Effect of interleukin-10 on NF-kB and AP-1 activities in interleukin-2 dependent CD8 T lymphoblasts

IL-10-induced STAT3/NF-κB crosstalk modulates pineal and extra-pineal melatonin synthesis

Immune-pineal axis activation is part of the assembly of immune responses. Proinflammatory cytokines inhibit the pineal synthesis of melatonin while inducing it in macrophages by mechanisms dependent on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. Cytokines activating the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), modulate melatonin synthesis in the pineal, bone marrow (BM), and spleen. The stimulatory effect of IFN-γ upon the pineal gland depends on STAT1/NF-κB interaction, but the mechanisms controlling IL-10 effects on melatonin synthesis remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the role of STAT3 and NF-κB activation by IL-10 upon the melatonin synthesis of rats' pineal gland, BM, spleen, and peritoneal cells. The results show that IL-10-induced interaction of (p)STAT3 with specific NF-κB dimmers leads to different cell effects. IL-10 increases the pineal's acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT), N-acetylserotonin, and melatonin content via nuclear translocation of NF-κB/STAT3. In BM, the nuclear translocation of STAT3/p65-NF-κB complexes increases ASMT expression and melatonin content. Increased pSTAT3/p65-NF-κB nuclear translocation in the spleen enhances phosphorylated serotonin N-acetyltransferase ((p)SNAT) expression and melatonin content. Conversely, in peritoneal cells, IL-10 leads to NF-κB p50/p50 inhibitory dimmer nuclear translocation, decreasing (p)SNAT expression and melatonin content. In conclusion, IL-10's effects on melatonin production depend on the NF-κB subunits interacting with (p)STAT3. Thus, variations of IL-10 levels and downstream pathways during immune responses might be critical regulatory factors adjusting pineal and extra-pineal synthesis of melatonin.

4-1BB Targeting Immunotherapy: Mechanism, Antibodies, and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T

4-1BB (CD137, TNFRSF9) is a type I transmembrane protein which binds its natural ligand, 4-1BBL. This interaction has been exploited to improve cancer immunotherapy. With ligand binding by 4-1BB, the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway is activated, which results in transcription of corresponding genes such as interleukin-2 and interferon-γ, as well as the induction of T cell proliferation and antiapoptotic signals. Moreover, monoclonal antibodies that target-4-1BB, for example, Urelumab and Utomilumab, are widely used in the treatments of B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, and other solid tumors. Furthermore, 4-1BB as a costimulatory domain, for chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells, improves T cell proliferation and survival as well as reduces T cell exhaustion. As such, a deeper understanding of 4-1BB will contribute to improvements in cancer immunotherapy. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current 4-1BB studies, with a focus on the use of targeting-4-1BB antibodies and 4-1BB activation domains in CAR-T cells for the treatment of cancer.

Carp Il10 Has Anti-Inflammatory Activities on Phagocytes, Promotes Proliferation of Memory T Cells, and Regulates B Cell Differentiation and Antibody Secretion

In the current study, we investigated the effects of carp Il10 on phagocytes and lymphocytes. Carp Il10 shares several prototypical inhibitory activities on phagocytes with mammalian IL-10, including deactivation of neutrophils and macrophages, as shown by inhibition of oxygen and nitrogen radical production, as well as reduced expression of proinflammatory genes and mhc genes involved in Ag presentation. Similar to mammalian IL-10, carp Il10 acts through a signaling pathway involving phosphorylation of Stat3, ultimately leading to the early upregulation of socs3 expression. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the effects of Il10 on lymphocytes in fish. Although Il10 did not affect survival and proliferation of T cells from naive animals, it greatly promoted survival and proliferation of T cells in cultures from immunized animals, but only when used in combination with the immunizing Ag. Preliminary gene expression analysis suggests that, under these circumstances, carp Il10 stimulates a subset of CD8+ memory T cells while downregulating CD4+ memory Th1 and Th2 responses. In addition to the regulatory effect on T cells, carp Il10 stimulates proliferation, differentiation, and Ab secretion by IgM+ B cells. Overall, carp Il10 shares several prototypical activities with mammalian IL-10, including downregulation of the inflammatory response of phagocytes, stimulation of proliferation of subsets of memory T lymphocytes, and proliferation, differentiation, and Ab secretion by IgM+ B lymphocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive analysis of biological activities of fish Il10 on both phagocytes and lymphocytes showing functional conservation of several properties of Il10.

