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Ludwick K, Clymer JW. Comparative meta-analysis of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence correlated with GDP per capita around the globe. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:89-93. [PMID: 31176263 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) are two prevalent transmittable diseases for domestic cats. This paper reports the frequency of these two diseases compared globally across Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at purchasing power parity per capita (PPP). Information around FeLV and FIV rates of infection in specific locations around the world was analyzed from 47 published articles. Results show that based on the data available, the statistical model indicates that the highest percentage of FeLV or FIV infected cats live in areas of lower PPP (p ≤.001) with a decreasing rate of infection of FeLV and FIV with increasing income. Two theories for this could be that the lower PPP locations in this study were also in areas of greater feral cat and cat colony populations, as well as were areas with less emphasis on animal welfare and animal control programs. Additional research should be conducted to strengthen the study size in South America and Africa before further conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Ludwick
- Miami University, 501 E High St, Oxford, OH 45056, 6249 Aspen Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224, United States of America.
| | - Jeffrey W Clymer
- Ethicon, Inc. 4545 Creek Rd, Cincinnati, OH 45242, United States of America.
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2
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Spada E, Perego R, Sgamma EA, Proverbio D. Survival time and effect of selected predictor variables on survival in owned pet cats seropositive for feline immunodeficiency and leukemia virus attending a referral clinic in northern Italy. Prev Vet Med 2017; 150:38-46. [PMID: 29406082 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) are among the most important feline infectious diseases worldwide. This retrospective study investigated survival times and effects of selected predictor factors on survival time in a population of owned pet cats in Northern Italy testing positive for the presence of FIV antibodies and FeLV antigen. One hundred and three retrovirus-seropositive cats, 53 FIV-seropositive cats, 40 FeLV-seropositive cats, and 10 FIV+FeLV-seropositive cats were included in the study. A population of 103 retrovirus-seronegative age and sex-matched cats was selected. Survival time was calculated and compared between retrovirus-seronegative, FIV, FeLV and FIV+FeLV-seropositive cats using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis was used to study the effect of selected predictor factors (male gender, peripheral blood cytopenia as reduced red blood cells - RBC- count, leukopenia, neutropenia and lymphopenia, hypercreatininemia and reduced albumin to globulin ratio) on survival time in retrovirus-seropositive populations. Median survival times for seronegative cats, FIV, FeLV and FIV+FeLV-seropositive cats were 3960, 2040, 714 and 77days, respectively. Compared to retrovirus-seronegative cats median survival time was significantly lower (P<0.000) in FeLV and FIV+FeLV-seropositive cats. Median survival time in FeLV and FIV+FeLV-seropositive cats was also significant lower (P<0.000) when compared to FIV-seropositive cats. Hazard ratio of death in FeLV and FIV+FeLV-seropositive cats being respectively 3.4 and 7.4 times higher, in comparison to seronegative cats and 2.3 and 4.8 times higher in FeLV and FIV+FeLV-seropositive cats as compared to FIV-seropositive cats. A Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis showed that FIV and FeLV-seropositive cats with reduced RBC counts at time of diagnosis of seropositivity had significantly shorter survival times when compared to FIV and FeLV-seropositive cats with normal RBC counts at diagnosis. In summary, FIV-seropositive status did not significantly affect longevity of cats in this study, unlike FeLV and FIV+FeLV-seropositivity. Reduced RBC counts at time of FIV and FeLV diagnosis could impact negatively on the longevity of seropositive cats and therefore blood counts should always be evaluated at diagnosis and follow-up of retrovirus-seropositive cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Spada
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberta Perego
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Assunta Sgamma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Proverbio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Garigliany M, Jolly S, Dive M, Bayrou C, Berthemin S, Robin P, Godenir R, Petry J, Dahout S, Cassart D, Thiry E, Desmecht D, Saegerman C. Risk factors and effect of selective removal on retroviral infections prevalence in Belgian stray cats. Vet Rec 2016; 178:45. [PMID: 26744011 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of several risk/protective factors and predictors on the prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infections in 302 stray cats captured during a trap-neuter-release programme in a mixed urban-rural area from Belgium, from 2010 to 2012. The impact of selective removal of FIV-positive cats on the apparent prevalence in the remaining population over this three-year period was also assessed. The seroprevalences over three years were 18.8 per cent for FIV and 0.7 per cent for FeLV. For FIV, the seroprevalence decreased significantly from the first year of the programme (2010; 30.5 per cent) to the last (2012; 13.1 per cent). Sex (male) and age (adult and old cats) were risk factors, while the year of sampling (years 2011 and 2012) was a protective factor. Age, sex and location were the most relevant predictors of FIV status. The data presented in this study revealed a very high FIV seroprevalence in Belgian stray cats, while FeLV was almost absent. The selective removal of positive cats had a drastic effect on the FIV seroprevalence in the remaining cat population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garigliany
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 6 (B43), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - S Jolly
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 6 (B43), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - M Dive
- Collective of Ciney Veterinarians for the spaying of stray cats
| | - C Bayrou
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 6 (B43), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - S Berthemin
