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Bak SM, Back SM, Kim DY, Jung S, Jeung NY, Kim NY, Han KH, Kim YB, Lee BS, Park JH, Cho HJ, Lee HG, Ozden O, Kim SK, Park SH. Differential genotoxicity of Polygoni Multiflori in rat and human: insights from Ames test and S9 metabolic activation system. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21433. [PMID: 39271730 PMCID: PMC11399298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The Ames test is used worldwide to initially screen the mutagenic potential of new chemicals. In the standard Ames test, S. typhimurium strains (TA100, TA98, TA1535, and TA1537) and Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA) are treated with substances with/without cytochrome P450s (CYPs)-induced rat S9 fractions for identifying mutagens and pro-mutagens. However, many substances show completely different toxicity patterns depending on whether the liver S9 fraction belongs to rats or humans. The natural product Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) can also show bacterial reverse mutation, followed by the rat or human liver S9 fraction. While PMR elicits reverse mutations in the TA1537 strain in rat liver S9 but not in human liver S9, this mechanism has not been verified yet. To explain this, the differences in metabolic enzymes compositions commonly observed between rats and humans have been implicated. This study aimed to explore the key factors that cause differences in the genotoxicity of PMR between rat and human liver S9 metabolic enzymes. The results of next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis showed that both rat and human metabolic enzymes caused similar mutations in TA1537. However, when the metabolic enzymes in each S9 fraction were analyzed using ion mobility tandem mass spectrometry (IM-MS), rat- and human-specific enzymes were identified among the cytochrome (CYP) family, especially aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-related CYPs. These findings suggest that CYP1A1 isoforms contribute to the mechanism of PMR in the Ames test. Therefore, an in vitro Ames test might be more reliable in predicting genotoxicity for both rodents and humans. This will also help overcome the limitations of laboratory animal-based toxicity evaluations, which provide unreliable results due to interspecies differences between humans and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Bak
- Genetic and Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seng-Min Back
- Genetic and Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 9 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Yeon Kim
- Genetic and Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Jung
- Genetic and Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Young Jeung
- Genetic and Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Nan-Young Kim
- Genetic and Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hyun Han
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Bum Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hong Park
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju-Si, 58245, South Korea
| | - Hee Jun Cho
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ozkan Ozden
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kafkas University, 36100, Kars, Turkey
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 9 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Hoon Park
- Genetic and Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
- Toxicology Mechanism Research Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
- Genetic Toxicology Research Group, Toxicology Mechanism Research Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
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Thomas DN, Wills JW, Tracey H, Baldwin SJ, Burman M, Williams AN, Harte DSG, Buckley RA, Lynch AM. Ames test study designs for nitrosamine mutagenicity testing: qualitative and quantitative analysis of key assay parameters. Mutagenesis 2024; 39:78-95. [PMID: 38112628 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gead033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The robust control of genotoxic N-nitrosamine (NA) impurities is an important safety consideration for the pharmaceutical industry, especially considering recent drug product withdrawals. NAs belong to the 'cohort of concern' list of genotoxic impurities (ICH M7) because of the mutagenic and carcinogenic potency of this chemical class. In addition, regulatory concerns exist regarding the capacity of the Ames test to predict the carcinogenic potential of NAs because of historically discordant results. The reasons postulated to explain these discordant data generally point to aspects of Ames test study design. These include vehicle solvent choice, liver S9 species, bacterial strain, compound concentration, and use of pre-incubation versus plate incorporation methods. Many of these concerns have their roots in historical data generated prior to the harmonization of Ames test guidelines. Therefore, we investigated various Ames test assay parameters and used qualitative analysis and quantitative benchmark dose modelling to identify which combinations provided the most sensitive conditions in terms of mutagenic potency. Two alkyl-nitrosamines, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) were studied. NDMA and NDEA mutagenicity was readily detected in the Ames test and key assay parameters were identified that contributed to assay sensitivity rankings. The pre-incubation method (30-min incubation), appropriate vehicle (water or methanol), and hamster-induced liver S9, alongside Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA1535 and Escherichia coli strain WP2uvrA(pKM101) provide the most sensitive combination of assay parameters in terms of NDMA and NDEA mutagenic potency in the Ames test. Using these parameters and further quantitative benchmark dose modelling, we show that N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA) is positive in Ames test and therefore should no longer be considered a historically discordant NA. The results presented herein define a sensitive Ames test design that can be deployed for the assessment of NAs to support robust impurity qualifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean N Thomas
- GSK Research & Development, Genetic Toxicology and Photosafety, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - John W Wills
- GSK Research & Development, Genetic Toxicology and Photosafety, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Tracey
- GSK Research & Development, Genetic Toxicology and Photosafety, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Sandy J Baldwin
- GSK Research & Development, Genetic Toxicology and Photosafety, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Burman
- GSK Research & Development, Genetic Toxicology and Photosafety, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Abbie N Williams
- GSK Research & Development, Genetic Toxicology and Photosafety, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle S G Harte
- GSK Research & Development, Genetic Toxicology and Photosafety, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Ruby A Buckley
- GSK Research & Development, Genetic Toxicology and Photosafety, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony M Lynch
- GSK Research & Development, Genetic Toxicology and Photosafety, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
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Zeiger E, Mitchell CA, Pfuhler S, Liao Y, Witt KL. Within-laboratory reproducibility of Ames test results: Are repeat tests necessary? ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2024; 65:116-120. [PMID: 38651401 PMCID: PMC11241522 DOI: 10.1002/em.22597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The Ames test is required by regulatory agencies worldwide for assessing the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of chemical compounds. This test uses several strains of bacteria to evaluate mutation induction: positive results in the assay are predictive of rodent carcinogenicity. As an initial step to understanding how well the assay may detect mutagens present as constituents of complex mixtures such as botanical extracts, a cross-sector working group examined the within-laboratory reproducibility of the Ames test using the extensive, publicly available National Toxicology Program (NTP) Ames test database comprising more than 3000 distinct test articles, most of which are individual chemicals. This study focused primarily on NTP tests conducted using the standard Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Test Guideline 471 preincubation test protocol with 10% rat liver S9 for metabolic activation, although 30% rat S9 and 10 and 30% hamster liver S9 were also evaluated. The reproducibility of initial negative responses in all strains with and without 10% S9, was quite high, ranging from 95% to 99% with few exceptions. The within-laboratory reproducibility of initial positive responses for strains TA98 and TA100 with and without 10% rat liver S9 was ≥90%. Similar results were seen with hamster S9. As expected, the reproducibility of initial equivocal responses was lower, <50%. These results will provide context for determining the optimal design of recommended test protocols for use in screening both individual chemicals and complex mixtures, including botanicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kristine L. Witt
- National Institute of Environmental Sciences/Division of Translational Toxicology
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Yusof YA, Azizul Hasan ZA, Abd Maurad Z. Mutagenicity Assessment of Homologous Series of Methyl Ester Sulphonates (MES) Using the Bacterial Reverse Mutation (Ames) Test. Int J Toxicol 2024; 43:157-164. [PMID: 38048784 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231217041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Methyl ester sulphonate (MES) is an anionic surfactant that is suitable to be used as an active ingredient in household products. Four palm-based MES compounds with various carbon chains, namely C12, C14, C16 and C16/18 MES, were assayed by the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test in the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 and the Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA, with the aim of establishing the safety data of the compounds, specifically their mutagenicity. The test was also carried out on linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) for comparison. The plate incorporation method was conducted according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Test Guideline 471. All compounds were tested at five analysable non-cytotoxic concentrations, varying from .001 mg/plate to 5 mg/plate, with and without S-9 metabolic activation. All tested concentrations showed no significant increase in the number of revertant colonies compared to revertant colonies of the negative control. The Ames test indicated that each concentration of C12, C14, C16, C16/18 MES, and LAS used in this study induced neither base-pair substitutions nor frame-shift mutations in the S. typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 and the E. coli strain WP2 uvrA. The results showed that C12, C14, C16 and C16/18 MES have no potential mutagenic properties in the presence and absence of S-9 metabolic activation, similarly to LAS. Therefore, the MES is safe to be used as an alternative to petroleum-based surfactants for household cleaning products.