The Potentiation of IFN-γ and Induction of Cytotoxic Proteins by Pegylated IL-10 in Human CD8 T Cells

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) exerts both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory effects. While the immunosuppressive effects are widely known, it has only been recently reported that pegylated recombinant human IL-10 (PEG-rHuIL-10) elicits potent interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and CD8 T-cell-dependent antitumor effects in murine tumor models. In this study, we show that PEG-rHuIL-10 exerts immune inhibitory effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) bulk cultures and stimulatory effects in CD8 T cells within the same culture. Also, in isolated CD8 T cells, PEG-rHuIL-10 potentiates prototypic Tc1 cytokine IFN-γ expression and induces perforin and granzyme B secretion. IFN-γ and granzyme B secretion is dependent on T-cell receptor ligation and is therefore not indiscriminately released by PEG-rHuIL-10 treatment. STAT3, NF-κB, AP1, and MEK inhibition blocks IFN-γ potentiation, while perforin induction is impeded by AP1 inhibition, and granzyme B induction is blocked by both AP1 and MEK inhibition. These results extend previous pegylated IL-10 preclinical findings to human CD8 T cells and implicate a strong degree of translation for pegylated IL-10 use in cancer therapy.

A dynamic network of transcription in LPS-treated human subjects

BACKGROUND

Understanding the transcriptional regulatory networks that map out the coordinated dynamic responses of signaling proteins, transcription factors and target genes over time would represent a significant advance in the application of genome wide expression analysis. The primary challenge is monitoring transcription factor activities over time, which is not yet available at the large scale. Instead, there have been several developments to estimate activities computationally. For example, Network Component Analysis (NCA) is an approach that can predict transcription factor activities over time as well as the relative regulatory influence of factors on each target gene.

RESULTS

In this study, we analyzed a gene expression data set in blood leukocytes from human subjects administered with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a prototypical inflammatory challenge, in the context of a reconstructed regulatory network including 10 transcription factors, 99 target genes and 149 regulatory interactions. We found that the computationally estimated activities were well correlated to their coordinated action. Furthermore, we found that clustering the genes in the context of regulatory influences greatly facilitated interpretation of the expression data, as clusters of gene expression corresponded to the activity of specific factors or more interestingly, factor combinations which suggest coordinated regulation of gene expression. The resulting clusters were therefore more biologically meaningful, and also led to identification of additional genes under the same regulation.

CONCLUSION

Using NCA, we were able to build a network that accounted for between 8-11% genes in the known transcriptional response to LPS in humans. The dynamic network illustrated changes of transcription factor activities and gene expressions as well as interactions of signaling proteins, transcription factors and target genes.

IL-10 suppresses chemokines, inflammation, and fibrosis in a model of chronic renal disease

IL-10 is a pluripotent cytokine that plays a pivotal role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. Whereas short-term administration of IL-10 has shown benefit in acute glomerulonephritis, no studies have addressed the potential benefits of IL-10 in chronic renal disease. Chronically elevated blood levels of IL-10 in rats were achieved by administration of a recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 1 IL-10 (rAAV1-IL-10) vector. Control rats were given a similar dose of rAAV1-GFP. Four weeks after injection, IL-10 levels in serum were measured by ELISA, and chronic renal disease was induced by a 5/6 nephrectomy (n = 6 in each group). Eight weeks later, rats were killed and renal tissue was obtained for RNA, protein, and immunohistochemical analysis. Serum levels of IL-10 were 12-fold greater in the rAAV1-IL-10 group by 4 wk after rAAV1-IL-10 administration (345 +/- 169 versus 28 +/- 15 pg/ml; P = 0.001), and levels were maintained throughout the experiment. rAAV1-IL-10 treatment resulted in less proteinuria (P < 0.05), lower serum creatinine (P < 0.05), and higher creatinine clearances (P < 0.01) compared with rAAV1-GFP-treated rats. Renal interstitial infiltration was significantly attenuated by rAAV1-IL-10 administration as assessed by numbers of CD4+, CD8+, monocyte-macrophages (ED-1+) and dendritic (OX-62+) cells (P < 0.05), and this correlated with reductions in the renal expression of monocyte (renal monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA and protein) and T cell (RANTES mRNA) chemokines. rAAV1-IL-10 administration decreased mRNA levels of IFN-gamma and IL-2 in the kidney. The reduction in inflammatory cells was associated with a significant reduction in glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. It is concluded that IL-10 blocks inflammation and improves renal function in this model of chronic renal disease. The feasibility of long-term overexpression of a gene using the AAV serotype 1 vector system in a model of renal disease is also demonstrated.

