF-treated cells displayed dose-dependent increase in messenger RNA expression levels of collagen, elastin, and hyaluronan synthase-2 and decreased expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1 aging gene. PPF treatment led to decreased production of reactive oxygen species in cells subjected to ultraviolet irradiation. Furthermore, PPF extract showed positive wound-healing effects in mice. Conclusion This study demonstrated the anti-aging and wound-healing effects of PPF extract. Therefore, PPF extract represents a promising new therapeutic agent for anti-aging and wound-healing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunji Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon
| | - Youngeun Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon
| | - So Hee Kwon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon
| | - Jisoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon
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The role of Prdx6 in the protection of cells of the crystalline lens from oxidative stress induced by UV exposure. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2016; 60:408-18. [PMID: 27379999 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-016-0461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The immediate aim of this study was to investigate alterations in peroxiredoxin (Prdx) 6 at posttranslational levels, and the levels of protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lens epithelial cells (LECs) after exposure to severe oxidative stress, such as ultraviolet-B (UV-B). Our ultimate aim was to provide new information on antioxidant defenses in the lens and their regulation, thereby broadening existing knowledge of the role of Prdx6 in lens physiology and pathophysiology. METHODS The expression of the hyperoxidized form of Prdx6 and oxidation of protein were analyzed by western blotting and the OxyBlot assay in human LECs (hLECs). ROS levels were quantified using DCFH-DA dye, and cell viability was quantified by the MTS and TUNEL assays. To evaluate the protective effect of Prdx6, we cultured lenses with or without the TAT transduction domain (TAT-HA-Prdx6) and observed (and photographed) the cultures at specified time-points after the exposure to UV-B for the development of opacity. RESULTS Prdx6 in hLECs was hyperoxidized after exposure to high amounts of UV-B. UV-B treatment of hLECs increased the levels of cell death, protein oxidation, and ROS. hLECs exposed to UV-B showed higher levels of ROS, which could be reduced by the application of extrinsic TAT-HA-Prdx6, attenuating UV-B-induced lens opacity and apoptotic cell death. CONCLUSION Excessive oxidative stress induces the hyperoxidation of Prdx6 and may reduce the ability of Prdx6 to protect LECs against ROS or stresses. Because extrinsic Prdx6 could attenuate UV-B-induced abuse, this molecule may have a potential in preventing cataractogenesis.
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Agrimoniin-Enriched Fractions of Potentilla erecta. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21060792. [PMID: 27322232 PMCID: PMC6273098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentilla erecta (PE) is a small herbaceous plant with four yellow petals belonging to the Rosaceae family. The rhizome of PE has traditionally been used as an antidiarrheal, hemostatic and antihemorrhoidal remedy. PE contains up to 20% tannins and 5% ellagitannins, mainly agrimoniin. Agrimoniin is a hydrolyzable tannin that is a potent radical scavenger. In this study we tested the anti-inflammatory effect of four PE fractions with increasing amounts of agrimoniin obtained by Sephadex column separation. First, we analyzed in HaCaT keratinocytes the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) induced by ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiation. As COX-2 catalyzes the metabolism of arachidonic acid to prostanoids such as PGE2, we also measured the PGE2 concentration in cell culture supernatants. PE inhibited UVB-induced COX-2 expression in HaCaT cells and dose-dependently reduced PGE2. The PE fraction with the highest agrimoniin amount (PE4) was the most effective in this experiment, whereas fraction PE1 containing mainly sugars had no effect. PE4 also dose dependently inhibited the phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which plays a crucial role in UVB-mediated COX-2 upregulation. A placebo-controlled UV-erythema study with increasing concentrations of PE4 demonstrated a dose dependent inhibition of UVB-induced inflammation in vivo. Similarly, PE4 significantly reduced UVB-induced PGE2 production in suction blister fluid in vivo. In summary, PE fractions with a high agrimoniin content display anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo in models of UVB-induced inflammation.
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Rho GTPases: Novel Players in the Regulation of the DNA Damage Response? Biomolecules 2015; 5:2417-34. [PMID: 26437439 PMCID: PMC4693241 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) belongs to the family of Ras-homologous small GTPases. It is well characterized as a membrane-bound signal transducing molecule that is involved in the regulation of cell motility and adhesion as well as cell cycle progression, mitosis, cell death and gene expression. Rac1 also adjusts cellular responses to genotoxic stress by regulating the activity of stress kinases, including c-Jun-N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) and p38 kinases as well as related transcription factors. Apart from being found on the inner side of the outer cell membrane and in the cytosol, Rac1 has also been detected inside the nucleus. Different lines of evidence indicate that genotoxin-induced DNA damage is able to activate nuclear Rac1. The exact mechanisms involved and the biological consequences, however, are unclear. The data available so far indicate that Rac1 might integrate DNA damage independent and DNA damage dependent cellular stress responses following genotoxin treatment, thereby coordinating mechanisms of the DNA damage response (DDR) that are related to DNA repair, survival and cell death.
