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Clark MS, Hoffman JI, Peck LS, Bargelloni L, Gande D, Havermans C, Meyer B, Patarnello T, Phillips T, Stoof-Leichsenring KR, Vendrami DLJ, Beck A, Collins G, Friedrich MW, Halanych KM, Masello JF, Nagel R, Norén K, Printzen C, Ruiz MB, Wohlrab S, Becker B, Dumack K, Ghaderiardakani F, Glaser K, Heesch S, Held C, John U, Karsten U, Kempf S, Lucassen M, Paijmans A, Schimani K, Wallberg A, Wunder LC, Mock T. Multi-omics for studying and understanding polar life. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7451. [PMID: 37978186 PMCID: PMC10656552 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polar ecosystems are experiencing amongst the most rapid rates of regional warming on Earth. Here, we discuss 'omics' approaches to investigate polar biodiversity, including the current state of the art, future perspectives and recommendations. We propose a community road map to generate and more fully exploit multi-omics data from polar organisms. These data are needed for the comprehensive evaluation of polar biodiversity and to reveal how life evolved and adapted to permanently cold environments with extreme seasonality. We argue that concerted action is required to mitigate the impact of warming on polar ecosystems via conservation efforts, to sustainably manage these unique habitats and their ecosystem services, and for the sustainable bioprospecting of novel genes and compounds for societal gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, UKRI-NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK.
| | - J I Hoffman
- British Antarctic Survey, UKRI-NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK.
- Universität Bielefeld, VHF, Konsequenz 45, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - L S Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, UKRI-NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK.
| | - L Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - D Gande
- Microbial Ecophysiology Group, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry & MARUM, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 3, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - C Havermans
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - B Meyer
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), 23129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - T Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - T Phillips
- British Antarctic Survey, UKRI-NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - K R Stoof-Leichsenring
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - D L J Vendrami
- Universität Bielefeld, VHF, Konsequenz 45, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - A Beck
- Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns, Botanische Staatssammlung München (SNSB-BSM), Menzinger Str. 67, 80638, München, Germany
| | - G Collins
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre & Loewe-Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, 231 Morrin Road St Johns, Auckland, 1072, New Zealand
| | - M W Friedrich
- Microbial Ecophysiology Group, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry & MARUM, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 3, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - K M Halanych
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA
| | - J F Masello
- Universität Bielefeld, VHF, Konsequenz 45, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Giessen, Germany
| | - R Nagel
- Universität Bielefeld, VHF, Konsequenz 45, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TH, UK
| | - K Norén
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Printzen
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre & Loewe-Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M B Ruiz
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätstrasse 5, 45151, Essen, Germany
| | - S Wohlrab
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), 23129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - B Becker
- Universität zu Köln, Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 60674, Köln, Germany
| | - K Dumack
- Universität zu Köln, Terrestrische Ökologie, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 60674, Köln, Germany
| | - F Ghaderiardakani
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - K Glaser
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - S Heesch
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - C Held
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - U John
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - U Karsten
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - S Kempf
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - M Lucassen
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - A Paijmans
- Universität Bielefeld, VHF, Konsequenz 45, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - K Schimani
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Wallberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L C Wunder
- Microbial Ecophysiology Group, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry & MARUM, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 3, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - T Mock
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Bringloe TT, Fort A, Inaba M, Sulpice R, Ghriofa CN, Mols‐Mortensen A, Filbee‐Dexter K, Vieira C, Kawai H, Hanyuda T, Krause‐Jensen D, Olesen B, Starko S, Verbruggen H. Whole genome population structure of North Atlantic kelp confirms high-latitude glacial refugia. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:6473-6488. [PMID: 36200326 PMCID: PMC10091776 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Coastal refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum (~21,000 years ago) have been hypothesized at high latitudes in the North Atlantic, suggesting marine populations persisted through cycles of glaciation and are potentially adapted to local environments. Here, whole-genome sequencing was used to test whether North Atlantic marine coastal populations of the kelp Alaria esculenta survived in the area of southwestern Greenland during the Last Glacial Maximum. We present the first annotated genome for A. esculenta and call variant positions in 54 individuals from populations in Atlantic Canada, Greenland, Faroe Islands, Norway and Ireland. Differentiation across populations was reflected in ~1.9 million single nucleotide polymorphisms, which further revealed mixed ancestry in the Faroe Islands individuals between putative Greenlandic and European lineages. Time-calibrated organellar phylogenies suggested Greenlandic populations were established during the last interglacial period more than 100,000 years ago, and that the Faroe Islands population was probably established following the Last Glacial Maximum. Patterns in population statistics, including nucleotide diversity, minor allele frequencies, heterozygosity and linkage disequilibrium decay, nonetheless suggested glaciation reduced Canadian Atlantic and Greenlandic populations to small effective sizes during the most recent glaciation. Functional differentiation was further reflected in exon read coverage, which revealed expansions unique to Greenland in 337 exons representing 162 genes, and a modest degree of exon loss (103 exons from 56 genes). Altogether, our genomic results provide strong evidence that A. esculenta populations were resilient to past climatic fluctuations related to glaciations and that high-latitude populations are potentially already adapted to local conditions as a result.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoine Fort
- Plant Systems Biology Lab, Ryan Institute, SFI MaREI Centre for Climate, Energy and Marine, School of Natural SciencesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
- Present address:
Department of Life and Physical SciencesAthlone Institute of TechnologyAthloneIreland
| | - Masami Inaba
- Plant Systems Biology Lab, Ryan Institute, SFI MaREI Centre for Climate, Energy and Marine, School of Natural SciencesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- Plant Systems Biology Lab, Ryan Institute, SFI MaREI Centre for Climate, Energy and Marine, School of Natural SciencesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Cliodhna Ní Ghriofa
- Business Development ManagerMarine Innovation Development Centre Páirc Na MaraGalwayIreland
| | | | - Karen Filbee‐Dexter
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Christophe Vieira
- Kobe University Research Center for Inland SeasKobe UniversityKobeJapan
| | - Hiroshi Kawai
- Kobe University Research Center for Inland SeasKobe UniversityKobeJapan
| | - Takeaki Hanyuda
- School of Marine BiosciencesKitasato UniversitySagamiharaJapan
| | - Dorte Krause‐Jensen
- Department of EcoscienceAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Arctic Research CenterAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | | | - Samuel Starko
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaCanada
| | - Heroen Verbruggen
- School of BioSciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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3
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Maltseva AL, Lobov AA, Pavlova PA, Panova M, Gafarova ER, Marques JP, Danilov LG, Granovitch AI. Orphan gene in Littorina: An unexpected role of symbionts in the host evolution. Gene 2022; 824:146389. [PMID: 35257790 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of reproductive isolation between closely related sympatric species are of high evolutionary significance as they may function as initial drivers of speciation and protect species integrity afterwards. Proteins involved in the establishment of reproductive barriers often evolve fast and may be key players in cessation of gene flow between the incipient species. The five Atlantic Littorina (Neritrema) species represent a notable example of recent radiation. The geographic ranges of these young species largely overlap and the mechanisms of reproductive isolation are poorly understood. In this study, we performed a detailed analysis of the reproductive protein LOSP, previously identified in Littorina. We showed that this protein is evolutionary young and taxonomically restricted to the genus Littorina. It has high sequence variation both within and between Littorina species, which is compatible with its presumable role in the reproductive isolation. The strongest differences in the LOSP structure were detected between Littorina subgenera with distinctive repetitive motifs present exclusively in the Neritrema species, but not in L. littorea. Moreover, the sequence of these repetitive structural elements demonstrates a high homology with genetic elements of bacteria, identified as components of Littorina associated microbiomes. We suggest that these elements were acquired from a symbiotic bacterial donor via horizontal genetic transfer (HGT), which is indirectly confirmed by the presence of multiple transposable elements in the LOSP flanking and intronic regions. Furthermore, we hypothesize that this HGT-driven evolutionary innovation promoted LOSP function in reproductive isolation, which might be one of the factors determining the intensive cladogenesis in the Littorina (Neritrema) lineage in contrast to the anagenesis in the L. littorea clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Maltseva
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia.