Differential modulation of interleukin 8 by interleukin 4 and interleukin 10 in HepG2 cells treated with acetaldehyde

BACKGROUND/AIM

Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin (IL) 8, are important mediators of hepatic injury and repair following an insult. The purpose of this work was to study the regulation of IL-8 by IL-10 and IL-4 in HepG2 cells treated with acetaldehyde (Ac).

METHODS

HepG2 cells were pretreated with IL-10 or IL-4 before exposure to Ac, examining IL-8 expression by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot.

RESULTS

Ac treatment produced an increment in IL-8 induction and secretion that was prevented by IL-4 pretreatment, while IL-10 pretreatment failed to decrease Ac-induced IL-8 production. Consistent with these findings Ac increased NF-kappa B and AP-1 activation that were prevented by IL-4 but not by IL-10, findings accompanied by greater I kappa B-alpha levels in IL-4 but not IL-10 pretreated cells. In contrast to the pro-inflammatory role of IL-10 in HepG2, IL-10 did not show any change in the activation of NF-kappa B by Ac in WRL-68 cells, a human fetal hepatic cell line. Moreover, IL-10 did not induce the degradation of I kappa B-alpha in cellular extract from rat primary cultured cells.

CONCLUSIONS

While the present findings demonstrate the anti-inflammatory role of IL-4 in preventing the expression of IL-8 by Ac, the regulation of chemokines by anti-inflammatory cytokines is complex and depends on the cellular lineage.

The development of emphysema in cigarette smoke-exposed mice is strain dependent

Only 20% of smokers develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. An important determinant of susceptibility is genomic variation. We undertook this study to define strains of mice with different susceptibilities for the development of smoking-induced emphysema because they could help identify genetic factors of susceptibility. NZWLac/J, C57BL6/J, A/J, SJ/L, and AKR/J strains were exposed to cigarette smoke for 6 months. Elastance (Htis), the extent of emphysema (mean linear intercept [Lm]), and the inflammatory cell and cytokine response were measured. NZWLac/J had no change in Lm or Htis (resistant). C57BL6/J, A/J, and SJ/L increased Lm, but not Htis (mildly susceptible). AKR/J increased Lm and Htis (super-susceptible). Only AKR/J had significant inflammation comprising macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells. The AKR/J showed an upregulation of Th1 cytokines whereas in the C57BL/6/J and NZWlac/J, cytokines did not change or were downregulated. We conclude that Lm, elastance, and inflammation are features that are needed to phenotype emphysema in mice. The inflammatory cell and cytokine profile may be an important determinant of the phenotype in response to cigarette smoke exposure. The identification of resistant and susceptible strains for the development of emphysema could be useful for genomic studies of emphysema susceptibility in mice and eventually in humans.

The multifaceted relationship between IL-10 and adaptive immunity: putting together the pieces of a puzzle

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a pleiotropic cytokine that modulates the function of several adaptive immunity-related cells. Although generally considered an immunosuppressive molecule, IL-10 possesses immunostimulatory properties in several in vitro and in vivo models. These very different outcomes are believed to depend upon experimental conditions, the dominant immune effector mediating a given immune response, the timing of IL-10 production/administration, and IL-10 dose and/or location of expression. In the present work, we review the current knowledge regarding IL-10 activity on adaptive immunity related cells, emphasize new insights on IL-10 molecular/cellular targets, and summarize the available data on the relationship between IL-10 and some pathological conditions (e.g. infectious diseases, autoimmunity, allergy, cancer and transplantation) involving adaptive immunity.

Interleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptor

Interleukin-10 (IL-10), first recognized for its ability to inhibit activation and effector function of T cells, monocytes, and macrophages, is a multifunctional cytokine with diverse effects on most hemopoietic cell types. The principal routine function of IL-10 appears to be to limit and ultimately terminate inflammatory responses. In addition to these activities, IL-10 regulates growth and/or differentiation of B cells, NK cells, cytotoxic and helper T cells, mast cells, granulocytes, dendritic cells, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells. IL-10 plays a key role in differentiation and function of a newly appreciated type of T cell, the T regulatory cell, which may figure prominently in control of immune responses and tolerance in vivo. Uniquely among hemopoietic cytokines, IL-10 has closely related homologs in several virus genomes, which testify to its crucial role in regulating immune and inflammatory responses. This review highlights findings that have advanced our understanding of IL-10 and its receptor, as well as its in vivo function in health and disease.

