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Ni XT, Wang WS, Liu Y, Lin YK, Zhang F, Lei WJ, Ling LJ, Pan F, Zhu YN, Li MD, Duan T, Liu M, Sun K. The Bradykinin System Contributes to the Regulation of Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 Expression in Human Amnion Fibroblasts: Implications for Term and Preterm Birth. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:873727. [PMID: 35634493 PMCID: PMC9130483 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.873727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bradykinin (BK) and its biologically active metabolite des-Arg9 bradykinin (DABK) play a pivotal role in inflammation. Since chorioamnionitis is the leading cause of preterm birth and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) derived from the amnion is key to labor initiation, we investigated if bradykinin peptides are part of the regulatory network of PGE2 synthesis in human amnion at parturition. METHODS Human amnion tissue was obtained from term and preterm birth for the study of the changes of the bradykinin system at parturition. Cultured primary human amnion fibroblasts, the major source of PGE2, were used to study the effects of bradykinin peptides on PTGS2 expression and PGE2 production as well as the effects of infection mediators on bradykinin receptors. RESULTS Bradykinin peptides and their receptors BDKRB1 and BDKRB2 were present in human amnion, and their abundance increased in term and preterm labor. However, transcripts of the genes encoding the bradykinin precursor and its proteolytic cleavage enzymes were hardly detectable in human amnion despite the increased abundance of bradykinin peptides in term and preterm labor, suggesting that there is an alternative source of bradykinin peptides for human amnion and their actions are enhanced in human amnion at parturition. In-vitro studies in cultured human amnion fibroblasts showed that both BK and DABK increased the expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), the rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis, and subsequent PGE2 production. These effects of BK and DABK were mediated through BDKRB2 and BDKRB1 receptors, respectively, with subsequent activation of the p38 and ERK1/2 pathways. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and serum amyloid A1 (SAA1), the important mediators of infectious inflammation, induced the expression of both BDKRB1 and BDKRB2 through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Induction of BDKRB1 and BDKRB2 expression by LPS and SAA1 enhanced BK- or DABK-induced PTGS2 expression and PGE2 production in human amnion fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated for the first time that the human amnion is a target tissue of bradykinin peptides and the bradykinin system may be part of the regulatory network of PTGS2 expression and PGE2 production in human amnion fibroblasts at both term and preterm birth, which may be enhanced by infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-tian Ni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang-sheng Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-kai Lin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-jia Lei
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-jun Ling
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Pan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-nan Zhu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-die Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Duan
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Kang Sun, ; Ming Liu,
| | - Kang Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Kang Sun, ; Ming Liu,
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Unveiling the participation of avian kinin ornithokinin and its receptors in the chicken inflammatory response. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 188:34-47. [PMID: 28615126 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vasoactive peptides are key early mediators of inflammation released through activation of different enzymatic systems. The mammalian kinin-kallikrein (K-KLK) system produces bradykinin (BK) through proteolytic cleavage of a kininogen precursor by enzymes named kallikreins. BK acts through specific ubiquitous G-protein coupled receptors (B1R and B2R) to participate in physiological processes and inflammatory responses, such as activation of mononuclear phagocytes. In chickens, the BK-like nonapeptide ornithokinin (OK) has been shown to promote intracellular calcium increase in embryonic fibroblasts and to be vasodilatory in vivo. Also, one of its receptors (B2R) was already cloned. However, the participation of chicken K-KLK system components in the inflammatory response remains unknown and was therefore investigated. We first showed that B1R, B2R and kininogen 1 (KNG1) are expressed in unstimulated chicken tissues and macrophages. We next showed that chicken B1R and B2R are expressed at transcript and protein levels in chicken macrophages and are upregulated by E. coli LPS or avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) infection. Interestingly, exogenous OK induced internalization and degradation of OK receptors protein, notably B2R. Also, OK induced intracellular calcium increase and potentiated zymosan-induced ROS production and Dextran-FITC endocytosis by chicken macrophages. Exogenous OK itself did not promote APEC killing and had no pro-inflammatory effect. However, when combined with LPS or APEC, OK upregulated cytokine/chemokine gene expression and NO production by chicken macrophages. This effect was not blocked by canonical non-peptide B1R or B2R receptor antagonists but was GPCR- and PI3K/Akt-dependent. In vivo, pulmonary colibacillosis led to upregulation of OK receptors expression in chicken lungs and liver. Also, colibacillosis led to significant upregulation of OK precursor KNG1 expression in liver and in cultured hepatocytes (LMH). We therefore provide hitherto unknown information on how OK and its receptors are involved in inflammation and infection in chickens.