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Klotz LO, Sánchez-Ramos C, Prieto-Arroyo I, Urbánek P, Steinbrenner H, Monsalve M. Redox regulation of FoxO transcription factors. Redox Biol 2015; 6:51-72. [PMID: 26184557 PMCID: PMC4511623 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors of the forkhead box, class O (FoxO) family are important regulators of the cellular stress response and promote the cellular antioxidant defense. On one hand, FoxOs stimulate the transcription of genes coding for antioxidant proteins located in different subcellular compartments, such as in mitochondria (i.e. superoxide dismutase-2, peroxiredoxins 3 and 5) and peroxisomes (catalase), as well as for antioxidant proteins found extracellularly in plasma (e.g., selenoprotein P and ceruloplasmin). On the other hand, reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as other stressful stimuli that elicit the formation of ROS, may modulate FoxO activity at multiple levels, including posttranslational modifications of FoxOs (such as phosphorylation and acetylation), interaction with coregulators, alterations in FoxO subcellular localization, protein synthesis and stability. Moreover, transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of the expression of genes coding for FoxOs is sensitive to ROS. Here, we review these aspects of FoxO biology focusing on redox regulation of FoxO signaling, and with emphasis on the interplay between ROS and FoxOs under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Of particular interest are the dual role played by FoxOs in cancer development and their key role in whole body nutrient homeostasis, modulating metabolic adaptations and/or disturbances in response to low vs. high nutrient intake. Examples discussed here include calorie restriction and starvation as well as adipogenesis, obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Oliver Klotz
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutrigenomics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Straße 29, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Prieto-Arroyo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pavel Urbánek
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutrigenomics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Straße 29, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Holger Steinbrenner
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutrigenomics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Straße 29, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Ismail N, Ismail M, Imam MU, Azmi NH, Fathy SF, Foo JB, Abu Bakar MF. Mechanistic basis for protection of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells by oryzanol-rich fraction against hydrogen peroxide-induced neurotoxicity. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:467. [PMID: 25475556 PMCID: PMC4528700 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis is often the end result of oxidative damage to neurons. Due to shared pathways between oxidative stress, apoptosis and antioxidant defence systems, an oxidative insult could end up causing cellular apoptosis or survival depending on the severity of the insult and cellular responses. Plant bioresources have received close attention in recent years for their potential role in regulating the pathways involved in apoptosis and oxidative stress in favour of cell survival. Rice bran is a bioactive-rich by-product of rice milling process. It possesses antioxidant properties, making it a promising source of antioxidants that could potentially prevent oxidative stress-induced neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS Thus, the present study investigated the neuroprotective properties of oryzanol-rich fraction (ORF) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced neurotoxicity in differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. ORF was extracted from rice bran using a green technology platform, supercritical fluid extraction system. Furthermore, its effects on cell viability, morphological changes, cell cycle, and apoptosis were evaluated. The underlying transcriptomic changes involved in regulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis and antioxidant defence systems were equally studied. RESULTS ORF protected differentiated SH-SY5Y cells against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity through preserving the mitochondrial metabolic enzyme activities, thus reducing apoptosis. The mechanistic basis for the neuroprotective effects of ORF included upregulation of antioxidant genes (catalase, SOD 1 and SOD 2), downregulation of pro-apoptotic genes (JNK, TNF, ING3, BAK1, BAX, p21 and caspase-9), and upregulation of anti-apoptotic genes (ERK1/2, AKT1 and NF-Kβ). CONCLUSION These findings suggest ORF may be an effective antioxidant that could prevent oxidative stress-induced neurodegenerative disorders.
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Lee H, Morales LD, Slaga TJ, Kim DJ. Activation of T-cell protein-tyrosine phosphatase suppresses keratinocyte survival and proliferation following UVB irradiation. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:13-24. [PMID: 25406309 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.611681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to UV radiation can contribute to the development of skin cancer by promoting protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK) signaling. Studies show that exposure to UV radiation increases the ligand-independent activation of PTKs and induces protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inactivation. In the present work, we report that T-cell PTP (TC-PTP) activity is stimulated during the initial response to UVB irradiation, which leads to suppression of keratinocyte cell survival and proliferation via the down-regulation of STAT3 signaling. Our results show that TC-PTP-deficient keratinocyte cell lines expressed a significantly increased level of phosphorylated STAT3 after exposure to low dose UVB. This increase corresponded with increased cell proliferation in TC-PTP-deficient keratinocytes following UVB irradiation. Loss of TC-PTP also reduced UVB-induced apoptosis. Corroborating with these results, overexpression of TC-PTP in keratinocyte cell lines yielded a decrease in phosphorylated STAT3 levels, which corresponded with a significant decrease in cell proliferation in response to low dose UVB. We demonstrate that TC-PTP activity was increased upon UVB exposure, and overexpression of TC-PTP in keratinocyte cell lines further increased its activity in the presence of UVB. Treatment of TC-PTP-deficient keratinocytes with the STAT3 inhibitor STA21 significantly reduced cell viability following UVB exposure in comparison with untreated TC-PTP-deficient keratinocytes, confirming that the effect of TC-PTP on cell viability is mediated by STAT3 dephosphorylation. Combined, our results indicate that UVB-mediated activation of TC-PTP plays an important role in the STAT3-dependent regulation of keratinocyte cell proliferation and survival. Furthermore, these results suggest that TC-PTP may be a novel potential target for the prevention of UVB-induced skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunseung Lee
- From the Edinburg Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541 and the Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Liza D Morales
- From the Edinburg Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541 and
| | - Thomas J Slaga
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- From the Edinburg Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541 and the Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase with a wide implication in tumor biology, wound healing and development. Besides acting as a growth factor receptor activated by ligands such as EGF, the EGFR can also be transactivated and thereby mediate cross-talk with different signaling pathways. The aim of this review is to illustrate the Janus-faced function of the EGFR in the vasculature with its relevance for vascular biology and disease. RECENT FINDINGS Over recent years, the number of identified signaling partners of the EGFR has steadily increased, as have the biological processes in which the EGFR is thought to be involved. Recently, new models have allowed investigation of EGFR effects in vivo, shedding some light on the overall function of the EGFR in the vasculature. At the same time, EGFR inhibitors and antibodies have become increasingly established in cancer therapy, providing potential therapeutic tools for decreasing EGFR signaling. SUMMARY The EGFR is a versatile signaling pathway integrator associated with vascular homeostasis and disease. In addition to modulating basal vascular tone and tissue homeostasis, the EGFR also seems to be involved in proinflammatory, proliferative, migratory and remodeling processes, with enhanced deposition of extracellular matrix components, thereby promoting vascular diseases such as hypertension or atherosclerosis.