| | - A A Lobov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Regenerative Biomedicine, Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - P A Pavlova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - M Panova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia; Department of Marine Sciences - Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E R Gafarova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - J P Marques
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - L G Danilov
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A I Granovitch
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
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4
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Lörz AN, Kaiser S, Oldeland J, Stolter C, Kürzel K, Brix S. Biogeography, diversity and environmental relationships of shelf and deep-sea benthic Amphipoda around Iceland. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11898. [PMID: 34447625 PMCID: PMC8364320 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The waters around Iceland, bounding the Northern North Atlantic and the Nordic seas, are a region characterized by complex hydrography and seabed topography. This and the presence of the Greenland-Iceland-Faroe-Scotland ridge (GIFR) are likely to have a major impact on the diversity and distribution of the benthic fauna there. Biodiversity in this region is also under increasing threat from climate-induced changes, ocean warming and acidification in particular, affecting the marine realm. The aim of the present study was to investigate the biodiversity and distributional patterns of amphipod crustaceans in Icelandic waters and how it relates to environmental variables and depth. A comprehensive data set from the literature and recent expeditions was compiled constituting distributional records for 355 amphipod species across a major depth gradient (18–3,700 m). Using a 1° hexagonal grid to map amphipod distributions and a set of environmental factors (depth, pH, phytobiomass, velocity, dissolved oxygen, dissolved iron, salinity and temperature) we could identify four distinct amphipod assemblages: A Deep-North, Deep-South, and a Coastal cluster as well as one restricted to the GIFR. In addition to depth, salinity and temperature were the main parameters that determined the distribution of amphipods. Diversity differed greatly between the depth clusters and was significantly higher in coastal and GIFR assemblages compared to the deep-sea clusters north and south of the GIFR. A variety of factors and processes are likely to be responsible for the perceived biodiversity patterns, which, however, appear to vary according to region and depth. Low diversity of amphipod communities in the Nordic basins can be interpreted as a reflection of the prevailing harsh environmental conditions in combination with a barrier effect of the GIFR. By contrast, low diversity of the deep North Atlantic assemblages might be linked to the variable nature of the oceanographic environment in the region over multiple spatio-temporal scales. Overall, our study highlights the importance of amphipods as a constituent part of Icelandic benthos. The strong responses of amphipod communities to certain water mass variables raise the question of whether and how their distribution will change due to climate alteration, which should be a focus of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Nina Lörz
- Institute for Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries Science, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kaiser
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Łódź, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Caroline Stolter
- Department Biology, Zoological Institute, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Saskia Brix
- Deutsches Zentrum für Marine Biodiversität, Senckenberg Nature Research Society, Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Vedenin A, Galkin S, Mironov AN, Gebruk A. Vertical zonation of the Siberian Arctic benthos: bathymetric boundaries from coastal shoals to deep-sea Central Arctic. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11640. [PMID: 34249501 PMCID: PMC8253112 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The bathymetric distribution of species of Annelida, Crustacea and Echinodermata from the region including the Kara, Laptev and East Siberian seas and the adjacent region of the deep-sea Central Arctic was analysed. We focused on vertical species ranges revealing zones of crowding of upper and lower species range limits. Using published data and in part the material obtained during the expeditions of the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, we evaluated species vertical distribution from 0 m to the maximum depth of the Central Arctic (~4,400 m). The entire depth range was divided into smaller intervals; number of upper and lower limits of species depth ranges was counted and plotted to visualize the range limits crowding. Several zones of crowding of vertical species range limits were found for all analysed macrotaxa. The most significant zones occurred at depths of 450–800 m and 1,800–2,000 m. The first depth zone corresponds to the boundary between the sublittoral and bathyal faunas. The last one marks the boundary between the bathyal and abyssal faunas. Depths of these boundaries differ from those reported from other Ocean regions; possible explanations of these differences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Vedenin
- Laboratory of Plankton Communities Structure and Dynamics, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Galkin
- Laboratory of Ocean Bottom Fauna, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Mironov
- Laboratory of Ocean Bottom Fauna, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Gebruk
- Laboratory of Ocean Bottom Fauna, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Iglikowska A, Krzemińska M, Renaud PE, Berge J, Hop H, Kukliński P. Summer and winter MgCO 3 levels in the skeletons of Arctic bryozoans. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 162:105166. [PMID: 33049544 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the Arctic, seasonal patterns in seawater biochemical conditions are shaped by physical, chemical, and biological processes related to the alternation of seasons, i.e. winter polar night and summer midnight sun. In summertime, CO2 concentration is driven by photosynthetic activity of autotrophs which raises seawater pH and carbonate saturation state (Ω). In addition, restriction of photosynthetic activity to the euphotic zone and establishment of seasonal stratification often leads to depth gradients in pH and Ω. In winter, however, severely reduced primary production along with respiration processes lead to higher CO2 concentrations which consequently decrease seawater pH and Ω. Many calcifying invertebrates incorporate other metals, in addition to calcium, into their skeletons, with potential consequences for stability of the mineral matrix and vulnerability to abrasion of predators. We tested whether changes in seawater chemistry due to light-driven activities of marine biota can influence the uptake of Mg into calcified skeletons of Arctic Bryozoa, a dominant faunal group in polar hard-bottom habitats. Our results indicate no clear differences between summer and winter levels of skeletal MgCO3 in five bryozoan species despite differences in Ω between these two seasons. Furthermore, we could not detect any depth-related differences in MgCO3 content in skeletons of selected bryozoans. These results may indicate that Arctic bryozoans are able to control MgCO3 skeletal concentrations biologically. Yet recorded spatial variability in MgCO3 content in skeletons from stations exhibiting different seawater parameters suggests that environmental factors can also, to some extent, shape the skeletal chemistry of Arctic bryozoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Iglikowska
- Laboratory of Biosystematics and Ecology of Aquatic Invertebrates, Department of Genetics and Biosystematics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Krzemińska
- Marine Ecology Department, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Paul E Renaud
- The University Centre in Svalbard, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway; Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jørgen Berge
- The University Centre in Svalbard, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway; Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Centre for Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Haakon Hop
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Piotr Kukliński
- Marine Ecology Department, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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7
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Unique biodiversity in Arctic marine forests is shaped by diverse recolonization pathways and far northern glacial refugia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22590-22596. [PMID: 32843343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002753117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arctic is experiencing a rapid shift toward warmer regimes, calling for a need to understand levels of biodiversity and ecosystem responses to climate cycles. This study presents genetic data for 109 Arctic marine forest species (seaweeds), which revealed contiguous populations extending from the Bering Sea to the northwest Atlantic, with high levels of genetic diversity in the east Canadian Arctic. One-fifth of the species sampled appeared restricted to Arctic waters. Further supported by hindcasted species distributions during the Last Glacial Maximum, we hypothesize that Arctic coastal systems were recolonized from many geographically disparate refugia leading to enriched diversity levels in the east Canadian Arctic, with important contributions stemming from northerly refugia likely centered along southern Greenland. Our results suggest Arctic marine biomes persisted through cycles of glaciation, leading to unique assemblages in polar waters, rather than being entirely derived from southerly (temperate) areas following glaciation. As such, Arctic marine species are potentially born from selective pressures during Cenozoic global cooling and eventual ice conditions beginning in the Pleistocene. Arctic endemic diversity was likely additionally driven by repeated isolations into globally disparate refugia during glaciation. This study highlights the need to take stock of unique Arctic marine biodiversity. Amplification of warming and loss of perennial ice cover are set to dramatically alter available Arctic coastal habitat, with the potential loss of diversity and decline in ecosystem resilience.
