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Runion GB, Prior SA, Torbert HA. Belowground Response of a Bahiagrass Pasture to Long-Term Elevated [CO 2] and Soil Fertility Management. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:485. [PMID: 38498419 PMCID: PMC10891630 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Effects of rising atmospheric CO2 concentration [CO2] on pastures and grazing lands are beginning to be researched, but these important systems remain understudied compared to other agronomic and forest ecosystems. Therefore, we conducted a long-term (2005-2015) study of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flüggé) response to elevated [CO2] and fertility management. The study was conducted at the USDA-ARS, National Soil Dynamics Laboratory open-top field chamber facility, Auburn, AL. A newly established bahiagrass pasture was exposed to either ambient or elevated (ambient + 200 µmol mol-1) [CO2]. Following one year of pasture establishment, half the plots received a fertilizer treatment [N at 90 kg ha-1 three times yearly plus P, K, and lime as recommended by soil testing]; the remaining plots received no fertilization. These treatments were implemented to represent managed (M) and unmanaged (U) pastures; both are common in the southeastern US. Root cores (0-60 cm depth) were collected annually in October and processed using standard procedures. Fertility additions consistently increased both root length density (53.8%) and root dry weight density (68.2%) compared to unmanaged plots, but these root variables were generally unaffected by either [CO2] or its interaction with management. The results suggest that southern bahiagrass pastures could benefit greatly from fertilizer additions. However, bahiagrass pasture root growth is unlikely to be greatly affected by rising atmospheric [CO2], at least by those levels expected during this century.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Brett Runion
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, 411 S. Donahue Drive, Auburn, AL 36832, USA; (S.A.P.); (H.A.T.)
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Zhang Y, Yasutake D, Hidaka K, Kimura K, Okayasu T, Kitano M, Hirota T. Eco-friendly strategy for CO 2 enrichment performance in commercial greenhouses based on the CO 2 spatial distribution and photosynthesis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17277. [PMID: 37828233 PMCID: PMC10570387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CO2 enrichment is an essential environmental control technology due to its significantly enhancing effect on crop production capacity. Despite being a key energy consumer in protected agriculture (i.e. greenhouse systems), CO2 enrichment remains at a low energy use efficiency level, highlighting the need for developing more energy-efficiency strategies for CO2 enrichment. Therefore, this study employed the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation method to replicate the CO2 diffusion process resulting from CO2 enrichment in three commercial strawberry greenhouses with varying geometric characteristics. Based on the CFD-simulated CO2 concentration distributions, the leaf photosynthetic rate was calculated using a mathematical model group. The CO2 enrichment efficiency was then analysed by calculating the ratio of increased photosynthesis across the cultivation area to the amount of energy (in CO2 equivalent) used. The efficiency peaked when the average CO2 concentration was approximately 500 μmol mol-1, thereby providing guidance for determining the target concentration of CO2 enrichment in production. Although this study is limited as the CFD simulation only considered a typical short-period CO2 enrichment event, future research will provide a broader analysis by considering changes throughout the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daisuke Yasutake
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
- IoP Co-Creation Center, Kochi University, Nankoku, 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Kota Hidaka
- NARO, Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, Kurume, Fukuoka, 839-8503, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kimura
- NARO, Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Takashi Okayasu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masaharu Kitano
- IoP Co-Creation Center, Kochi University, Nankoku, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Hirota
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Respiratory allergy correlates strictly with air pollution and climate change. Due to climate change, the atmospheric content of trigger factors such as pollens and moulds increase and induce rhinitis and asthma in sensitized patients with IgE-mediated allergic reactions.Pollen allergy is frequently used to evaluate the relationship between air pollution and allergic respiratory diseases. Pollen allergens trigger the release of immunomodulatory and pro-inflammatory mediators and accelerate the onset of sensitization to respiratory allergens in predisposed children and adults. Lightning storms during pollen seasons can exacerbate respiratory allergy and asthma not only in adults but also in children with pollinosis. In this study, we have focalized the trigger (chemical and biologic) factors of outdoor air pollution. RECENT FINDINGS Environmental pollution and climate change have harmful effects on human health, particularly on respiratory system, with frequent impact on social systems.Climate change is characterized by physic meteorological events inducing increase of production and emission of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into the atmosphere. Allergenic plants produce more pollen as a response to high atmospheric levels of CO 2 . Climate change also affects extreme atmospheric events such as heat waves, droughts, thunderstorms, floods, cyclones and hurricanes. These climate events, in particular thunderstorms during pollen seasons, can increase the intensity of asthma attacks in pollinosis patients. SUMMARY Climate change has important effects on the start and pathogenetic aspects of hypersensitivity of pollen allergy. Climate change causes an increase in the production of pollen and a change in the aspects increasing their allergenic properties. Through the effects of climate change, plant growth can be altered so that the new pollen produced are modified affecting more the human health. The need for public education and adoption of governmental measures to prevent environmental pollution and climate change are urgent. Efforts to reduce greenhouse gases, chemical and biologic contributors to air pollution are of critical importance. Extreme weather phenomena such as thunderstorms can trigger exacerbations of asthma attacks and need to be prevented with a correct information and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro D'Amato
- Division of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Department of Chest Diseases, High Specialty A. Cardarelli Hospital, Napoli, Italy and Medical School of Specialization in Respiratory Diseases, University of Naples Federico II
| | - Maria D'Amato
- First Division of Pneumology, High Specialty Hospital 'V. Monaldi' and University 'Federico II' Medical School Naples, Napoli, Italy
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Žaltauskaitė J, Dikšaitytė A, Miškelytė D, Kacienė G, Sujetovienė G, Januškaitienė I, Juknys R. Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and temperature on the mixed-culture grown wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) response to auxin herbicide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:13711-13725. [PMID: 36136189 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been growing concern over the potential impact of CO2 concentration and temperature on herbicide efficacy. The aim of the study was to examine the influence of single elevated CO2 (400 vs. 800 ppm) and elevated CO2 in combination with temperature (21 °C vs. 25 °C) on the effects of auxin herbicide 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) (0.5-2 × field recommended rate) to wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) grown in mixed-culture with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). MCPA had a detrimental effect on aboveground and belowground biomass, content of chlorophylls, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and induced oxidative stress. The significant decline in photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration with MCPA dose was detected. Elevated CO2 reinforced MCPA efficacy on S. arvensis: sharper decline in biomass, photosynthetic rate and antioxidant enzymes and more pronounced lipid peroxidation were detected. Under elevated CO2 and temperature, MCPA efficacy to control S. arvensis dropped due to herbicide dilution because of increased root:shoot ratio, higher activity of antioxidants and less pronounced oxidative damage. Reinforced MCPA impact on weeds under elevated CO2 resulted in higher H. vulgare biomass, while decreased MCPA efficacy under elevated CO2 and temperature reduced H. vulgare biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jūratė Žaltauskaitė
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto 10-307, Akademija, 53361, Kaunas District, Lithuania.