- Collective of Ciney Veterinarians for the spaying of stray cats
| | - P Robin
- Collective of Ciney Veterinarians for the spaying of stray cats
| | - R Godenir
- Collective of Ciney Veterinarians for the spaying of stray cats
| | - J Petry
- Collective of Ciney Veterinarians for the spaying of stray cats
| | - S Dahout
- Collective of Ciney Veterinarians for the spaying of stray cats
| | - D Cassart
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 6 (B43), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - E Thiry
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 6 (B43), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - D Desmecht
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 6 (B43), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - C Saegerman
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 6 (B43), Liège 4000, Belgium
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Spada E, Proverbio D, Pepa AD, Perego R, Baggiani L, DeGiorgi GB, Domenichini G, Ferro E, Cremonesi F. Seroprevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukaemia virus and Toxoplasma gondii in stray cat colonies in northern Italy and correlation with clinical and laboratory data. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:369-77. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12437352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Stray cat colonies in urban and rural areas of Lombardy, northern Italy, were surveyed for seroprevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antibodies, feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) antigen and Toxoplasma gondii IgG. Of 316 cats tested, 6.6% were positive for FIV and 3.8% were positive for FeLV infection; 203 cats were tested for T gondii IgG antibodies and a prevalence of 30.5% was detected. Statistical analysis tested the influence of provenience, age, gender, health status and laboratory results on seroprevalence and found male gender and adult age were risk factors for FIV infection. FIV-infected cats were more likely to have a decreased red blood cell count than FIV seronegative cats. No predictors were significantly associated with FeLV and T gondii seropositivity. Colony cats in this study posed a limited risk for retrovirus infection to pet cats allowed outdoors, whereas toxoplasmosis exposure was comparable with the worldwide data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Spada
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Proverbio
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra della Pepa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Perego
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Luciana Baggiani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Domenichini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferro
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Fausto Cremonesi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
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Gleich SE, Krieger S, Hartmann K. Prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus among client-owned cats and risk factors for infection in Germany. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:985-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine prevalence and risk factors for retrovirus infection of infected cats in a large cat population in Germany by evaluation of 17,462 client-owned cats that were tested for the presence of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antibodies or feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) antigen. The owners of a subset of 100 cats were contacted to determine their cat's survival times. Prevalence of FIV and FeLV was 3.2% and 3.6%, respectively, remaining stable for FIV, but decreasing for FeLV (6–1%) over 10 years. Median age was 6 years in FIV- and 3 years in FeLV-infected cats. Risk factors for FIV infection were male gender, older age, mixed breed, access to outdoor, aggressive behaviour, and FeLV co-infection; and for FeLV infection contact to other cats, aggressive behaviour, and FIV co-infection. Median survival time of FIV-infected cats was not significantly different to non-infected cats, whereas FeLV-infected cats had significantly shorter median survival times than non-infected cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine E. Gleich
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Krieger
- Institute for Statistics, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Theresienstrasse 36, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Yamamoto JK, Pu R, Sato E, Hohdatsu T. Feline immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis and development of a dual-subtype feline-immunodeficiency-virus vaccine. AIDS 2007; 21:547-63. [PMID: 17314517 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328013d88a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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VandeWoude S, Apetrei C. Going wild: lessons from naturally occurring T-lymphotropic lentiviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:728-62. [PMID: 17041142 PMCID: PMC1592692 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00009-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 40 nonhuman primate (NHP) species harbor species-specific simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). Similarly, more than 20 species of nondomestic felids and African hyenids demonstrate seroreactivity against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antigens. While it has been challenging to study the biological implications of nonfatal infections in natural populations, epidemiologic and clinical studies performed thus far have only rarely detected increased morbidity or impaired fecundity/survival of naturally infected SIV- or FIV-seropositive versus -seronegative animals. Cross-species transmissions of these agents are rare in nature but have been used to develop experimental systems to evaluate mechanisms of pathogenicity and to develop animal models of HIV/AIDS. Given that felids and primates are substantially evolutionarily removed yet demonstrate the same pattern of apparently nonpathogenic lentiviral infections, comparison of the biological behaviors of these viruses can yield important implications for host-lentiviral adaptation which are relevant to human HIV/AIDS infection. This review therefore evaluates similarities in epidemiology, lentiviral genotyping, pathogenicity, host immune responses, and cross-species transmission of FIVs and factors associated with the establishment of lentiviral infections in new species. This comparison of consistent patterns in lentivirus biology will expose new directions for scientific inquiry for understanding the basis for virulence versus avirulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80538-1619, USA