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8
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Nekhaev IO, Krol EN. Hidden under ice and mud: diversity of shell-bearing microgastropods in the eastern Arctic seas. SYST BIODIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2020.1785577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan O. Nekhaev
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N. Krol
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Monitoring and conservation of natural Arctic ecosystems, Murmansk Arctic State University, Murmansk, Russia
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9
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Ferrero L, Servetto N, Laudien J, Sahade R. Reproductive biology of the ascidians Styela rustica and Halocynthia pyriformis from Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Arctic. Polar Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-019-02570-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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DNA barcoding of the marine macroalgae from Nome, Alaska (Northern Bering Sea) reveals many trans-Arctic species. Polar Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-019-02478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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11
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Loeza-Quintana T, Carr CM, Khan T, Bhatt YA, Lyon SP, Hebert PD, Adamowicz SJ. Recalibrating the molecular clock for Arctic marine invertebrates based on DNA barcodes. Genome 2019; 62:200-216. [DOI: 10.1139/gen-2018-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Divergence times for species assemblages of Arctic marine invertebrates have often been estimated using a standard rate (1.4%/MY) of molecular evolution calibrated using a single sister pair of tropical crustaceans. Because rates of molecular evolution vary among taxa and environments, it is essential to obtain clock calibrations from northern lineages. The recurrent opening and closure of the Bering Strait provide an exceptional opportunity for clock calibration. Here, we apply the iterative calibration approach to investigate patterns of molecular divergence among lineages of northern marine molluscs and arthropods using publicly available sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and compare these results with previous estimates of trans-Bering divergences for echinoderms and polychaetes. The wide range of Kimura two-parameter (K2P) divergences among 73 trans-Bering sister pairs (0.12%–16.89%) supports multiple pulses of migration through the Strait. Overall, the results indicate a rate of K2P divergence of 3.2%/MY in molluscs, 5%–5.2%/MY in arthropods, and 3.5%–4.7%/MY in polychaetes. While these rates are considerably higher than the often-adopted 1.4%/MY rate, they are similar to calibrations (3%–5%/MY) in several other studies of marine invertebrates. This upward revision in rates means there is a need both to reevaluate the evolutionary history of marine lineages and to reexamine the impact of prior climatic changes upon the diversification of marine life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzitziki Loeza-Quintana
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Christina M. Carr
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- University of Northern Iowa, 187 McCollum Science Hall, Cedar Falls, IA 50614, USA
| | - Tooba Khan
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yash A. Bhatt
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Faculty of Science, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Samantha P. Lyon
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Paul D.N. Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sarah J. Adamowicz
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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12
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Berthelot C, Clarke J, Desvignes T, William Detrich H, Flicek P, Peck LS, Peters M, Postlethwait JH, Clark MS. Adaptation of Proteins to the Cold in Antarctic Fish: A Role for Methionine? Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:220-231. [PMID: 30496401 PMCID: PMC6336007 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of antifreeze glycoproteins has enabled notothenioid fish to flourish in the freezing waters of the Southern Ocean. Whereas successful at the biodiversity level to life in the cold, paradoxically at the cellular level these stenothermal animals have problems producing, folding, and degrading proteins at their ambient temperatures of -1.86 °C. In this first multi-species transcriptome comparison of the amino acid composition of notothenioid proteins with temperate teleost proteins, we show that, unlike psychrophilic bacteria, Antarctic fish provide little evidence for the mass alteration of protein amino acid composition to enhance protein folding and reduce protein denaturation in the cold. The exception was the significant overrepresentation of positions where leucine in temperate fish proteins was replaced by methionine in the notothenioid orthologues. We hypothesize that these extra methionines have been preferentially assimilated into the genome to act as redox sensors in the highly oxygenated waters of the Southern Ocean. This redox hypothesis is supported by analyses of notothenioids showing enrichment of genes associated with responses to environmental stress, particularly reactive oxygen species. So overall, although notothenioid fish show cold-associated problems with protein homeostasis, they may have modified only a selected number of biochemical pathways to work efficiently below 0 °C. Even a slight warming of the Southern Ocean might disrupt the critical functions of this handful of key pathways with considerable impacts for the functioning of this ecosystem in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Berthelot
- Laboratoire Dynamique et Organisation des Génomes (Dyogen), Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure – UMR 8197, INSERM U1024, Paris Cedex 05, France
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - H William Detrich
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University
| | - Paul Flicek
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd S Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Peters
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University
| | | | - Melody S Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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13
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Loxton J, Spencer Jones M, Najorka J, Smith AM, Porter JS. Skeletal carbonate mineralogy of Scottish bryozoans. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197533. [PMID: 29897916 PMCID: PMC5999294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the skeletal carbonate mineralogy of 156 bryozoan species collected from Scotland (sourced both from museum collections and from waters around Scotland) and collated from literature. This collection represents 79% of the species which inhabit Scottish waters and is a greater number and proportion of extant species than any previous regional study. The study is also of significance globally where the data augment the growing database of mineralogical analyses and offers first analyses for 26 genera and four families. Specimens were collated through a combination of field sampling and existing collections and were analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro-XRD to determine wt% MgCO3 in calcite and wt% aragonite. Species distribution data and phylogenetic organisation were applied to understand distributional, taxonomic and phylo-mineralogical patterns. Analysis of the skeletal composition of Scottish bryozoans shows that the group is statistically different from neighbouring Arctic fauna but features a range of mineralogy comparable to other temperate regions. As has been previously reported, cyclostomes feature low Mg in calcite and very little aragonite, whereas cheilostomes show much more variability, including bimineralic species. Scotland is a highly variable region, open to biological and environmental influx from all directions, and bryozoans exhibit this in the wide range of within-species mineralogical variability they present. This plasticity in skeletal composition may be driven by a combination of environmentally-induced phenotypic variation, or physiological factors. A flexible response to environment, as manifested in a wide range of skeletal mineralogy within a species, may be one characteristic of successful invasive bryozoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Loxton
- Centre for Marine Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, Uinted Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, Uinted Kingdom
- University Marine Biological Station, Millport, Isle of Cumbrae, Uinted Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Mary Spencer Jones
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, Uinted Kingdom
| | - Jens Najorka
- Core Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, Uinted Kingdom
| | - Abigail M. Smith
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joanne S. Porter
- Centre for Marine Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, Uinted Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, Uinted Kingdom
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14
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Morozov G, Sabirov RM, Anisimova N. New data on sponges from Svalbard Archipelago with a description of a new species of Halicnemia. J NAT HIST 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1440020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grigori Morozov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Rushan Mirzovich Sabirov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Natalia Anisimova
- Laboratory of Trophology, Knipovich Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, Murmansk, Russia
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15