| | - Austra Dikšaitytė
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto 10-307, Akademija, 53361, Kaunas District, Lithuania
| | - Diana Miškelytė
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto 10-307, Akademija, 53361, Kaunas District, Lithuania
| | - Giedrė Kacienė
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto 10-307, Akademija, 53361, Kaunas District, Lithuania
| | - Gintarė Sujetovienė
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto 10-307, Akademija, 53361, Kaunas District, Lithuania
| | - Irena Januškaitienė
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto 10-307, Akademija, 53361, Kaunas District, Lithuania
| | - Romualdas Juknys
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto 10-307, Akademija, 53361, Kaunas District, Lithuania
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Xu A, Zhang L, Wang X, Cao B. Nitrogen fertilization and CO 2 concentration synergistically affect the growth and protein content of Agropyron mongolicum. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14273. [PMID: 36340197 PMCID: PMC9632468 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The nitrogen (N) and protein concentrations in plant tissues exposed to elevated CO2 (eCO2) generally decline , such declines in forage grass composition are expected to have negative implications for the nutritional and economic value of grass. Plants require N for the production of a photosynthetically active canopy and storage proteins in the tissues, whose functionality will strongly influence productivity and quality. The objective of this study was to investigate whether eCO2 plus N-fertilization increases growth and N nutrition of Agropyron mongolicum, and the dependence of this improvement on the coordination between root and leaf development. Methods We analyzed A. mongolicum from field-grown within the open-top chambers (OTCs) facility under two atmospheric CO2 (ambient, 400 ± 20 µmol mol-1, aCO2, and elevated, 800 ± 20 µmol mol-1, eCO2) and three N-fertigation treatments (control, low N-fertigation , and high N-fertigation) for two months. Results Elevated CO2 plus N-fertigation strongly increased shoot and root biomass, and the nitrogen and protein concentrations of A. mongolicum compared to those plants at aCO2 levels. Increased N content in leaves and reduced specific leaf area (SLA) at a high N supply could alleviate photosynthetic acclimation to eCO2 and drive the production of greater shoot biomass with the potential for higher photosynthesis, productivity, and nutritional quality. The increased root length (RL), the ratio of total aboveground N taken up per RL (TN/RL), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) contribute to the transpiration-driven mass flow of N, consequently increasing N uptake by roots. In addition, a smaller percentage of N remained as unassimilated nitrate ( NO 3 - ) under eCO2, indicating that assimilation of NO 3 - into proteins was not inhibited by eCO2. These findings imply that grass productivity and quality will enhance under anticipated elevated CO2 concentration when effective management measures of N-fertilization are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyun Xu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaojia Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Bing Cao
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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Ma W, Tang S, Dengzeng Z, Zhang D, Zhang T, Ma X. Root exudates contribute to belowground ecosystem hotspots: A review. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:937940. [PMID: 36274740 PMCID: PMC9581264 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.937940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Root exudates are an essential carrier for material cycling, energy exchange, and information transfer between the belowground parts of plants and the soil. We synthesize current properties and regulators of root exudates and their role in the belowground ecosystem as substances cycle and signal regulation. We discussed the composition and amount of root exudates and their production mechanism, indicating that plant species, growth stage, environmental factors, and microorganisms are primary influence factors. The specific mechanisms by which root secretions mobilize the soil nutrients were summarized. First, plants improve the nutrient status of the soil by releasing organic acids for acidification and chelation. Then, root exudates accelerated the SOC turnover due to their dual impacts, forming and destabilizing aggregates and MASOC. Eventually, root exudates mediate the plant-plant interaction and plant-microbe interaction. Additionally, a summary of the current collection methods of root exudates is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Ma
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
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Debouza NE, Babu Thruppoyil S, Gopi K, Zain S, Ksiksi T. Plant and seed germination responses to global change, with a focus on CO2: A review. ONE ECOSYSTEM 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/oneeco.6.e74260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Earth atmospheric CO2 concentration has risen by over 35% since 1750 and is presently increasing by about 2 parts per million (ppm) every year. Due to contributions from human activity, CO2 is projected to keep rising in the predictable future and to double sometime during this century if fossil fuels burning remains. As a result, air temperature is projected to rise from 2 to 5 °C by 2100. Following this rise in CO2, some ecosystems will face challenges in the next few decades as plants will live in warmer temperatures, higher evaporating demand and widespread changes in drought lengths and severity. To yield healthy crops and forests in changing climate surroundings, it is vital to define whether elevated CO2 disturbs seed germination and plant formation, but even more, the physiological traits conferring drought tolerance. Here, we review the current understanding on the role that CO2 plays on plant growth and seed germination, as well as its impact during the exposure of abiotic stresses like drought and salinity.
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Maharajan T, Ceasar SA, Krishna TPA, Ignacimuthu S. Management of phosphorus nutrient amid climate change for sustainable agriculture. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2021; 50:1303-1324. [PMID: 34559407 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nutrients are essential for plant growth and development and influence overall agricultural production. Phosphorus (P) is a major nutrient required for many physiological and biochemical functions of a plant. Phosphate rock is the major source of phosphate fertilizer but is becoming increasingly limited in both developing and developed countries. The resources of phosphate rock need to be conserved, and import dependency on phosphate fertilizer needs to be minimized; this will help increase the availability of phosphate fertilizer over the next 300 yr. Climate change creates new challenges in the management of nutrients including P, affecting the overall production of crops. The availability, acquisition, and translocation of P are influenced by the fluctuation of temperatures, pH, drought, and elevated CO2 . Both lower and higher soil temperatures reduce uptake and translocation of P. High soil pH affects P concentration and decreases the rate of plant P uptake. Low soil pH decreases the activity of soil microorganisms, the rate of transpiration, and P uptake and utilization. Elevated CO2 decreases P uptake from soil by the plants. Future research is needed on chemical, molecular, microbiological, and physiological aspects to improve the understanding on how temperature, pH, drought, and elevated CO2 affect the availability, acquisition, and transport of P by plants. Better P management strategies are required to secure the P supply to ensure long-term protection of soil fertility and to avoid environmental impacts such as eutrophication and water pollution, ensuring sustainable food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theivanayagam Maharajan
- Dep. of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Cochin - 683104, Kalamassery, Kerala, India
| | - Stanislaus Antony Ceasar
- Dep. of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Cochin - 683104, Kalamassery, Kerala, India
| | | | - Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu
- Xavier Research Foundation, St. Xavier's College, Tirunelveli- 620002, Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Gray SB, Rodriguez‐Medina J, Rusoff S, Toal TW, Kajala K, Runcie DE, Brady SM. Translational regulation contributes to the elevated CO 2 response in two Solanum species. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:383-397. [PMID: 31797460 PMCID: PMC7216843 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) in global agriculture is important given climate change projections. Breeding climate-resilient crops depends on genetic variation within naturally varying populations. The effect of genetic variation in response to eCO2 is poorly understood, especially in crop species. We describe the different ways in which Solanum lycopersicum and its wild relative S. pennellii respond to eCO2 , from cell anatomy, to the transcriptome, and metabolome. We further validate the importance of translational regulation as a potential mechanism for plants to adaptively respond to rising levels of atmospheric CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon B. Gray
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUniversity of California, Davis451 Health Sciences DriveDavisCA95616USA
| | - Joel Rodriguez‐Medina
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUniversity of California, Davis451 Health Sciences DriveDavisCA95616USA
| | - Samuel Rusoff
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUniversity of California, Davis451 Health Sciences DriveDavisCA95616USA
| | - Ted W. Toal
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUniversity of California, Davis451 Health Sciences DriveDavisCA95616USA
| | - Kaisa Kajala
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUniversity of California, Davis451 Health Sciences DriveDavisCA95616USA
- Present address:
Plant EcophysiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Daniel E. Runcie
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of California, DavisOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
| | - Siobhan M. Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUniversity of California, Davis451 Health Sciences DriveDavisCA95616USA
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Interactive Effects of the CO2 Enrichment and Nitrogen Supply on the Biomass Accumulation, Gas Exchange Properties, and Mineral Elements Concentrations in Cucumber Plants at Different Growth Stages. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The concentration changes of mineral elements in plants at different CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) and nitrogen (N) supplies and the mechanisms which control such changes are not clear. Hydroponic trials on cucumber plants with three [CO2] (400, 625, and 1200 μmol mol−1) and five N supply levels (2, 4, 7, 14, and 21 mmol L−1) were conducted. When plants were in high N supply, the increase in total biomass by elevated [CO2] was 51.7% and 70.1% at the seedling and initial fruiting stages, respectively. An increase in net photosynthetic rate (Pn) by more than 60%, a decrease in stomatal conductance (Gs) by 21.2–27.7%, and a decrease in transpiration rate (Tr) by 22.9–31.9% under elevated [CO2] were also observed. High N supplies could further improve the Pn and offset the decrease of Gs and Tr by elevated [CO2]. According to the mineral concentrations and the correlation results, we concluded the main factors affecting these changes. The dilution effect was the main factor driving the reduction of all mineral elements, whereas Tr also had a great impact on the decrease of [N], [K], [Ca], and [Mg] except [P]. In addition, the demand changes of N, Ca, and Mg influenced the corresponding element concentrations in cucumber plants.