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Alsuwaiyan A, Wang BY, Cohen RE. Phenotypic characterization of mononuclear inflammatory cells following equine hydroxyapatite/collagen block grafting in rats. Biomed Mater 2012. [PMID: 23183930 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/7/6/065005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To measure the inflammatory changes associated with the implantation of an equine hydroxyapatite and collagen-containing block graft (eHAC block) in a rodent model system, an eHAC block graft was implanted subcutaneously in rats. Control groups included saline, turpentine oil, and human mineralized particulate allograft (hMPA). Animals were sacrificed and tissue samples obtained after three days, as well as after 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks. A panel of immunologic probes was used to identify circulatory monocytic cells (ED1), resident mononuclear phagocytes (ED2), mononuclear phagocytes of lymphoid origin (ED3), expression of Ia antigen (OX6), T-cells (OX19), and B-cells (OX33). Immunocytochemical localization was performed and mononuclear cells localized with each immunologic probe counted. Rat sera obtained after eight weeks were used for nitrocellulose dot-blotting to assess circulating anti-equine immunoglobulins. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance, in conjunction with the Bonferroni correction to account for multiple comparisons. A transient increase in monocytes at 3 days and 1 week was observed in all groups, but was significantly higher in the turpentine control (P < 0.0001). A significant increase in the numbers of mononuclear cells detected with clones ED2 and ED3 was observed in specimens from the turpentine group, in contrast to the other groups in the 3 day to 4 week interval (P < 0.0001), as well as within all time periods (P < 0.0001). A statistically significant difference in numbers of ED3-positive cells was observed in the hMPA group compared to the saline and the eHAC block groups after one week (P < 0.0001). Significantly more OX6-positive cells were observed in the turpentine group, compared to other groups (3 days to 1 week; P < 0.0001). T-lymphocytes were essentially absent except for rats given turpentine (after 1 week). No B-lymphocyte response was found and none of the rats developed systemic anti-equine antibodies. These data indicate that a cellular immune response is not elicited following implantation with the eHAC block graft, which might serve as an alternative material for regenerative therapy.
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Wei CC, Chen Y, Powell LC, Zheng J, Shi K, Bradley WE, Powell PC, Ahmad S, Ferrario CM, Dell'Italia LJ. Cardiac kallikrein-kinin system is upregulated in chronic volume overload and mediates an inflammatory induced collagen loss. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40110. [PMID: 22768235 PMCID: PMC3387019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical problem of a “pure volume overload” as in isolated mitral or aortic regurgitation currently has no documented medical therapy that attenuates collagen loss and the resultant left ventricular (LV) dilatation and failure. Here, we identify a potential mechanism related to upregulation of the kallikrein-kinin system in the volume overload of aortocaval fistula (ACF) in the rat. Methodology/Principal Findings LV interstitial fluid (ISF) collection, hemodynamics, and echocardiography were performed in age-matched shams and 4 and 15 wk ACF rats. ACF rats had LV dilatation and a 2-fold increase in LV end-diastolic pressure, along with increases in LV ISF bradykinin, myocardial kallikrein and bradykinin type-2 receptor (BK2R) mRNA expression. Mast cell numbers were increased and interstitial collagen was decreased at 4 and 15 wk ACF, despite increases in LV ACE and chymase activities. Treatment with the kallikrein inhibitor aprotinin preserved interstitial collagen, prevented the increase in mast cells, and improved LV systolic function at 4 wk ACF. To establish a cause and effect between ISF bradykinin and mast cell-mediated collagen loss, direct LV interstitial bradykinin infusion in vivo for 24 hrs produced a 2-fold increase in mast cell numbers and a 30% decrease in interstitial collagen, which were prevented by BK2R antagonist. To further connect myocardial stretch with cellular kallikrein-kinin system upregulation, 24 hrs cyclic stretch of adult cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts produced increased kallikrein, BK2R mRNA expressions, bradykinin protein and gelatinase activity, which were all decreased by the kallikrein inhibitor-aprotinin. Conclusions/Significance A pure volume overload is associated with upregulation of the kallikrein-kinin system and ISF bradykinin, which mediates mast cell infiltration, extracellular matrix loss, and LV dysfunction–all of which are improved by kallikrein inhibition. The current investigation provides important new insights into future potential medical therapies for the volume overload of aortic and mitral regurgitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chang Wei
- Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America.