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Loeza-Quintana T, Adamowicz SJ. Iterative Calibration: A Novel Approach for Calibrating the Molecular Clock Using Complex Geological Events. J Mol Evol 2018; 86:118-137. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-018-9831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Neiva J, Paulino C, Nielsen MM, Krause-Jensen D, Saunders GW, Assis J, Bárbara I, Tamigneaux É, Gouveia L, Aires T, Marbà N, Bruhn A, Pearson GA, Serrão EA. Glacial vicariance drives phylogeographic diversification in the amphi-boreal kelp Saccharina latissima. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1112. [PMID: 29348650 PMCID: PMC5773594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Glacial vicariance is regarded as one of the most prevalent drivers of phylogeographic structure and speciation among high-latitude organisms, but direct links between ice advances and range fragmentation have been more difficult to establish in marine than in terrestrial systems. Here we investigate the evolution of largely disjunct (and potentially reproductively isolated) phylogeographic lineages within the amphi-boreal kelp Saccharina latissima s. l. Using molecular data (COI, microsatellites) we confirm that S. latissima comprises also the NE Pacific S. cichorioides complex and is composed of divergent lineages with limited range overlap and genetic admixture. Only a few genetic hybrids were detected throughout a Canadian Arctic/NW Greenland contact zone. The degree of genetic differentiation and sympatric isolation of phylogroups suggest that S. latissima s. l. represents a complex of incipient species. Phylogroup distributions compared with paleo-environmental reconstructions of the cryosphere further suggest that diversification within S. latissima results from chronic glacial isolation in disjunct persistence areas intercalated with ephemeral interglacial poleward expansions and admixture at high-latitude (Arctic) contact zones. This study thus supports a role for glaciations not just in redistributing pre-existing marine lineages but also as a speciation pump across multi-glacial cycles for marine organisms otherwise exhibiting cosmopolite amphi-boreal distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Neiva
- CCMAR- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Paulino
- CCMAR- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Mette M Nielsen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Dorte Krause-Jensen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gary W Saunders
- Centre for Environmental and Molecular Algal Research, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
| | - Jorge Assis
- CCMAR- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ignacio Bárbara
- Biocost Research Group, Universidade de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Éric Tamigneaux
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair for Colleges in Marine Macroalgae, Cégep de la Gaspésie et des Îles, Grande-Rivière, Québec, Canada
| | - Licínia Gouveia
- CCMAR- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Aires
- CCMAR- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Núria Marbà
- Department of Global Change Research, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - Annette Bruhn
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Gareth A Pearson
- CCMAR- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ester A Serrão
- CCMAR- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
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17
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Ortí G, Bell MA, Reimchen TE, Meyer A. GLOBAL SURVEY OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCES IN THE THREESPINE STICKLEBACK: EVIDENCE FOR RECENT MIGRATIONS. Evolution 2017; 48:608-622. [PMID: 28568281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1994.tb01348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/1992] [Accepted: 05/13/1993] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences were used to assess the matriarchal genetic structure of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. A 747 base-pair (bp) fragment of the cytochrome b was sequenced from 36 individuals collected from 25 localities in Europe, North America, and Japan. Two major divergent clades were revealed: one widespread in Japan but with representatives in some Alaskan and British Columbian lakes and the other common in Europe and North America. A simple diagnostic test using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a restriction enzyme was used to assay additional individuals, confirming the absence of the Japanese clade in the Atlantic basin. Geographic distribution of mtDNA variation suggests (1) a recent origin of the Atlantic populations, and (2) support for previous hypotheses about the existence of Pleistocene refugia for freshwater fishes in Alaska and British Columbia. Silent substitution rates were used to date the colonization of the Atlantic at 90,000 to 260,000 yr before present, which conflicts with earlier dates implied by the fossil record. The recent replacement of Atlantic mitochondrial lineages suggested by our data may be explained by severe reduction or extinction of northern Atlantic populations during the Pleistocene, followed by a recent reinvasion from the Pacific. With a global perspective of the distribution of genetic variation as a framework, meaningful comparisons at a smaller geographical scale will now be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Ortí
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 111794
| | - Michael A Bell
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 111794
| | - Thomas E Reimchen
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Axel Meyer
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 111794
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18
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Johns GC, Avise JC. TESTS FOR ANCIENT SPECIES FLOCKS BASED ON MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC APPRAISALS OFSEBASTESROCKFISHES AND OTHER MARINE FISHES. Evolution 2017; 52:1135-1146. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb01840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/1997] [Accepted: 03/06/1998] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn C. Johns
- Department of Genetics; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia 30602
| | - John C. Avise
- Department of Genetics; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia 30602
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19
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Layton KKS, Corstorphine EA, Hebert PDN. Exploring Canadian Echinoderm Diversity through DNA Barcodes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166118. [PMID: 27870868 PMCID: PMC5117606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA barcoding has proven an effective tool for species identification in varied groups of marine invertebrates including crustaceans, molluscs, polychaetes and echinoderms. In this study, we further validate its utility by analyzing almost half of the 300 species of Echinodermata known from Canadian waters. COI sequences from 999 specimens were assigned to 145 BINs. In most cases, species discrimination was straightforward due to the large difference (25-fold) between mean intra- (0.48%) and inter- (12.0%) specific divergence. Six species were flagged for further taxonomic investigation because specimens assigned to them fell into two or three discrete sequence clusters. The potential influence of larval dispersal capacity and glacial events on patterns of genetic diversity is discussed for 19 trans-oceanic species. Although additional research is needed to clarify biogeographic patterns and resolve taxonomic questions, this study represents an important step in the assembly of a DNA barcode library for all Canadian echinoderms, a valuable resource for future biosurveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara K. S. Layton
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Erin A. Corstorphine
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Paul D. N. Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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20
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Life cycle and biology of Tristriata anatis (Digenea: Notocotylidae): morphological and molecular approaches. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:45-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Küpper FC, Peters AF, Shewring DM, Sayer MDJ, Mystikou A, Brown H, Azzopardi E, Dargent O, Strittmatter M, Brennan D, Asensi AO, van West P, Wilce RT. Arctic marine phytobenthos of northern Baffin Island. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:532-49. [PMID: 27037790 PMCID: PMC5113804 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is expected to alter the polar bioregions faster than any other marine environment. This study assesses the biodiversity of seaweeds and associated eukaryotic pathogens of an established study site in northern Baffin Island (72° N), providing a baseline inventory for future work assessing impacts of the currently ongoing changes in the Arctic marine environment. A total of 33 Phaeophyceae, 24 Rhodophyceae, 2 Chlorophyceae, 12 Ulvophyceae, 1 Trebouxiophyceae, and 1 Dinophyceae are reported, based on collections of an expedition to the area in 2009, complemented by unpublished records of Robert T. Wilce and the first-ever photographic documentation of the phytobenthos of the American Arctic. Molecular barcoding of isolates raised from incubated substratum samples revealed the presence of 20 species of brown seaweeds, including gametophytes of kelp and of a previously unsequenced Desmarestia closely related to D. viridis, two species of Pylaiella, the kelp endophyte Laminariocolax aecidioides and 11 previously unsequenced species of the Ectocarpales, highlighting the necessity to include molecular techniques for fully unraveling cryptic algal diversity. This study also includes the first records of Eurychasma dicksonii, a eukaryotic pathogen affecting seaweeds, from the American Arctic. Overall, this study provides both the most accurate inventory of seaweed diversity of the northern Baffin Island region to date and can be used as an important basis to understand diversity changes with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frithjof C Küpper
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunbeg, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, UK
- Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Main Street, Newburgh, AB41 6AA, UK
| | - Akira F Peters