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Bencke-Malato M, De Souza AP, Ribeiro-Alves M, Schmitz JF, Buckeridge MS, Alves-Ferreira M. Short-term responses of soybean roots to individual and combinatorial effects of elevated [CO 2] and water deficit. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 280:283-296. [PMID: 30824006 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change increasingly threatens plant growth and productivity. Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important crops in the world. Although its responses to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) have been previously studied, root molecular responses to elevated [CO2] (E[CO2]) or the combination/interaction of E[CO2] and water deficit remain unexamined. In this study, we evaluated the individual and combinatory effects of E[CO2] and water deficit on the physiology and root molecular responses in soybean. Plants growing under E[CO2] exhibited increased photosynthesis that resulted in a higher biomass, plant height, and leaf area. E[CO2] decreased the transcripts levels of genes involved in iron uptake and transport, antioxidant activity, secondary metabolism and defense, and stress responses in roots. When plants grown under E[CO2] are treated with instantaneous water deficit, E[CO2] reverted the expression of water deficit-induced genes related to stress, defense, transport and nutrient deficiency. Furthermore, the interaction of both treatments uniquely affected the expression of genes. Both physiological and transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that E[CO2] may mitigate the negative effects of water deficit on the soybean roots. In addition, the identification of genes that are modulated by the interaction of E[CO2] and water deficit suggests an emergent response that is triggered only under this specific condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bencke-Malato
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Biologia, s/n Prédio do CCS, 2° andar-sala 93, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 219410-970, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Pereira De Souza
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Instituto de Biociências, Rua do Matão, 277, sala 122, Cidade Universitária - Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz -(FIOCRUZ) Av. Brasil, 4365-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Jacqueline Flores Schmitz
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Biologia, s/n Prédio do CCS, 2° andar-sala 93, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 219410-970, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Silveira Buckeridge
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Instituto de Biociências, Rua do Matão, 277, sala 122, Cidade Universitária - Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
| | - Marcio Alves-Ferreira
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Biologia, s/n Prédio do CCS, 2° andar-sala 93, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 219410-970, Brazil.
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Abdalla Filho AL, Costa Junior GT, Lima PM, Soltangheisi A, Abdalla AL, Ghini R, Piccolo MC. Fiber fractions, multielemental and isotopic composition of a tropical C 4 grass grown under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. PeerJ 2019; 7:e5932. [PMID: 30809426 PMCID: PMC6385687 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brazil has the largest commercial herd of ruminants with approximately 211 million head, representing 15% of world's beef production, in an area of 170 million hectares of grasslands, mostly cultivated with Brachiaria spp. Although nutrient reduction due to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has already been verified in important crops, studies evaluating its effects on fiber fractions and elemental composition of this grass genus are still scarce. Therefore, a better understanding of the effects of elevated CO2 on forage quality can elucidate the interaction between forage and livestock production and possible adaptations for a climate change scenario. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of contrasting atmospheric CO2 concentrations on biomass production, morphological characteristics, fiber fractions, and elemental composition of Brachiaria decumbens (cv. Basilisk). METHODS A total of 12 octagonal rings with 10 m diameter were distributed in a seven-ha coffee plantation and inside each of them, two plots of 0.25 m2 were seeded with B. decumbens (cv. Basilisk) in a free air carbon dioxide enrichment facility. Six rings were kept under natural conditions (≈390 μmol mol-1 CO2; Control) and other six under pure CO2 flux to achieve a higher concentration (≈550 μmol mol-1 CO2; Elevated CO2). After 30 months under contrasting atmospheric CO2 concentration, grass samples were collected, and then splitted into two portions: in the first, whole forage was kept intact and in the second portion, the leaf, true stem, inflorescence and senescence fractions were manually separated to determine their proportions (%). All samples were then analyzed to determine the fiber fractions (NDF, hemicellulose, ADF, cellulose, and Lignin), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) contents and N isotopic composition. RESULTS Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration did not influence biomass productivity, average height, leaf, stem, senescence and inflorescence proportions, and fiber fractions (p > 0.05). Calcium content of the leaf and senescence portion of B. decumbens were reduced under elevated atmospheric CO2 (p < 0.05). Despite no effect on total C and N (p > 0.05), lower C:N ratio was observed in the whole forage grown under elevated CO2 (p < 0.05). The isotopic composition was also affected by elevated CO2, with higher values of δ15N in the leaf and stem portions of B. decumbens (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION Productivity and fiber fractions of B. decumbens were not influenced by CO2 enrichment. However, elevated CO2 resulted in decreased forage Ca content which could affect livestock production under a climate change scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adibe L. Abdalla Filho
- Universidade de São Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura—Laboratório de Ciclagem de Nutrientes, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geovani T. Costa Junior
- Universidade de São Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura—Laboratório de Instrumentação Nuclear, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo M.T. Lima
- Universidade de São Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura—Laboratório de Nutrição Animal, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amin Soltangheisi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura—Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adibe L. Abdalla
- Universidade de São Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura—Laboratório de Nutrição Animal, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Ghini
- Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa C. Piccolo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura—Laboratório de Ciclagem de Nutrientes, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Tormena CD, Marcheafave GG, Rakocevic M, Bruns RE, Scarminio IS. Sequential mixture design optimization for divergent metabolite analysis: Enriched carbon dioxide effects on Coffea arabica L. leaves and buds. Talanta 2019; 191:382-389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Saraiva ACF, Mesquita A, de Oliveira TF, Hauser-Davis RA. High CO 2 effects on growth and biometal contents in the pioneer species Senna reticulata: climate change predictions. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 50:130-138. [PMID: 30262270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study consisted in evaluating the effects of CO2 enrichment on the growth and biometal/nutrient content and accumulation in Senna reticulata germinated under two different carbon dioxide concentrations: atmospheric (360 mg L-1) and elevated (720 mg L-1). Biometal/nutrient determinations were performed on three different plant portions (leaflets, stem and root) using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. In general, the biometal and nutrient stoichiometries in roots were increased, probably due to reduced transpiration, and consequent biometal accumulation. An Artifical Neural Network analysis suggests that Mg, Na and Fe display the most different behavior when comparing plants germinated at atmospheric and elevated CO2 conditions. Biomass and growth increases and certain elemental levels indicate that S. reticulata benefits from increased CO2 levels, however some results indicate the contrary, making further studies in this context necessary, as these changes may lead to direct effects on food safety, crop yields, and phytoremediation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Cesar Fonseca Saraiva
- Centro de Tecnologia da Eletronorte, Rodovia Arthur Bernardes, s/n, Bairro Telegrafo sem Fio, Miramar, CEP 66115-000, Pará, PA, Brazil
| | - André Mesquita
- Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) Exact and Natural Sciences Institute, Statistics and Computational Sciences University, Rua Augusto Correa, 01, CEP: 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Ferreira de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) Exact and Natural Sciences Institute, Statistics and Computational Sciences University, Rua Augusto Correa, 01, CEP: 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública (ENSP), Centro de Estudos em Saúde do Trabalhador e Ecologia Humana (CESTEH), Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4.365, Manguinhos, 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Yifei Z, Yang D, Guijun W, Bin L, Guangnan X, Fajun C. Effects of Elevated CO2 on Plant Chemistry, Growth, Yield of Resistant Soybean, and Feeding of a Target Lepidoptera Pest, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:848-856. [PMID: 29701817 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 level arising is an indisputable fact in the future climate change, as predicted, it could influence crops and their herbivorous insect pests. The growth and development, reproduction, and consumption of Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fed on resistant (cv. Lamar) and susceptible (cv. JLNMH) soybean grown under elevated (732.1 ± 9.99 μl/liter) and ambient (373.6 ± 9.21 μl/liter) CO2 were examined in open-top chambers from 2013 to 2015. Elevated CO2 promoted the above- and belowground-biomass accumulation and increased the root/shoot ratio of two soybean cultivars, and increased the seeds' yield for Lamar. Moreover, elevated CO2 significantly reduced the larval and pupal weight, prolonged the larval and pupal life span, and increased the feeding amount and excretion amount of two soybean cultivars. Significantly lower foliar nitrogen content and higher foliar sugar content and C/N ratio were observed in the sampled foliage of resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars grown under elevated CO2, which brought negative effects on the growth of S. litura, with the increment of foliar sugar content and C/N ratio were greater in the resistant soybean in contrast to the susceptible soybean. Furthermore, the increment of larval consumption was less than 50%, and the larval life span was prolonged more obvious of the larvae fed on resistant soybean compared with susceptible soybean under elevated CO2. It speculated that the future climatic change of atmospheric CO2 level arising would likely cause the increase of the soybean yield and the intake of S. litura, but the resistant soybean would improve the resistance of the target Lepidoptera pest, S. litura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yifei