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Sivritas SH, Ploth DW, Fitzgibbon WR. Blockade of renal medullary bradykinin B2 receptors increases tubular sodium reabsorption in rats fed a normal-salt diet. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F811-7. [PMID: 18632797 PMCID: PMC2536883 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90225.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to test the hypothesis that under normal physiological conditions and/or during augmentation of kinin levels, intrarenal kinins act on medullary bradykinin B(2) (BKB(2)) receptors to acutely increase papillary blood flow (PBF) and therefore Na(+) excretion. We determined the effect of acute inner medullary interstitial (IMI) BKB(2) receptor blockade on renal hemodynamics and excretory function in rats fed either a normal (0.23%)- or a low (0.08%)-NaCl diet. For each NaCl diet, two groups of rats were studied. Baseline renal hemodynamic and excretory function were determined during IMI infusion of 0.9% NaCl into the left kidney. The infusion was then either changed to HOE-140 (100 microg.kg(-1).h(-1), treated group) or maintained with 0.9% NaCl (time control group), and the parameters were again determined. In rats fed a normal-salt diet, HOE-140 infusion decreased left kidney Na(+) excretion (urinary Na(+) extraction rate) and fractional Na(+) excretion by 40 +/- 5% and 40 +/- 4%, respectively (P < 0.01), but did not alter glomerular filtration rate, inner medullary blood flow (PBF), or cortical blood flow. In rats fed a low-salt diet, HOE-140 infusion did not alter renal regional hemodynamics or excretory function. We conclude that in rats fed a normal-salt diet, kinins act tonically via medullary BKB(2) receptors to increase Na(+) excretion independent of changes in inner medullary blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema-Hayriye Sivritas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Chen CO, Park MH, Forbes MS, Thornhill BA, Kiley SC, Yoo KH, Chevalier RL. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition aggravates renal interstitial injury resulting from partial unilateral ureteral obstruction in the neonatal rat. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 292:F946-55. [PMID: 17107943 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00287.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital urinary tract obstruction is the most important cause of renal insufficiency in infants and children, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors attenuate the progression of renal disease in adults. ACE inhibitors are increasingly utilized in children with progressive renal disease. Because angiotensin is necessary for normal renal development, we examined the effects of ACE inhibition both during and immediately following the period of postnatal nephrogenesis in the neonatal rat subjected to sham operation or partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) under general anesthesia within the first 48 h of life. Rats in group I received enalapril 30 mg/kg body wt (or vehicle) daily for the first 10 days, while in group II, the 10 days of treatment began 10 days after surgery. Kidneys were harvested at day 21 and analyzed for apoptosis (TUNEL), interstitial macrophages (ED-1 immunohistochemistry), myofibroblasts (alpha-smooth muscle actin), and collagen (Sirius red). Partial UUO delayed glomerular maturation and increased ipsilateral renal macrophage infiltration, alpha-smooth muscle actin and Sirius red staining. In group I, enalapril increased myofibroblast accumulation in sham-operated kidneys, but not in obstructed kidneys. In contrast, in group II, enalapril further increased macrophage, myofibroblast, and collagen accumulation following partial UUO. The relative abundance of components of the kallikrein-kinin system, measured by Western blot, was not altered by partial UUO in the 14- and 28-day-old rat. Thus, in contrast to its salutary effects at later ages, ACE inhibition can worsen injury to the partially obstructed kidney during renal maturation even after the completion of nephrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina O Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Box 800386, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Wu Q, Kuo HC, Deng GG. Serine proteases and cardiac function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2005; 1751:82-94. [PMID: 16054020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Revised: 07/16/2004] [Accepted: 09/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The serine proteases of the trypsin superfamily are versatile enzymes involved in a variety of biological processes. In the cardiovascular system, the importance of these enzymes in blood coagulation, platelet activation, fibrinolysis, and thrombosis has been well established. Recent studies have shown that trypin-like serine proteases are also important in maintaining cardiac function and contribute to heart-related disease processes. In this review, we describe the biological function of corin, tissue kallikrein, chymase and urokinase and discuss their roles in cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and aneurysm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
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Aravena M, Pérez C, Pérez V, Acuña-Castillo C, Gómez C, Leiva-Salcedo E, Nishimura S, Sabaj V, Walter R, Sierra F. T-kininogen can either induce or inhibit proliferation in Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts, depending on the route of administration. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126:399-406. [PMID: 15664626 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
