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Variability in peripheral blood enrichment techniques can alter equine leukocyte cellularity, viability and function. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 225:110062. [PMID: 32438246 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral blood is commonly sampled to assess the health status of human and veterinary patients. Venous blood collection is a minimally invasive procedure, and in the horse, the common collection site is the jugular vein. Post blood collection, sample processing for leukocyte enrichment can vary by research laboratory with the potential to yield different effects on the enriched cells and their function. The focus of the present study was to compare a common blood dilution-leukocyte enrichment technique using a Histopaque gradient medium (His) to a modified leukocyte buffy coat syringe-lymphocyte separation medium technique (Syr- LSM) with peripheral blood from 12 healthy horses. The endpoints examined included cell recovery/mL of blood, cell viability, leukocyte enrichment purity, leukocyte cell marker subset phenotype, leukocyte spontaneous and mitogen-induced proliferation and secretory TNFα concentrations. Leukocyte cell recovery/mL of whole blood and cell viability was significantly increased in enriched leukocytes from the Syr-LSM technique. Interestingly, the percentage of CD8+ and CD21+ were significantly increased with the His technique as was Con A-induced proliferation. Still, leukocyte cell purity and TNFα concentrations from the 72 h cell culture supernatants were comparable across the two enrichment techniques. To summarize, the type of whole blood leukocyte enrichment technique employed can affect the results of immunologic assay endpoints possibly altering data interpretation.
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Chen JW, Stefanovski D, Haughan J, Jiang Z, Boston R, Soma LR, Robinson MA. Inflammatory mediators are potential biomarkers for extracorporeal shockwave therapy in horses. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:449-454. [PMID: 31505057 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) can potentially mask painful injuries in equine athletes. Tests to detect whether a horse has received ESWT prior to competition are needed. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy is known to affect inflammatory mediators in other species, and if these mediators are altered in the horse, these could serve as biomarkers of ESWT. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that a single application of ESWT will alter the circulating protein concentrations of 10 inflammatory mediators in horse plasma. STUDY DESIGN Prospective repeated measures experimental study. METHODS Eleven healthy horses were administered a single dose of ESWT on the dorsal surface of proximal MCIII. Blood samples were collected at -168, -144, -120, -96, -72, -70, -68, -66, -48, -24, -6, -4, -2, 0 h before and 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, 72, 96, 168, 336 and 504 h after ESWT. Plasma concentrations of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-15, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), soluble toll-like receptor 2 (sTLR2) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were measured to assess the effects of ESWT on these mediators. RESULTS Baseline concentrations of inflammatory mediators did not change substantially during the week prior to ESWT. Plasma concentrations of five inflammatory factors changed following ESWT. IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly down-regulated (P<0.01), while TNF-α, IL-1RA and TLR2 were significantly up-regulated (P<0.01). The remaining cytokines were not significantly affected by ESWT. MAIN LIMITATIONS This study was performed in a small number of sedentary, healthy pasture-kept horses using a single dose of ESWT applied to a single location. Additional studies are necessary to determine the effect of ESWT on inflammatory mediators in athletic horses undergoing treatment for musculoskeletal injuries. CONCLUSIONS Plasma concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-6 and TLR2 were significantly affected by ESWT, and deserve further investigation as possible biomarkers of ESWT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-W Chen
- Department of Clinical Studies- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - D Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J Haughan
- Department of Clinical Studies- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Z Jiang
- Department of Clinical Studies- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - R Boston
- Department of Clinical Studies- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - L R Soma
- Department of Clinical Studies- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - M A Robinson
- Department of Clinical Studies- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ferreira L, Melo S, Diniz A, Vaz S, Abreu J, Manso H, Filho HM. Aerobic exercise produces changes in plasma IL-6 but not IL-1b in four-beat gaited horses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/cep150012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is an important stressor and is correlated with cytokine production in several tissues. There is little information about changes in interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1b in four-beat gaited horses during a typical aerobic exercise challenge. The objective of this research was to characterise changes in plasma IL-6, IL-1b, cortisol and other blood biomarkers in four-beat gaited horses after a marcha simulation test. We subjected 12 fit horses (approximately 5 years old and 390 kg) to the marcha simulation test (MST) (i.e. a 10 min warm-up, 30 min at marcha and 15 min cool down). Blood samples were collected before the MST, immediately