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dai Yang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wan Guijun
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liu Bin
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing Guangnan
- Soybean Research Institute/National Center for Soybean Improvement/ MOA Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General)/ State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/ Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Fajun
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Arsovski AA, Zemke JE, Haagen BD, Kim SH, Nemhauser JL. Phytochrome B regulates resource allocation in Brassica rapa. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69. [PMID: 29514292 PMCID: PMC5961229 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Crop biomass and yield are tightly linked to how the light signaling network translates information about the environment into allocation of resources, including photosynthates. Once activated, the phytochrome (phy) class of photoreceptors signal and re-deploy carbon resources to alter growth, plant architecture, and reproductive timing. Most of the previous characterization of the light-modulated growth program has been performed in the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we use Brassica rapa as a crop model to test for conservation of the phytochrome-carbon network. In response to elevated levels of CO2, B. rapa seedlings showed increases in hypocotyl length, shoot and root fresh weight, and the number of lateral roots. All of these responses were dependent on nitrogen and polar auxin transport. In addition, we identified putative B. rapa orthologs of PhyB and isolated two nonsense alleles. BrphyB mutants had significantly decreased or absent CO2-stimulated growth responses. Mutant seedlings also showed misregulation of auxin-dependent genes and genes involved in chloroplast development. Adult mutant plants had reduced chlorophyll levels, photosynthetic rate, stomatal index, and seed yield. These findings support a recently proposed holistic role for phytochromes in regulating resource allocation, biomass production, and metabolic state in the developing plant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph E Zemke
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Soo-Hyung Kim
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Nemhauser
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Correspondence:
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17
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Sánchez-Carrillo S, Álvarez-Cobelas M, Angeler DG, Serrano-Grijalva L, Sánchez-Andrés R, Cirujano S, Schmid T. Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Increases Root Exudation of Carbon in Wetlands: Results from the First Free-Air CO2 Enrichment Facility (FACE) in a Marshland. Ecosystems 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-017-0189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Qin S, Yeboah S, Xu X, Liu Y, Yu B. Analysis on Fungal Diversity in Rhizosphere Soil of Continuous Cropping Potato Subjected to Different Furrow-Ridge Mulching Managements. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:845. [PMID: 28539923 PMCID: PMC5423957 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about fungi diversity following different planting patterns could improve our understanding of soil processes and thus help us to develop sustainable management strategies. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of different furrow-ridge mulching techniques on fungal diversity in rhizosphere soil under continuous cropping system. The investigated treatments were: flat plot without mulch (CK); flat plot with mulch (T1); on-ridge planting with full mulch (T2); on-furrow planting with full mulch (T3); on-ridge planting with half mulch (T4); and on-furrow planting with half mulch (T5). NGS (Illumina) methods and ITS1 sequences were used in monitoring fungi diversity of the potato rhizosphere soil. The fungi diversity in the rhizosphere soil was ranked in the order T5 > T2 > T4 > T1 > CK at the early growth stage and T2 > T3 > T1 > T4 > CK at the late growth stage of potato. The fungal communities found in the rhizosphere soil were Ascomycota, Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and other unidentified fungal communities. Among the fungal community in the rhizosphere soil, Ascomycota was found to be dominant fungi population, with the highest percentage (89%) in the T5 soil whereas the T2 soils had the lowest percentage (67%). The Fusarium abundance in fully-mulched treated soils was higher than in half-mulched treated soil. The dominant genus in the T4 soil was Mortierella, whereas lower populations (1-2%) of Scutellinia, Cryphonectria, Acremonium, and Alternaria were found in that treatment. Among the eumycetes, the dominant fungal class in all treated soils was the Sordariomycetes, which ranged from 57 to 85% in T2 and T5 soils, respectively. The Fusarium percentages in half-mulched treated soils (T4 and T5) were 55 and 28% lower than that of complete mulched treated soils (T2 and T3), respectively. The cluster analysis results showed that, CK, T4, and T5 treated soils and T1, T2, and T3 treated soils had similarities in microbial compositions, respectively. Potato tuber yield was greater under the on-ridge planting with full mulch (T2) treated soil, followed by on-ridge planting with half-mulch (T4) treated soil. The rhizosphere soil under the on-ridge planting with full-mulch (T2) soil had the highest fungal diversity, suggesting that this management was the best environment for fungi, whereas the on-ridge planting with half-mulch (T4) soil had the minimum abundance of Fusarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao Qin
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
| | | | - Xuexue Xu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Yuhui Liu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
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Szoboszlay M, Näther A, Mitterbauer E, Bender J, Weigel HJ, Tebbe CC. Response of the rhizosphere prokaryotic community of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration in open-top chambers. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6. [PMID: 28371280 PMCID: PMC5552935 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration [CO2] on the diversity and composition of the prokaryotic community inhabiting the rhizosphere of winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was investigated in a field experiment, using open‐top chambers. Rhizosphere samples were collected at anthesis (flowering stage) from six chambers with ambient [CO2] (approximately 400 ppm) and six chambers with elevated [CO2] (700 ppm). The V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was PCR‐amplified from the extracted DNA and sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq instrument. Above‐ground plant biomass was not affected by elevated [CO2] at anthesis, but plants exposed to elevated [CO2] had significantly higher grain yield. The composition of the rhizosphere prokaryotic communities was very similar under ambient and elevated [CO2]. The dominant taxa were Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Alpha‐, Gamma‐, and Betaproteobacteria. Elevated [CO2] resulted in lower prokaryotic diversity in the rhizosphere, but did not cause a significant difference in community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Astrid Näther
- Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Bender
- Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Braunschweig, Germany
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Calvo OC, Franzaring J, Schmid I, Müller M, Brohon N, Fangmeier A. Atmospheric CO 2 enrichment and drought stress modify root exudation of barley. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:1292-1304. [PMID: 27633609 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Rising CO2 concentrations associated with drought stress is likely to influence not only aboveground growth, but also belowground plant processes. Little is known about root exudation being influenced by elements of climate change. Therefore, this study wanted to clarify whether barley root exudation responds to drought and CO2 enrichment and whether this reaction differs between an old and a recently released malting barley cultivar. Barley plants were grown in pots filled with sand in controlled climate chambers at ambient (380 ppm) or elevated (550 ppm) atmospheric [CO2 ] and a normal or reduced water supply. Root exudation patterns were examined at the stem elongation growth stage and when the inflorescences emerged. At both dates, root exudates were analyzed for different compounds such as total free amino acids, proline, potassium, and some phytohormones. Elevated [CO2 ] decreased the concentrations in root exudates of some compounds such as total free amino acids, proline, and abscisic acid. Moreover, reduced water supply increased proline, potassium, electric conductivity, and hormone concentrations. In general, the modern cultivar showed higher concentrations of proline and abscisic acid than the old one, but the cultivars responded differentially under elevated CO2 . Plant developmental stage had also an impact on the root exudation patterns of barley. Generally, we observed significant effects of CO2 enrichment, watering levels, and, to a lesser extent, cultivar on root exudation. However, we did not find any mitigation of the adverse effects of drought by elevated CO2 . Understanding the multitude of relationships within the rhizosphere is an important aspect that has to be taken into consideration in the context of crop performance and carbon balance under conditions of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga C Calvo
- Institut für Landschafts- und Pflanzenökologie, FG Pflanzenökologie, Universität Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmann-Str. 3, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Franzaring
- Institut für Landschafts- und Pflanzenökologie, FG Pflanzenökologie, Universität Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmann-Str. 3, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Iris Schmid
- Institut für Landschafts- und Pflanzenökologie, FG Pflanzenökologie, Universität Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmann-Str. 3, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Müller
- Institut für Landschafts- und Pflanzenökologie, FG Pflanzenökologie, Universität Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmann-Str. 3, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nolwenn Brohon
- Institut für Landschafts- und Pflanzenökologie, FG Pflanzenökologie, Universität Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmann-Str. 3, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Fangmeier
- Institut für Landschafts- und Pflanzenökologie, FG Pflanzenökologie, Universität Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmann-Str. 3, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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21