T-kininogen (T-KG) is a precursor of T-kinin, the most abundant kinin in rat serum, and also acts as a strong and specific cysteine proteinase inhibitor. Its expression is strongly induced during aging in rats, and expression of T-KG in Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts results in inhibition of cell proliferation. However, T-KG is a serum protein produced primarily in the liver, and thus, most cells are only exposed to the protein from the outside. To test the effect of T-KG on fibroblasts exposed to exogenous T-KG, we purified the protein from the serum of K-kininogen-deficient Katholiek rats. In contrast to the results obtained by transfection, exposure of Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts to exogenously added T-KG leads to a dose-dependent increase in [3H]-thymidine incorporation. This response does not require kinin receptors, but it is clearly mediated by activation of the ERK pathway. As a control, we repeated the transfection experiments, using a different promoter. The results are consistent with our published data showing that, under these circumstances, T-KG inhibits cell proliferation. We conclude that T-KG exerts opposite effects on fibroblast proliferation, depending exclusively on the way that it is administered to the cells (transfection versus exogenous addition).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aravena
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
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Patino MG, Neiders ME, Andreana S, Noble B, Cohen RE. Cellular inflammatory response to porcine collagen membranes. J Periodontal Res 2003; 38:458-64. [PMID: 12941068 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0765.2003.00017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess local inflammatory changes associated with the implantation of three different porcine collagen membranes having potential use in periodontal regeneration. METHODS Materials were implanted subcutaneously into prepared sites along the dorsal skin surface of 60 female Wistar rats. Saline and turpentine were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Animals were killed and biopsies obtained after 3 d, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after membrane implantation. A panel of six monoclonal antibodies was used to identify circulating monocytes (ED1), resident tissue macrophages (ED2), lymphoid macrophages (ED3), Ia-antigen expression (OX6), T-lymphocytes (OX19), and B-lymphocytes (OX33). Cells identified by each antibody were subjected to quantitative immunocytochemistry to compare any differences present among groups. Sera obtained 8 weeks after grafting were used in immunoblotting assays to detect the presence of systemic antiporcine antibodies. RESULTS We found that the mononuclear cell subsets associated with implantation of porcine collagen membranes were similar to those obtained with saline administration. On the other hand, the use of turpentine resulted in an inflammatory infiltrate characterized by significantly higher numbers of all six monoclonal cell subsets at all time periods evaluated, compared to either saline or any of the membranes (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The collagen membranes do not appear to be associated with a significant local inflammatory response, nor a systemic immune response, and thus appear to be well tolerated, rendering them useful in periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Patino
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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Griesbacher T, Rainer I, Tiran B, Fink E, Lembeck F, Peskar BA. Mechanism of kinin release during experimental acute pancreatitis in rats: evidence for pro- as well as anti-inflammatory roles of oedema formation. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 139:299-308. [PMID: 12770935 PMCID: PMC1573846 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1 Kinin B(2) receptor antagonists or tissue kallikrein (t-KK) inhibitors prevent oedema formation and associated sequelae in caerulein-induced pancreatitis in the rat. We have now further investigated the mechanism of kinin generation in the pancreas. 2 Kinins were elevated in the pancreatic tissue already before oedema formation became manifest. Peak values (421+/-59 pmol g(-1) dry wt) were reached at 45 min and remained elevated for at least 2 h; a second increase was observed at 24 h. Pretreatment with the B(2) receptor antagonist icatibant abolished kinin formation, while post-treatment was ineffective. 3 Total kininogen levels were very low in the pancreas of controls, but increased 75-fold during acute pancreatitis. This increase was absent in rats that were pretreated with icatibant. 4 During pancreatitis, t-KK-like and plasma kallikrein (p-KK)-like activity in the pancreas, as well as trypsinogen activation peptide (TAP) increased significantly. Icatibant pretreatment further augmented t-KK about 100-fold, while p-KK was significantly attenuated; TAP levels remained unaffected. 5 Endogenous protease inhibitors (alpha(1)-antitrypsin, alpha(2)-macroglobulin) were low in normal tissues, but increased 45- and four-fold, respectively, during pancreatitis. This increase was abolished when oedema formation was prevented by icatibant. 6 In summary, oedema formation is initiated by t-KK; the ensuing plasma protein extravasation supplies further kininogen and active p-KK to the tissue. Concomitantly, endogenous protease inhibitors in the oedema fluid inhibit up to 99% of active t-KK. Our data thus suggest a complex interaction between kinin action and kinin generation involving positive and negative feedback actions of the inflammatory oedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Griesbacher