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Engelberg D, Perlman R, Levitzki A. Transmembrane signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model for signaling in metazoans: state of the art after 25 years. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2865-78. [PMID: 25218923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the very first article that appeared in Cellular Signalling, published in its inaugural issue in October 1989, we reviewed signal transduction pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although this yeast was already a powerful model organism for the study of cellular processes, it was not yet a valuable instrument for the investigation of signaling cascades. In 1989, therefore, we discussed only two pathways, the Ras/cAMP and the mating (Fus3) signaling cascades. The pivotal findings concerning those pathways undoubtedly contributed to the realization that yeast is a relevant model for understanding signal transduction in higher eukaryotes. Consequently, the last 25 years have witnessed the discovery of many signal transduction pathways in S. cerevisiae, including the high osmotic glycerol (Hog1), Stl2/Mpk1 and Smk1 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways, the TOR, AMPK/Snf1, SPS, PLC1 and Pkr/Gcn2 cascades, and systems that sense and respond to various types of stress. For many cascades, orthologous pathways were identified in mammals following their discovery in yeast. Here we review advances in the understanding of signaling in S. cerevisiae over the last 25 years. When all pathways are analyzed together, some prominent themes emerge. First, wiring of signaling cascades may not be identical in all S. cerevisiae strains, but is probably specific to each genetic background. This situation complicates attempts to decipher and generalize these webs of reactions. Secondly, the Ras/cAMP and the TOR cascades are pivotal pathways that affect all processes of the life of the yeast cell, whereas the yeast MAP kinase pathways are not essential. Yeast cells deficient in all MAP kinases proliferate normally. Another theme is the existence of central molecular hubs, either as single proteins (e.g., Msn2/4, Flo11) or as multisubunit complexes (e.g., TORC1/2), which are controlled by numerous pathways and in turn determine the fate of the cell. It is also apparent that lipid signaling is less developed in yeast than in higher eukaryotes. Finally, feedback regulatory mechanisms seem to be at least as important and powerful as the pathways themselves. In the final chapter of this essay we dare to imagine the essence of our next review on signaling in yeast, to be published on the 50th anniversary of Cellular Signalling in 2039.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Engelberg
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel; CREATE-NUS-HUJ, Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation Programme, National University of Singapore, 1 CREATE Way, Innovation Wing, #03-09, Singapore 138602, Singapore.