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Martus HJ, Zeller A, Kirkland D. International Workshops on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT): Origins, achievements and ambitions. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2023; 792:108469. [PMID: 37777464 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2023.108469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past thirty years, the International Workshops on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT) became one of the leading groups in the field of regulatory genotoxicology, not only due to the diversity of participants with respect to geography and professional affiliation, but also due to the unique setup of recurring IWGT meetings every four years. The hallmarks of the IWGT process have been diligent initial planning approaches of the working groups, collection of data so as to stimulate data-driven discussions and debate, and striving to reach consensus recommendations. The scientific quality of the Working Groups (WGs) has been exceptional due to the selection of highly regarded experts on each topic. As a result, the IWGT working group reports have become important documents. The deliberations and publications have provided guidance on test systems and testing protocols that have influenced the development or revision of test guidelines of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), guidance by the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH), and strategic testing or data analysis approaches in general. This article summarizes the history of the IWGT, identifies some of its major achievements, and provides an outlook for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Zeller
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, pRED Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Kirkland
- Kirkland Consulting, P O Box 79, Tadcaster LS24 0AS, United Kingdom
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Li X, Le Y, Seo JE, Guo X, Li Y, Chen S, Mittelstaedt RA, Moore N, Guerrero S, Sims A, King ST, Atrakchi AH, McGovern TJ, Davis-Bruno KL, Keire DA, Elespuru RK, Heflich RH, Mei N. Revisiting the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of N-nitroso propranolol in bacterial and human in vitro assays. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 141:105410. [PMID: 37210026 PMCID: PMC11393638 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Propranolol is a widely used β-blocker that can generate a nitrosated derivative, N-nitroso propranolol (NNP). NNP has been reported to be negative in the bacterial reverse mutation test (the Ames test) but genotoxic in other in vitro assays. In the current study, we systematically examined the in vitro mutagenicity and genotoxicity of NNP using several modifications of the Ames test known to affect the mutagenicity of nitrosamines, as well as a battery of genotoxicity tests using human cells. We found that NNP induced concentration-dependent mutations in the Ames test, both in two tester strains that detect base pair substitutions, TA1535 and TA100, as well as in the TA98 frameshift-detector strain. Although positive results were seen with rat liver S9, the hamster liver S9 fraction was more effective in bio-transforming NNP into a reactive mutagen. NNP also induced micronuclei and gene mutations in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells in the presence of hamster liver S9. Using a panel of TK6 cell lines that each expresses a different human cytochrome P450 (CYP), CYP2C19 was identified as the most active enzyme in the bioactivation of NNP to a genotoxicant among those tested. NNP also induced concentration-dependent DNA strand breakage in metabolically competent 2-dimensional (2D) and 3D cultures of human HepaRG cells. This study indicates that NNP is genotoxic in a variety of bacterial and mammalian systems. Thus, NNP is a mutagenic and genotoxic nitrosamine and a potential human carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Li
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| | - Yuan Le
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Ji-Eun Seo
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Yuxi Li
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Si Chen
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Roberta A Mittelstaedt
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Nyosha Moore
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Sharon Guerrero
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Audrey Sims
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Sruthi T King
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Aisar H Atrakchi
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Timothy J McGovern
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Karen L Davis-Bruno
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - David A Keire
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | | | - Robert H Heflich
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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7
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Trejo-Martin A, Bercu JP, Thresher A, Tennant RE, Thomas RF, Cross K, Czich A, Waese K, Nicolette JJ, Murray J, Sonders P, Kondratiuk A, Cheung JR, Thomas D, Lynch A, Harvey J, Glowienke S, Custer L, Escobar PA. Use of the bacterial reverse mutation assay to predict carcinogenicity of N-nitrosamines. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 135:105247. [PMID: 35998738 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Under ICH M7, impurities are assessed using the bacterial reverse mutation assay (i.e., Ames test) when predicted positive using in silico methodologies followed by expert review. N-Nitrosamines (NAs) have been of recent concern as impurities in pharmaceuticals, mainly because of their potential to be highly potent mutagenic carcinogens in rodent bioassays. The purpose of this analysis was to determine the sensitivity of the Ames assay to predict the carcinogenic outcome with curated proprietary Vitic (n = 131) and Leadscope (n = 70) databases. NAs were selected if they had corresponding rodent carcinogenicity assays. Overall, the sensitivity/specificity of the Ames assay was 93-97% and 55-86%, respectively. The sensitivity of the Ames assay was not significantly impacted by plate incorporation (84-89%) versus preincubation (82-89%). Sensitivity was not significantly different between use of rat and hamster liver induced S9 (80-93% versus 77-96%). The sensitivity of the Ames is high when using DMSO as a solvent (87-88%). Based on the analysis of these databases, the Ames assay conducted under OECD 471 guidelines is highly sensitive for detecting the carcinogenic hazards of NAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Trejo-Martin
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Nonclinical Safety and Pathobiology (NSP), Foster City, CA, 94404, USA.
| | - Joel P Bercu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Nonclinical Safety and Pathobiology (NSP), Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Andrew Thresher
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS11 5PS, UK
| | - Rachael E Tennant
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS11 5PS, UK
| | - Robert F Thomas
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS11 5PS, UK
| | - Kevin Cross
- Leadscope, Inc., an Instem Company, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
| | - Andreas Czich
- Sanofi, R&D Preclinical Safety, D-65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kerstin Waese
- Sanofi, R&D Preclinical Safety, D-65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - John J Nicolette
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Global Toxicology, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joel Murray
- AbbVie, Inc., Pre-clinical Safety, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul Sonders
- AbbVie, Inc., Pre-clinical Safety, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Jennifer R Cheung
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Genetic Toxicology, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Dean Thomas
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Anthony Lynch
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, UK
| | - James Harvey
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Susanne Glowienke
- Novartis AG, NIBR, Pre-clinical Safety, WSJ-340, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Custer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Nonclinical Safety, 1 Squibb Dr, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
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Kapoor MP, Moriwaki M, Timm D, Satomoto K, Minegawa K. Genotoxicity and mutagenicity evaluation of isoquercitrin-γ-cyclodextrin molecular inclusion complex using Ames test and a combined micronucleus and comet assay in rats. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:221-235. [PMID: 35650139 DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids such as quercetin and its glucosides, especially isoquercitrin are well known as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-carcinogenic, etc. The safety of isoquercitrin formulations needs to be established prior to their use in functional food applications. The mutagenicity and genotoxicity of the IQC-γCD inclusion complex were assessed with three standard assays of the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) and using a combined in-vivo micronucleus and comet assay under the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. In combined rat bone marrow micronucleus and rat liver comet assay performed in male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, the various doses of IQC-γCD inclusion complex (max. 2000 mg/kg bw) and positive controls ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and mitomycin C (MMC), respectively, and negative control (vehicle) were administrated. The results of the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay (strains TA100, TA1535, WP2uvrA, TA98, and TA1537) after exposure to the IQC-γCD inclusion complex with the absence and presence of the metabolic activation system (S9 fraction from rat liver) revealed a weakly positive response but with no biologically relevant mutagenicity at the conditions examined according to recommended regulatory guidelines. The combined micronucleus and comet assay results reveal that the IQC-γCD inclusion complex did not induce in-vivo genotoxic potential or indication of any oxidative DNA damage in rat liver tissues. Altogether, considering the results of the study, it is unlikely that the consumption of IQC-γCD inclusion complex as food or supplement would present any concern for humans regarding the mutagenicity and genotoxicity.
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Blanco V, Davyt M, García-Alonso J, Piccini C, Zunino P, Rodríguez E. Teaching during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Sharing Results and Data Obtained from the Ames Test. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOLOGY EDUCATION 2021; 22:jmbe00143-21. [PMID: 34804322 PMCID: PMC8561835 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.00143-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a resource for instructors that contains results and data sets from the Ames test. Our aim is to share the results we have collected in previous semesters with other instructors, so they will be able to "conduct" the Ames test without the need to set foot in a laboratory classroom. Instructors will be able to use our online resource to perform the test remotely, as a supplement to their laboratory classroom, or even under hybrid circumstances. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic brought many changes, including the way we, as instructors, were able to carry out our educational curricula, since access to laboratory classrooms was not always possible. While COVID-19 restrictions are still in place, and thus access to laboratory classrooms is limited or null, instructors can use our online resource, without the need to set foot in a laboratory classroom. When COVID-19 restrictions are lifted and access to laboratory classrooms is permitted, instructors can follow the procedures we describe and compare their results with ours, which appear in Results and Discussion, or use our data sets as take-home assignments for their students. In addition to its use in detecting the potential mutagenicity of different samples, we have found the Ames test to be extremely useful for developing problem-solving skills by means of exercises like the ones included in this resource. Furthermore, the potential of this test as a starting point for problem-based learning is remarkable. Some suggestions for its use in active learning settings are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Blanco
- Unidad Académica de Laboratorios Prácticos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcos Davyt
- Unidad Académica de Laboratorios Prácticos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Javier García-Alonso
- Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Ambiental, Centro Universitario Regional Este - Maldonado, Universidad de la República, Maldonado, Uruguay
| | - Claudia Piccini
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Zunino
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eliana Rodríguez
- Unidad Académica de Laboratorios Prácticos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Deravi LF, Cox NC, Martin CA. Evaluation of biologically-inspired ammonium xanthommatin as a multi-functional cosmetic ingredient. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 2:100081. [PMID: 35601056 PMCID: PMC9121326 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the investigation of an organic natural product, ammonium xanthommatin (Xanthochrome), in a series of studies designed to not only assess its impact on endocrine receptor function in vitro but also interrogate its mutagenic potential using bacterial reverse mutation assays. As a multifunctional raw material, ammonium xanthommatin functions as an antioxidant with a broad absorption profile spanning the UV through the visible spectrum, making it an interesting target for cosmetic applications. In solution, ammonium xanthommatin contributes to <30% inhibition of hormonal activities, indicating that it is not an endocrine disruptor. Furthermore, the compound does not cause gene mutations in the bacterial strains used, indicating that it is nonmutagenic. Applications are also described, highlighting xanthommatin’s ability to boost the UVA and UVB absorptive properties of traditional chemical UV filters by >50% across all filters tested. In addition to these features, xanthommatin exhibited no phototoxic hazards in vitro when irradiated with UVA and visible light, demonstrating its utility as a multifunctional cosmetic ingredient. Although these findings encourage the use of xanthommatin in cosmetics, they represent only the beginning of the complete in vitro and in vivo data package needed to support safety and efficacy claims for future applications in skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila F. Deravi
- Seaspire Skincare, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Camille A. Martin
- Seaspire Skincare, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Correspondence: Camille A. Martin, Seaspire Skincare, 501 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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11
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Alkenylbenzenes in Foods: Aspects Impeding the Evaluation of Adverse Health Effects. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092139. [PMID: 34574258 PMCID: PMC8469824 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkenylbenzenes are naturally occurring secondary plant metabolites, primarily present in different herbs and spices, such as basil or fennel seeds. Thus, alkenylbenzenes, such as safrole, methyleugenol, and estragole, can be found in different foods, whenever these herbs and spices (or extracts thereof) are used for food production. In particular, essential oils or other food products derived from the aforementioned herbs and spices, such as basil-containing pesto or plant food supplements, are often characterized by a high content of alkenylbenzenes. While safrole or methyleugenol are known to be genotoxic and carcinogenic, the toxicological relevance of other alkenylbenzenes (e.g., apiol) regarding human health remains widely unclear. In this review, we will briefly summarize and discuss the current knowledge and the uncertainties impeding a conclusive evaluation of adverse effects to human health possibly resulting from consumption of foods containing alkenylbenzenes, especially focusing on the genotoxic compounds, safrole, methyleugenol, and estragole.