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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Hosoi K, Matsuura S, Tsumura K, Wei W, Parvin MN, Tada J, Akamatsu T, Kanamori N, Suzuki K. Expression of kininogens in the connective tissue-type mast cells of the rat. Immunology 2000; 101:531-40. [PMID: 11122457 PMCID: PMC2327101 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The connective tissue-type mast cells present in the submandibular gland (SMG) and peritoneal cavity of rats were found to express kininogens (KGs), the expression of which was demonstrated by Western blotting, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), RT-PCR Southern blotting, and light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry. In the SMG, the analysis of cDNA amplified by RT-PCR revealed that the molecular species of mRNAs expressed were high-molecular-weight (HMW)-K KG and T-I KG. Light microscopic immunocytochemistry exclusively localized the KG protein(s) in the mast cells present in the SMG. The signals in the mast cells were very strong, but no positive reaction was observed in the granular convoluted tubular cells, acinar cells or striated duct cells. As determined by using electron microscopy, extremely strong labelling with immunogold was observed in the secretory granules of the mast cells, but no labelling in their nucleus or cytoplasm. Analysis by Western blotting and RT-PCR Southern blotting indicated that both protein and mRNA of KGs were present in the mast cells separated from the peritoneal cavity, indicating de novo synthesis of KG in these cells. Preliminary experiments implied that the connective tissue-type mast cells in other rat tissues also expressed KG.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hosoi
- Department of Physiology and Oral Physiology, Tokushima University, School of Dentistry, Tokushima-Shi, Tokushima, Japan
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Tschöpe C, Heringer-Walther S, Walther T. Regulation of the kinin receptors after induction of myocardial infarction: a mini-review. Braz J Med Biol Res 2000; 33:701-8. [PMID: 10829098 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2000000600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the responses to vasoactive kinin peptides are mediated through the activation of two receptors termed bradykinin receptor B1 (B1R) and B2 (B2R). The physiologically prominent B2R subtype has certainly been the subject of more intensive efforts in structure-function studies and physiological investigations. However, the B1R activated by a class of kinin metabolites has emerged as an important subject of investigation within the study of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). Its inducible character under stress and tissue injury is therefore a field of major interest. Although the KKS has been associated with cardiovascular regulation since its discovery at the beginning of the last century, less is known about the B1R and B2R regulation in cardiovascular diseases like hypertension, myocardial infarction (MI) and their complications. This mini-review will summarize our findings on B1R and B2R regulation after induction of MI using a rat model. We will develop the hypothesis that differences in the expression of these receptors may be associated with a dual pathway of the KKS in the complex mechanisms of myocardial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tschöpe
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Benjamin Franklin, Free University of Berlin, Germany
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Yayama K, Nagaoka M, Takano M, Okamoto H. Expression of kininogen, kallikrein and kinin receptor genes by rat cardiomyocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1495:69-77. [PMID: 10634933 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(99)00154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
To ascertain the existence of the kallikrein-kinin system in the heart, we have studied in vivo and in vitro whether rat cardiac tissue expresses kininogen, kallikrein and kinin receptor mRNAs. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the ventricular myocardium of adult male rats expressed mRNAs for T- and low-molecular-weight (L-) kininogens, tissue kallikreins such as true kallikrein and T-kininogenase, and bradykinin B2 receptor, but not those for high-molecular-weight kininogen and B1 receptor. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) increased the levels of mRNA for T-kininogen at 12 h and the bradykinin B1 receptor at 24 h without affecting that for other components. All of these mRNAs for the kallikrein-kinin system were also detected in cultured cardiomyocytes derived from neonatal rat ventricles; dibutyryl cyclic AMP, LPS or inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor, up-regulated mRNA expression of T-kininogen, T-kininogenase, or B1 receptor in these cells in vitro. These results suggest that there are two kinin-generating systems in rat myocardium comprising T-kininogen/T-kininogenase and L-kininogen/true kallikrein respectively, and that the former may be relatively important in inflammatory diseases or conditions in which cAMP levels increase in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yayama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan.