| | - Riki Perlman
- Hematology Division, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alexander Levitzki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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Szoka L, Karna E, Palka JA. UVC inhibits collagen biosynthesis through up-regulation of NF-κB p65 signaling in cultured fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 129:143-8. [PMID: 24231379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of UVC on collagen biosynthesis, prolidase activity, expression of α₂β₁ integrin, IGF-I receptor, FAK, MAP-kinases (ERK1 and ERK2) and the transcription factor NF-κB p65 were evaluated in human dermal fibroblasts. Confluent fibroblasts were treated with UVC light at a rates of 30 and 60 J/m(2). It was found that UVC-dependent decrease in collagen biosynthesis was not accompanied by parallel decrease in prolidase activity and expression. Since insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) and α₂β₁ integrin signaling are the most potent regulators of collagen biosynthesis, the effect of UVC on IGF-IR and α₂β₁ integrin receptor expressions were evaluated. It was found that the exposure of the cells to UVC contributed to decrease in α₂β₁ integrin receptor and FAK expression and to an increase in IGF-IR and pERK1, pERK2 expressions. It was accompanied by an increase in the expression of NF-κB p65, the known inhibitor of collagen gene expression. The data suggest that UVC-dependent decrease of collagen biosynthesis in cultured human skin fibroblasts results from decrease in α₂β₁ integrin receptor signaling and activation of NF-κB p65, that is responsible for down-regulation of collagen gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Szoka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2 D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
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Zhang Y, Yang L, Lin Y, Rong Z, Liu X, Li D. SPATA12 and its possible role in DNA damage induced by ultraviolet-C. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78201. [PMID: 24205157 PMCID: PMC3799742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies indicated that SPATA12, a novel spermatogenesis-associated gene, might be an inhibitor involved in spermatogenesis and tumorigenesis. To obtain a better understanding of the functions of SPATA12, a yeast two-hybrid screening system was used to search for interacting proteins, and chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 2 (CHD2) was successfully identified. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and subcellular co-localization assays further suggested a possible interaction between SPATA12 and CHD2 in the nuclei. CHD2 is known to be involved in the later stage of the DNA damage response pathway by influencing the transcriptional activity of p53. Thus, our hypothesis is that SPATA12 might play a role in DNA damage signaling. Western blotting results showed that SPATA12 expression could be induced in ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiated cells. Through reporter gene assays and the activator protein-1 (AP-1) decoy oligodeoxynucleotide method, we demonstrated that SPATA12 promoter activity could be up-regulated in response to UV-C radiation exposure and an AP-1 binding site in the SPATA12 promoter may have a role in transcriptional regulation of SPATA12. Using colony formation and host cell reactivation assays, it was demonstrated that SPATA12 might lead to inhibition of cellular proliferation in UV-C-irradiated DNA damage. Furthermore, SPATA12 was transfected into H1299, MCF-7 and HeLa cells, and flow cytometry (FCM) results suggested that there are some biological association between SPATA12 and p53 in UV-C-irradiated DNA damage. In addition, we investigated whether SPATA12 could up-regulate the expression of p53. Taken together, these findings indicate that SPATA12 could be induced under UV-C stress. During DNA damage process, AP-1 involves in the transcriptional up-regulation of SPATA12 in response to UV-C radiation and p53 involves in growth inhibitory effects of SPATA12 on UV-C irradiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Zhang
- Department of Life Science, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Lifang Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yiting Lin
- Department of Life Science, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoxian Rong
- Department of Life Science, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Department of Life Science, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Life Science, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Gupta A, Avci P, Dai T, Huang YY, Hamblin MR. Ultraviolet Radiation in Wound Care: Sterilization and Stimulation. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2013; 2:422-437. [PMID: 24527357 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2012.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Wound care is an important area of medicine considering the increasing age of the population who may have diverse comorbidities. Light-based technology comprises a varied set of modalities of increasing relevance to wound care. While low-level laser (or light) therapy and photodynamic therapy both have wide applications in wound care, this review will concentrate on the use of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. RECENT ADVANCES UVC (200-280 nm) is highly antimicrobial and can be directly applied to acute wound infections to kill pathogens without unacceptable damage to host tissue. UVC is already widely applied for sterilization of inanimate objects. UVB (280-315 nm) has been directly applied to the wounded tissue to stimulate wound healing, and has been widely used as extracorporeal UV radiation of blood to stimulate the immune system. UVA (315-400 nm) has distinct effects on cell signaling, but has not yet been widely applied to wound care. CRITICAL ISSUES Penetration of UV light into tissue is limited and optical technology may be employed to extend this limit. UVC and UVB can damage DNA in host cells and this risk must be balanced against beneficial effects. Chronic exposure to UV can be carcinogenic and this must be considered in planning treatments. FUTURE DIRECTIONS New high-technology UV sources, such as light-emitting diodes, lasers, and microwave-generated UV plasma are becoming available for biomedical applications. Further study of cellular signaling that occurs after UV exposure of tissue will allow the benefits in wound healing to be better defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asheesh Gupta
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Defense Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Delhi, India
| | - Pinar Avci