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Decades-long effects of high CO2 concentration on soil nitrogen dynamics at a natural CO2 spring. Ecol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-016-1432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Lenhart K, Kammann C, Boeckx P, Six J, Müller C. Quantification of ecosystem C dynamics in a long-term FACE study on permanent grassland. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:963-972. [PMID: 26969939 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Because of the wide-ranging appearance and high soil organic carbon (C) content of grasslands, their ecosystems play an important role in the global C cycle. Thus, even small changes in input or output rates lead to significant changes in the soil C content, thereby affecting atmospheric [CO2 ]. Our aim was to examine if a higher C supply provided under elevated CO2 will increase the soil C pool. Special attention was given to respirational processes, where CO2 emission rates and its sources (plant vs. soil) were considered. METHODS The Giessen-FACE experiment started in 1998 with a moderate CO2 enrichment of +20% and +30% above ambient on an extensively managed grassland. The experiment consists of three control plots where no CO2 is applied, three plots where [CO2 ] is enriched by +20% and one plot receiving [CO2 ] +30%. To exclude initial CO2 step increase effects, a detailed examination of respirational processes over 30 months was carried out after 6 years of CO2 enrichment starting in June 2004. At that time, the δ(13) C signature of the enrichment-CO2 was switched from -25 ‰ to -48 ‰ without a concomitant change in CO2 concentration. RESULTS After 9 years, the fraction of new C under [CO2 ] +20% was 37 ± 5.4% in the top 7.5 cm but this decreased with depth. No CO2 effect on soil carbon content was detected. Between June 2004 and December 2006, elevated [CO2 ] +20% increased the ecosystem respiration by 13%. The contribution of root respiration to soil respiration was 37 ± 13% (5 cm) and 43 ± 14% (10 cm) for [CO2 ] +20% and 35 ± 13% and 40 ± 13% for [CO2 ] +30%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings of an increased C turnover without a net soil C sequestration suggest that the sink strength of grassland ecosystems might decrease in the future, because the additional C may quickly be released as CO2 to the atmosphere. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lenhart
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 26-32, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Claudia Kammann
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 26-32, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
- Department for Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Str. 1, D-65366, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS, Gent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Johan Six
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 1, 8044, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Müller
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 26-32, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
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Runion GB, Prior SA, Capo-chichi LJA, Torbert HA, van Santen E. Varied Growth Response of Cogongrass Ecotypes to Elevated CO2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1182. [PMID: 26779216 PMCID: PMC4700147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv] is an invasive C4 perennial grass which is listed as one of the top ten worst weeds in the world and is a major problem in the Southeast US. Five cogongrass ecotypes [Florida (FL), Hybrid (HY), Louisiana (LA), Mobile (MB), and North Alabama (NA)] collected across the Southeast and a red-tip (RT) ornamental variety were container grown for 6 months in open top chambers under ambient and elevated (ambient plus 200 ppm) atmospheric CO2. Elevated CO2 increased average dry weight (13%) which is typical for grasses. Elevated CO2 increased height growth and both nitrogen and water use efficiencies, but lowered tissue nitrogen concentration; again, these are typical plant responses to elevated CO2. The HY ecotype tended to exhibit the greatest growth (followed by LA, NA, and FL ecotypes) whiles the RT and MB ecotypes were smallest. Interactions of CO2 with ecotype generally showed that the HY, LA, FL, and/or NA ecotypes showed a positive response to CO2 while the MB and RT ecotypes did not. Cogongrass is a problematic invasive weed in the southeastern U.S. and some ecotypes may become more so as atmospheric CO2 continues to rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Brett Runion
- National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureAuburn, AL, USA
| | - Stephen A. Prior
- National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureAuburn, AL, USA
| | | | - H. Allen Torbert
- National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureAuburn, AL, USA
| | - Edzard van Santen
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, USA
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Joos L, Huck JM, Van Speybroeck V, Smit B. Cutting the cost of carbon capture: a case for carbon capture and utilization. Faraday Discuss 2016; 192:391-414. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00031b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Newaz MS, Dang QL, Man R. Morphological Response of Jack Pine to the Interactive Effects of Carbon Dioxide, Soil Temperature and Photoperiod. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2016.76083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Jin J, Tang C, Sale P. The impact of elevated carbon dioxide on the phosphorus nutrition of plants: a review. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:987-99. [PMID: 26113632 PMCID: PMC4640125 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing attention is being focused on the influence of rapid increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration on nutrient cycling in ecosystems. An understanding of how elevated CO2 affects plant utilization and acquisition of phosphorus (P) will be critical for P management to maintain ecosystem sustainability in P-deficient regions. SCOPE This review focuses on the impact of elevated CO2 on plant P demand, utilization in plants and P acquisition from soil. Several knowledge gaps on elevated CO2-P associations are highlighted. CONCLUSIONS Significant increases in P demand by plants are likely to happen under elevated CO2 due to the stimulation of photosynthesis, and subsequent growth responses. Elevated CO2 alters P acquisition through changes in root morphology and increases in rooting depth. Moreover, the quantity and composition of root exudates are likely to change under elevated CO2, due to the changes in carbon fluxes along the glycolytic pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. As a consequence, these root exudates may lead to P mobilization by the chelation of P from sparingly soluble P complexes, by the alteration of the biochemical environment and by changes to microbial activity in the rhizosphere. Future research on chemical, molecular, microbiological and physiological aspects is needed to improve understanding of how elevated CO2 might affect the use and acquisition of P by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jin
- Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia and Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Caixian Tang
- Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia and
| | - Peter Sale
- Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia and
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Amthor JS. Plant Respiratory Responses to Elevated Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure. ADVANCES IN CARBON DIOXIDE EFFECTS RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.2134/asaspecpub61.c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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28
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de Faria AP, Fernandes GW, França MGC. Predicting the impact of increasing carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on seed germination and seedling establishment of African grasses in Brazilian Cerrado. AUSTRAL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula de Faria
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brasil
| | - Geraldo Wilson Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brasil
| | - Marcel Giovanni Costa França
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brasil
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Karbin S, Guillet C, Kammann CI, Niklaus PA. Effects of Long-Term CO2 Enrichment on Soil-Atmosphere CH4 Fluxes and the Spatial Micro-Distribution of Methanotrophic Bacteria. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131665. [PMID: 26147694 PMCID: PMC4492808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations on plant growth and associated C cycling have intensively been studied, but less is known about effects on the fluxes of radiatively active trace gases other than CO2. Net soil-atmosphere CH4 fluxes are determined by the balance of soil microbially-driven methane (CH4) oxidation and methanogenesis, and both might change under elevated CO2. Methods and Results Here, we studied CH4 dynamics in a permanent grassland exposed to elevated CO2 for 14 years. Soil-atmosphere fluxes of CH4 were measured using large static chambers, over a period of four years. The ecosystem was a net sink for atmospheric CH4 for most of the time except summer to fall when net CH4 emissions occurred. We did not detect any elevated CO2 effects on CH4 fluxes, but emissions were difficult to quantify due to their discontinuous nature, most likely because of ebullition from the saturated zone. Potential methanotrophic activity, determined by incubation of fresh sieved soil under standardized conditions, also did not reveal any effect of the CO2 treatment. Finally, we determined the spatial micro-distribution of methanotrophic activity at less than 5× atmospheric (10 ppm) and elevated (10000 ppm) CH4 concentrations, using a novel auto-radiographic technique. These analyses indicated that domains of net CH4 assimilation were distributed throughout the analyzed top 15 cm of soils, with no dependence on CH4 concentration or CO2 treatment. Conclusions Our investigations suggest that elevated CO2 exerts no or only minor effects on CH4 fluxes in the type of ecosystem we studied, at least as long as soil moisture differences are small or absent as was the case here. The autoradiographic analyses further indicate that the spatial niche of CH4 oxidation does not shift in response to CO2 enrichment or CH4 concentration, and that the same type of methanotrophs may oxidize CH4 from atmospheric and soil-internal sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Karbin
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Guillet
- Institute of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Claudia I. Kammann
- Institute of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
- Climate Change Research for Special Crops, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
- * E-mail: (PN); (CK)
| | - Pascal A. Niklaus
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (PN); (CK)
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Pilbeam DJ. Breeding crops for improved mineral nutrition under climate change conditions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3511-21. [PMID: 25614661 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Improvements in understanding how climate change may influence chemical and physical processes in soils, how this may affect nutrient availability, and how plants may respond to changed availability of nutrients will influence crop breeding programmes. The effects of increased atmospheric CO2 and warmer temperatures, both individually and combined, on soil microbial activity, including mycorrhizas and N-fixing organisms, are evaluated, together with their implications for nutrient availability. Potential changes to plant growth, and the combined effects of soil and plant changes on nutrient uptake, are discussed. The organization of research on the efficient use of macro- and micronutrients by crops under climate change conditions is outlined, including analysis of QTLs for nutrient efficiency. Suggestions for how the information gained can be used in plant breeding programmes are given.