- BEZHIN ROSKO, 40 rue des pêcheurs, 29250, Santec, France
| | - Dawn M Shewring
- Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Main Street, Newburgh, AB41 6AA, UK
| | - Martin D J Sayer
- UK National Facility for Scientific Diving, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunbeg, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, UK
| | | | - Hugh Brown
- UK National Facility for Scientific Diving, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunbeg, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Elaine Azzopardi
- UK National Facility for Scientific Diving, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunbeg, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Olivier Dargent
- Centre International de Valbonne, 190 rue Frédéric Mistral, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | | | - Debra Brennan
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunbeg, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, UK
| | | | - Pieter van West
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Robert T Wilce
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, USA
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22
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Laughinghouse HD, Müller KM, Adey WH, Lara Y, Young R, Johnson G. Evolution of the Northern Rockweed, Fucus distichus, in a Regime of Glacial Cycling: Implications for Benthic Algal Phylogenetics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143795. [PMID: 26630571 PMCID: PMC4668022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Northern hemisphere rockweeds (Fucus) are thought to have evolved in the North Pacific and then spread to the North Atlantic following the opening of the Bering Strait. They have dispersed and widely speciated in the North Atlantic and its tributary seas. Fucus distichus is likely near the ancestral member of this genus, and studies have shown that there are several species/subspecies in this complex (i.e. F. evanescens and F. gardneri). We used phylogenetic and haplotype analyses to test the phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of F. distichus. Our data and subsequent analyses demonstrate that, unlike previous studies that lacked samples from an extensive geographical area of the Arctic and Subarctic, there is a distinct Arctic haplotype that is the source of subspecies in both the North Pacific and North Atlantic. Fucus distichus occupies a low tide zone habitat, and in Arctic/Subarctic regions it is adapted to the severe stress of sea ice coverage and disturbance during many months per year. We hypothesize that the very large geographic area of Arctic and Subarctic rocky shores available to this species during interglacials, supported by large Arctic/Subarctic fringe areas as well as unglaciated refugia during glacial cycles, provided a robust population and gene pool (described by the Thermogeographic Model). This gene pool dilutes that of the more fragmented and area-limited Temperate/Boreal area populations when they are brought together during glacial cycles. We suggest that similar subspecies complexes for a variety of Arctic/Subarctic shore biota should be examined further in this context, rather than arbitrarily being split up into numerous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haywood Dail Laughinghouse
- Department of Botany, MRC-166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013–7012, United States of America
| | - Kirsten M. Müller
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2T 2T4, Canada
| | - Walter H. Adey
- Department of Botany, MRC-166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013–7012, United States of America
| | - Yannick Lara
- Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Robert Young
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2T 2T4, Canada
| | - Gabriel Johnson
- Department of Botany and Laboratories of Analytical Biology, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD 20746 United States of America
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23
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A new deep-sea hydroid (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bering Sea Basin reveals high genetic relevance to Arctic and adjacent shallow-water species. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Ronowicz M, Kukliński P, Mapstone GM. Trends in the diversity, distribution and life history strategy of Arctic Hydrozoa (Cnidaria). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120204. [PMID: 25793294 PMCID: PMC4368823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first attempt to compile a comprehensive and updated species list for Hydrozoa in the Arctic, encompassing both hydroid and medusa stages and including Siphonophorae. We address the hypothesis that the presence of a pelagic stage (holo- or meroplanktonic) was not necessary to successfully recolonize the Arctic by Hydrozoa after the Last Glacial Maximum. Presence-absence data of Hydrozoa in the Arctic were prepared on the basis of historical and present-day literature. The Arctic was divided into ecoregions. Species were grouped into distributional categories according to their worldwide occurrences. Each species was classified according to life history strategy. The similarity of species composition among regions was calculated with the Bray-Curtis index. Average and variation in taxonomic distinctness were used to measure diversity at the taxonomic level. A total of 268 species were recorded. Arctic-boreal species were the most common and dominated each studied region. Nineteen percent of species were restricted to the Arctic. There was a predominance of benthic species over holo- and meroplanktonic species. Arctic, Arctic-Boreal and Boreal species were mostly benthic, while widely distributed species more frequently possessed a pelagic stage. Our results support hypothesis that the presence of a pelagic stage (holo- or meroplanktonic) was not necessary to successfully recolonize the Arctic. The predominance of benthic Hydrozoa suggests that the Arctic could have been colonised after the Last Glacial Maximum by hydroids rafting on floating substrata or recolonising from glacial refugia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ronowicz
- Marine Ecology Department, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
| | - Piotr Kukliński
- Marine Ecology Department, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland; Life Science Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Roy V, Iken K, Archambault P. Environmental drivers of the Canadian Arctic megabenthic communities. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100900. [PMID: 25019385 PMCID: PMC4096404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental gradients and their influence on benthic community structure vary over different spatial scales; yet, few studies in the Arctic have attempted to study the influence of environmental gradients of differing spatial scales on megabenthic communities across continental-scales. The current project studied for the first time how megabenthic community structure is related to several environmental factors over 2000 km of the Canadian Arctic, from the Beaufort Sea to northern Baffin Bay. Faunal trawl samples were collected between 2007 and 2011 at 78 stations from 30 to 1000 m depth and patterns in biomass, density, richness, diversity, and taxonomic composition were examined in relation to indirect/spatial gradients (e.g., depth), direct gradients (e.g., bottom oceanographic variables), and resource gradients (e.g., food supply proxies). Six benthic community types were defined based on their biomass-based taxonomic composition. Their distribution was significantly, but moderately, associated with large-scale (100–1000 km) environmental gradients defined by depth, physical water properties (e.g., bottom salinity), and meso-scale (10–100 km) environmental gradients defined by substrate type (hard vs. soft) and sediment organic carbon content. We did not observe a strong decline of bulk biomass, density and richness with depth or a strong increase of those community characteristics with food supply proxies, contrary to our hypothesis. We discuss how local- to meso-scale environmental conditions, such as bottom current regimes and polynyas, sustain biomass-rich communities at specific locations in oligotrophic and in deep regions of the Canadian Arctic. This study demonstrates the value of considering the scales of variability of environmental gradients when interpreting their relevance in structuring of communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Roy
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Katrin Iken
- School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Philippe Archambault
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
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Kuklinski P, Taylor PD, Denisenko NV, Berning B. Atlantic origin of the arctic biota? Evidence from phylogenetic and biogeographical analysis of the cheilostome bryozoan genus pseudoflustra. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59152. [PMID: 23536863 PMCID: PMC3607580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intricate geological evolution of the Arctic Ocean is paralleled by complexities in the biogeographical and phylogenetical histories of the Arctic biota, including bryozoans. Here we present revised taxonomic descriptions for all known species of the bryozoan genus Pseudoflustra, and use the present-day distributions and phylogenetic relationships between these species to infer the historical biogeography of the genus. Nine species belonging to the genus Pseudoflustra are recognized in the Arctic and North Atlantic. One new species, previously identified as Ichthyaria aviculata, is described as Pseudoflustra radeki sp. nov. Another species, previously assigned to Smittoidea as S. perrieri, is transferred to Pseudoflustra. Biogeographical analysis of Pseudoflustra reveals that species distributions mostly match current patterns pertaining in the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean. Distributions were probably shaped by recent geological history as present-day current directions in the Arctic Ocean are believed to have been similar for at least the last 120 000 years. Phylogenetic analysis of Pseudoflustra places the five Arctic-North Atlantic species in a clade crownward of a paraphyletic grouping of North Atlantic species. Given that the Arctic Ocean was fully glaciated until 18 000 years, the most likely explanation for this phylogeographical pattern is that species of Pseudoflustra colonized the Arctic relatively recently from North Atlantic sources. However, a fuller understanding of the origin of Pseudoflustra in the Arctic will require molecular and fossil data, neither of which are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kuklinski