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12
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Gonçalves S, Gaivão I. Natural Ingredients Common in the Trás-os-Montes Region (Portugal) for Use in the Cosmetic Industry: A Review about Chemical Composition and Antigenotoxic Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:5255. [PMID: 34500687 PMCID: PMC8433906 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural cosmetics market has grown since consumers became aware of the concept of natural-based ingredients. A significant number of cosmetics have an ecological impact on the environment and carry noxious and chemically potent substances. Thus, the use of natural and organic cosmetics becomes increasingly important since it is clear that topical treatment with cosmeceuticals can help improve skin rejuvenation. A substantial investigation into the benefits that fruits and plants can bring to health is required. Studies have shown that antigenotoxic properties are linked to anti-aging properties. Several studies have shown potential antigenotoxicity in natural ingredients such as Almonds (Prunus dulcis), Elderberry (Sambucus nigra), Olives (Olea europaea), and Grapes (Vitis vinifera). This review presents an overview of research conducted on these natural ingredients, the most common in the Northeast of Portugal. This region of Portugal possesses the most organic farmers, and ingredients are easily obtained. The Northeast of Portugal also has climatic, topographic, and pedological differences that contribute to agricultural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Gaivão
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology and CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
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13
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Burton GW, Mogg TJ, Riley WW, Nickerson JG. β-Carotene oxidation products - Function and safety. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 152:112207. [PMID: 33891992 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
β-Carotene oxidation products have newly discovered bioactivity in plants and animals. Synthetic fully oxidized β-carotene (OxBC) has application in supporting livestock health, with potential human applications. The safety of synthetic OxBC has been evaluated. An Ames test showed weak-to-moderate mutagenicity in only one cell line at high concentrations. A mouse micronucleus assay established a non-toxic dose of 1800 mg/kg body weight, and no bone marrow micronuclei were induced. Plant sources of β-carotene inevitably contain varying levels of natural OxBC. Vegetable powders and dried forages can be especially rich. Intakes of natural OxBC for humans and livestock alike have been estimated. The exposure range for humans (1-22 mg/serving) is comparable to the safe intake of β-carotene (<15 mg/d). In livestock, OxBC in alfalfa can contribute ~550-850 mg/head/d for dairy cattle but in forage-deficient poultry feed much less (~1 ppm). Livestock intake of supplemental synthetic OxBC is comparable to OxBC potentially available from traditional plant sources. Human intake of synthetic OxBC in meat from livestock fed OxBC is similar to a single serving of food made with carrot powder. It is concluded that consumption of synthetic OxBC at levels comparable to natural OxBC is safe for humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham W Burton
- Avivagen Inc., 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Trevor J Mogg
- Avivagen Inc., 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
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14
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Kumagai S, Sawamoto H, Takegawa-Araki T, Arai Y, Yamakoshi S, Yamada K, Ohta T, Kawanishi E, Horie N, Yamaguchi T, Obika S. Synthesis and properties of GuNA purine/pyrimidine nucleosides and oligonucleotides. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:9461-9472. [PMID: 33179694 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01970d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We recently designed guanidine-bridged nucleic acids (GuNA), and GuNA bearing a thymine (T) nucleobase was synthesized and successfully incorporated into oligonucleotides. The GuNA-T-modified oligonucleotides possessed high duplex-forming ability towards their complementary single-stranded RNAs and were highly stable against 3'-exonuclease. Therefore, GuNA is a promissing artificial nucleic acid for therapeutic antisense oligonucleotides. We herein report the facile synthesis of GuNA phosphoramidites bearing adenine (A), guanine (G), and 5-methylcytosine (mC) nucleobases and a robust method for the preparation of GuNA-modified oligonucleotides, even with sequences having acid-sensitive purine nucleobases. Oligonucleotides modified with GuNA-A, -G, or -mC possessed high duplex-forming ability, similar to those modified with GuNA-T. Moreover, some of the GuNA-modified oligonucleotides were revealed to have high base discriminating ability compared with that of their natural counterparts. GuNA nucleosides exhibited no genotoxicity in bacterial reverse mutation assays. Thus, all GuNAs (GuNA-T, -A, -G, and -mC) are now available to be examined in therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kumagai
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Shonan Health Innovation Park, 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan; 1000 Kamoshida, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sawamoto
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Shonan Health Innovation Park, 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan; 1000 Kamoshida, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Tomo Takegawa-Araki
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Shonan Health Innovation Park, 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan; 1000 Kamoshida, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Yuuki Arai
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Shonan Health Innovation Park, 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan; 1000 Kamoshida, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamakoshi
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Shonan Health Innovation Park, 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan; 1000 Kamoshida, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Katsuya Yamada
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Shonan Health Innovation Park, 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan; 1000 Kamoshida, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ohta
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Shonan Health Innovation Park, 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan; 1000 Kamoshida, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Eiji Kawanishi
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Shonan Health Innovation Park, 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan; 1000 Kamoshida, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Naohiro Horie
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takao Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Obika
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. and National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Recent developments in biomarkers relating to the interrelationship of diet, disease and health were surveyed. Most emphasis was placed on biomarkers of deleterious effects, since these are of greatest relevance to the subject of this review. The area of greatest activity was found to be that relating to biomarkers of mutagenic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. This is also one of the major areas of concern in considerations of the beneficial and deleterious effects of dietary components, and also the area in which regulatory testing requires studies of the longest duration. A degree of progress has also been made in the identification and development of biomarkers relating to certain classes of target organ toxicity. Biomarkers for other types of toxicity, such as immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity, are less developed, and further investigation in these areas is required before a comprehensive biomarker strategy can be established. A criticism that recurs constantly in the biomarker literature is the lack of standardisation in the methods used, and the lack of reference standards for the purposes of validation and quality control. It is encouraging to note the growing acknowledgement of the need for validation of biomarkers and biomarker assays. Some validation studies have already been initiated. This review puts forward proposals for criteria to be used in biomarker validation. More discussion on this subject is required. It is concluded that the use of biomarkers can, in some cases, facilitate the implementation of the Three Rs with respect to the testing of food chemicals and studies on the effects of diet on health. The greatest potential is seen to be in the refinement of animal testing, in which biomarkers could serve as early and sensitive endpoints, in order to reduce the duration of the studies and also reduce the number of animals required. Biomarkers could also contribute to establishing a mechanistic basis for in vitro test systems and to facilitating their validation and acceptance. Finally, the increased information that could result from the incorporation of biomarker determinations into population studies could reduce the need for supplementary animal studies. This review makes a number of recommendations concerning the prioritisation of future activities on dietary biomarkers in relation to the Three Rs. It is emphasised, however, that further discussions will be required among toxicologists, epidemiologists and others researching the relationship between diet and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krys Bottrill
- FRAME, Russell & Burch House, 96–98 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham NG1 4EE, UK
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16
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Schoeny R, Cross KP, DeMarini DM, Elespuru R, Hakura A, Levy DD, Williams RV, Zeiger E, Escobar PA, Howe JR, Kato M, Lott J, Moore MM, Simon S, Stankowski LF, Sugiyama KI, van der Leede BJM. Revisiting the bacterial mutagenicity assays: Report by a workgroup of the International Workshops on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 849:503137. [PMID: 32087853 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT) meets every four years to obtain consensus on unresolved issues associated with genotoxicity testing. At the 2017 IWGT meeting in Tokyo, four sub-groups addressed issues associated with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Test Guideline TG471, which describes the use of bacterial reverse-mutation tests. The strains sub-group analyzed test data from >10,000 chemicals, tested additional chemicals, and concluded that some strains listed in TG471 are unnecessary because they detected fewer mutagens than other strains that the guideline describes as equivalent. Thus, they concluded that a smaller panel of strains would suffice to detect most mutagens. The laboratory proficiency sub-group recommended (a) establishing strain cell banks, (b) developing bacterial growth protocols that optimize assay sensitivity, and (c) testing "proficiency compounds" to gain assay experience and establish historical positive and control databases. The sub-group on criteria for assay evaluation recommended that laboratories (a) track positive and negative control data; (b) develop acceptability criteria for positive and negative controls; (c) optimize dose-spacing and the number of analyzable doses when there is evidence of toxicity; (d) use a combination of three criteria to evaluate results: a dose-related increase in revertants, a clear increase in revertants in at least one dose relative to the concurrent negative control, and at least one dose that produced an increase in revertants above control limits established by the laboratory from historical negative controls; and (e) establish experimental designs to resolve unclear results. The in silico sub-group summarized in silico utility as a tool in genotoxicity assessment but made no specific recommendations for TG471. Thus, the workgroup identified issues that could be addressed if TG471 is revised. The companion papers (a) provide evidence-based approaches, (b) recommend priorities, and (c) give examples of clearly defined terms to support revision of TG471.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Schoeny
- Rita Schoeny, LLC, Washington, DC 20002, United States.