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard–MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Houghton PE. Effects of therapeutic modalities on wound healing: a conservative approach to the management of chronic wounds. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/ptr.1999.4.3.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Xiang L, Xie G, Liu C, Zhou J, Chen J, Yu S, Li J, Pang X, Shi H, Liang H. Knock-down of glutaminase 2 expression decreases glutathione, NADH, and sensitizes cervical cancer to ionizing radiation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2996-3005. [PMID: 23954443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate-activated mitochondrial glutaminase (GLS2) is suggested to be linked with elevated glutamine metabolism. It plays an important role in catalyzing the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate. The present study was to investigate the potent effect of GLS2 on radioresistance of cervical carcinoma. GLS2 was examined in 144 cases of human cervical cancer specimens (58 radioresistant specimens, 86 radiosensitive specimens) and 15 adjacent normal cervical specimens with immunohistochemistry. HeLa cells were treated with a cumulative dose of 50Gy X-rays, over 6months, yielding the resistant sub-line HeLaR. The expressions of GLS2 were measured by Western blot. Radioresistance was tested by colony survival assay. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. The levels of glutathione (GSH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), NAD(+)/NADH ratio and NADP(+)/NADPH ratio were detected by quantization assay kit. Xenografts were used to confirm the effect of GLS2 on radioresistance in vivo. The expressions of GLS2 were significantly enhanced in tumor tissues of radioresistant patients compared with that in radiosensitive patients. In vitro, the radioresistant cell line HeLaR exhibited significantly increased GLS2 levels than its parental cell line HeLa. GLS2 silenced radioresistant cell HeLaR shows substantially enhanced radiosensitivity with lower colony survival and higher apoptosis in response to radiation. In vivo, xenografts with GLS2 silenced HeLaR were more sensitive to radiation. At the molecular level, knock-down of GLS2 increased the intracellular ROS levels of HeLaR exposed to irradiation by decreasing the productions of antioxidant GSH, NADH and NADPH. GLS2 may have an important role in radioresistance in cervical cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Xiang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China; Radiation Oncology Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Ganfeng Xie
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China; Radiation Oncology Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Chen Liu
- Radiation Oncology Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jianfang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Songtao Yu
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China; Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Xueli Pang
- Radiation Oncology Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Houjie Liang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China; Radiation Oncology Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China; Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
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Arul N, Cho YY. A Rising Cancer Prevention Target of RSK2 in Human Skin Cancer. Front Oncol 2013; 3:201. [PMID: 23936765 PMCID: PMC3733026 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RSK2 is a p90 ribosomal S6 kinase family (p90(RSK)) member regulating cell proliferation and transformation induced by tumor promoters such as epithelial growth factor (EGF) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. This family of p90(RSK) has classified as a serine/threonine kinase that respond to many growth factors, peptide hormones, neurotransmitters, and environmental stresses such as ultraviolet (UV) light. Our recent study demonstrates that RSK2 plays a key role in human skin cancer development. Activation of RSK2 by EGF and UV through extracellular-activated protein kinases signaling pathway induces cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, and anchorage-independent cell transformation. Moreover, knockdown of RSK2 by si-RNA or sh-RNA abrogates cell proliferation and cell transformation of non-malignant human skin keratinocyte, and colony growth of malignant melanoma (MM) cells in soft agar. Importantly, activated and total RSK2 protein levels are highly detected in human skin cancer tissues including squamous cell carcinoma, basal-cell carcinoma, and MM. Kaempferol and eriodictyol are natural substances to inhibit kinase activity of the RSK2 N-terminal kinase domain, which is a critical kinase domain to transduce their activation signals to the substrates by phosphorylation. In this review, we discuss the role of RSK2 in skin cancer, particularly in activation of signaling pathways and potent natural substances to target RSK2 as chemopreventive and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanasamy Arul
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Republic of Korea
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Dudek AM, Garg AD, Krysko DV, De Ruysscher D, Agostinis P. Inducers of immunogenic cancer cell death. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:319-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Egr-1 is a critical regulator of EGF-receptor-mediated expansion of subventricular zone neural stem cells and progenitors during recovery from hypoxia-hypoglycemia. ASN Neuro 2013; 5:183-93. [PMID: 23763269 PMCID: PMC3786424 DOI: 10.1042/an20120032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently established that the EGF-R (epidermal growth factor receptor) (EGF-R) is an essential regulator of the reactive expansion of SVZ (subventricular zone) NPs (neural precursors) that occurs during recovery from hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. The purpose of the current studies was to identify the conditions and the transcription factor (s) responsible for inducing the EGF-R. Here, we show that the increase in EGF-R expression and the more rapid division of the NPs can be recapitulated in in vitro by exposing SVZ NPs to hypoxia and hypoglycemia simultaneously, but not separately. The EGF-R promoter has binding sites for multiple transcription factors that includes the zinc finger transcription factor, Egr-1. We show that Egr-1 expression increases in NPs, but not astrocytes, following hypoxia and hypoglycemia where it accumulates in the nucleus. To determine whether Egr-1 is necessary for EGF-R expression, we used SiRNAs (small interfering RNA) specific for Egr-1 to decrease Egr-1 expression. Knocking-down Egr-1 decreased basal levels of EGF-R and it abolished the stress-induced increase in EGF-R expression. By contrast, HIF-1 accumulation did not contribute to EGF-R expression and FGF-2 only modestly induced EGF-R. These studies establish a new role for Egr-1 in regulating the expression of the mitogenic EGF-R. They also provide new information into mechanisms that promote NP expansion and provide insights into strategies for amplifying the numbers of stem cells for CNS (central nervous system) regeneration.