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland ; Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
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Saunders GW, McDevit DC. DNA barcoding unmasks overlooked diversity improving knowledge on the composition and origins of the Churchill algal flora. BMC Ecol 2013; 13:9. [PMID: 23497234 PMCID: PMC3606624 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-13-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sampling expeditions to Churchill in the Canadian subarctic were completed with the aim of compiling a molecular-assisted survey of the macroalgal flora (seaweeds) for comparison to published accounts for this area, which are based on morphological identifications. Further, because the Churchill region was covered by ice until recently (~10,000 before present), the current algal flora has had to migrate from adjacent waters into that region. We used our DNA barcode data to predict the relative contribution of the North Atlantic and North Pacific floras (Likely Source Region) in repopulating the Churchill region following the most recent glacial retreat. RESULTS We processed 422 collections representing ~50 morpho-species, which is the approximate number reported for this region, and generated DNA barcode data for 346 of these. In contrast to the morpho-species count, we recovered 57 genetic groups indicating overlooked species (this despite failing to generate barcode data for six of the ~50 morpho-species). However, we additionally uncovered numerous inconsistencies between the species that are currently listed in the Churchill flora (again as a result of overlooked species diversity, but combined with taxonomic confusion) and those identified following our molecular analyses including eight new records and another 17 genetic complexes in need of further study. Based on a comparison of DNA barcode data from the Churchill flora to collections from the contiguous Atlantic and Pacific floras we estimate that minimally 21% (possibly as much as 44%) of the Churchill flora was established by migration from the Pacific region with the balance of species arriving from the Atlantic (predominantly North American populations) following the last glacial retreat. CONCLUSIONS Owing to difficulties associated with the morphological identification of macroalgae, our results indicate that current comprehension of the Canadian Arctic flora is weak. We consider that morphology-based field-identifications are ill-advised in carrying out floristic and ecological surveys for macroalgae and that much of the current data, at least for the Canadian Arctic, should be used with caution. Our efforts to use DNA barcode data to identify the most Likely Source Regions for macroalgal species currently found in Churchill suggests that migration from both the Atlantic and the Pacific have played important roles in establishing the Canadian Arctic flora. This result has significance for understanding both the current and future biodiversity and biogeography of macroalgae in these waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Saunders
- Centre for Environmental and Molecular Algal Research, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada.
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Michel C, Bluhm B, Gallucci V, Gaston A, Gordillo F, Gradinger R, Hopcroft R, Jensen N, Mustonen T, Niemi A, Nielsen T. Biodiversity of Arctic marine ecosystems and responses to climate change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2012.724048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Stöhr S, O'Hara TD, Thuy B. Global diversity of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). PLoS One 2012; 7:e31940. [PMID: 22396744 PMCID: PMC3292557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive overview of the current status regarding the global diversity of the echinoderm class Ophiuroidea, focussing on taxonomy and distribution patterns, with brief introduction to their anatomy, biology, phylogeny, and palaeontological history. A glossary of terms is provided. Species names and taxonomic decisions have been extracted from the literature and compiled in The World Ophiuroidea Database, part of the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). Ophiuroidea, with 2064 known species, are the largest class of Echinodermata. A table presents 16 families with numbers of genera and species. The largest are Amphiuridae (467), Ophiuridae (344 species) and Ophiacanthidae (319 species). A biogeographic analysis for all world oceans and all accepted species was performed, based on published distribution records. Approximately similar numbers of species were recorded from the shelf (n = 1313) and bathyal depth strata (1297). The Indo-Pacific region had the highest species richness overall (825 species) and at all depths. Adjacent regions were also relatively species rich, including the North Pacific (398), South Pacific (355) and Indian (316) due to the presence of many Indo-Pacific species that partially extended into these regions. A secondary region of enhanced species richness was found in the West Atlantic (335). Regions of relatively low species richness include the Arctic (73 species), East Atlantic (118), South America (124) and Antarctic (126).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Stöhr
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ingólfsson A. The distribution of intertidal macrofauna on the coasts of iceland in relation to temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00364827.1996.10413609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Carr CM, Hardy SM, Brown TM, Macdonald TA, Hebert PDN. A tri-oceanic perspective: DNA barcoding reveals geographic structure and cryptic diversity in Canadian polychaetes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22232. [PMID: 21829451 PMCID: PMC3136506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although polychaetes are one of the dominant taxa in marine communities, their distributions and taxonomic diversity are poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that many species thought to have broad distributions are actually a complex of allied species. In Canada, 12% of polychaete species are thought to occur in Atlantic, Arctic, and Pacific Oceans, but the extent of gene flow among their populations has not been tested. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Sequence variation in a segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene was employed to compare morphological versus molecular diversity estimates, to examine gene flow among populations of widespread species, and to explore connectivity patterns among Canada's three oceans. Analysis of 1876 specimens, representing 333 provisional species, revealed 40 times more sequence divergence between than within species (16.5% versus 0.38%). Genetic data suggest that one quarter of previously recognized species actually include two or more divergent lineages, indicating that richness in this region is currently underestimated. Few species with a tri-oceanic distribution showed genetic cohesion. Instead, large genetic breaks occur between Pacific and Atlantic-Arctic lineages, suggesting their long-term separation. High connectivity among Arctic and Atlantic regions and low connectivity with the Pacific further supports the conclusion that Canadian polychaetes are partitioned into two distinct faunas. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Results of this study confirm that COI sequences are an effective tool for species identification in polychaetes, and suggest that DNA barcoding will aid the recognition of species overlooked by the current taxonomic system. The consistent geographic structuring within presumed widespread species suggests that historical range fragmentation during the Pleistocene ultimately increased Canadian polychaete diversity and that the coastal British Columbia fauna played a minor role in Arctic recolonization following deglaciation. This study highlights the value of DNA barcoding for providing rapid insights into species distributions and biogeographic patterns in understudied groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Carr
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Clarke A, Crame JA. Evolutionary dynamics at high latitudes: speciation and extinction in polar marine faunas. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 365:3655-66. [PMID: 20980314 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecologists have long been fascinated by the flora and fauna of extreme environments. Physiological studies have revealed the extent to which lifestyle is constrained by low temperature but there is as yet no consensus on why the diversity of polar assemblages is so much lower than many tropical assemblages. The evolution of marine faunas at high latitudes has been influenced strongly by oceanic cooling during the Cenozoic and the associated onset of continental glaciations. Glaciation eradicated many shallow-water habitats, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, and the cooling has led to widespread extinction in some groups. While environmental conditions at glacial maxima would have been very different from those existing today, fossil evidence indicates that some lineages extend back well into the Cenozoic. Oscillations of the ice-sheet on Milankovitch frequencies will have periodically eradicated and exposed continental shelf habitat, and a full understanding of evolutionary dynamics at high latitude requires better knowledge of the links between the faunas of the shelf, slope and deep-sea. Molecular techniques to produce phylogenies, coupled with further palaeontological work to root these phylogenies in time, will be essential to further progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Clarke
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK.