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Lee IT, Levy JK, Gorman SP, Crawford PC, Slater MR. Prevalence of feline leukemia virus infection and serum antibodies against feline immunodeficiency virus in unowned free-roaming cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 220:620-2. [PMID: 12418520 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2002.220.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine prevalence of FeLV infection and serum antibodies against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in unowned free-roaming cats. DESIGN Cross-sectional serologic survey. ANIMALS 733 unowned free-roaming cats in Raleigh, NC, and 1,143 unowned free-roaming cats in Gainesville, Fla. RESULTS In Raleigh, overall prevalence of FeLV infection was 5.3%, and overall seroprevalence for FIV was 2.3%. In Gainesville, overall prevalence of FeLV infection was 3.7%, and overall seroprevalence for FIV was 4.3%. Overall, FeLV prevalence was 4.3%, and seroprevalence for FIV was 3.5%. Prevalence of FeLV infection was not significantly different between males (4.9%) and females (3.8%), although seroprevalence for FIV was significantly higher in male cats (6.3%) than in female cats (1.5%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Prevalence of FeLV infection and seroprevalence for FIV in unowned free-roaming cats in Raleigh and Gainesville are similar to prevalence rates reported for owned cats in the United States. Male cats are at increased risk for exposure to FIV, compared with female cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene T Lee
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
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D'Amore E, Falcone E, Busani L, Tollis M. A serological survey of feline immunodeficiency virus and Toxoplasma gondii in stray cats. Vet Res Commun 1997; 21:355-9. [PMID: 9232779 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005864321370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E D'Amore
- Servizio Qualità e Sicurezza della Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Malik R, Kendall K, Cridland J, Coulston S, Stuart AJ, Snow D, Love DN. Prevalences of feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infections in cats in Sydney. Aust Vet J 1997; 75:323-7. [PMID: 9196815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1997.tb15701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine prevalences of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infections in 'healthy' cats that, through acute misadventure or other circumstance, were presented to veterinary practitioners. Prevalences of FeLV and FIV in this population were compared to those in a population of predominantly sick cats. DESIGN AND PROCEDURES Serum specimens were obtained over a 2-year period from 200 cats older than 1 year of age presented to veterinary clinics for routine procedures, including cat fight injuries or abscesses, vehicular trauma, neutering, dental scaling, vaccination, grooming or boarding. An additional 894 sera were obtained over approximately the same period from specimens submitted by veterinarians to a private clinical pathology laboratory, mainly from sick cars suspected of having immune dysfunction, but including some sera from healthy cats being screened prior to FeLV vaccination. FIV antibody and FeLV antigen were detected in samples using commercial enzyme immunoassays. RESULTS Amongst 200 'healthy' cats, the prevalence of FeLV infection was 0 to 2%, and the prevalence of FIV was 6.5 to 7.5%, depending on the stringency of the criteria used to define positivity. FIV infection was significantly more prevalent in cats which resided in an inner city environment (P = 0.013). Of the 894 serum specimens submitted to the laboratory by practitioners, 11/761 (1.4%) were FeLV positive, while 148/711 (20.8%) were FIV positive. The prevalence of FIV was significantly higher in these predominantly 'sick' cats than in cats seen for routine veterinary procedures (P < 0.00001), while there was no difference in the prevalence of FeLV (P = 0.75) CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of FeLV and FIV in healthy cats may have been substantially overestimated in some previous Australian surveys. FeLV infection would appear to be a rare cause of disease in Australian cats. The higher prevalence of FIV positivity in sick as opposed to healthy cats infers that FIV infection contributes to the development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Malik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales
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Kania SA, Kennedy MA, Potgieter LN. Serologic reactivity using conserved envelope epitopes in feline lentivirus-infected felids. J Vet Diagn Invest 1997; 9:125-9. [PMID: 9211229 DOI: 10.1177/104063879700900203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on synthetic peptides identical to lentivirus envelope protein amino acid sequences was used to study serologic reactivity of lentivirus-infected domestic cats and nondomestic felids. One feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) peptide, P237, was consistently recognized by antibodies from FIV-infected cats, but 2 other FIV peptide antigens were not. The molecular basis for this serologic reactivity was examined. Lentivirus-infected nondomestic Felis species reacted intensely with a puma lentivirus (PLV) peptide corresponding to the conserved FIV peptide. However, lentivirus-infected Panthera species, from which a different lentivirus has been isolated, did not react with the PLV. FIV-infected domestic felids also did not have significant reactivity with the PLV peptide. The peptide ELISA is comparable in sensitivity and specificity to western blot analysis and a commercial enzyme immunoassay. Unlike the other assays, however, the peptide ELISA is inexpensive, requires a small amount of serum, enables the study of specific isotype reactivity, and discriminates between antibodies to FIV and those to PLV. Antibody tests based upon the FIV and the PLV peptides should be useful for detecting the possible introduction of FIV into exotic felids or of lentiviruses from nondomestic felids into the domestic cat population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Kania
- Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37901-1071, USA
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