| | - Kevin P Cross
- Leadscope, Inc., 1393 Dublin Road, Columbus, OH 43215, United States
| | - David M DeMarini
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Rosalie Elespuru
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Atsushi Hakura
- Tsukuba Drug Safety, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
| | - Dan D Levy
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD 20740 United States
| | | | - Errol Zeiger
- Errol Zeiger Consulting, 800 Indian Springs Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States
| | | | | | - Masayuki Kato
- CMIC Pharma Science Co., Ltd., Hokuto, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Jasmin Lott
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Martha M Moore
- Ramboll US Corporation Little Rock, AR 72223, United States
| | - Stephanie Simon
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straβe 250, Darmstadt, 64293, Germany
| | - Leon F Stankowski
- Charles River Laboratories - Skokie, LLC, 8025 Lamon Ave., Skokie, IL 60077, United States
| | - Kei-Ichi Sugiyama
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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17
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Martus HJ, Froetschl R, Gollapudi B, Honma M, Marchetti F, Pfuhler S, Schoeny R, Uno Y, Yauk C, Kirkland DJ. Summary of major conclusions from the 7th International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT), Tokyo, Japan. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 852:503134. [PMID: 32265038 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joerg Martus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Preclinical Safety, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Roland Froetschl
- BfArM Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bhaskar Gollapudi
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Health Sciences, 1800 Diagonal Road, Alexandria, VA, 22314, USA
| | - Masamitsu Honma
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Division of Genetics & Mutagenesis, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Francesco Marchetti
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Stefan Pfuhler
- Global Product Stewardship- Human Safety, Procter & Gamble, Mason, OH, USA
| | - Rita Schoeny
- Rita Schoeny LLC, Washington DC, 20002, United States
| | | | - Carole Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
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18
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Demonstrating laboratory proficiency in bacterial mutagenicity assays for regulatory submission. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 848:403075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Williams RV, DeMarini DM, Stankowski LF, Escobar PA, Zeiger E, Howe J, Elespuru R, Cross KP. Are all bacterial strains required by OECD mutagenicity test guideline TG471 needed? MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 848:503081. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.503081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Levy DD, Zeiger E, Escobar PA, Hakura A, van der Leede BJM, Kato M, Moore MM, Sugiyama KI. Recommended criteria for the evaluation of bacterial mutagenicity data (Ames test). Mutat Res 2019; 848:403074. [PMID: 31708073 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A committee was constituted within the International Workshop on Genetic Toxicology Testing (IWGT) to evaluate the current criteria for a valid Ames test and to provide recommendations for interpretation of test results. Currently, determination of a positive vs. a negative result is made by applying various data evaluation procedures for comparing dosed plates with the concurrent solvent control plates. These evaluation procedures include a requirement for a specific fold increase (2- or 3-fold, specific to the bacterial strain), formal statistical procedures, or subjective (expert judgment) evaluation. After extensive discussion, the workgroup was not able to reach consensus recommendations in favor of any of these procedures. There was a consensus that combining additional evaluation criteria to the comparison between dosed plates and the concurrent solvent control plates improves test interpretation. The workgroup recommended using these additional criteria because the induction of mutations is a continuum of responses and there is no biological relevance to a strict dividing line between a positive (mutagenic) and not-positive (nonmutagenic) response. The most useful additional criteria identified were a concentration-response relationship and consideration of a possible increase above the concurrent control in the context of the laboratory's historical solvent control values for the particular tester strain. The workgroup also emphasized the need for additional testing to resolve weak or inconclusive responses, usually with altered experimental conditions chosen based on the initial results. Use of these multiple criteria allowed the workgroup to reach consensus on definitions of "clear positive" and "clear negative" responses which would not require a repeat test for clarification. The workgroup also reached consensus on recommendations to compare the responses of concurrent positive and negative controls to historical control distributions for assay acceptability, and the use of control charts to determine the validity of the individual test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan D Levy
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
| | - Errol Zeiger
- Errol Zeiger Consulting, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | | | - Atsushi Hakura
- Tsukuba Drug Safety, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
| | - Bas-Jan M van der Leede
- Non-Clinical Safety, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Masayuki Kato
- CMIC Pharma Science Co., Ltd., Hokuto, Yamanashi, Japan
| | | | - Kei-Ichi Sugiyama
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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21
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Hobbs CA, Koyanagi M, Swartz C, Davis J, Maronpot R, Recio L, Hayashi SM. Genotoxicity evaluation of the naturally-derived food colorant, gardenia blue, and its precursor, genipin. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:695-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Ilyushina NA, Egorova OV, Masaltsev GV, Averianova NS. STUDIES OF THE GENOTOXICITY OF TECHNICAL PRODUCTS OF THE BENZOYLCYCLOHEXANE-1,3-DIONE DERIVATIVE PESTICIDE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-6-509-513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. Currently, a large number of pesticide analogues manufactured past the expiration date of the patent protection of the original active ingredients are imported in the Russian Federation. The toxicological-hygienic examinations based on numerous trials, including mutagenicity (genotoxicity) studies, is necessary to confirm their safety. Material and methods. The study of the genotoxic activity of three technical products of the pesticide active ingredient, a benzoylcyclohexane-1,3-dione derivative, produced in the various factories was carried out. research was performed using the bacterial reverse mutation method (Ames test) and the in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. Results. Statistically significant and dose-dependent genotoxic effects of the test samples were observed in the strains of Salmonella typhimurium of TA 97, TA 102, TA 100. However, the increase in the number of revertants in the experiment versus the negative control was less than two in all cases, with the exception of strain TA 97. Weak but biologically significant outcomes were found in TA 97 culture (the increase in the number of revertants in comparison to spontaneous level was ≥ 2. In the micronucleus test only two of the three samples produced a statistically significant increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatophilic erythrocytes. One of the samples induced the significant genotoxic effect only at the high dose (2000 mg/kg b.w.), and another one (with the lowest active substance content) at all dose levels. In both cases, a linear dose-effect dependence was found. The cytogenetic effects were low, at the level of the upper limit of the laboratory's historical negative control Conclusion. The obtained data indicate that the ability of the tested technical products of the benzoylcyclohexane-1,3-dione derivative to induce the gene and chromosomal damages increases with decreasing concentration of the active ingredient in technical products, probably due to the enhancement of the genotoxic impurity level. Thus, the technical products of analogue pesticides are not always equivalent to the original active substances in terms of their biological activity. That confirms the necessity for toxicological-hygienic testing, in particular genotoxicity assessments of all generic pesticides entering the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya A. Ilyushina
- F.F. Erisman Federal Scientifc Center of Hygiene of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing
| | - O. V. Egorova
- F.F. Erisman Federal Scientifc Center of Hygiene of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing
| | - G. V. Masaltsev
- F.F. Erisman Federal Scientifc Center of Hygiene of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing
| | - N. S. Averianova
- F.F. Erisman Federal Scientifc Center of Hygiene of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing
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23
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Durán C, Blanco V, Piccini C, Zunino P, Rodríguez E. A Simple and Effective Method for Extracting Potential Mutagens from Sediment Samples in the Classroom Laboratory Setting. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOLOGY EDUCATION 2018; 19:jmbe-19-60. [PMID: 29904547 PMCID: PMC5969433 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.v19i1.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple and effective method for the extraction of potential mutagens from sediment samples. This method is straightforward and does not require expensive laboratory equipment, thus enabling instructors to analyze the presence of mutagenic substances in a conventional classroom setting. Additionally, we found that students felt encouraged to add the Ames test to the list of analyses they traditionally employ with sediment samples. This link between the environment and the Ames test provided an authentic learning context for students, bridging the gap between the "real-world" and the classroom laboratory, and thus making the educational experience more engaging and meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Durán
- Unidad Académica de Laboratorios Prácticos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Valentina Blanco
- Unidad Académica de Laboratorios Prácticos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Claudia Piccini
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Zunino
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Uruguay
| | - Eliana Rodríguez
- Unidad Académica de Laboratorios Prácticos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
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Seo H, Al Mahmud H, Kim S, Islam MI, Lee KI, Gil YS, Song HY. Acute, subchronic oral toxicity, toxicokinetics, and genotoxicity studies of DFC-2, an antitubercular drug candidate. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:91-101. [PMID: 29475068 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The infectious disease tuberculosis remains a serious global health issue and is responsible for nearly 1.8 million deaths every year. In our previous study, DFC-2 was confirmed to show anti-tubercular activity against drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To support the safety-in-use of DFC-2 as an anti-tubercular drug, DFC-2 was tested via single- and 28-day repeated-dose oral toxicity study and mutagenicity assays. In the oral toxicity study, a single oral dose of DFC-2 at 2000 mg/kg did not produce deaths or abnormal lesions in the internal organs of rats. The results of a 28-day orally repeated dose of DFC-2 did not show treatment-related deaths or obvious toxicity symptoms in the animals treated with a dose of 300 mg/kg/day during the experimental period. Therefore, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of DFC-2 was determined as 300 mg/kg/day for both male and female rats. In addition, DFC-2 showed no genetic toxicity in in vitro bacterial reverse mutation test, in vitro chromosomal aberration test, and in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus formation test. These results indicate that DFC-2 is a promising anti-tubercular drug candidate with a favorable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoonhee Seo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31151, South Korea
| | - Hafij Al Mahmud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31151, South Korea
| | - Sukyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31151, South Korea
| | - Md Imtiazul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31151, South Korea
| | - Kee-In Lee
- Green Chemistry Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Taejon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Young Sig Gil
- R&D Center, Kolmarpharma Co., Ltd., Chungbuk, 27159, South Korea
| | - Ho-Yeon Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31151, South Korea.