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Narayanaswamy BE, Renaud PE, Duineveld GCA, Berge J, Lavaleye MSS, Reiss H, Brattegard T. Biodiversity trends along the western European margin. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14295. [PMID: 21179189 PMCID: PMC3001438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani E Narayanaswamy
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, United Kingdom.
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Archambault P, Snelgrove PVR, Fisher JAD, Gagnon JM, Garbary DJ, Harvey M, Kenchington EL, Lesage V, Levesque M, Lovejoy C, Mackas DL, McKindsey CW, Nelson JR, Pepin P, Piché L, Poulin M. From sea to sea: Canada's three oceans of biodiversity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12182. [PMID: 20824204 PMCID: PMC2930843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating and understanding biodiversity in marine ecosystems are both necessary and challenging for conservation. This paper compiles and summarizes current knowledge of the diversity of marine taxa in Canada's three oceans while recognizing that this compilation is incomplete and will change in the future. That Canada has the longest coastline in the world and incorporates distinctly different biogeographic provinces and ecoregions (e.g., temperate through ice-covered areas) constrains this analysis. The taxonomic groups presented here include microbes, phytoplankton, macroalgae, zooplankton, benthic infauna, fishes, and marine mammals. The minimum number of species or taxa compiled here is 15,988 for the three Canadian oceans. However, this number clearly underestimates in several ways the total number of taxa present. First, there are significant gaps in the published literature. Second, the diversity of many habitats has not been compiled for all taxonomic groups (e.g., intertidal rocky shores, deep sea), and data compilations are based on short-term, directed research programs or longer-term monitoring activities with limited spatial resolution. Third, the biodiversity of large organisms is well known, but this is not true of smaller organisms. Finally, the greatest constraint on this summary is the willingness and capacity of those who collected the data to make it available to those interested in biodiversity meta-analyses. Confirmation of identities and intercomparison of studies are also constrained by the disturbing rate of decline in the number of taxonomists and systematists specializing on marine taxa in Canada. This decline is mostly the result of retirements of current specialists and to a lack of training and employment opportunities for new ones. Considering the difficulties encountered in compiling an overview of biogeographic data and the diversity of species or taxa in Canada's three oceans, this synthesis is intended to serve as a biodiversity baseline for a new program on marine biodiversity, the Canadian Healthy Ocean Network. A major effort needs to be undertaken to establish a complete baseline of Canadian marine biodiversity of all taxonomic groups, especially if we are to understand and conserve this part of Canada's natural heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Archambault
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Province de Quebec, Canada.
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Clark MS, Peck LS. HSP70 heat shock proteins and environmental stress in Antarctic marine organisms: A mini-review. Mar Genomics 2009; 2:11-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Assessing species richness of macrofauna associated with macroalgae in Arctic kelp forests (Hornsund, Svalbard). Polar Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-009-0590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Teixidó N, Garrabou J, Gutt J, Arntz WE. Iceberg Disturbance and Successional Spatial Patterns: The Case of the Shelf Antarctic Benthic Communities. Ecosystems 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-006-9012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Peck LS, Convey P, Barnes DKA. Environmental constraints on life histories in Antarctic ecosystems: tempos, timings and predictability. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2005; 81:75-109. [PMID: 16293196 DOI: 10.1017/s1464793105006871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Revised: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of Antarctic biotas and environments has increased dramatically in recent years. There has also been a rapid increase in the use of novel technologies. Despite this, some fundamental aspects of environmental control that structure physiological, ecological and life-history traits in Antarctic organisms have received little attention. Possibly the most important of these is the timing and availability of resources, and the way in which this dictates the tempo or pace of life. The clearest view of this effect comes from comparisons of species living in different habitats. Here, we (i) show that the timing and extent of resource availability, from nutrients to colonisable space, differ across Antarctic marine, intertidal and terrestrial habitats, and (ii) illustrate that these differences affect the rate at which organisms function. Consequently, there are many dramatic biological differences between organisms that live as little as 10 m apart, but have gaping voids between them ecologically. Identifying the effects of environmental timing and predictability requires detailed analysis in a wide context, where Antarctic terrestrial and marine ecosystems are at one extreme of the continuum of available environments for many characteristics including temperature, ice cover and seasonality. Anthropocentrically, Antarctica is harsh and as might be expected terrestrial animal and plant diversity and biomass are restricted. By contrast, Antarctic marine biotas are rich and diverse, and several phyla are represented at levels greater than global averages. There has been much debate on the relative importance of various physical factors that structure the characteristics of Antarctic biotas. This is especially so for temperature and seasonality, and their effects on physiology, life history and biodiversity. More recently, habitat age and persistence through previous ice maxima have been identified as key factors dictating biodiversity and endemism. Modern molecular methods have also recently been incorporated into many traditional areas of polar biology. Environmental predictability dictates many of the biological characters seen in all of these areas of Antarctic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd S Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK.
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Macdonald RW, Harner T, Fyfe J. Recent climate change in the Arctic and its impact on contaminant pathways and interpretation of temporal trend data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2005; 342:5-86. [PMID: 15866268 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic has undergone dramatic change during the past decade. The observed changes include atmospheric sea-level pressure, wind fields, sea-ice drift, ice cover, length of melt season, change in precipitation patterns, change in hydrology and change in ocean currents and watermass distribution. It is likely that these primary changes have altered the carbon cycle and biological systems, but the difficulty of observing these together with sporadic, incomplete time series makes it difficult to evaluate what the changes have been. Because contaminants enter global systems and transport through air and water, the changes listed above will clearly alter contaminant pathways. Here, we review what is known about recent changes using the Arctic Oscillation as a proxy to help us understand the forms under which global change will be manifest in the Arctic. For Pb, Cd and Zn, the Arctic is likely to become a more effective trap because precipitation is likely to increase. In the case of Cd, the natural cycle in the ocean appears to have a much greater potential to alter exposure than do human releases of this metal. Mercury has an especially complex cycle in the Arctic including a unique scavenging process (mercury depletion events), biomagnifying foodwebs, and chemical transformations such as methylation. The observation that mercury seems to be increasing in a number of aquatic species whereas atmospheric gaseous mercury shows little sign of change suggests that factors related to change in the physical system (ice cover, permafrost degradation, organic carbon cycling) may be more important than human activities. Organochlorine contaminants offer a surprising array of possibilities for changed pathways. To change in precipitation patterns can be added change in ice cover (air-water exchange), change in food webs either from the top down or from the bottom up (biomagnification), change in the organic carbon cycle and change in diets. Perhaps the most interesting possibility, presently difficult to predict, is combination of immune suppression together with expanding ranges of disease vectors. Finally, biotransport through migratory species is exceptionally vulnerable to changes in migration strength or in migration pathway-in the Arctic, change in the distribution of ice and temperature may already have caused such changes. Hydrocarbons, which tend to impact surfaces, will be mostly affected by change in the ice climate (distribution and drift tracks). Perhaps the most dramatic changes will occur because our view of the Arctic Ocean will change as it becomes more amenable to transport, tourism and mineral exploration on the shelves. Radionuclides have tended not to produce a radiological problem in the Arctic; nevertheless one pathway, the ice, remains a risk because it can accrue, concentrate and transport radio-contaminated sediments. This pathway is sensitive to where ice is produced, what the transport pathways of ice are, and where ice is finally melted-all strong candidates for change during the coming century. The changes that have already occurred in the Arctic and those that are projected to occur have an effect on contaminant time series including direct measurements (air, water, biota) or proxies (sediment cores, ice cores, archive material). Although these 'system' changes can alter the flux and concentrations at given sites in a number of obvious ways, they have been all but ignored in the interpretation of such time series. To understand properly what trends mean, especially in complex 'recorders' such as seals, walrus and polar bears, demands a more thorough approach to time series by collecting data in a number of media coherently. Presently, a major reservoir for contaminants and the one most directly connected to biological uptake in species at greatest risk-the ocean-practically lacks such time series.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 6000, Sydney, BC, Canada V8L 4B2.