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Chapter VII Brain kallikrein–kinin system: from receptors to neuronal pathways and physiological functions. HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL NEUROANATOMY 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8196(00)80009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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16
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Nagaoka M, Yayama K, Takano M, Okamoto H. Expression of kininogen genes by rat cardiomyocytes. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1999; 44:81-5. [PMID: 10604528 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-3109(99)00113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To determine the existence of the kallikrein-kinin system in the heart, we have studied in vitro and in vivo whether rat heart expresses kininogens (KGNs). The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for KGN mRNAs demonstrated that the cardiac tissue of adult male rats expresses T-KGN mRNA but not high-molecular-weight (H-) KGN mRNA. An intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in a significant increase in T-KGN mRNA levels of rat heart within 12 h. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cDNA products generated by RT-PCR from heart mRNA using primers specific for either T- or low-molecular-weigh (L-) KGN revealed that rat heart expressed not only T-KGN gene but also L-KGN gene, and that LPS injection exclusively stimulated the expression of T-KGN but not of L-KGN gene. T-KGN mRNA was also detected in cultured myocytes derived from fetal rat heart, and the expression was markedly enhanced by an addition of LPS to cultures. These results demonstrated that rat cardiomyocytes are the source of T- and L-KGNs but not of H-KGN, and that their expression of T-KGN mRNA is stimulated by LPS, probably via LPS-receptor CD14.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nagaoka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
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Li Z, Tyor WR, Xu J, Chao J, Hogan EL. Immunohistochemical localization of kininogen in rat spinal cord and brain. Exp Neurol 1999; 159:528-37. [PMID: 10506524 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1999.7165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Kininogen localization has been determined by immunocytochemistry in rat spinal cord and brain using a kinin-directed kininogen monoclonal antibody. In the spinal cord, there were immunostained neurons and fibers in laminae I, II, VII, and IX, intensely stained fibers in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn, and immunoreactive glial and endothelial cells. Small neurons, satellite cells, and Schwann cells immunostained distinctly in the dorsal root ganglion. In the brain stem, there were immunoreactive neurons and fibers in the tractus solitarius and nucleus, trigeminal spinal tract and nuclei, periaqueductal gray matter, vestibular nuclei, cochlear nuclei, trapezoid body, medial geniculate nucleus, and red nucleus. Immunostained neurons and fibers were also found in cerebellum (dentate nucleus), cerebral cortex (layers III and V), hippocampus (pyramidal cell layer), and corpus callosum. Glia and endothelial cells stained in all brain regions. The widespread location of kininogen in neurons and their processes, as well as in glial and endothelial cells, indicates more than one functional role, including those proposed as a mediator, a calpain inhibitor, and a kinin precursor, in a variety of neural activities and responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Li
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
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Jin L, Chao L, Chao J. Potassium supplement upregulates the expression of renal kallikrein and bradykinin B2 receptor in SHR. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 276:F476-84. [PMID: 10070172 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.1999.276.3.f476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High potassium intake is known to attenuate hypertension, glomerular lesion, ischemic damage, and stroke-associated death. Our recent studies showed that expression of recombinant kallikrein by somatic gene delivery reduced high blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy, and renal injury in hypertensive animal models. The aim of this study is to explore the potential role of the tissue kallikrein-kinin system in blood pressure reduction and renal protection in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) on a high-potassium diet. Young SHR were given drinking water with or without 1% potassium chloride for 6 wk. Systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced beginning at 1 wk, and the effect lasted for 6 wk in the potassium-supplemented group compared with that in the control group. Potassium supplement induced 70 and 40% increases in urinary kallikrein levels and renal bradykinin B2 receptor density, respectively (P < 0.05), but did not change serum kininogen levels. Similarly, Northern blot analysis showed that renal kallikrein mRNA levels increased 2.7-fold, whereas hepatic kininogen mRNA levels remained unchanged in rats with high potassium intake. No difference was observed in beta-actin mRNA levels in the kidney or liver of either group. Competitive RT-PCR showed a 1.7-fold increase in renal bradykinin B2 receptor mRNA levels in rats with high potassium intake. Potassium supplement significantly increased water intake, urine excretion, urinary kinin, cAMP, and cGMP levels. This study suggests that upregulation of the tissue kallikrein-kinin system may be attributed, in part, to blood pressure-lowering and diuretic effects of high potassium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Okamoto H, Yayama K, Shibata H, Nagaoka M, Takano M. Kininogen expression by rat vascular smooth muscle cells: stimulation by lipopolysaccharide and angiotensin II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1404:329-37. [PMID: 9739161 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(98)00074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To identify the presence of a local kallikrein-kinin system in vascular wall, we have studied whether rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) express kininogen in vitro and in vivo. Western blots using anti-T-kininogen antibody revealed the presence of T-kininogen in conditioned medium of cultured VSMC. T-Kininogen secretion by VSMC was markedly enhanced by the addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), angiotensin II (AII) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) to the culture. Experiments using specific inhibitors for protein kinases and on the PMA-induced down-regulation of protein kinase C suggested that a protein kinase C-dependent or unidentified pathway is involved in AII or LPS action, respectively. The intravenous injection of LPS (0.5 mg/kg) resulted in an increase in T-kininogen mRNA levels in the vascular smooth muscle of rat aorta, peaking at 16 h. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cDNA products generated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from aortic mRNA using primers specific for either T- or low-molecular-weight kininogen revealed that rat vascular smooth muscle expressed T-kininogen gene but not low-molecular-weight kininogen gene, and that LPS exclusively stimulated T-kininogen expression. The mRNA for high-molecular-weight kininogen was undetectable in either aortic smooth muscle or cultured VSMC by means of RT-PCR analysis. RT-PCR using specific primers for rat tissue kallikrein genes showed that aortic smooth muscle expressed KLK1 (true kallikrein) mRNA, but not KLK10 (T-kininogenase) mRNA. These results demonstrated that rat VSMC are a source of T-kininogen but not of low-molecular-weight- or high-molecular-weight kininogen, in contrast to the expression of true kallikrein but not of T-kininogenase by these cells.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/antagonists & inhibitors
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Blotting, Southern
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Media, Conditioned/analysis
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Kallikreins/biosynthesis
- Kallikreins/genetics
- Kininogen, High-Molecular-Weight/genetics
- Kininogen, Low-Molecular-Weight/genetics
- Kininogens/biosynthesis
- Kininogens/genetics
- Lipopolysaccharides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
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Affiliation(s)
- H Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2180, Japan.