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Hobbs CA, Koyanagi M, Swartz C, Davis J, Kasamoto S, Maronpot R, Recio L, Hayashi SM. Comprehensive evaluation of the flavonol anti-oxidants, alpha-glycosyl isoquercitrin and isoquercitrin, for genotoxic potential. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 113:218-227. [PMID: 29317330 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin and its glycosides possess potential benefits to human health. Several flavonols are available to consumers as dietary supplements, promoted as anti-oxidants; however, incorporation of natural quercetin glycosides into food and beverage products has been limited by poor miscibility in water. Enzymatic conjugation of multiple glucose moieties to isoquercitrin to produce alpha-glycosyl isoquercitrin (AGIQ) enhances solubility and bioavailability. AGIQ is used in Japan as a food additive and has been granted generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status. However, although substantial genotoxicity data exist for quercetin, there is very little available data for AGIQ and isoquercitrin. To support expanded global marketing of food products containing AGIQ, comprehensive testing of genotoxic potential of AGIQ and isoquercitrin was conducted according to current regulatory test guidelines. Both chemicals tested positive in bacterial reverse mutation assays, and exposure to isoquercitrin resulted in chromosomal aberrations in CHO-WBL cells. All other in vitro mammalian micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assays, micronucleus and comet assays in male and female B6C3F1 mice and Sprague Dawley rats, and Muta™ Mouse mutation assays evaluating multiple potential target tissues, were negative for both chemicals. These results supplement existing toxicity data to further support the safe use of AGIQ in food and beverage products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Hobbs
- Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Mihoko Koyanagi
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
| | - Carol Swartz
- Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jeffrey Davis
- Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Sawako Kasamoto
- Public Interest Incorporated Foundation Biosafety Research Center (BSRC), 582-2, Shioshinden, Iwata-shi, Shizuoka 437-1213, Japan
| | - Robert Maronpot
- Maronpot Consulting LLC, 1612 Medfield Road, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Leslie Recio
- Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Shim-Mo Hayashi
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
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Bemis JC, Avlasevich SL, Labash C, McKinzie P, Revollo J, Dobrovolsky VN, Dertinger SD. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored protein deficiency serves as a reliable reporter of Pig-a gene Mutation: Support from an in vitro assay based on L5178Y/Tk +/- cells and the CD90.2 antigen. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:18-29. [PMID: 29115020 PMCID: PMC5771857 DOI: 10.1002/em.22154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lack of cell surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein(s) has been used as a reporter of Pig-a gene mutation in several model systems. As an extension of this work, our laboratory initiated development of an in vitro mutation assay based on the flow cytometric assessment of CD90.2 expression on the cell surface of the mouse lymphoma cell line L5178Y/Tk+/- . Cells were exposed to mutagenic and nonmutagenic compounds for 24 hr followed by washout and incubation for an additional 7 days. Following this mutant manifestation time, cells were labeled with fluorescent antibodies against CD90.2 and CD45 antigens. These reagents indicated the presence of GPI-anchored proteins and general cell surface membrane receptor integrity, respectively. Instrument set-up was aided by parallel processing of a GPI anchor-deficient subclone. Results show that the mutagens reproducibly caused increased frequencies of mutant phenotype cells, while the nonmutagens did not. Further modifications to the method, including application of a viability dye and an isotype control for instrument set-up, were investigated. As a means to verify that the GPI-anchored protein-negative phenotype reflects bona fide Pig-a gene mutation, sequencing was performed on 38 CD90.2-negative L5178Y/Tk+/- clones derived from cultures treated with ethyl methanesulfonate. All clones were found to have mutation(s) within the Pig-a gene. The continued investigation of L5178Y/Tk+/- cells, CD90.2 labeling, and flow cytometric analysis as the basis of an in vitro mutation assay is clearly supported by this work. These data also provide evidence of the reliability of using GPI anchor-deficiency as a valid reporter of Pig-a gene mutation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:18-29, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Page McKinzie
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Javier Revollo
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Vasily N Dobrovolsky
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas
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Hobbs CA, Saigo K, Koyanagi M, Hayashi SM. Magnesium stearate, a widely-used food additive, exhibits a lack of in vitro and in vivo genotoxic potential. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:554-559. [PMID: 29090120 PMCID: PMC5655391 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium stearate is widely used in the production of dietary supplement and pharmaceutical tablets, capsules and powders as well as many food products, including a variety of confectionery, spices and baking ingredients. Although considered to have a safe toxicity profile, there is no available information regarding its potential to induce genetic toxicity. To aid safety assessment efforts, magnesium sulfate was evaluated in a battery of tests including a bacterial reverse mutation assay, an in vitro chromosome aberration assay, and an in vivo erythrocyte micronucleus assay. Magnesium stearate did not produce a positive response in any of the five bacterial strains tested, in the absence or presence of metabolic activation. Similarly, exposure to magnesium stearate did not lead to chromosomal aberrations in CHL/IU Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts, with or without metabolic activation, or induce micronuclei in the bone marrow of male CD-1 mice. These studies have been used by the Japanese government and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives in their respective safety assessments of magnesium stearate. These data indicate a lack of genotoxic risk posed by magnesium stearate consumed at current estimated dietary exposures. However, health effects of cumulative exposure to magnesium via multiple sources present in food additives may be of concern and warrant further evaluation.
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Key Words
- 2AA, 2-aminoanthracene
- 9AA, 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride monohydrate
- ADI, acceptable daily intake
- AF-2, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DNA damage
- Dietary supplement
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- ENNG, N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
- FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Food additive
- GLP, Good Laboratory Practice
- Genotoxicity
- JECFA, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
- Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)
- MMC, mitomycin C
- MN, micronucleus or micronuclei
- MN-PCE, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte(s)
- Magnesium stearate
- OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
- PCE, polychromatic erythrocyte(s)
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A. Hobbs
- Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kazuhiko Saigo
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., 2438 Miyanoura-cho, Kagoshima-City, Kagoshima 891-1394, Japan
| | - Mihoko Koyanagi
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
| | - Shim-mo Hayashi
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
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Nesslany F. The current limitations of in vitro genotoxicity testing and their relevance to the in vivo situation. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:609-615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Qu X, Xu K, Zhao C, Song X, Li J, Li L, Nie W, Bao H, Wang J, Niu F, Li J. Genotoxicity and acute and subchronic toxicity studies of a bioactive polyoxometalate in Wistar rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:26. [PMID: 28381296 PMCID: PMC5382445 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-017-0133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cs2K4Na [SiW9Nb3O40] (POM93) is a novel broad-spectrum antiviral agent with high activity, high stability, and low toxicity in vitro. Most toxicity studies for POM93 have been performed in cultured cell lines rather than in animals. Like other POMs, there is a lack of evidence for in vivo toxicity limits, oral bioavailability, and therapeutic applications. Methods The toxic properties of POM93 were evaluated comprehensively in vivo, including the acute and subchronic oral toxicity studies and genotoxicity tests. Results The acute toxicity study showed no abnormal changes or mortality in rats treated with POM93 even at the single high dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight. In the subchronic toxicity study, regardless of the body weight, the organ weight, and the hematological parameters, similar results were observed between the control group and the experimental groups. POM93 produced mild changes in rare hematological parameters in the liver and kidneys, but did not induce the clinical symptoms of liver or kidneys injury in rats as confirmed by histopathological analysis. Moreover, neither mutagenicity nor clastogenicity was caused by POM93 treatment in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions The present study demonstrates that the oral administration of POM93 is presumed safe and poses a low risk of potential health risks. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40360-017-0133-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Qu
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kun Xu
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiuling Song
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Nie
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hao Bao
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Fenglan Niu
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Use of in silico models for prioritization of heat-induced food contaminants in mutagenicity and carcinogenicity testing. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3157-3174. [PMID: 28091709 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1924-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous Maillard reaction and lipid oxidation products are present in processed foods such as heated cereals, roasted meat, refined oils, coffee, and juices. Due to the lack of experimental toxicological data, risk assessment is hardly possible for most of these compounds. In the present study, an in silico approach was employed for the prediction of the toxicological endpoints mutagenicity and carcinogenicity on the basis of the structure of the respective compound, to examine (quantitative) structure-activity relationships for more than 800 compounds. Five software tools for mutagenicity prediction (T.E.S.T., SARpy, CAESAR, Benigni-Bossa, and LAZAR) and three carcinogenicity prediction tools (CAESAR, Benigni-Bossa, and LAZAR) were combined to yield so-called mutagenic or carcinogenic scores for every single substance. Alcohols, ketones, acids, lactones, and esters were predicted to be mutagenic and carcinogenic with low probability, whereas the software tools tended to predict a considerable mutagenic and carcinogenic potential for thiazoles. To verify the in silico predictions for the endpoint mutagenicity experimentally, twelve selected compounds were examined for their mutagenic potential using two different validated in vitro test systems, the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) and the in vitro micronucleus assay. There was a good correlation between the results of the Ames test and the in silico predictions. However, in the case of the micronucleus assay, at least three substances, 2-amino-6-methylpyridine, 6-heptenoic acid, and 2-methylphenol, were clearly positive although they were predicted to be non-mutagenic. Thus, software tools for mutagenicity prediction are suitable for prioritization among large numbers of substances, but these predictions still need experimental verification.