after the MST and 15 and 120 min after the MST (i.e. recovery). Results were analysed with One Way Repeated Measures ANOVA and a Tukey tests with P≤0.05 and Pearson correlation test. The highest value of plasma IL-6 was observed immediately after MST (6.85 pg/ml) (P≥0.05). IL-1 and cortisol did not change (P≥0.05). However, creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase, nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), glycerol, total cholesterol and glucose were elevated immediately after the MST and at 15 min after the MST (P≤0.05). No change was observed in alanine aminotransferase and triglycerides (P>0.05). Medium correlation was observed between NEFA and glycerol (R=0.64) and glycerol and triglycerides (R=0.50). In conclusion, an increase in IL-6 immediately that occurred after marcha simulation test was associated with elevated concentrations of several energetic metabolites (NEFA, glycerol and glucose). This metabolic adaption may contributed to the horses’ performance during their typical aerobic exercise and was not associated with significant elevation in IL-1b, CK, and cortisol in healthy trained four-beat gaited horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.M.C. Ferreira
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Equina, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, 52.171-900 Recife PE, Brazil
| | - S.K.M. Melo
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Equina, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, 52.171-900 Recife PE, Brazil
| | - A.I.A. Diniz
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Equina, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, 52.171-900 Recife PE, Brazil
| | - S.G. Vaz
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Equina, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, 52.171-900 Recife PE, Brazil
| | - J.M.G. Abreu
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza CE, Brazil
| | - H.E.C.C.C. Manso
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Equina, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, 52.171-900 Recife PE, Brazil
| | - H.C. Manso Filho
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Equina, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, 52.171-900 Recife PE, Brazil
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Schnabel CL, Wagner S, Wagner B, Durán MC, Babasyan S, Nolte I, Pfarrer C, Feige K, Murua Escobar H, Cavalleri JMV. Evaluation of the reactivity of commercially available monoclonal antibodies with equine cytokines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 156:1-19. [PMID: 24139393 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Research on equine cytokines is often performed by analyses of mRNA. For many equine cytokines an analysis on the actual protein level is limited by the availability of antibodies against the targeted cytokines. Generation of new antibodies is ongoing but time consuming. Thus, testing the reactivity of commercially available antibodies for cross-reactivity with equine cytokines is of particular interest. Fifteen monoclonal antibodies against IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-18 and Granulocyte Macrophage Colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) of different species were evaluated for reactivity with their corresponding equine cytokines. Dot Blot (DB) and Western Blot (WB) analyses were performed using recombinant equine cytokines as positive controls. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was carried out on equine tissue and flow cytometry on equine PBMC as positive controls. As expected, three equine IL-1β antibodies detected equine IL-1β in DB, WB and IHC. For these, reactivity in IHC has not been described before. One of them was also found to be suitable for intracellular staining of equine PBMC and flow cytometric analysis. Two antibodies raised against ovine GM-CSF cross-reacted with equine GM-CSF in DB, WB and IHC. For these anti-GM-CSF mAbs this is the first experimental description of cross-reactivity with equine GM-CSF (one mAb was predicted to be cross-reactive in WB in the respective data sheet). The other clone additionally proved to be appropriate in flow cytometric analysis. Two mAbs targeting porcine IL-18 cross-reacted in IHC, but did not show specificity in the other applications. No reactivity was shown for the remaining five antibodies in DB, although cross-reactivity of two of the antibodies was described previously. The results obtained in this study can provide beneficial information for choosing of antibodies for immunological tests on equine cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Schnabel
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Clinic for Horses, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Pearson W, Orth MW, Lindinger MI. Evaluation of inflammatory responses induced via intra-articular injection of interleukin-1 in horses receiving a dietary nutraceutical and assessment of the clinical effects of long-term nutraceutical administration. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:848-61. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.7.848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nakata M, Itou T, Sakai T. Molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of inflammatory cytokines of the ferret (Mustela putorius furo). J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:543-50. [PMID: 18628593 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study determined the cDNA and deduced amino acid sequences of ferret (Mustela putorius furo) inflammatory cytokines, interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. The homologies of the nucleotide sequences of IFN-gamma, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha of the ferret to those from other mammalian species ranged from 64.3-92.9%, 73.0-83.9, 58.1-84.8%, 58.1-89.7% and 79.0-95.0%, respectively. As distinctive amino acid residues constituting various motifs and ligand-binding sites and cysteine residues were highly conserved in ferret inflammatory cytokine proteins, ferret cytokines may have fundamentally similar functions to those of other mammals. Phylogenetic analyses based on the deduced amino acid sequences revealed that all ferret inflammatory cytokines were more closely related to those of the Carnivora order, specifically dog and cat, than to other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nakata