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Shah H, Rawal Mahajan S. Photoaging: New insights into its stimulators, complications, biochemical changes and therapeutic interventions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomag.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Park M, Han J, Lee CS, Heung Soo B, Lim KM, Ha H. Carnosic acid, a phenolic diterpene from rosemary, prevents UV-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases in human skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:336-41. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miyoung Park
- Medical Beauty Research Institute; Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center; Yongin Korea
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Ewha Womans University; Seoul Korea
| | - Jiwon Han
- Medical Beauty Research Institute; Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center; Yongin Korea
| | - Chang Seok Lee
- Medical Beauty Research Institute; Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center; Yongin Korea
| | - Baek Heung Soo
- Medical Beauty Research Institute; Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center; Yongin Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- Medical Beauty Research Institute; Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center; Yongin Korea
- Division of Toxicology; College of Pharmacy; Ewha Womans University; Seoul Korea
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Ewha Womans University; Seoul Korea
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Liu W, Otkur W, Li L, Wang Q, He H, Ye Y, Zhang Y, Hayashi T, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Autophagy induced by silibinin protects human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells from UVB-induced apoptosis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 123:23-31. [PMID: 23608670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) in the sun light is a major cause of skin damage, which accompanies complex alterations in irradiated skin cells, including DNA lesions, oxidative stress, inflammation and caspase activation. The protection against UVB damage requires multiple interruptions such as repair of the DNA lesions, scavenging of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), repression of the inflammation and others. Silibinin is suggested as an anti-UVB reagent, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found a role of autophagy in the anti-UVB effect of silibinin in A431 cells. Autophagy was reduced after UVB-irradiation while restored by silibinin through the suppression of the IGF-1R signalling pathway. The protective effect of silibinin in UVB-irradiated A431 cells was further enhanced by pre-treatment with an autophagy inducer, rapamycin, while it was reversed by an autophagy inhibitor, wortmannin, indicating that elevated autophagy contributed to the cell survival. Consistently, cell apoptosis was augmented by siRNAs targeting Beclin 1 and Atg5, supporting the hypothesis that autophagy induced by silibinin plays a protective role against UVB-induced epidermal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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Lee S, Kim SM, Lee RT. Thioredoxin and thioredoxin target proteins: from molecular mechanisms to functional significance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1165-207. [PMID: 22607099 PMCID: PMC3579385 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The thioredoxin (Trx) system is one of the central antioxidant systems in mammalian cells, maintaining a reducing environment by catalyzing electron flux from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate through Trx reductase to Trx, which reduces its target proteins using highly conserved thiol groups. While the importance of protecting cells from the detrimental effects of reactive oxygen species is clear, decades of research in this field revealed that there is a network of redox-sensitive proteins forming redox-dependent signaling pathways that are crucial for fundamental cellular processes, including metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. Trx participates in signaling pathways interacting with different proteins to control their dynamic regulation of structure and function. In this review, we focus on Trx target proteins that are involved in redox-dependent signaling pathways. Specifically, Trx-dependent reductive enzymes that participate in classical redox reactions and redox-sensitive signaling molecules are discussed in greater detail. The latter are extensively discussed, as ongoing research unveils more and more details about the complex signaling networks of Trx-sensitive signaling molecules such as apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, Trx interacting protein, and phosphatase and tensin homolog, thus highlighting the potential direct and indirect impact of their redox-dependent interaction with Trx. Overall, the findings that are described here illustrate the importance and complexity of Trx-dependent, redox-sensitive signaling in the cell. Our increasing understanding of the components and mechanisms of these signaling pathways could lead to the identification of new potential targets for the treatment of diseases, including cancer and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Lee
- The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Kushibiki T, Hirasawa T, Okawa S, Ishihara M. Blue Laser Irradiation Generates Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species in Various Types of Cells. Photomed Laser Surg 2013; 31:95-104. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2012.3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Kushibiki
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hirasawa
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinpei Okawa
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miya Ishihara
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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Sun Exposure: What Molecular Photodermatology Tells Us About Its Good and Bad Sides. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:976-84. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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40