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Batool A, Taj S, Rashid A, Khalid A, Qadeer S, Saleem AR, Ghufran MA. Potential of soil amendments (Biochar and Gypsum) in increasing water use efficiency of Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:733. [PMID: 26442046 PMCID: PMC4566053 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Water being an essential component for plant growth and development, its scarcity poses serious threat to crops around the world. Climate changes and global warming are increasing the temperature of earth hence becoming an ultimate cause of water scarcity. It is need of the day to use potential soil amendments that could increase the plants' resistance under such situations. Biochar and gypsum were used in the present study to improve the water use efficiency (WUE) and growth of Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench (Lady's Finger). A 6 weeks experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. Stress treatments were applied after 30 days of sowing. Plant height, leaf area, photosynthesis, transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance and WUE were determined weekly under stressed [60% field capacity (F.C.)] and non-stressed (100% F.C.) conditions. Stomatal conductance and Tr decreased and reached near to zero in stressed plants. Stressed plants also showed resistance to water stress upto 5 weeks and gradually perished at sixth week. On the other hand, WUE improved in stressed plants containing biochar and gypsum as compared to untreated plants. Biochar alone is a better strategy to promote plant growth and WUE specifically of A. esculentus, compared to its application in combination with gypsum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniqa Batool
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University RawalpindiRawalpindi, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Aniqa Batool, Department of Environmental Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Shamsabad Murree Road, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan, ;
| | - Samia Taj
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University RawalpindiRawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Audil Rashid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University RawalpindiRawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Azeem Khalid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University RawalpindiRawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Samia Qadeer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University RawalpindiRawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Aansa R. Saleem
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University RawalpindiRawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A. Ghufran
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International Islamic University, IslamabadPakistan
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ChengduChina
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Burgess P, Huang B. Growth and physiological responses of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2014; 1:14021. [PMID: 26504537 PMCID: PMC4596315 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2014.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric carbon dioxide level has increased and is predicted to continue increasing, which may affect various aspects of plant growth. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of doubling the carbon dioxide level on the growth and physiological activities of a widely utilized cool-season turfgrass species, creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L. 'Penncross'). 'Penncross' plants were established in fritted clay medium and maintained under well-irrigated and well-fertilized conditions in growth chambers. The plants were exposed to either ambient carbon dioxide concentrations (400±10 µmol L(-1)) or elevated carbon dioxide concentrations (800±10 µmol L(-1)) for 12 weeks. Plants grown under elevated carbon dioxide displayed a significantly faster growth rate of their lateral stems (stolons) and increased shoot and root dry weight but a reduced specific leaf area compared to those plants at ambient carbon dioxide levels. Fast stolon growth is a highly desirable trait for turfgrass establishment and recovery from physical damage. The root length and surface area were also increased due to the elevated CO2, which may facilitate water uptake and serve critical drought-avoidance roles when irrigation water is limited. Elevated carbon dioxide caused an increase in the leaf net photosynthetic rate but a reduction in the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, contributing to improved water use efficiency in creeping bentgrass. Efficient water use is especially important for turfgrass plant survival when irrigation water is limited. Our results suggested that cool-season turfgrass species may greatly benefit from increasingly elevated carbon dioxide concentrations via growth promotion and increasing water use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Burgess
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Bingru Huang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Rhizosphere Effect on Nutrient Availability in Soil and Its Uptake by Plants: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-013-0297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Chen YL, Li JX, Guo LP, He XH, Huang LQ. Application of AM Fungi to Improve the Value of Medicinal Plants. SOIL BIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45370-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Johnson SN, Riegler M. Root damage by insects reverses the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on Eucalypt seedlings. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79479. [PMID: 24260232 PMCID: PMC3832529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicted increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) are widely anticipated to increase biomass accumulation by accelerating rates of photosynthesis in many plant taxa. Little, however, is known about how soil-borne plant antagonists might modify the effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2), with root-feeding insects being particularly understudied. Root damage by insects often reduces rates of photosynthesis by disrupting root function and imposing water deficits. These insects therefore have considerable potential for modifying plant responses to eCO2. We investigated how root damage by a soil-dwelling insect (Xylotrupes gideon australicus) modified the responses of Eucalyptus globulus to eCO2. eCO2 increased plant height when E. globulus were 14 weeks old and continued to do so at an accelerated rate compared to those grown at ambient CO2 (aCO2). Plants exposed to root-damaging insects showed a rapid decline in growth rates thereafter. In eCO2, shoot and root biomass increased by 46 and 35%, respectively, in insect-free plants but these effects were arrested when soil-dwelling insects were present so that plants were the same size as those grown at aCO2. Specific leaf mass increased by 29% under eCO2, but at eCO2 root damage caused it to decline by 16%, similar to values seen in plants at aCO2 without root damage. Leaf C:N ratio increased by >30% at eCO2 as a consequence of declining leaf N concentrations, but this change was also moderated by soil insects. Soil insects also reduced leaf water content by 9% at eCO2, which potentially arose through impaired water uptake by the roots. We hypothesise that this may have impaired photosynthetic activity to the extent that observed plant responses to eCO2 no longer occurred. In conclusion, soil-dwelling insects could modify plant responses to eCO2 predicted by climate change plant growth models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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Day FP, Schroeder RE, Stover DB, Brown ALP, Butnor JR, Dilustro J, Hungate BA, Dijkstra P, Duval BD, Seiler TJ, Drake BG, Hinkle CR. The effects of 11 yr of CO₂ enrichment on roots in a Florida scrub-oak ecosystem. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:778-787. [PMID: 23528147 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Uncertainty surrounds belowground plant responses to rising atmospheric CO₂ because roots are difficult to measure, requiring frequent monitoring as a result of fine root dynamics and long-term monitoring as a result of sensitivity to resource availability. We report belowground plant responses of a scrub-oak ecosystem in Florida exposed to 11 yr of elevated atmospheric CO₂ using open-top chambers. We measured fine root production, turnover and biomass using minirhizotrons, coarse root biomass using ground-penetrating radar and total root biomass using soil cores. Total root biomass was greater in elevated than in ambient plots, and the absolute difference was larger than the difference aboveground. Fine root biomass fluctuated by more than a factor of two, with no unidirectional temporal trend, whereas leaf biomass accumulated monotonically. Strong increases in fine root biomass with elevated CO₂ occurred after fire and hurricane disturbance. Leaf biomass also exhibited stronger responses following hurricanes. Responses after fire and hurricanes suggest that disturbance promotes the growth responses of plants to elevated CO₂. Increased resource availability associated with disturbance (nutrients, water, space) may facilitate greater responses of roots to elevated CO₂. The disappearance of responses in fine roots suggests limits on the capacity of root systems to respond to CO₂ enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank P Day
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - Rachel E Schroeder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - Daniel B Stover
- Office of Biological and Environmental Research, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 20585, USA
| | - Alisha L P Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - John R Butnor
- Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - John Dilustro
- Department of Biology, Chowan University, Murfreesboro, NC, 27855, USA
| | - Bruce A Hungate
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Paul Dijkstra
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Benjamin D Duval
- Global Change Solutions, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | - Bert G Drake
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - C Ross Hinkle
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
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Chakraborty K, Bhaduri D, Uprety DC, Patra AK. Differential Response of Plant and Soil Processes Under Climate Change: A Mini-review on Recent Understandings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-013-0221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sugawara M, Sadowsky MJ. Influence of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide on transcriptional responses of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in the soybean rhizoplane. Microbes Environ 2013; 28:217-27. [PMID: 23666536 PMCID: PMC4070659 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO2 can influence the structure and function of rhizoplane and rhizosphere microorganisms by altering root growth and the quality and quantity of compounds released into the rhizoplane and rhizosphere via root exudation. In these studies we investigated the transcriptional responses of Bradyrhizobium japonicum cells growing in the rhizoplane of soybean plants exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2. The results of microarray analyses indicated that elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration indirectly influenced the expression of a large number of genes in Bradyrhizobium attached to soybean roots. In addition, relative to plants and bacteria grown under ambient CO2 growth conditions, genes involved in C1 metabolism, denitrification and FixK2-associated genes, including those involved in nitrogen fixation, microaerobic respiration, respiratory nitrite reductase, and heme biosynthesis, were significantly up-regulated under conditions of elevated CO2 in the rhizosphere. The expression profile of genes involved in lipochitooligosaccharide Nod factor biosynthesis and negative transcriptional regulators of nodulation genes, nolA and nodD2, were also influenced by plant growth under conditions of elevated CO2. Taken together, the results of these studies indicate that the growth of soybeans under conditions of elevated atmospheric CO2 influences gene expressions in B. japonicum in the soybean rhizoplane, resulting in changes to carbon/nitrogen metabolism, respiration, and nodulation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Sugawara