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, Kanagawa, Japan
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Odbileg R, Konnai S, Ohashi K, Onuma M. Molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of inflammatory cytokines of Camelidae (llama and camel). J Vet Med Sci 2006; 67:921-5. [PMID: 16210805 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We cloned, sequenced and analyzed the cDNAs encoding Camelidae inflammatory cytokines, including llama (lama glama) interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and camel (Camelus bactrianus) IL-6 and TNF-alpha. The similarity levels of the deduced amino acid sequences of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha from llama (camel) to those from other mammalian species, ranged from 60.7% to 87.7%, 52.8% to 75.3%, 41.4% to 98.6%, and 72.9% to 99.6%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on nucleic acid sequences showed that llama IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha were more closely related to those of camel, pig, cattle, sheep and horse than to those of human, dog, cat, mouse and rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raadan Odbileg
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
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Kirisawa R, Hashimoto N, Tazaki M, Yamanaka H, Ishii R, Hagiwara K, Iwai H. Molecular characterization and functional expression of equine interleukin-1 type I and type II receptor cDNAs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 109:219-31. [PMID: 16176839 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Revised: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
cDNA generated from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells was used to amplify and clone type I and type II equine interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1RI and IL-1RII) using primers derived from semi-conserved regions between human and mouse IL-1RI and IL-1RII sequences, respectively. 5' and 3' terminal sequences of equine IL-1RI and IL-1RII were amplified by 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The deduced amino acid sequence of equine IL-1RI demonstrated 77, 64 and 63% similarity with human, mouse and rat sequences, respectively. The predicted amino acid sequence of equine IL-1RII demonstrated 70, 60 and 58% similarity with human, mouse and rat sequences, respectively. Recombinant equine soluble IL-1RI and IL-1RII produced in insect cells bound recombinant equine IL-1alpha and IL-1beta. Furthermore, both receptors suppressed the growth inhibitory activities of equine IL-1alpha and IL-1beta toward A375 cells in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that the present equine IL-1RI and IL-1RII cDNA encodes biologically active proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikio Kirisawa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Bunkyoudai-Midorimachi 582, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
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Weaver RE, Sharif M, Livingston LA, Andrews KL, Fuller CJ. Microscopic change in macroscopically normal equine cartilage from osteoarthritic joints. Connect Tissue Res 2006; 47:92-101. [PMID: 16754515 DOI: 10.1080/03008200600584165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess whether macroscopically normal articular cartilage taken from joints containing focal osteoarthritic lesions is histologically similar to articular cartilage taken from macroscopically normal joints. Metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints were obtained from 10 horses following euthanasia. Gross articular cartilage damage was scored and the cartilage assigned to one of two groups: (1) macroscopically normal cartilage from normal joints (control) and (2) macroscopically normal cartilage from diseased joints in which there were focal osteoarthritic lesions. Chondrocytes expressing specific cytokines and cytokine receptors were identified by immunohistochemistry. The total number of chondrocytes, and percentage of chondrocytes positive for these cytokines and receptors, was recorded in the superficial, middle, and deep cartilage zones. There was a significant increase in the expression of interleukin-1beta in the superficial and middle zones and interleukin-18 receptor in the superficial zone in Group 2 compared with Group 1 control samples. A significant positive correlation also was found between the grade of osteoarthritis and the percentage of chondrocytes positive for interleukin-1beta in the superficial and middle zones, and for interleukin-18 and interleukin-18R in the superficial zone. There was a significant increase in histology score for glycosaminoglycan loss in Group 2 compared with that in Group 1. In joints with focal osteoarthritis lesions, all the articular cartilage, even if macroscopically apparently normal, may have microscopic changes associated with osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Weaver
- Department of Anatomy, Southwell Street, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Bird S, Zou J, Wang T, Munday B, Cunningham C, Secombes CJ. Evolution of interleukin-1beta. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2002; 13:483-502. [PMID: 12401481 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(02)00028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