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Wancket LM, Frazier WJ, Liu Y. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP)-1 in immunology, physiology, and disease. Life Sci 2012; 90:237-48. [PMID: 22197448 PMCID: PMC3465723 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are key regulators of cellular physiology and immune responses, and abnormalities in MAPKs are implicated in many diseases. MAPKs are activated by MAPK kinases through phosphorylation of the threonine and tyrosine residues in the conserved Thr-Xaa-Tyr domain, where Xaa represents amino acid residues characteristic of distinct MAPK subfamilies. Since MAPKs play a crucial role in a variety of cellular processes, a delicate regulatory network has evolved to control their activities. Over the past two decades, a group of dual specificity MAPK phosphatases (MKPs) has been identified that deactivates MAPKs. Since MAPKs can enhance MKP activities, MKPs are considered as an important feedback control mechanism that limits the MAPK cascades. This review outlines the role of MKP-1, a prototypical MKP family member, in physiology and disease. We will first discuss the basic biochemistry and regulation of MKP-1. Next, we will present the current consensus on the immunological and physiological functions of MKP-1 in infectious, inflammatory, metabolic, and nervous system diseases as revealed by studies using animal models. We will also discuss the emerging evidence implicating MKP-1 in human disorders. Finally, we will conclude with a discussion of the potential for pharmacomodulation of MKP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn M. Wancket
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43221
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - W. Joshua Frazier
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Yusen Liu
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43221
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205
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41
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Lin F, Xu W, Guan C, Zhou M, Hong W, Fu L, Liu D, Xu A. Niacin protects against UVB radiation-induced apoptosis in cultured human skin keratinocytes. Int J Mol Med 2012; 29:593-600. [PMID: 22246168 PMCID: PMC3577345 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Niacin and its related derivatives have been shown to have effects on cellular activities. However, the molecular mechanism of its reduced immunosuppressive effects and photoprotective effects remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of the photoprotective effect of niacin in ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). We found that niacin effectively suppressed the UV-induced cell death and cell apoptosis of HaCaT cells. Existing data have shown that AKT activation is involved in the cell survival process. Yet, the potential mechanism of niacin in protection against UV-induced skin damage has thus far not fully been eluvidated. We observed that niacin pretreatment enhances UV induced activation of AKT (Ser473 phosphorylation) as well as that of the downstream signal mTOR (S6 and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation). The PI3K/AKT inhibitor, LY294002, and the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, largely neutralized the protective effects of niacin, suggesting that AKT and downstream signaling mTOR/S6 activation are necessary for the niacin-induced protective effects against UV-induced cell death and cell apoptosis. Collectively, our data suggest that niacin may be utilized to prevent UV-induced skin damage and provide a novel mechanism of its photoprotective effects against the UV radiation of sunlight by modulating both AKT and downstream mTOR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuquan Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou 310009, PR China
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Tyrrell RM. Modulation of gene expression by the oxidative stress generated in human skin cells by UVA radiation and the restoration of redox homeostasis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:135-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05222e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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López-Camarillo C, Ocampo EA, Casamichana ML, Pérez-Plasencia C, Álvarez-Sánchez E, Marchat LA. Protein kinases and transcription factors activation in response to UV-radiation of skin: implications for carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 13:142-72. [PMID: 22312244 PMCID: PMC3269678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is an important environmental factor that leads to immune suppression, inflammation, photoaging, and skin carcinogenesis. Here, we reviewed the specific signal transduction pathways and transcription factors involved in the cellular response to UV-irradiation. Increasing experimental data supporting a role for p38, MAPK, JNK, ERK1/2, and ATM kinases in the response network to UV exposure is discussed. We also reviewed the participation of NF-κB, AP-1, and NRF2 transcription factors in the control of gene expression after UV-irradiation. In addition, we discussed the promising chemotherapeutic intervention of transcription factors signaling by natural compounds. Finally, we focused on the review of data emerging from the use of DNA microarray technology to determine changes in global gene expression in keratinocytes and melanocytes in response to UV treatment. Efforts to obtain a comprehensive portrait of the transcriptional events regulating photodamage of intact human epidermis after UV exposure reveals the existence of novel factors participating in UV-induced cell death. Progress in understanding the multitude of mechanisms induced by UV-irradiation could lead to the potential use of protein kinases and novel proteins as specific targets for the prevention and control of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- César López-Camarillo
- Genomics Sciences Program, Oncogenomics and Cancer Proteomics Laboratory, University Autonomous of Mexico City, Av. San Lorenzo 290, 03100, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.L.-C.); (E.Á.-S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +55-5488-6661 ext. 15307
| | - Elena Aréchaga Ocampo
- Carcinogenesis Laboratory, National Institute of Cancerology, Av. Saint Fernando 22, 14080, México; E-Mail:
| | - Mavil López Casamichana
- Genomics Sciences Program, Oncogenomics and Cancer Proteomics Laboratory, University Autonomous of Mexico City, Av. San Lorenzo 290, 03100, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.L.-C.); (E.Á.-S.)
| | - Carlos Pérez-Plasencia
- Massive Sequencing Unit, National Institute of Cancerology, Av. Saint Fernando 22, 14080, México; E-Mail:
- Genomics Laboratory, FES-I, UBIMED, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. De los Barrios 1, 54090, México
| | - Elizbeth Álvarez-Sánchez
- Genomics Sciences Program, Oncogenomics and Cancer Proteomics Laboratory, University Autonomous of Mexico City, Av. San Lorenzo 290, 03100, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.L.-C.); (E.Á.-S.)