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Michael J. Sadowsky
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USA
- Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USA
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Sonderegger DL, Ogle K, Evans RD, Ferguson S, Nowak RS. Temporal dynamics of fine roots under long-term exposure to elevated CO2 in the Mojave Desert. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:127-138. [PMID: 23356437 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Deserts are considered 'below-ground dominated', yet little is known about the impact of rising CO(2) in combination with natural weather cycles on long-term dynamics of root biomass. This study quantifies the temporal dynamics of fine-root production, loss and standing crop in an intact desert ecosystem exposed to 10 yr of elevated CO(2). We used monthly minirhizotron observations from 4 yr (2003-2007) for two dominant shrub species and along community transects at the Nevada Desert free-air CO(2) enrichment Facility. Data were synthesized within a Bayesian framework that included effects of CO(2) concentration, cover type, phenological period, antecedent soil water and biological inertia (i.e. the influence of prior root production and loss). Elevated CO(2) treatment interacted with antecedent soil moisture and had significantly greater effects on fine-root dynamics during certain phenological periods. With respect to biological inertia, plants under elevated CO(2) tended to initiate fine-root growth sooner and sustain growth longer, with the net effect of increasing the magnitude of production and mortality cycles. Elevated CO(2) interacts with past environmental (e.g. antecedent soil water) and biological (e.g. biological inertia) factors to affect fine-root dynamics, and such interactions are expected to be important for predicting future soil carbon pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek L Sonderegger
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- School of Life Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - R Dave Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Scot Ferguson
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Robert S Nowak
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
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Arndal MF, Schmidt IK, Kongstad J, Beier C, Michelsen A. Root growth and N dynamics in response to multi-year experimental warming, summer drought and elevated CO 2 in a mixed heathland-grass ecosystem. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 41:1-10. [PMID: 32480961 DOI: 10.1071/fp13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystems exposed to elevated CO2 are often found to sequester more atmospheric carbon due to increased plant growth. We exposed a Danish heath ecosystem to elevated CO2, elevated temperature and extended summer drought alone and in all combinations in order to study whether the expected increased growth would be matched by an increase in root nutrient uptake of NH4+-N and NO3- -N. Root growth was significantly increased by elevated CO2. The roots, however, did not fully compensate for the higher growth with a similar increase in nitrogen uptake per unit of root mass. Hence the nitrogen concentration in roots was decreased in elevated CO2, whereas the biomass N pool was unchanged or even increased. The higher net root production in elevated CO2 might be a strategy for the plants to cope with increased nutrient demand leading to a long-term increase in N uptake on a whole-plant basis. Drought reduced grass root biomass and N uptake, especially when combined with warming, but CO2 was the most pronounced main factor effect. Several significant interactions of the treatments were found, which indicates that the responses were nonadditive and that changes to multiple environmental changes cannot be predicted from single-factor responses alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Arndal
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - I K Schmidt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - J Kongstad
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - C Beier
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A Michelsen
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Section, Universitetsparken 15, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 København Ø, Denmark
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Smith AR, Lukac M, Bambrick M, Miglietta F, Godbold DL. Tree species diversity interacts with elevated CO2 to induce a greater root system response. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:217-228. [PMID: 23504733 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As a consequence of land-use change and the burning of fossil fuels, atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are increasing and altering the dynamics of the carbon cycle in forest ecosystems. In a number of studies using single tree species, fine root biomass has been shown to be strongly increased by elevated CO2 . However, natural forests are often intimate mixtures of a number of co-occurring species. To investigate the interaction between tree mixture and elevated CO2 , Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula and Fagus sylvatica were planted in areas of single species and a three species polyculture in a free-air CO2 enrichment study (BangorFACE). The trees were exposed to ambient or elevated CO2 (580 μmol mol(-1) ) for 4 years. Fine and coarse root biomass, together with fine root turnover and fine root morphological characteristics were measured. Fine root biomass and morphology responded differentially to the elevated CO2 at different soil depths in the three species when grown in monocultures. In polyculture, a greater response to elevated CO2 was observed in coarse roots to a depth of 20 cm, and fine root area index to a depth of 30 cm. Total fine root biomass was positively affected by elevated CO2 at the end of the experiment, but not by species diversity. Our data suggest that existing biogeochemical cycling models parameterized with data from species grown in monoculture may be underestimating the belowground response to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Smith
- School of the Environment, Natural Resources, and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK.
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Mozdzer TJ, Megonigal JP. Jack-and-master trait responses to elevated CO2 and N: a comparison of native and introduced Phragmites australis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42794. [PMID: 23118844 PMCID: PMC3485286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Global change is predicted to promote plant invasions world-wide, reducing biodiversity and ecosystem function. Phenotypic plasticity may influence the ability of introduced plant species to invade and dominate extant communities. However, interpreting differences in plasticity can be confounded by phylogenetic differences in morphology and physiology. Here we present a novel case investigating the role of fitness trait values and phenotypic plasticity to global change factors between conspecific lineages of Phragmites australis. We hypothesized that due to observed differences in the competitive success of North American-native and Eurasian-introduced P. australis genotypes, Eurasian-introduced P. australis would exhibit greater fitness in response to global change factors. Plasticity and plant performance to ambient and predicted levels of carbon dioxide and nitrogen pollution were investigated to understand how invasion pressure may change in North America under a realistic global change scenario. We found that the introduced Eurasian genotype expressed greater mean trait values in nearly every ecophysiological trait measured – aboveground and belowground – to elevated CO2 and nitrogen, outperforming the native North American conspecific by a factor of two to three under every global change scenario. This response is consistent with “jack and master” phenotypic plasticity. We suggest that differences in plant nitrogen productivity, specific leaf area, belowground biomass allocation, and inherently higher relative growth rate are the plant traits that may enhance invasion of Eurasian Phragmites in North America. Given the high degree of genotypic variability within this species, and our limited number of genotypes, our results must be interpreted cautiously. Our study is the first to demonstrate the potential importance of jack-and-master phenotypic plasticity in plant invasions when facing imminent global change conditions. We suggest that jack-and-master invasive genotypes and/or species similar to introduced P. australis will have an increased ecological fitness, facilitating their invasion in both stressful and resource rich environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Mozdzer
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, United States of America.
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Dieleman WIJ, Vicca S, Dijkstra FA, Hagedorn F, Hovenden MJ, Larsen KS, Morgan JA, Volder A, Beier C, Dukes JS, King J, Leuzinger S, Linder S, Luo Y, Oren R, De Angelis P, Tingey D, Hoosbeek MR, Janssens IA. Simple additive effects are rare: a quantitative review of plant biomass and soil process responses to combined manipulations of CO2 and temperature. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2012; 18:2681-93. [PMID: 24501048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, increased awareness of the potential interactions between rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([ CO2 ]) and temperature has illustrated the importance of multifactorial ecosystem manipulation experiments for validating Earth System models. To address the urgent need for increased understanding of responses in multifactorial experiments, this article synthesizes how ecosystem productivity and soil processes respond to combined warming and [ CO2 ] manipulation, and compares it with those obtained in single factor [ CO2 ] and temperature manipulation experiments. Across all combined elevated [ CO2 ] and warming experiments, biomass production and soil respiration were typically enhanced. Responses to the combined treatment were more similar to those in the [ CO2 ]-only treatment than to those in the warming-only treatment. In contrast to warming-only experiments, both the combined and the [ CO2 ]-only treatments elicited larger stimulation of fine root biomass than of aboveground biomass, consistently stimulated soil respiration, and decreased foliar nitrogen (N) concentration. Nonetheless, mineral N availability declined less in the combined treatment than in the [ CO2 ]-only treatment, possibly due to the warming-induced acceleration of decomposition, implying that progressive nitrogen limitation (PNL) may not occur as commonly as anticipated from single factor [ CO2 ] treatment studies. Responses of total plant biomass, especially of aboveground biomass, revealed antagonistic interactions between elevated [ CO2 ] and warming, i.e. the response to the combined treatment was usually less-than-additive. This implies that productivity projections might be overestimated when models are parameterized based on single factor responses. Our results highlight the need for more (and especially more long-term) multifactor manipulation experiments. Because single factor CO2 responses often dominated over warming responses in the combined treatments, our results also suggest that projected responses to future global warming in Earth System models should not be parameterized using single factor warming experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter I J Dieleman