All jawed vertebrates possess a complex immune system, which is capable of anticipatory and innate immune responses. Jawless vertebrates possess an equally complex immune system but with no evidence of an anticipatory immune response. From these findings it has been speculated that the initiation and regulation of the immune system within vertebrates will be equally complex, although very little has been done to look at the evolution of cytokine genes, despite well-known biological activities within vertebrates. In recent years, cytokines, which have been well characterised within mammals, have begun to be cloned and sequenced within non-mammalian vertebrates, with the number of cytokine sequences available from primitive vertebrates growing rapidly. The identification of cytokines, which are mammalian homologues, will give a better insight into where immune system communicators arose and may also reveal molecules, which are unique to certain organisms. Work has focussed on interleukin-1 (IL-1), a major mediator of inflammation which initiates and/or increases a wide variety of non-structural, function associated genes that are characteristically expressed during inflammation. Other than mammalian IL-1beta sequences there are now full cDNA sequences and genomic organisations available from bird, amphibian, bony fish and cartilaginous fish, with many of these genes having been obtained using an homology cloning approach. This review considers how the IL-1beta gene has changed through vertebrate evolution and whether its role and regulation are conserved within selected non-mammalian vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Bird
- Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
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Fenton JI, Chlebek-Brown KA, Caron JP, Orth MW. Effect of glucosamine on interleukin-1-conditioned articular cartilage. Equine Vet J 2002:219-23. [PMID: 12405690 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucosamine inhibits recombinant human interleukin-1 stimulated cartilage degradation in equine cartilage explants. Recently, recombinant equine interleukin-1 has been cloned and purified. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterise the effects of glucosamine on indices of cartilage degradation in recombinant equine IL-1beta-stimulated equine articular cartilage explants. Cartilage discs were harvested from the weight-bearing region of the articular surface of the antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal joints of horses (age 2-8 years) and cultured under standard conditions. Explants were exposed to recombinant equine interleukin-1beta (reIL-1beta) on Days 1-4 in the presence or absence of glucosamine (0.25, 2.5 or 25 mg/ml), with appropriate controls. Nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, sulphated proteoglycan, stromelysin and gelatinase/collagenase activity released into conditioned media and total tissue proteoglycan content were measured as indicators of cartilage catabolism. Glucosamine inhibited cartilage catabolic responses in a dose dependent manner that was statistically significant at a dose of 0.25 mg/ml for stromelysin activity and 2.5 mg/ml for collagenase/gelatinase activity. At 25 mg/ml glucosamine also prevented IL-1beta-induced increases in nitric oxide production, prostaglandin E2 and proteoglycan release to media. Glucosamine prevents equine articular cartilage degradation experimentally induced by reIL-1beta in vitro. These data provide further support for the use of glucosamine in treatment or prevention of cartilage loss in athletic horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Fenton
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
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Takafuji VA, McIlwraith CW, Howard RD. Effects of equine recombinant interleukin-1alpha and interleukin-1beta on proteoglycan metabolism and prostaglandin E2 synthesis in equine articular cartilage explants. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:551-8. [PMID: 11939318 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of equine recombinant interleukin-1alpha (rEqIL-1alpha) and recombinant interleukin-1beta (rEqIL-1beta) on proteoglycan metabolism and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis by equine articular chondrocytes in explant culture. SAMPLE POPULATION Near full-thickness articular cartilage explants (approx 50 mg) harvested from stifle joints of a 3-year-old and a 5-year-old horse. PROCEDURE Expression constructs containing cDNA sequences encoding EqIL-1alpha and EqIL-1beta were generated, prokaryotically expressed, and the recombinant protein purified. Near full-thickness articular cartilage explants (approx 50 mg) harvested from stifle joints of a 3-year-old and a 5-year-old horse were separately randomized to receive rEqIL-1alpha or rEqIL-1beta treatments 10 to 500 ng/ml). Proteoglycan release was evaluated by 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue spectrophotometric analysis of explant media glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentration and release of 35S-sulfate-labeled GAG to explant media. Proteoglycan synthesis was assessed by quantification of 35S-sulfate incorporation into proteoglycan. Explant media PGE2 concentrations were evaluated using a PGE2-specific enzyme-linked immunoassay. Data were collected at 48-hour intervals and normalized by DNA content. RESULTS Proteoglycan release was induced by rEqIL-1alpha and rEqIL-1beta at concentrations > or =0.1 ng/ml, with 38 to 76% and 88 to 98% of total GAG released by 4 and 6 days, respectively. Inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis (42 to 64%) was observed at IL-1 concentrations > or = 0.1 ng/ml at 2 and 4 days. Increased PGE2 concentrations were observed at IL-1 concentrations > or = 0.1 ng/ml at 2 and 4 days. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The rEqIL-1 induced potent concentration-dependent derangement of equine chondrocyte metabolism in vitro. These findings suggest this model may be suitable for the in vitro study of the pathogenesis and treatment of joint disease in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian A Takafuji