| | - Laurence A. Marchat
- Biotechnology Program, Institutional Program of Molecular Biomedicine, National School of Medicine and Homeopathy of the National Polytechnic Institute, Guillermo Massieu Helguera 239, 07320, Mexico; E-Mail:
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Jatoi A. Sunshine and rash: testing the role of sunscreen to prevent epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor-induced rash. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 4:198-202. [PMID: 18632517 DOI: 10.3816/sct.2007.n.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Most patients who receive epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors develop a rash. To date, no effective palliative therapy has been developed for these rashes. This review describes the rationale behind N05C4, a placebo-controlled trial of sunscreen as an intervention to prevent EGFR inhibitor-related rash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminah Jatoi
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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45
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Lee ER, Kim JH, Choi HY, Jeon K, Cho SG. Cytoprotective effect of eriodictyol in UV-irradiated keratinocytes via phosphatase-dependent modulation of both the p38 MAPK and Akt signaling pathways. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 27:513-24. [PMID: 21691069 DOI: 10.1159/000329973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although flavonoids exhibit a variety of beneficial biological activities, the exact molecular mechanism of the cellular effects is still not fully explained. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of cytoprotective effect of eriodictyol in UV-irradiated keratinocytes. We found that treatment with eriodictyol effectively suppressed the UV-induced cell death of the keratinocytes, concomitant with the inhibition of pro-caspase-3 or pro-caspase-9 cleavage and the suppression of cytochrome C release. The phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was suppressed during UV-induced apoptosis of the keratinocytes and eriodictyol could reverse the down-regulation of p38 MAPK upon UV irradiation. Inhibition of p38 MAPK activity by SB202190, or over-expression of dominant-negative mutant form of p38 MAPK resulted in suppression of cytoprotective effect of the flavonoid. PP2A appeared to participate in the regulation of both p38 MAPK and Akt activities by directly associating with the kinases. UV treatment stimulated not only the phosphatase activity, but also its association with p38 MAPK or Akt. Interestingly, eriodictyol reversed the increase in PP2A activity and the association between the proteins. Taken together, these findings suggest that eriodictyol may lead to protection of keratinocytes from UV-induced cytotoxicity by modulating both the p38 MAPK and Akt signaling pathways in a phosphatase-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung-Ryoung Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology (BK21), Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, and Animal Resources Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Vicentini FTMC, He T, Shao Y, Fonseca MJV, Verri WA, Fisher GJ, Xu Y. Quercetin inhibits UV irradiation-induced inflammatory cytokine production in primary human keratinocytes by suppressing NF-κB pathway. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 61:162-8. [PMID: 21282043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical flavonoids, such as quercetin, have been shown to reduce ultraviolet (UV) irradiation-mediated skin damage. However, the mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in this protective effect are not clear. UV irradiation leads to activation of two major signaling pathways, namely nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathways. Activation of NF-κB pathway by UV irradiation stimulates inflammatory cytokine expression, whereas activation of AP-1 pathway by UV irradiation promotes matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production. Both pathways contribute to UV irradiation-induced skin damage, such as photoaging and skin tumor formation. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we examined the effect of quercetin on UV irradiation induced activation of NF-κB and AP-1 pathways. METHODS Primary human keratinocytes, the major skin cell type subjected to physiological solar UV irradiation, were used to study the effects of quercetin on UV irradiation-induced signal transduction pathways. RESULTS Quercetin decreased UV irradiation-induced NF-κB DNA-binding by 80%. Consequently, quercetin suppressed UV irradiation-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β (∼60%), IL-6 (∼80%), IL-8 (∼76%) and TNF-α (∼69%). In contrast, quercetin had no effect on UV irradiation activation of three MAP kinases, ERK, JNK, or p38. Accordingly, induction of AP-1 target genes such as MMP-1 and MMP-3 by UV irradiation was not suppressed by quercetin. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the ability of quercetin to block UV irradiation-induced skin inflammation is mediated, at least in part, by its inhibitory effect on NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana T M C Vicentini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
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47
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Saunders JA, Rogers LC, Klomsiri C, Poole LB, Daniel LW. Reactive oxygen species mediate lysophosphatidic acid induced signaling in ovarian cancer cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:2058-67. [PMID: 20934509 PMCID: PMC3005889 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.10.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is produced by tumor cells and is present in the ascites fluid of ovarian cancer patients. To determine the role of endogenous LPA in the ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3, we treated cells with the LPA receptor antagonist VPC32183 and found that it inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis. Exogenous LPA further stimulated ERK and Akt phosphorylation and NF-κB activity. To determine if reactive oxygen species (ROS), which have been implicated as second messengers in cell signaling, were also involved in LPA signaling, we treated cells with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), and antioxidants N-acetyl cysteine, EUK-134 and curcumin, and showed that all blocked LPA-dependent NF-κB activity and cell proliferation. DPI and EUK-134 also inhibited Akt and ERK phosphorylation. LPA was shown to stimulate dichlorofluorescein fluorescence, though not in the presence of DPI, apocynin (an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase), VPC32183, or PEG-catalase. Akt phosphorylation was also inhibited by PEG-catalase and apocynin. These data indicate that NADPH oxidase is a major source of ROS and H(2)O(2) is critical for LPA-mediated signaling. Thus, LPA acts as a growth factor and prevents apoptosis in SKOV3 cells by signaling through redox-dependent activation of ERK, Akt, and NF-κB-dependent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry A Saunders
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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48
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Seo JE, Kim S, Shin MH, Kim MS, Eun HC, Park CH, Chung JH. Ultraviolet irradiation induces thrombospondin-1 which attenuates type I procollagen downregulation in human dermal fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 59:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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49
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Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a complete carcinogen. The effects of UV radiation are mediated via direct damage to cellular DNA in the skin and suppression of image surveillance mechanisms. In the context of organ transplantation, addiction of drugs which suppress the immune system add greatly to the carcinogenicity of UV radiation. This review considers the mechanisms of such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, Beaumont & Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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50
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Weinberg F, Chandel NS. Reactive oxygen species-dependent signaling regulates cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3663-73. [PMID: 19629388 PMCID: PMC11115800 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Historically, it has been assumed that oxidative stress contributes to tumor initiation and progression solely by inducing genomic instability. Recent studies indicate that reactive oxygen species are upregulated in tumors and can lead to aberrant induction of signaling networks that cause tumorigenesis and metastasis. Here we review the role of redox-dependent signaling pathways and transcription factors that regulate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Weinberg
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Navdeep S. Chandel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
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