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El-Dahr SS, Dipp S, Yosipiv IV, Carbini LA. Activation of kininogen expression during distal nephron differentiation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:F173-82. [PMID: 9689019 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.1998.275.1.f173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the epithelial precursors of the connecting tubule and collecting duct express tissue kallikrein and bradykinin B2 receptors, respectively, suggesting the presence of a local kinin-producing/responsive system in the maturing distal nephron. However, evidence for the existence of kininogen in the developing nephron is still lacking. This study examined the spatiotemporal relationships between segmental nephron differentiation and the ontogeny of kininogen and kinins in the rat. Kininogen immunoreactivity is detectable in the metanephros as early as embryonic day 15. In the nephrogenic zone, the terminal ureteric bud branches are the main kinin-expressing segments. Kininogen is also observed in the stromal mesenchyme. In contrast, proximal ureteric bud branches, metanephrogenic mesenchyme, and pretubular aggregates express little or no kininogen. After completion of nephrogenesis, kininogen distribution assumes its classic "adult" pattern in the collecting ducts. Peak kininogen mRNA and protein expression occur perinatally, corresponding to the period of active nephrogenesis in the rat, and declines gradually thereafter. Estimations made by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and radioimmunoassays indicate that renal kininogen mRNA and protein levels are at least 20-fold higher in newborn than adult rats. Likewise, immunoreactive tissue kinin levels are 2.3-fold higher in newborn than adult kidneys (P < 0.05). In summary, the present study demonstrates the activation of kininogen gene expression and kinin production in the developing kidney. The terminal ureteric bud branches and their epithelial derivatives are the principal kinin-producing segments in the maturing nephron. The results suggest an autocrine/paracrine role for the kallikrein-kinin system in distal nephron maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S El-Dahr
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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21
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Katori M, Majima M. Preventive role of renal kallikrein-kinin system in the early phase of hypertension and development of new antihypertensive drugs. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1998; 44:147-224. [PMID: 9547886 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Katori
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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22
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Dendorfer A, Wellhöner P, Braun A, Roscher AA, Dominiak P. Synthesis of kininogen and degradation of bradykinin by PC12 cells. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 122:1585-92. [PMID: 9422802 PMCID: PMC1565106 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
1. In this study, the abilities of PC12 cells to synthesize and degrade kinins were investigated. Kinin formation was assessed as kinin and kininogen content of cells and supernatants in serum-free incubations by use of a bradykinin-specific radioimmunoassay. Expression of kininogen mRNA was demonstrated by reverse-transcriptase PCR. Kinin degradation pathways of intact PC12 cells were characterized by identification of the kinin fragments generated from tritiated bradykinin either in the absence or presence of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor ramiprilat. 2. Kinin immunoreactivity in the supernatant of PC12 cell cultures accumulated in a time-dependent fashion during incubations in serum-free media. This effect was solely due to de novo synthesis and release of kininogen (35 pg bradykinin h-1 mg-1 protein) since it could be suppressed by cycloheximide. Continuous synthesis of kininogen was a specific property of PC12 cells, as it was not observed in cultured macro- or microvascular endothelial cells. PC12 cells contained only minor amounts of stored kininogen. The rate of kininogen synthesis was not affected by ramiprilat, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, nerve growth factor or dexamethasone, but was stimulated 1.4 fold when cells were pretreated for 1 day with 1 microM desoxycorticosterone. 3. By use of cDNA probes specific for kininogen subtype mRNAs, expression of low-molecular-weight kininogen and T-kininogen in PC12 cells was confirmed. Expression of high molecular weight kininogen mRNA was also shown, though only at the lowest limit of detection of the assay. 4. Degradation of tritiated bradykinin by PC12 cells occurred with a half-life of 48 min resulting in the main fragments [1-7]- and [1-5]-bradykinin. The degradation rate of bradykinin decreased to 15% in the presence of ramiprilat (250 nM). Apart from angiotensin I-converting enzyme direct cleavage of bradykinin to [1-7]- and [1-5]-bradykinin still occurred under this condition as a result of additional kininase activities. 5. Along with previous findings of B2-receptor-mediated catecholamine release, these results now confirm the hypothesis that a cellular kinin system is expressed in PC12 cells. The presence of such a system may reflect a role of kinins as local neuromodulatory mediators in the peripheral sympathetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dendorfer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Lübeck, Germany