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061-0442, USA
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Fuller CJ, Barr AR, Dieppe PA. Variations in cartilage catabolism in different equine joints in response to interleukin-1 in vitro. Vet Rec 2001; 148:204-6. [PMID: 11265997 DOI: 10.1136/vr.148.7.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An explant system was used to investigate the hypothesis that cartilage from different equine joints might respond differently to challenge with interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha). Pairs of normal cartilage samples were taken from the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints of six horses. One of each pair was stimulated with 10 ng/ml human recombinant IL-1alpha for three days, and the supernatants and remaining cartilage explants were analysed for their total content of glycosaminoglycans. A significantly higher percentage of glycosaminoglycans was released from the cartilage of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints than from the metacarpophalangeal joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Fuller
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford
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Abstract
The ultimate reason for better characterizing the immune response to infectious agents is the hope that this knowledge may lead to the development of better preventative or therapeutic measures. As more information becomes available, it becomes possible to incorporate these findings into the design of better vaccines and treatments. Likewise, attempts to either enhance or suppress specific helper T-cell responses may be required to control immunopathologic reactions. Although cytokine intervention in the clinical setting remains theoretic at this time, future manipulation based on the TH1/TH2 paradigm is probable.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Horohov
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
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Inoue Y, Itou T, Ueda K, Oike T, Sakai T. Cloning and sequencing of a bottle-nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) interleukin-1alpha and -1beta complementary DNAs. J Vet Med Sci 1999; 61:1317-21. [PMID: 10651053 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.61.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The bottle-nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) IL-1alpha and IL-1beta cDNA were cloned from mitogen stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) RNA utilizing the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The sequences of these cDNAs showed that dolphin IL-1alpha and IL-1beta clones contained open reading frames encoding 265 and 266 amino acids, respectively. Comparison of the deduced amino acid showed that dolphin IL-1alpha sequence shared 77, 77, 77, 74, 71, 65 and 57% similarity with the bovine, ovine, porcine, equine, feline, human and mouse IL-1alpha sequences, respectively. Similarly, the amino acid sequence showed that dolphin IL-1beta shared 77, 77, 74, 69, 65, 64 and 63% similarity with the bovine, ovine, porcine, equine, feline, human and mouse IL-1beta sequences, respectively. The relatedness of dolphin IL-1alpha and IL-1beta were relatively distant with 21% amino acid homology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Inoue
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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Watkins LR, Hansen MK, Nguyen KT, Lee JE, Maier SF. Dynamic regulation of the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1beta: molecular biology for non-molecular biologists. Life Sci 1999; 65:449-81. [PMID: 10462074 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is a key mediator and modulator of a wide array of physiological responses important for survival. It is created by a variety of cell types, including immune cells, glia, and neurons. It is a very potent biological molecule, acting both at the periphery as well as within the central nervous system. The production and release of IL-1beta is tightly regulated by far more complex processes than previously thought. An appreciation of this complexity is necessary for proper interpretation of apparent contradictions in the literature where different aspects of IL-1beta expression are measured. Given that many researchers are not molecular biologists by training, yet need an appreciation of the controls that regulate the function of key proteins such as IL-1beta, this review is aimed at both: (a) clarifying the multiple levels at which IL-1beta production is modulated and (b) using IL-1beta regulation to explain the dynamics of gene regulation to non-molecular biologists. Three major topics will be discussed. First, regulation of IL-1beta production will be examined at every level from extracellular signals that trigger gene activation through release of active protein into the extracellular fluid. Second, regulation of IL-1beta bioavailability and bioactivity will be discussed. This section examines the fact that even after IL-1beta is released, it may or may not be able to exert a biological action due to multiple modulatory factors. Last is the introduction of the idea that IL-1beta regulation is, at times, beyond the direct control of host; that is, when IL-1beta production becomes dysregulated by pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Watkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 80309, USA.