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31
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Letter to the Editor regarding “RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, linalyl acetate, CAS registry number 115-95-7” by Api et al., 2015. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 97S:S237-S239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Honda H, Fujita Y, Hayashi A, Ikeda N, Ito Y, Morita O. Genotoxicity evaluation of alpha-linolenic acid-diacylglycerol oil. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:716-722. [PMID: 28959597 PMCID: PMC5616014 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the genotoxicity of ALA-DAG oil using standard tests. Bacterial reverse mutation and in vitro/in vivo micronucleus tests were conducted. No genotoxicity was observed under the testing conditions.
The alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)-diacylglycerol (DAG) oil is an edible oil enriched with DAG (>80%) and ALA (>50%). Although DAG oil, which mainly consists of oleic and linoleic acids has no genotoxic concerns, the fatty acid composition could affect the chemical property of DAG. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the genotoxicity of ALA-DAG oil using standard genotoxicity tests in accordance with the OECD guidelines. ALA-DAG oil showed negative results in the bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test) and in vitro micronucleus test in cultured Chinese hamster lung cells with and without metabolic activation, and in the in vivo bone marrow micronucleus test in mice. Our results did not show any genotoxicity, suggesting that the fatty acid composition had no deleterious effects. We conclude that ALA-DAG oil had no genotoxicity concerns under the testing conditions.
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Key Words
- 2AA, 2-aminoanthracene
- 9AA, 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride hydrate
- AF-2, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide
- ALA, alpha-linolenic acid
- Alpha-linolenic acid
- Alpha-linolenic acid-rich diacylglycerol
- B(a)P, benzo(a)pyrene
- CLC, Colchicine
- CP, cyclophosphamide
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- Diacylglycerol
- Fatty acid composition
- Genotoxicity
- ICH, International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
- LA, linolenic acid
- MMC, mitomycin C
- MNPCE, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte
- NCE, normochromatic erythrocyte
- NaN3, sodium azide
- TAG, triacylglycerol
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Honda
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yurika Fujita
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Aya Hayashi
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd., 2438 Miyanoura, Yoshida, Kagoshima 891-1394, Japan
| | - Naohiro Ikeda
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ito
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Osamu Morita
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
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Pant K, Bruce S, Sly J, Klug Laforce M, Springer S, Cecil M, Andrus E, Dakoulas E, Wagner VO, Hewitt NJ, Kulkarni R. Bacterial mutagenicity assays: Vehicle and positive control results from the standard Ames assay, the 6- and 24-well miniaturized plate incorporation assays and the Ames II™ assay. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:483-496. [PMID: 27198925 DOI: 10.1002/em.22014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial mutation assays are conducted routinely as part of the safety assessment of new chemicals. The OECD Test Guideline (TG) 471 describes the conduct of the standard agar plate Ames assay, required for regulatory submissions. Higher throughput non-OECD 471 TG assays, such as the miniaturized plate incorporation and Ames II™ assays, can be used for prescreening purposes. We have compiled historical vehicle and positive control data generated using these methods. The historical database is comprised from experiments spanning 9 years and includes >1000 experiments from the standard Ames assay using the plate incorporation and pre-incubation methods (TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and WP2 uvrA), >50 experiments from the 6-well (TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA97a, and WP2 uvrA) and >100 experiments from the 24-well (TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535, TA1537, and TA97a) plate incorporation assays, and >1000 experiments from the Ames II™ assay (TA98 and TAMix). Although miniaturization to a 24-well format made the measurement of control revertant colonies in TA1537 and TA1535 more difficult; this can be overcome by using an alternative strain with a higher spontaneous reversion rate (i.e., using TA97a instead of TA1537) or by increasing the number of replicate wells to 12 (for TA1535). All three miniaturized methods, including the Ames II™ assay, were responsive to known mutagens and the responses were reproducible over years of use. These data demonstrate the excellent reproducibility of the standard and miniaturized bacterial mutation assays using positive control chemicals. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:483-496, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jamie Sly
- BioReliance by SAFC, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | | | - Mark Cecil
- BioReliance by SAFC, Rockville, Maryland
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Igawa H, Takahashi M, Ikoma M, Kaku H, Kakegawa K, Kina A, Aida J, Okuda S, Kawata Y, Noguchi T, Hotta N, Yamamoto S, Nakayama M, Nagisa Y, Kasai S, Maekawa T. Amine-free melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonists: Novel non-basic 1-(2H-indazole-5-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one derivatives and mitigation of mutagenicity in Ames test. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2504-2518. [PMID: 27117261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To develop non-basic melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1) antagonists with a high probability of target selectivity and therapeutic window, we explored neutral bicyclic motifs that could replace the previously reported imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine or 1H-benzimidazole motif. The results indicated that the binding affinity of a chemically neutral 2H-indazole derivative 8a with MCHR1 (hMCHR1: IC50=35nM) was comparable to that of the imidazopyridine and benzimidazole derivatives (1 and 2, respectively) reported so far. However, 8a was positive in the Ames test using TA1537 in S9- condition. Based on a putative intercalation of 8a with DNA, we introduced a sterically-hindering cyclopropyl group on the indazole ring to decrease planarity, which led to the discovery of 1-(2-cyclopropyl-3-methyl-2H-indazol-5-yl)-4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)thiophen-3-yl]methoxy}pyridin-2(1H)-one 8l without mutagenicity in TA1537. Compound 8l exerted significant antiobesity effects in diet-induced obese F344 rats and exhibited promising safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Igawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Minoru Ikoma
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kaku
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Keiko Kakegawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Asato Kina
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Jumpei Aida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shoki Okuda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kawata
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Noguchi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Natsu Hotta
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakayama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Nagisa
- CVM Marketing Japan Pharma Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 12-10, Nihonbashi 2-Chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8686, Japan
| | - Shizuo Kasai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Maekawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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Tweats DJ, Johnson GE, Scandale I, Whitwell J, Evans DB. Genotoxicity of flubendazole and its metabolites in vitro and the impact of a new formulation on in vivo aneugenicity. Mutagenesis 2016; 31:309-21. [PMID: 26443851 PMCID: PMC4840262 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-parasitic benzimidazole flubendazole has been used for many years to treat intestinal infections in humans and animals. Previous genotoxicity studies have shown that the compound is not a bacterial mutagen and a bone marrow micronucleus test, using a formulation that limited systemic absorption, was negative. The purpose of this study is to explore the genotoxicity of flubendazole and its main metabolites in in vitro micronucleus studies and to test a new oral formulation that improves systemic absorption in an in vivo micronucleus test. The isolated metabolites were also screened using the Ames test for bacterial mutagenicity. It was found that flubendazole, like other chemically related benzimidazoles used in anti-parasitic therapies, is a potent aneugen in vitro The hydrolysed metabolite of flubendazole is negative in these tests, but the reduced metabolite (R- and S-forms) shows both aneugenic and clastogenic activity. However, in vitro micronucleus tests of flubendazole in the presence of rat liver S9 gave almost identical signals for aneugenicity as they did in the absence of S9, suggesting that any clastogenicity from the reduced metabolite is not sufficient to change the overall profile. Like flubendazole itself, both metabolites are negative in the Ames test. Analysis of dose-response curves from the in vitro tests, using recently developed point of departure approaches, demonstrate that the aneugenic potency of flubendazole is very similar to related anti-parasitic benzimidazoles, including albendazole, which is used in mass drug administration programmes to combat endemic filarial diseases. The in vivo micronucleus test of the new formulation of flubendazole also showed evidence of induced aneugenicity. Analysis of the in vivo data allowed a reference dose for aneugenicity to be established which can be compared with therapeutic exposures of flubendazole when this has been established. Analysis of the plasma from the animals used in the in vivo micronucleus test showed that there is increased exposure to flubendazole compared with previously tested formulations, as well as significant formation of the non-genotoxic hydrolysed metabolite of flubendazole and small levels of the reduced metabolite. In conclusion, this study shows that flubendazole is a potent aneugen in vitro with similar potency to chemically related benzimidazoles currently used as anti-parasitic therapies. The reduced metabolite also has aneugenic properties as well as clastogenic properties. Treatment with a new formulation of flubendazole that allows increased systemic exposure, compared with previously used formulations, also results in detectable aneugenicity in vivo. Based on the lack of carcinogenicity of this class of benzimidazoles and the intended short-term dosing, it is unlikely that flubendazole treatment will pose a carcinogenic risk to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivan Scandale
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Chemin Louis-Dunant 15, 1202 Genève, Switzerland and
| | | | - Dean B Evans
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Chemin Louis-Dunant 15, 1202 Genève, Switzerland and
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Shafaei A, Esmailli K, Farsi E, Aisha AFA, Abul Majid AMS, Ismail Z. Genotoxicity, acute and subchronic toxicity studies of nano liposomes of Orthosiphon stamineus ethanolic extract in Sprague Dawley rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:360. [PMID: 26467526 PMCID: PMC4604773 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) Benth is a medicinal plant and native in Southeast Asia. Pharmacological effects of OS are attributed to the presence of lipophilic flavones. However; lipophilic compounds suffer from poor aqueous solubility which limits the OS oral bioavailability and therapeutic applications. Therefore, OS was prepared in nano formulation form using liposomes from soybean phospholipids. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the in vitro genotoxicity and in vivo oral toxicity of nano liposomes of OS ethanolic extract (OS-EL). Methods In the acute toxicity study Sprague Dawley female rats were given a single dose of the OS-EL at 5000 mg/kg/day orally and screened for two weeks after administration. In the subchronic study, three different doses of OS-EL were administered for 28 days. Mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, hematological and biochemical parameters, gross findings, organ weights, and histological parameters were monitored during the study. Genotoxicity was assessed using the Ames test with the TA98 and TA100 Salmonella typhimurium strains. High-performance liquid chromatography was performed for identification and quantification of the major marker compounds in OS-EL. Heavy metal detection was performed using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Results The acute toxicity study showed that the LD50 of the extract was greater than 5000 mg/kg. In the repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study, the administration of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg/day of OS-EL per body weight revealed no significant difference in food and water consumptions, bodyweight change, haematological and biochemical parameters, relative organ weights, gross findings or histopathology compared to the control group. The Ames test revealed that the OS-EL did not have any potential to induce gene mutations in S. Typhimurium. Conclusions Analyses of these results with the information of signs, behaviour, and health monitoring could lead to the conclusion that the long-term oral administration of OS-EL for 28 days does not cause sub-chronic toxicity.
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Bianchi J, Cabral-de-Mello DC, Marin-Morales MA. Toxicogenetic effects of low concentrations of the pesticides imidacloprid and sulfentrazone individually and in combination in in vitro tests with HepG2 cells and Salmonella typhimurium. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 120:174-183. [PMID: 26074310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The insecticide imidacloprid and the herbicide sulfentrazone are two different classes of pesticides that are used for pest control in sugarcane agriculture. To evaluate the genotoxic potential of low concentrations of these two pesticides alone and in mixture, the comet assay and the micronucleus (MN) test employing fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a centromeric probe were applied in human hepatoma cell lines (HepG2), in a 24-h assay. Mutagenicity was assessed by Salmonella/microsome assay with TA98 and TA100 strains in the absence and presence of an exogenous metabolizing system (S9). The results showed significant inductions of MN in HepG2 cells by both pesticides, for all the tested concentrations. As evidenced in the comet assay, only the imidacloprid presented significant responses. When the two pesticides were associated, a significant induction of damage was observed in the HepG2 cells by the comet assay, but not by the MN test. Moreover, the MN induced by the mixtures of the pesticides appeared at lower levels than those induced by sulfentrazone and imidacloprid when tested alone. According to the FISH results, the damage induced by imidacloprid in the HepG2 cells resulted from a clastogenic action of this insecticide (76.6% of the MN did not present a centromeric signal). For the herbicide sulfentrazone and for the mixture of the pesticides, a similar frequency of MN with and without the presence of the centromeric signal (herbicide: 52.45% of the MN without centromeric signal and 47.54% of the MN with centromeric signal; mixture: 48.71% of the MN without centromeric signal and 51.42% of the MN with centromeric signal) was verified. Based on these results, it was concluded that each one of the pesticides evaluated interacts with the DNA of HepG2 cells and causes irreparable alterations in the cells. However, the combination of the pesticides showed an antagonistic effect on the cells and the damage induced was milder and not persistent in HepG2 cells. The results obtained by the Ames test did not point out significant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Bianchi
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, São Paulo CEP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Diogo Cavalcanti Cabral-de-Mello
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, São Paulo CEP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Marin-Morales
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, São Paulo CEP 13506-900, Brazil.
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Kirkland D, Gatehouse D. "Aspartame: A review of genotoxicity data". Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84:161-8. [PMID: 26321723 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aspartame is a methyl ester of a dipeptide of aspartic acid and phenylalanine. It is 200× sweeter than sucrose and is approved for use in food products in more than 90 countries around the world. Aspartame has been evaluated for genotoxic effects in microbial, cell culture and animal models, and has been subjected to a number of carcinogenicity studies. The in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity data available on aspartame are considered sufficient for a thorough evaluation. There is no evidence of induction of gene mutations in a series of bacterial mutation tests. There is some evidence of induction of chromosomal damage in vitro, but this may be an indirect consequence of cytotoxicity. The weight of evidence from in vivo bone marrow micronucleus, chromosomal aberration and Comet assays is that aspartame is not genotoxic in somatic cells in vivo. The results of germ cell assays are difficult to evaluate considering limited data available and deviations from standard protocols. The available data therefore support the conclusions of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) that aspartame is non-genotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kirkland
- Kirkland Consulting, P O Box 79, Tadcaster, LS24 0AS, United Kingdom.
| | - David Gatehouse
- Old Barn, Cherry Orchard Lane, Wyddial, Near Buntingford, Herts SG9 0EN, United Kingdom
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Musa M, Mohd Ali K, Kannan TP, Azlina A, Omar NS, Chatterji A, Mokhtar KI. Effects of Perivitelline Fluid Obtained from Horseshoe Crab on The Proliferation and Genotoxicity of Dental Pulp Stem Cells. CELL JOURNAL 2015. [PMID: 26199904 PMCID: PMC4503839 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.3726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objective Perivitelline fluid (PVF) of the horseshoe crab embryo has been reported to
possess an important role during embryogenesis by promoting cell proliferation. This
study aims to evaluate the effect of PVF on the proliferation, chromosome aberration (CA)
and mutagenicity of the dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs).
Materials and Methods This is an in vitro experimental study. PVF samples were
collected from horseshoe crabs from beaches in Malaysia and the crude extract was
prepared. DPSCs were treated with different concentrations of PVF crude extract in
an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay (cytotoxicity test). We choose two inhibitory concentrations (IC50 and IC25) and two PVF
concentrations which produced more cell viability compared to a negative control
(100%) for further tests. Quantitative analysis of the proliferation activity of PVF was
studied using the AlamarBlue®assay for 10 days. Population doubling times (PDTs)
of the treatment groups were calculated from this assay. Genotoxicity was evaluated
based on the CA and Ames tests. Statistical analysis was carried out using independent t test to calculate significant differences in the PDT and mitotic indices in the CA
test between the treatment and negative control groups. Significant differences in the
data were P<0.05.
Results A total of four PVF concentrations retrieved from the MTT assay were
26.887 mg/ml (IC50), 14.093 mg/ml (IC25), 0.278 mg/ml (102% cell viability) and 0.019
mg/ml (102.5% cell viability). According to the AlamarBlue®assay, these PVF groups
produced comparable proliferation activities compared to the negative (untreated)
control. PDTs between PVF groups and the negative control were insignificantly different (P>0.05). No significant aberrations in chromosomes were observed in the
PVF groups and the Ames test on the PVF showed the absence of significant positive
results.
Conclusion PVF from horseshoe crabs produced insignificant proliferative activity on
treated DPSCs. The PVF was non-genotoxic based on the CA and Ames tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marahaini Musa
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Khadijah Mohd Ali
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Thirumulu Ponnuraj Kannan
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia ; Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Azlina
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nor Shamsuria Omar
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia ; Institute of Tropical Aquaculture (AQUATROP), University Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Anil Chatterji
- National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Dona Paula, India
| | - Khairani Idah Mokhtar
- Kulliyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Pahang, Malaysia
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Amberg A, Harvey JS, Czich A, Spirkl HP, Robinson S, White A, Elder DP. Do Carboxylic/Sulfonic Acid Halides Really Present a Mutagenic and Carcinogenic Risk as Impurities in Final Drug Products? Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Amberg
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D DSAR/Preclinical Safety FF, Industriepark Hoechst, Building H831, D-65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - James S. Harvey
- GlaxoSmithKline Pre-Clinical Development, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, U.K
| | - Andreas Czich
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D DSAR/Preclinical Safety FF, Industriepark Hoechst, Building H831, D-65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Spirkl
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D DSAR/Preclinical Safety FF, Industriepark Hoechst, Building H831, D-65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sharon Robinson
- GlaxoSmithKline Pre-Clinical Development, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, U.K
| | - Angela White
- GlaxoSmithKline Pre-Clinical Development, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, U.K
| | - David P. Elder
- GlaxoSmithKline Pre-Clinical Development, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, U.K
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Hobbs CA, Swartz C, Maronpot R, Davis J, Recio L, Koyanagi M, Hayashi SM. Genotoxicity evaluation of the flavonoid, myricitrin, and its aglycone, myricetin. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 83:283-92. [PMID: 26142838 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Myricitrin, a flavonoid extracted from the fruit, leaves, and bark of Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra SIEBOLD), is currently used as a flavor modifier in snack foods, dairy products, and beverages in Japan. Myricitrin is converted to myricetin by intestinal microflora; myricetin also occurs ubiquitously in plants and is consumed in fruits, vegetables, and beverages. The genotoxic potential of myricitrin and myricetin was evaluated in anticipation of worldwide marketing of food products containing myricitrin. In a bacterial reverse mutation assay, myricetin tested positive for frameshift mutations under metabolic activation conditions whereas myricitrin tested negative for mutagenic potential. Both myricitrin and myricetin induced micronuclei formation in human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells under conditions lacking metabolic activation; however, the negative response observed in the presence of metabolic activation suggests that rat liver S9 homogenate may detoxify reactive metabolites of these chemicals in mammalian cells. In 3-day combined micronucleus/Comet assays using male and female B6C3F1 mice, no induction of micronuclei was observed in peripheral blood, or conclusive evidence of damage detected in the liver, glandular stomach, or duodenum following exposure to myricitrin or myricetin. Our studies did not reveal evidence of genotoxic potential of myricitrin in vivo, supporting its safe use in food and beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Hobbs
- Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Carol Swartz
- Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Robert Maronpot
- Maronpot Consulting LLC, 1612 Medfield Road, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Jeffrey Davis
- Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Leslie Recio
- Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Mihoko Koyanagi
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
| | - Shim-mo Hayashi
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
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Abda A, Benouareth DE, Tabet M, Liman R, Konuk M, Khallef M, Taher A. Mutagenicity and genotoxicity of drinking water in Guelma region, Algeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:21. [PMID: 25626560 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a battery of genotoxicity assays for monitoring drinking water was performed to assess the quality of the water resulting from the treatment plants. Five different types of samples were collected: raw water (P1), treated after pre-chlorination (P2), treated after decantation (P3), treated post-chlorination (P4), and consumers' taps (P5-P12). This study aims to evaluate the formation/occurrence of mutagenic and/or genotoxic compounds in surface drinking waters treated with chlorine disinfectant, during four seasonal experiments: summer, autumn, winter, and spring between 2012 and 2013 by bacterial reverse mutation assay in both Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains with or without metabolic activation system (S9 mix) and Allium cepa root meristematic cells, respectively. All of water samples, except at P1, P2, and P5 in summer; P1 in autumn; and P1 and P3-P12 in spring without S9 mix, and at P1 and P2 in summer and P6 and P8-P12 in spring with S9 mix, were found to be mutagenic in S. typhimurium TA98. However, only P11 and P12 in winter were found to be mutagenic for TA100 without S9 mix. The tested preparations in Allium anaphase-telophase test revealed a significant decrease in mitotic index (MI) and a simultaneous increase in chromosome aberrations (CAs) compared to the control. The bridge, stickiness, vagrant chromosomes, and disturbed chromosome aberrations were observed in anaphase-telophase cells. Physicochemical analysis, trihalomethanes (THMs), romoform (CHBr3), chloroform (CHCl3), bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl2), and dibromochloromethane (CHBr2Cl) levels in water samples were also determined. The results show also that this short-term battery tests are applicable in the routine monitoring of drinking water quality before and after distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlem Abda
- Biology Department, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe Sciences, University 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, BP 401, 24000, Guelma, Algeria
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Yoshida EH, Ferraz MC, Tribuiani N, Silva Tavares RVD, Cogo JC, dos Santos MG, Franco LM, Dal-Belo CA, De Grandis RA, Resende FA, Varanda EA, Puebla P, San-Feliciano A, Groppo FC, Oshima-Franco Y. Evaluation of the Safety of Three Phenolic Compounds from <i>Dipteryx alata</i> Vogel with Antiophidian Potential. Chin Med 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/cm.2015.61001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Safety and mutagenicity evaluation of Vigiis 101 powder made from Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 71:148-57. [PMID: 25481278 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to assess the genotoxic activity and the potential for toxicity upon repeated dosing of "Vigiis 101" powder, a probiotic consisting of dried bacteria Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101. Results of the Ames test in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1537, TA98, TA100, TA102, and TA1535 showed that Vigiis 101 (⩽5 mg per plate) was not mutagenic. We used experiments on ICR mice to evaluate the genotoxicity of Vigiis 101. Compared to the control, high-dose Vigiis 101 administration (16.72 g per kg of body weight) did not cause significant changes either in the number of reticulocytes or in the percentage (occurrence) of micronucleated reticulocytes. A mammalian chromosomal aberration test showed that the number of Chinese hamster ovary cells with abnormal chromosomes was <4% after Vigiis 101 treatment (maximal concentration was 5 mg/ml). A 28-day oral toxicity assay in Wistar rats was performed to assess the no-observed-adverse-effect level of Vigiis 101. Compared to the control, high-dose Vigiis 101 administration (5000 mg/kg/day) had no effects on mortality and body weight and did not cause toxicopathological lesions. Taken together, these results show that Vigiis 101 has no significant mutagenic or toxic effects.
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45
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Genotoxicity testing of peptides: Folate deprivation as a marker of exaggerated pharmacology. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:419-427. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Gupta P, Mathur P, Mathur N, Aarya B. A comparative study of the sensitivities of Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102 to hospital waste waters. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 93:95-100. [PMID: 24718501 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-014-1274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hospitals are a release source of many chemical compounds in their wastewaters. In the present study Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102 were analyzed for their sensitivity to hospital waste waters. The results of the study showed that hospital waste waters consists of mutagens causing frame shift mutations and base pair substitutions and amongst the three strains used in this study, TA 102 was most effective which along with TA 98 can be used for quick assessment of genotoxicity of hospital waste waters prior to its discharge. Genotoxic potential of hospital waste waters from five major hospitals located in Jaipur and Delhi was studied. Such waste waters should be treated prior to their discharge. The results of this study call for further detailed study in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Gupta
- Environmental Toxicology Unit, Department of Zoology, The IIS University, Jaipur, 302020, India,
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47
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Franco R, Rodriguez JM, Elías F, Hernando-Insúa A, Fló J, López R, Nagle C, Lago N, Zorzopulos J, Horn DL, Montaner AD. Non-clinical safety studies of IMT504, a unique non-CpG oligonucleotide. Nucleic Acid Ther 2014; 24:267-82. [PMID: 24720569 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2013.0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IMT504 is a non-CpG 24-mer oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) with immunomodulatory as well as tissue repair activity. IMT504 has been previously proven to be effective in animal models of vaccine potency, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, tissue regeneration, and sepsis. Here, we assessed the safety, including pharmacokinetics and toxicity studies in rats and monkeys, of IMT504 in a single- or repeated-dose administration by the subcutaneous (SC) or intravenous (IV) routes. In rats, the maximum tolerated dose was determined to be 50 mg/kg when administered SC. Adverse effects at 50 mg/kg were mild and reversible liver injury, revealed as lobular inflammation, focal necrosis, and small changes in the transaminase profile. Dose-dependent splenomegaly and lymphoid hyperplasia, most probably associated with immune stimulation, were commonly observed. Rats and monkeys were also IV injected with a single dose of 10 or 3.5 mg/kg, and no adverse effects were observed. Rats injected IV with 10 mg/kg showed a transient increase in spleen weight, together with a slight increase in the marginal zone of the white pulp and in leukocyte count 2 days post-administration. In monkeys, this dosage caused slight changes in total serum complement and leukocyte count on day 14. No adverse effects were observed at 3.5 mg/kg IV in rats or monkeys. Therefore, this dose was defined as the "no observed adverse effect level" for this route. Furthermore, repeated-dose toxicity studies were performed in these species using 3.5 or 0.35 mg/kg/day IV for 6 weeks. A transient increase in the spleen and liver weight was observed at 3.5 mg/kg/day only in female rats. No changes in clotting time and activation of the alternative complement pathway were observed. The toxicity profile of IMT504 herein reported suggests a dose range in which IMT504 can be used safely in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Franco
- 1 Immunotech S.A. , Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Baskar Suresh Kumar P, Yamuna Gowri K, Revathy M, Vijayaraghavan M, Navaneethakrishnan KR, Murugan SS, Kumaravel TS. Pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of Sulcona(®), a traditional Siddha medicine used in the treatment of burns. Burns 2013; 40:281-7. [PMID: 23870453 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sulcona, a Siddha proprietary medicine used for the treatment of burns, has been in practice for more than 50 years. This medicine has been successfully used on several burned patients with an excellent recovery and safety record. In this manuscript, we investigate some of its pharmacological and safety profiles. Treatment of cells with Sulcona induced a statistically significant increase in population doubling compared to concurrent controls in proliferating human lymphocytes as well as in Balb/c 3T3 cells, suggesting that it stimulates cell proliferation. Sulcona exhibited some antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema testing suggested that Sulcona has some anti-inflammatory properties. Patch testing showed that Sulcona has mild anesthetic effects. The above properties suggest Sulcona's pharmacological properties aidin treatment of burns. Sulcona did not show any skin irritation or sensitization or mutagenic potential suggesting that it is safe for use. Further work is necessary to elucidate its exact mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M Revathy
- GLR Laboratories Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | - T S Kumaravel
- GLR Laboratories Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India; GLR Laboratories Pvt Ltd, Cambridge, UK.
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Farsi E, Shafaei A, Hor SY, Ahamed MBK, Yam MF, Asmawi MZ, Ismail Z. Genotoxicity and acute and subchronic toxicity studies of a standardized methanolic extract of Ficus deltoidea leaves. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:865-75. [PMID: 23778480 PMCID: PMC3674303 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(06)23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ficus deltoidea leaves have been used in traditional medicine in Southeast Asia to treat diabetes, inflammation, diarrhea, and infections. The present study was conducted to assess the genotoxicity and acute and subchronic toxicity of a standardized methanol extract of F. deltoidea leaves. METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were orally treated with five different single doses of the extract and screened for signs of toxicity for two weeks after administration. In the subchronic study, three different doses of the extract were administered for 28 days. Mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, hematological and biochemical parameters, gross findings, organ weights, and histological parameters were monitored during the study. Genotoxicity was assessed using the Ames test with the TA98 and TA100 Salmonella typhimurium strains. Phytochemical standardization was performed using a colorimeter and high-performance liquid chromatography. Heavy metal detection was performed using an atomic absorption spectrometer. RESULTS The acute toxicity study showed that the LD50 of the extract was greater than 5000 mg/kg. In the subchronic toxicity study, there were no significant adverse effects on food consumption, body weight, organ weights, mortality, clinical chemistry, hematology, gross pathology, or histopathology. However, a dose-dependent increase in the serum urea level was observed. The Ames test revealed that the extract did not have any potential to induce gene mutations in S. typhimurium, either in the presence or absence of S9 activation. Phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed high contents of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed high levels of vitexin and isovitexin in the extract, and the levels of heavy metals were below the toxic levels. CONCLUSION The no-observed adverse effect level of F. deltoidea in rats was determined to be 2500 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Farsi
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Pulau Penang/Malaysia.
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Pongpiachan S, Choochuay C, Hattayanone M, Kositanont C. Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Particulate Carcinogens and Mutagens in Bangkok, Thailand. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:1879-87. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.3.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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