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Olsen JL, Stam WT, Coyer JA, Reusch TBH, Billingham M, Boström C, Calvert E, Christie H, Granger S, la Lumière R, Milchakova N, Oudot-Le Secq MP, Procaccini G, Sanjabi B, Serrao E, Veldsink J, Widdicombe S, Wyllie-Echeverria S. North Atlantic phylogeography and large-scale population differentiation of the seagrass Zostera marina L. Mol Ecol 2005; 13:1923-41. [PMID: 15189214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
As the most widespread seagrass in temperate waters of the Northern Hemisphere, Zostera marina provides a unique opportunity to investigate the extent to which the historical legacy of the last glacial maximum (LGM18 000-10 000 years bp) is detectable in modern population genetic structure. We used sequences from the nuclear rDNA-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast matK-intron, and nine microsatellite loci to survey 49 populations (> 2000 individuals) from throughout the species' range. Minimal sequence variation between Pacific and Atlantic populations combined with biogeographical groupings derived from the microsatellite data, suggest that the trans-Arctic connection is currently open. The east Pacific and west Atlantic are more connected than either is to the east Atlantic. Allelic richness was almost two-fold higher in the Pacific. Populations from putative Atlantic refugia now represent the southern edges of the distribution and are not genetically diverse. Unexpectedly, the highest allelic diversity was observed in the North Sea-Wadden Sea-southwest Baltic region. Except for the Mediterranean and Black Seas, significant isolation-by-distance was found from ~150 to 5000 km. A transition from weak to strong isolation-by-distance occurred at ~150 km among northern European populations suggesting this scale as the natural limit for dispersal within the metapopulation. Links between historical and contemporary processes are discussed in terms of the projected effects of climate change on coastal marine plants. The identification of a high genetic diversity hotspot in Northern Europe provides a basis for restoration decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine L Olsen
- Department of Marine Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands.
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Riginos C, Cunningham CW. INVITED REVIEW: Local adaptation and species segregation in two mussel (Mytilus edulis × Mytilus trossulus) hybrid zones. Mol Ecol 2004; 14:381-400. [PMID: 15660932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Few marine hybrid zones have been studied extensively, the major exception being the hybrid zone between the mussels Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis in southwestern Europe. Here, we focus on two less studied hybrid zones that also involve Mytilus spp.; Mytilus edulis and Mytilus trossulus are sympatric and hybridize on both western and eastern coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. We review the dynamics of hybridization in these two hybrid zones and evaluate the role of local adaptation for maintaining species boundaries. In Scandinavia, hybridization and gene introgression is so extensive that no individuals with pure M. trossulus genotypes have been found. However, M. trossulus alleles are maintained at high frequencies in the extremely low salinity Baltic Sea for some allozyme genes. A synthesis of reciprocal transplantation experiments between different salinity regimes shows that unlinked Gpi and Pgm alleles change frequency following transplantation, such that post-transplantation allelic composition resembles native populations found in the same salinity. These experiments provide strong evidence for salinity adaptation at Gpi and Pgm (or genes linked to them). In the Canadian Maritimes, pure M. edulis and M. trossulus individuals are abundant, and limited data suggest that M. edulis predominates in low salinity and sheltered conditions, whereas M. trossulus are more abundant on the wave-exposed open coasts. We suggest that these conflicting patterns of species segregation are, in part, caused by local adaptation of Scandinavian M. trossulus to the extremely low salinity Baltic Sea environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Riginos
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Bluhm BA, MacDonald IR, Debenham C, Iken K. Macro- and megabenthic communities in the high Arctic Canada Basin: initial findings. Polar Biol 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-004-0675-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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47
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Abstract
Colonization by alien species poses one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity. Here I investigate the colonization by marine organisms of drift debris deposited on the shores of 30 remote islands from the Arctic to the Antarctic (across all oceans) and find that human litter more than doubles the rafting opportunities for biota, particularly at high latitudes. Although the poles may be protected from invasion by freezing sea surface temperatures, these may be under threat as the fastest-warming areas anywhere are at these latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K A Barnes
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Council, Cambridge, UK.
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48
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Clarke A, Lidgard S. Spatial patterns of diversity in the sea: bryozoan species richness in the North Atlantic. J Anim Ecol 2001; 69:799-814. [PMID: 29313988 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2000.00440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Clarke
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK; andField Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Scott Lidgard
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK; andField Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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49
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Brown AF, Kann LM, Rand DM. Gene flow versus local adaptation in the northern acorn barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides: insights from mitochondrial DNA variation. Evolution 2001; 55:1972-9. [PMID: 11761058 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb01314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In reciprocal transplant experiments, Bertness and Gaines (1993) found that Semibalanus balanoides juveniles that had settled in an upper Narragansett Bay estuary survived better in that estuary that did juveniles from coastal localities. The observed pattern of survivorship led to the claim that local adaptation may result from a combination of limited gene flow between and strong selection within these habitats. Here we test the hypothesis that limited gene flow has led to habitat-specific population differentiation using sequence and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of the mitochondrial DNA D-loop region of S. balanoides. Samples were analyzed from replicated coastal and estuary localities in both Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, and Damariscotta River, Maine. The patterns of F(ST) indicate that gene flow between coast and estuary is extensive (Nm > 100) and is not lower in the estuary with lower flushing rates (Narragansett Bay). Given the high estimate of genetic exchange, adaptations for unpredictable environments seem more likely than local adaptation in this species because loci that respond to selection in one generation are essentially homogenized by the next seasons' settlement. Nevertheless, these estimates of neutral gene flow can help identify the strength of selection necessary for local adaptation to accumulate in Semibalanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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50
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Brown AF, Kann LM, Rand DM. GENE FLOW VERSUS LOCAL ADAPTATION IN THE NORTHERN ACORN BARNACLE, SEMIBALANUS BALANOIDES: INSIGHTS FROM MITOCHONDRIAL DNA VARIATION. Evolution 2001. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1972:gfvlai]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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