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17
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Giguère S, Prescott JF. Quantitation of equine cytokine mRNA expression by reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1999; 67:1-15. [PMID: 9950350 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction (RT-cPCR) method was developed to quantitate equine interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 p35, IL-12 p40, interferon-gamma (INF-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and beta-actin mRNA expression. Using primers based on equine-specific sequences, these cytokines could be detected in concanavalin A-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The specificity of the amplified product was confirmed by sequencing. For each cytokine, the assay was made quantitative by generating competitor DNA fragments (mimic) containing the same primer template as a equine cytokine, but differing in size to make them distinguishable on an agarose gel. Serial dilutions of the mimic were added to PCR reactions containing constant amount of equine cDNA. Following gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining, densitometric analysis of the bands corresponding to the target and mimic were used to construct a standard curve from which the amount of target cDNA was derived. Quantitation of IL-6 gene expression from a cDNA sample on four different days gave a coefficient of variation or 6.6%. Sample-to-sample variation in the efficiency of the reverse transcription as well as in the quantity of quality of starting RNA was considerably attenuated by normalizing the results to beta-actin mRNA expression used as a house-keeping gene. Small differences (2-fold) in cytokine mRNA expression were reliably detected. The sensitivity and reproducibility of this technique will make it valuable in following changes in equine cytokine gene expression in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the RT-cPCR technique described will have broad applicability for quantitation of cytokine gene expression in other animal species of veterinary interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giguère
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
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18
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Kato H, Ohashi T, Matsushiro H, Watari T, Goitsuka R, Tsujimoto H, Hasegawa A. Molecular cloning and functional expression of equine interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1997; 56:221-31. [PMID: 9223227 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(96)05769-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Equine interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) was molecularly cloned to establish a basis for cytokine therapy of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases in the horse. cDNA clones encoding the whole coding sequence of equine IL-1ra were isolated from equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that had been stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The equine IL-1ra cDNA obtained in this study contained an open reading frame encoding 177 amino acid residues. The predicted amino acid sequence of equine IL-1ra shared 75.7, 75.3 and 76.3% similarity with sequences of human, murine and rabbit IL-1ras, respectively. An N-glycosylation site and five cysteine residues conserved in human, murine and rabbit IL-1ras were also found at the corresponding positions in equine IL-1ra. Recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST)-equine IL-1ra fusion protein produced by Escherichia coli was purified. This protein was shown to inhibit the cytostatic or cytotoxic activity of IL-1 on A375S2 cells, indicating that the equine IL-1ra cDNA obtained in this study encodes biologically active equine IL-1ra.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kato
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Kato H, Youn HY, Ohashi T, Watari T, Goitsuka R, Tsujimoto H, Hasegawa A. Identification of an alternatively spliced transcript of equine interleukin-1 beta. Gene 1996; 177:11-6. [PMID: 8921838 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(96)00262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated equine peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cDNA as a template, we performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with equine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) specific primers. Electrophoresis of the PCR product on agarose gel revealed an additional smaller fragment that hybridized with an equine IL-1 beta cDNA probe. Sequencing of this fragment demonstrated that it was shorter than normal equine IL-1 beta cDNA by 162 nucleotides, which corresponded to exon 5 of the human and murine IL-1 beta genes. The deletion of 162 nucleotides did not result in a frame shift but spliced out the putative exon 5 of the IL-1 beta gene which includes the cleavage site for the IL-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) in human and murine IL-1 beta. Expression of the alternatively spliced IL-1 beta transcript in PBMC was also detected after stimulation with other compounds. These results clearly indicate the existence of an alternatively spliced IL-1 beta transcript in equine PBMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kato
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan.
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