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23
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Keppler D, Sordat B, Sierra F. T-kininogen present in the liver of old rats is biologically active and readily forms complexes with endogenous cysteine proteinases. Mech Ageing Dev 1997; 98:151-65. [PMID: 9379711 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(97)00080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported an increase in T-kininogen mRNA levels in the liver of ageing Sprague-Dawley rats. T-Kininogen functions both as a precursor to the vasoactive peptide T-kinin, and as a potent and specific inhibitor of cysteine proteinases. Under normal physiological conditions, the majority of cysteine proteinases are found intracellularly and we have shown that a significant proportion of T-kininogen also accumulates intracellularly in the liver of old rats. Therefore, our aim was to determine whether or not this T-kininogen is biologically active as an inhibitor of cysteine proteases. Titration of whole liver extracts indicates that old rats do indeed contain a 4-fold higher level of cysteine proteinase inhibitory activity than younger counterparts. Using gel permeation chromatography in conjunction with an enzyme inhibitor assay, we show that this difference is mainly due to the presence of a low level of free biologically active T-kininogen. However, Western blot analysis of the gel permeation chromatography fractions demonstrate that most of the intrahepatic T-kininogen is found as enzyme-inhibitor complexes. Alkaline inactivation of the cysteine proteinase component of these complexes leads to the release of biologically competent free T-kininogen. These findings are discussed with regard to the possible mechanisms responsible for the accumulation of T-kininogen within the aged rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Keppler
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Abstract
The kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) plays an important role in the regulation of renal function. Endogenous kinins modulate renal microvascular resistance, medullary blood flow, and distal nephron sodium and water reabsorption. All the components of the KKS, including tissue kallikrein, kininogen, kininase II, and kinin receptors are expressed within the kidney, establishing a paracrine system capable of controlling local nephron functions. In this review, data will be presented demonstrating that the developing kidney expresses an endogenous, functionally active KKS. Molecular studies have shown that gene expression of the renal KKS in the rat is activated postnatally, and that the intrarenal distribution of KKS components is subject to developmental control. Furthermore, the developmental expression of KKS appears to be regulated primarily at the transcriptional level. Ontogenetic studies have also revealed that the bradykinin B-2 receptor gene is overexpressed in the developing rat kidney. As kinins are potent vasoactive and growth-promoting factors, it is proposed that endogenous kinins mediate developmental renal growth and differentiation, and modulate the maturational changes which occur in renal hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S el-Dahr
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Madeddu P, Parpaglia PP, Glorioso N, Chao L, Chao J. Antisense inhibition of the brain kallikrein-kinin system. Hypertension 1996; 28:980-7. [PMID: 8952586 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.28.6.980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We used antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) strategy, based on interference of information flow from gene to protein, to determine the role of kininogen and bradykinin B2 receptor genes in the pathogenesis of genetic hypertension in rats. Mean blood pressure of 9-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) increased 4 hours after acute intracerebroventricular injection of synthetic 18-mer antisense ODNs targeting the translation initiation codon of kininogen mRNA (from 164 +/- 5 to 181 +/- 4 mm Hg, P < .01) or bradykinin B2 receptor mRNA (from 161 +/- 5 to 185 +/- 8 mm Hg, P < .01) and then returned to basal levels within 24 hours. Prolonged vasopressor effects were observed after repeated injections of antisense ODN targeting kininogen mRNA. Antisense ODNs to kininogen and B2 receptor mRNAs increased blood pressure of normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats only slightly compared with SHR (from 116 +/- 3 to 124 +/- 1 and from 116 +/- 2 to 126 +/- 4 mm Hg, respectively; P < .05). Cardiovascular responses were confirmed by the use of antisense ODNs targeted to bind to different non-overlapping regions of kininogen or B2 receptor mRNA. Microinjection of antisense ODN to B2 receptor mRNA into the nucleus tractus solitarii increased mean blood pressure in SHR and prevented the vasodepressor effect induced by intranuclear microinjection of bradykinin. No significant change in mean blood pressure was induced in either strain by intravenous injection of antisense ODNs or by central injection of sense or scrambled ODNs. A strong fluorescent signal was detected at the level of the hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus periventricularis, midbrain, and cerebrum 1 hour after central injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antisense ODNs. Kininogen levels were significantly lower in the brain of rats given intracerebroventricular antisense kininogen ODN compared with controls. