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Prasad SR, Kumar TSS, Jayakrishnan A. Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems for bone cancer therapy: a review. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 33853043 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abf7d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone cancer is a malignant tumor that originates in the bone and destroys the healthy bone tissues. Of the various types of bone tumors, osteosarcoma is the most commonly diagnosed primary bone malignancy. The standard treatment for primary malignant bone tumors comprises surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Owing to the lack of proven treatments, different forms of alternative therapeutic approaches have been examined in recent decades. Among the new therapeutic methodologies, nanotechnology-based anticancer therapy has paved the way for new targeted strategies for bone cancer treatment and bone regeneration. They include approaches such as the co-delivery of multiple drug cargoes, the enhancement of their biodistribution and transport properties, normalizing accumulation and the optimization of drug release profiles to overcome shortcomings of the existing therapy. This review examines the standard treatments for osteosarcoma, their lacunae, and the evolving therapeutic strategies based on nanocarrier-mediated combinational drug delivery systems, and future perspectives for osteosarcoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ram Prasad
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Trivandrum 695 014 Kerala, India
| | - T S Sampath Kumar
- Medical Materials Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Jayakrishnan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Trivandrum 695 014 Kerala, India
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Prokopowicz M, Żeglinski J, Szewczyk A, Skwira A, Walker G. Surface-Activated Fibre-Like SBA-15 as Drug Carriers for Bone Diseases. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 20:17. [PMID: 30574669 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report an inorganic hexagonally ordered mesoporous fibre-like carrier made of silica as an effective drug delivery system with mineralisation potential. Fibre-like SBA-15 has been modified by employing a simple surface activation (rehydroxylation) procedure. The surface-rehydroxylated fibre-like SBA-15 (SBA-15-R) was used to investigate the possible mechanism of hydroxyapatite (HA) nucleation and deposition onto silica's surface after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). Amorphous calcium phosphate, Ca-deficient HA and bone-like HA deposits were observed on SBA-15-R surface consecutively after 7, 14 and 21 days of immersion in SBF. Accordingly, our low-angle XRD, STEM and N2 adsorption/desorption results indicated that deposited ions were mostly located at the silica's surface and could modify the size of the mesopores. The SBA-15-R was studied in vitro as the potential bioactive drug delivery system using doxorubicin (DOX) as a model water-soluble and anticancer drug. The adsorbed DOX molecules were mostly located at the pore walls and pore openings, likely together with the silanol groups. The DOX release was diffusion-controlled and relatively slower in SBF (pH = 7.4) than in phosphate-buffered solution (pH = 5.0), most probably due to both the stronger electrostatic interactions occurring between the DOX and the SBA-15-R and the simultaneous deposition of calcium and phosphates ions from SBF.
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Manatunga DC, de Silva RM, de Silva KMN, Malavige GN, Wijeratne DT, Williams GR, Jayasinghe CD, Udagama PV. Effective delivery of hydrophobic drugs to breast and liver cancer cells using a hybrid inorganic nanocarrier: A detailed investigation using cytotoxicity assays, fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 128:18-26. [PMID: 29625162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was focused on developing a drug carrier system composed of a polymer containing hydroxyapatite (HAp) shell and a magnetic core of iron oxide nanoparticles. Doxorubicin and/or curcumin were loaded into the carrier via a simple diffusion deposition approach, with encapsulation efficiencies (EE) for curcumin and doxorubicin of 93.03 ± 0.3% and 97.37 ± 0.12% respectively. The co-loading of curcumin and doxorubicin led to a total EE of 76.02 ± 0.48%. Release studies were carried out at pH 7.4 and 5.3, and revealed a greater extent of release at pH 5.3, showing the formulations to have potential applications in tumor microenvironments. Cytotoxicity assays, fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry demonstrated that the formulations could effectively inhibit the growth of MCF-7 (breast) and HEpG2 (liver) cancer cells, being more potent than the free drug molecules both in terms of dose and duration of action. Additionally, hemolysis tests and cytotoxicity evaluations determined the drug-loaded carriers to be non-toxic towards non-cancerous cells. These formulations thus have great potential in the development of new cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rohini M de Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka.
| | - K M Nalin de Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka; Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC), Nanotechnology & Science Park, Mahenwatte, Pitipana, Homagama 10206, Sri Lanka
| | - Gathsaurie Neelika Malavige
- Center for Dengue Research, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Dulharie T Wijeratne
- Center for Dengue Research, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Gareth R Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Preethi V Udagama
- Department of Zoology, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka
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Koto K, Murata H, Sawai Y, Ashihara E, Horii M, Kubo T. Cytotoxic effects of zoledronic acid-loaded hydroxyapatite and bone cement in malignant tumors. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:1648-1656. [PMID: 28789391 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic and primary bone tumors are malignant tumors affecting the skeleton. Although the prognosis of patients with these tumors has improved with the development of effective chemotherapy, the challenges of local recurrence, subsequent osteolysis, degradation of bone strength and unresectable tumors persist. Local control of these tumors is therefore a key strategy to address these limitations. The third-generation bisphosphonate (BP), zoledronic acid (ZOL), has been demonstrated to reduce osteoclasts and exhibited potent antitumor effects in a number of malignancies. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement are used in orthopedic surgery as bone graft substitutes, for implant arthroplasty and bone strengthening, and as a sustained-release system for drugs such as antibiotics. At present, the antitumor effects of ZOL-loaded HA in vitro or in vivo or of ZOL-loaded bone cement in vivo have not been described. Therefore, the present study assessed the effects of ZOL-loaded HA and bone cement in malignant tumor cells. The two materials exerted strong antitumor effects against osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, renal cancer, prostate cancer and lung cancer cells upon releasing ZOL. The antitumor effects of ZOL-loaded HA were less potent compared with those of ZOL-loaded bone cement, possibly as BPs exhibit higher affinity to HA. ZOL-loaded bone cement also exerted antitumor effects against pulmonary metastases and primary lesions, without exhibiting systemic toxicity in vivo. These results demonstrate that these materials may be beneficial for the treatment of malignant bone tumors, including metastatic bone tumors. In addition, as these materials are already in clinical use, such applications may be easily implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Koto
- Department of Orthopaedics, Meiji University of Integrative Medicine, Nantan, Kyoto 629-0301, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Murata
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8540, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sawai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Eishi Ashihara
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Horii
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Kubo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Holzapfel BM, Wagner F, Martine LC, Reppenhagen S, Rudert M, Schuetz M, Denham J, Schantz J, Hutmacher DW. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in musculoskeletal oncology. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016; 35:475-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Prokopowicz M. Formulation, characterisation and in vitro studies of doxorubicin-loaded silica–polydimethylsiloxane granules. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 66:10-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to present the most recent findings in bone tissue engineering. Special attention is given to multifunctional materials based on collagen and collagen-hydroxyapatite composites used for skin and bone cancer treatments. The multi-functionality of these materials was obtained by adding to the base regenerative grafts proper components, such as ferrites (magnetite being the most important representative), cytostatics (cisplatin, carboplatin, vincristine, methotrexate, paclitaxel, doxorubicin), silver nanoparticles, antibiotics (anthracyclines, geldanamycin), and/or analgesics (ibuprofen, fentanyl). The suitability of complex systems for the intended applications was systematically analyzed. The developmental possibilities of multifunctional materials with regenerative and curative roles (antitumoral as well as pain management) in the field of skin and bone cancer treatment are discussed. It is worth mentioning that better materials are likely to be developed by combining conventional and unconventional experimental strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Marques
- Department of Materials and Ceramics Engineering, Centre for Research in Ceramics and Composite Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José MF Ferreira
- Department of Materials and Ceramics Engineering, Centre for Research in Ceramics and Composite Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ecaterina Andronescu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Denisa Ficai
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Sonmez
- National Research and Development Institute for Textiles and Leather, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anton Ficai
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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Chen Y, Qi Y, Yan X, Ma H, Chen J, Liu B, Xue Q. Green fabrication of porous chitosan/graphene oxide composite xerogels for drug delivery. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Chen
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials; Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
- School of Stomatology; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Qi
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials; Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication; Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xingbin Yan
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials; Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication; Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Haibing Ma
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials; Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
- Gansu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangtao Chen
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials; Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication; Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Stomatology; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Qunji Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication; Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The frontline drug doxorubicin has been used for treating cancer for over 30 years. While providing a cure in select cases, doxorubicin causes toxicity to most major organs, especially life-threatening cardiotoxicity, which forces the treatment to become dose-limiting.
Key findings
Doxorubicin is known to bind to DNA-associated enzymes, intercalate with DNA base pairs, and target multiple molecular targets to produce a range of cytotoxic effects. For instance, it causes the activation of various molecular signals from AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase inducing apoptosis) to influence the Bcl-2/Bax apoptosis pathway. By altering the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, downstream activation of different caspases can occur resulting in apoptosis. Doxorubicin also induces apoptosis and necrosis in healthy tissue causing toxicity in the brain, liver, kidney and heart. Over the years, many studies have been conducted to devise a drug delivery system that would eliminate these adverse affects including liposomes, hydrogel and nanoparticulate systems, and we highlight the pros and cons of these drug delivery systems.
Summary
Overall the future for the continued use of doxorubicin clinically against cancer looks set to be prolonged, provided certain enhancements as listed above are made to its chemistry, delivery and toxicity. Increased efficacy depends on these three aims being met satisfactorily as discussed in turn in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktay Tacar
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Victoria University, St Albans, Australia
| | - Pornsak Sriamornsak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Crispin R Dass
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Victoria University, St Albans, Australia
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Prokopowicz M, Zegliński J, Gandhi A, Sawicki W, Tofail SAM. Bioactive silica-based drug delivery systems containing doxorubicin hydrochloride: in vitro studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 93:249-59. [PMID: 22325320 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the applicability of sol-gel derived silica and silica-polydimethylsiloxane (silica-PDMS) composites as a potential bioactive implantable drug delivery system for doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). These composites also contain calcium chloride (CaCl(2)) and triethylphosphate as precursors of Ca(2+) and (PO(4))(3-) ions. These composites were immersed for 20 days in a simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C to study the release rate of the DOX, dissolution of the silica and the formation of hydroxyapatite on the composites' surface. The results show that the release rate of the DOX can be effectively tailored by either the addition of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), or by varying the amount of CaCl(2), where the elution rate of DOX increases with increasing amount of the CaCl(2) precursor. Importantly, irrespective of the amount of CaCl(2), no burst release of DOX has been observed in any of the silica-PDMS system investigated. On the other hand, a slow release of DOX has been observed with a trend that followed a zero (0)-order kinetics for a total of 20 days of elusion. The dissolution of silica in SBF was ca. two-times faster than that of silica-PDMS, with the former reaching an average saturation level of 80 μg/mL whilst the latter reached 46 μg/mL within 20 days. Both the silica and the silica-PDMS composites show bioactivity i.e. they absorb calcium phosphate from SBF. Within 10 days, a ten-fold increase in the concentration of calcium phosphate deposit has been observed on the silica-PDMS relative to the silica. The constant rates of DOX release observed for the silica-PDMS composites indicate that the calcium phosphate deposit do not obstruct controlled release of the drug.
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Guo X, Chen M, Feng W, Liang J, Zhao H, Tian L, Chao H, Zou X. Electrostatic self-assembly of multilayer copolymeric membranes on the surface of porous tantalum implants for sustained release of doxorubicin. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:3057-64. [PMID: 22162662 PMCID: PMC3230572 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s25918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies in recent years have focused on surface engineering of implant materials in order to improve their biocompatibility and other performance. Porous tantalum implants have increasingly been used in implant surgeries, due to their biocompatibility, physical stability, and good mechanical strength. In this study we functionalized the porous tantalum implant for sustained drug delivery capability via electrostatic self-assembly of polyelectrolytes of hyaluronic acid, methylated collagen, and terpolymer on the surface of a porous tantalum implant. The anticancer drug doxorubicin was encapsulated into the multilayer copolymer membranes on the porous tantalum implants. Results showed the sustained released of doxorubicin from the functionalized porous tantalum implants for up to 1 month. The drug release solutions in 1 month all had inhibitory effects on the proliferation of chondrosarcoma cell line SW1353. These results suggest that this functionalized implant could be used in reconstructive surgery for the treatment of bone tumor as a local, sustained drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Guo
- Orthopaedic Research institute/ Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital and Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Zarzhitsky S, Rapaport H. The interactions between doxorubicin and amphiphilic and acidic β-sheet peptides towards drug delivery hydrogels. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 360:525-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Arruebo M, Vilaboa N, Santamaria J. Drug delivery from internally implanted biomedical devices used in traumatology and in orthopedic surgery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:589-603. [DOI: 10.1517/17425241003671544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
This study aimed at the development of a novel silica xerogel matrix as a delivery tool for an anti-cancer drug. Doxorubicin was incorporated as a hydrochloride salt during hydrolysis and polycondensation of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) in the sol-gel process. The effect of sol-gel synthesis parameters (drug concentration, size of the device and lyophilizing process) on the release rate of the drug were investigated. In addition, dissolution rate, as well as weight loss of silica xerogel, was evaluated. In general, both the lyophilizing process of xerogels and the increase in size of non-lyophilizing device significantly decrease both the rate of drug release and the rate of dissolution of matrix. The overall release process was found to be governed by diffusion control and simultaneous zero-order dissolution of the xerogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Prokopowicz
- Medical Academy of Gdańsk, Division of Physical Chemistry, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Ta HT, Dass CR, Larson I, Choong PF, Dunstan DE. A chitosan–dipotassium orthophosphate hydrogel for the delivery of Doxorubicin in the treatment of osteosarcoma. Biomaterials 2009; 30:3605-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Samples of mesoporous base-catalysed silica xerogel materials made by the sol-gel process were impregnated with an anticancer drug--doxorubicin, followed by different times of ageing at room temperature. The effect of ageing time on the physical and structural properties as well as sorption-desorption of the drug was investigated. The obtained results suggest an inverse relationship with a solid density and surface area increasing as the pore size and volume decrease during ageing time. These results also revealed the effect of ageing time on the efficiency of sorption-desorption of the drug. An increase in ageing time results in an increase of the efficiency of drug sorption and a decrease in the rate of drug release.
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Abstract
The main purpose of the present work was to investigate the influence of urea
concentration on hydroxyapatite (HAp) synthesis. Calcium nitrate and ammoniumdihydrogenphosphate
were used as Ca and P sources. A homogeneous precipitation agent – urea -
was applied in the field of ultrasonic irradiation. Different Ca : P : urea molar ratios were applied
and the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The results reveal the influence of the urea concentration on
the phase composition of the system, crystallite size and the particle morphology. Different Ca : P :
urea molar ratios led to various system formation: from biphasic OCP and HAp to monophasic
HAp. The estimated HAp crystallite size was 24.4 nm. An explanation of the mechanism of the
HAp synthesis is given, regarding the formation of the intermediate and final product during
ultrasonic irradiation.
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Abstract
AIM: To investigate the toxicities, biodistribution and anticancer effect of 5-fluorouracil controlled release implant (5-FUCI) on Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells in Wistar rats.
METHODS: Experiment 1: Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (27 rats per group). Blank implant was implanted in left lobe of the liver, and rats were treated with saline solution (in group A) or 5-fluorouracil (subcutaneous injection, group B). 5-FUCI was inserted in left lobe of the liver (group C). The gastrointestinal and hematological toxicities were observed and contents of element F in group C were assayed. Experiment 2: on day 6 after Walker-256 carcinosarcoma transplantation in left lobe of the liver, 5-FUCI was implanted in right lobe of the liver (group E) or left lobe (group F), and rats in control group (group D) were inserted blank implant. Tumor inhibition rate and survival time were investigated.
RESULTS: 5-FUCI showed no obvious toxic effect, extraction of Evan’s blue from gastrointestinal tissue was normal, the peripheral white blood cells and bone marrow nucleated cells were not reduced, compared with control group (P > 0.05). Histological examination revealed that there were no visible changes in small intestinal mucosa, The concentration of 5-fluorouracil in left lobe of the liver was 9.84, 28, 34 times as much as those of right lobe of the liver, heart and kidney respectively after the implantation in group C. They kept a high level of fluorouracil in left lobe of the liver, ranging from (4.414% ± 0.482%) to (7.800% ± 0.804%), for eight weeks. Survival days were 28.0 ± 2.2, 30.0 ± 3.2 and 38.7 ± 6.7 d in group D, E and F, respectively.
CONCLUSION: 5-FUCI shows no obvious toxicities to gastrointestinal tract and myelotoxicity. After implantation, it kept a high level of 5- fluorouracil in surrounding tissues of the implant for eight weeks. Its antitumor effect on Walker-256 carcinosarcoma is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Cheng He
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China.
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Abstract
Doxorubicin is one of the most potent anti-tumor agents generally used in the treatment of bone cancer. A simple and sensitive HPLC method was developed and validated for the assay of doxorubicin. The method used a C18 Luna microbore column (50 x 1 mm) with a fluorescent detector (505 nm Ex. and 550 nm Em.). The mobile phase consisted of water-acetonitrile-acetic acid (80:19:1, v/v/v, pH 3.0) and the flow rate was 0.1 ml min(-1). Daunomycin was used as the internal standard. This isocratic system required a 10-min run-time, giving a detection limit of 0.02 ng (0.035 pmol per injection). Standard curves were linear over the concentration range of 0.01-0.1 microg ml(-1). Relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) for the within-day, day-to-day precision, and the accuracy measurement for the assay were less than 4.0, 3.2, and 4.1%, respectively. This HPLC method was used to study the in vitro release characteristics of doxorubicin from implantable drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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