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Smithfield, 4878, QLD, Australia
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Siegenthaler A, Buttler A, Grosvernier P, Gobat JM, Nilsson MB, Mitchell EAD. Factors modulating cottongrass seedling growth stimulation to enhanced nitrogen and carbon dioxide: compensatory tradeoffs in leaf dynamics and allocation to meet potassium-limited growth. Oecologia 2012; 171:557-70. [PMID: 22903550 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Eriophorum vaginatum is a characteristic species of northern peatlands and a keystone plant for cutover bog restoration. Understanding the factors affecting E. vaginatum seedling establishment (i.e. growth dynamics and allocation) under global change has practical implications for the management of abandoned mined bogs and restoration of their C-sequestration function. We studied the responses of leaf dynamics, above- and belowground biomass production of establishing seedlings to elevated CO(2) and N. We hypothesised that nutrient factors such as limitation shifts or dilutions would modulate growth stimulation. Elevated CO(2) did not affect biomass, but increased the number of young leaves in spring (+400 %), and the plant vitality (i.e. number of green leaves/total number of leaves) (+3 %), both of which were negatively correlated to [K(+)] in surface porewater, suggesting a K-limited production of young leaves. Nutrient ratios in green leaves indicated either N and K co-limitation or K limitation. N addition enhanced the number of tillers (+38 %), green leaves (+18 %), aboveground and belowground biomass (+99, +61 %), leaf mass-to-length ratio (+28 %), and reduced the leaf turnover (-32 %). N addition enhanced N availability and decreased [K(+)] in spring surface porewater. Increased tiller and leaf production in July were associated with a doubling in [K(+)] in surface porewater suggesting that under enhanced N production is K driven. Both experiments illustrate the importance of tradeoffs in E. vaginatum growth between: (1) producing tillers and generating new leaves, (2) maintaining adult leaves and initiating new ones, and (3) investing in basal parts (corms) for storage or in root growth for greater K uptake. The K concentration in surface porewater is thus the single most important factor controlling the growth of E. vaginatum seedlings in the regeneration of selected cutover bogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Siegenthaler
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
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Cao Z, Liu X, Zhang X, Chen L, Liu S, Hu Y. Short-term effects of diesel fuel on rhizosphere microbial community structure of native plants in Yangtze estuarine wetland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:2179-2185. [PMID: 22227809 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this work, short-term effects of diesel fuel on Huangpu-Yangtze estuarine wetland soil microbial community structure were studied under simulated conditions through phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) analysis. Four native plant species, bulrush (Scirpus tripueter), galingale (Cyperus rotundus), wildrice (Zizania latifolia), and reed (Phragmites australis) were tested in the experiments. METHOD In the pot experiment, 20 g rhizosphere soils were mixed with 20 g diesel-blended soils. The concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbon was 16,000 mg/kg. All pots were incubated for 14 days in dark at 28°C and watered with 12 mL sterile distilled water to keep a liquid level. Microbial activity of the samples was assessed by hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate. Measurements of soil PLFAs and analysis on gas chromatography were performed. RESULTS The microbial activity in the samples of reed was highest after the exposure. In all samples, the common PLFA was straight-chain saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). After the exposure the relative abundance of MUFA and polyunsaturated fatty acid decreased by 20%, and the relative abundance of straight-chain SFA increased by 20%. The results of diversity and PCA indicated that the effect of diesel pollutant on the microbial community was far stronger than the root effect and the reed roots enhanced the tolerance of soil microorganisms to diesel significantly. CONCLUSIONS All results showed that the soil microbial community structure differed significantly with the exposure to diesel. In reed rhizosphere, the soil microorganisms exhibited a strong resistance to diesel fuel. It confirmed that the root of reed improved the biodegradation ability of soil microorganisms for diesel pollutants and they could be reasonably matched to cure and restore the ecological environment of oil-contaminated wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengnan Cao
- Laboratory of Environmental Remediation, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
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Foraging in the dark - chemically mediated host plant location by belowground insect herbivores. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:604-14. [PMID: 22527051 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Root-feeding insects are key components in many terrestrial ecosystems. Like shoot-feeding insect herbivores, they exploit a range of chemical cues to locate host plants. Respiratory emissions of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) from the roots is widely reported as the main attractant, however, there is conflicting evidence about its exact role. CO(2) may act as a 'search trigger' causing insects to search more intensively for more host specific signals, or the plant may 'mask' CO(2) emissions with other root volatiles thus avoiding detection. At least 74 other compounds elicit behavioral responses in root-feeding insects, with the majority (>80 %) causing attraction. Low molecular weight compounds (e.g., alcohols, esters, and aldehydes) underpin attraction, whereas hydrocarbons tend to have repellent properties. A range of compounds act as phagostimulants (e.g., sugars) once insects feed on roots, whereas secondary metabolites often deter feeding. In contrast, some secondary metabolites usually regarded as plant defenses (e.g., dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA)), can be exploited by some root-feeding insects for host location. Insects share several host location cues with plant parasitic nematodes (CO(2), DIMBOA, glutamic acid), but some compounds (e.g., cucurbitacin A) repel nematodes while acting as phagostimulants to insects. Moreover, insect and nematode herbivory can induce exudation of compounds that may be mutually beneficial, suggesting potentially significant interactions between the two groups of herbivores. While a range of plant-derived chemicals can affect the behavior of root-feeding insects, little attempt has been made to exploit these in pest management, though this may become a more viable option with diminishing control options.
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Impacts of elevated CO2 and temperature on soil respiration in warm temperate evergreen Quercus glauca stands: an open-top chamber experiment. Ecol Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-012-0932-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Norby RJ, Zak DR. Ecological Lessons from Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) Experiments. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2011. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831;
| | - Donald R. Zak
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Nguyen L, Buttner M, Cruz P, Smith S, Robleto E. Effects of Elevated Atmospheric CO(2) on Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Communities in a Mojave Desert Ecosystem. JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS 2011; 75:917-925. [PMID: 21779135 PMCID: PMC3138535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide [CO(2)] on microbial communities in arid rhizosphere soils beneath Larrea tridentata were examined. Roots of Larrea were harvested from plots fumigated with elevated or ambient levels of [CO(2)] using Free-Air CO(2) Enrichment (FACE) technology. Twelve bacterial and fungal rRNA gene libraries were constructed, sequenced and categorized into operational taxonomical units (OTUs). There was a significant decrease in OTUs within the Firmicutes (bacteria) in elevated [CO(2)], and increase in Basiomycota (fungi) in rhizosphere soils of plots exposed to ambient [CO(2)]. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that OTUs belonged to a wide range of bacterial and fungal taxa. To further study changes in bacterial communities, Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (QPCR) was used to quantify populations of bacteria in rhizosphere soil. The concentration of total bacteria 16S rDNA was similar in conditions of enriched and ambient [CO(2)]. However, QPCR of Gram-positive microorganisms showed a 43% decrease in the population in elevated [CO(2)]. The decrease in representation of Gram positives and the similar values for total bacterial DNA suggest that the representation of other bacterial taxa was promoted by elevated [CO(2)]. These results indicate that elevated [CO(2)] changes structure and representation of microorganisms associated with roots of desert plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.M. Nguyen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - M.P. Buttner
- Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - P. Cruz
- Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - S.D. Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - E.A. Robleto
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
- CORRESPONDENCE TO: Eduardo Robleto: ; School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway. Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA; Telephone: 702-895-2496; Fax: 702-895-3956
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Duursma RA, Barton CVM, Eamus D, Medlyn BE, Ellsworth DS, Forster MA, Tissue DT, Linder S, McMurtrie RE. Rooting depth explains [CO2] x drought interaction in Eucalyptus saligna. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:922-31. [PMID: 21571724 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric [CO(2)] (eC(a)) often decreases stomatal conductance, which may delay the start of drought, as well as alleviate the effect of dry soil on plant water use and carbon uptake. We studied the interaction between drought and eC(a) in a whole-tree chamber experiment with Eucalyptus saligna. Trees were grown for 18 months in their C(a) treatments before a 4-month dry-down. Trees grown in eC(a) were smaller than those grown in ambient C(a) (aC(a)) due to an early growth setback that was maintained throughout the duration of the experiment. Pre-dawn leaf water potentials were not different between C(a) treatments, but were lower in the drought treatment than the irrigated control. Counter to expectations, the drought treatment caused a larger reduction in canopy-average transpiration rates for trees in the eC(a) treatment compared with aC(a). Total tree transpiration over the dry-down was positively correlated with the decrease in soil water storage, measured in the top 1.5 m, over the drying cycle; however, we could not close the water budget especially for the larger trees, suggesting soil water uptake below 1.5 m depth. Using neutron probe soil water measurements, we estimated fractional water uptake to a depth of 4.5 m and found that larger trees were able to extract more water from deep soil layers. These results highlight the interaction between rooting depth and response of tree water use to drought. The responses of tree water use to eC(a) involve interactions between tree size, root distribution and soil moisture availability that may override the expected direct effects of eC(a). It is essential that these interactions be considered when interpreting experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remko A Duursma
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
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