Interleukin-10 and the Interleukin-10 Receptor

Interleukin-10 (IL-10), first recognized for its ability to inhibit activation and effector function of T cells, monocytes, and macrophages, is a multifunctional cytokine with diverse effects on most hemopoietic cell types. The principal routine function of IL-10 appears to be to limit and ultimately terminate inflammatory responses. In addition to these activities, IL-10 regulates growth and/or differentiation of B cells, NK cells, cytotoxic and helper T cells, mast cells, granulocytes, dendritic cells, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells. IL-10 plays a key role in differentiation and function of a newly appreciated type of T cell, the T regulatory cell, which may figure prominently in control of immune responses and tolerance in vivo. Uniquely among hemopoietic cytokines, IL-10 has closely related homologs in several virus genomes, which testify to its crucial role in regulating immune and inflammatory responses. This review highlights findings that have advanced our understanding of IL-10 and its receptor, as well as its in vivo function in health and disease.

Activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB by growth inhibitory cytokines in vulvar carcinoma cells

Numerous investigations show that cytokines have a significant role in the regulation of cell growth. There is also increasing evidence for the role of transcription factors in cytokine-mediated growth-regulation of cancer cells. Our previous data demonstrate that several cytokines are able to inhibit DNA synthesis of vulvar carcinoma cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of growth-inhibitory cytokines on the binding activity of transcription factor AP-1 and NF-kappaB in two vulvar carcinoma cell lines UM-SCV-6 and UM-SCV-1A in vitro. The effects of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukins 10 (IL-10) and 13 (IL-13), transforming growth factor beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) on the DNA binding proteins were studied by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Our results showed that NF-kappaB and AP-1 were constitutively activated in both cell lines. The binding activity of NF-kappaB was found to be stimulated by TNF-alpha in both vulvar carcinoma cell lines while no effect on AP-1 was found by any of the cytokines. The binding activity of NF-kappaB was decreased by IL-10 and IL-13 in UM-SCV-1A cells suggesting that the pathway by which TNF-alpha activates NF-kappaB differs from that activated by interleukins.

Interleukin-10 blocks atherosclerotic events in vitro and in vivo

Atherosclerosis can be viewed in part as an inflammatory disease process and may therefore be susceptible to manipulation of the immune state. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an inhibitory cytokine produced by activated lymphocytes and monocytes. These studies present evidence that IL-10 can inhibit minimally oxidized LDL (MM-LDL)-induced monocyte-endothelium interaction as well as inhibit atherosclerotic lesion formation in mice fed an atherosclerotic diet. Pretreatment of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) for 18, but not 4, hours with recombinant IL-10 caused a significant decrease in MM-LDL-induced monocyte binding. IL-10 was found to be maximally effective at 10 ng/mL. Transfection of HAECs with adenovirus expressing viral bcrf-1 IL-10 (Ad-vIL-10) in a sense but not antisense orientation completely inhibited the ability of MM-LDL to induce monocyte binding. Similar results were obtained with IL-10 or Ad-vIL-10 in HAECs stimulated with oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (OxPAPC). We have previously shown increases in cAMP associated with MM-LDL activation of endothelial cells. The MM-LDL-induced increase in cAMP levels was not inhibited by preincubation with IL-10. In vivo studies demonstrated that mice with a murine IL-10 transgene under the control of the human IL-2 promoter have decreased lesions versus controls on an atherogenic diet (5433+/-4008 mm(2) versus 13 574+/-4212 mm(2); P<0.05), whereas IL-10 null mice have increased lesions (33 250+/-9117 mm(2); P<0.0001) compared with either controls or IL-10 transgenic mice. These studies suggest an important role for IL-10 in the atherosclerotic disease process.

Interleukin-10 stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and p70 S6 kinase is required for the proliferative but not the antiinflammatory effects of the cytokine

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a powerful suppressor of the proinflammatory monokine production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes as well as a T- and B-cell growth cofactor. The signal transduction cascades initiated by IL-10 ligation to its cognate receptor remain to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that in both primary monocytes and the D36 cell line, IL-10 rapidly and transiently stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity associated with the p85 subunit of the enzyme. IL-10 also activated p70 S6 kinase in both cell types. The activation of both of these kinases was sensitive to wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The activation of p70 S6 kinase was also inhibited by the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin. Both rapamycin and wortmannin inhibited the IL-10-induced proliferation of D36 cells but in contrast had no effect on the antiinflammatory effects of the cytokine on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes. Similar results on D36 proliferation and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocyte inhibition by IL-10 were obtained with another phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002. This suggests that the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and p70 S6 kinase is involved in the proliferative functions of IL-10 and that other as yet uncharacterized pathways affect the suppressive effects on monocytes, indicating that multiple and distinct signaling pathways mediate the various pleiotropic activities of IL-10. Furthermore, these findings suggest that it may be possible in the future to modulate the antiinflammatory effects of IL-10 for therapeutic benefit without disrupting other functions of the cytokine.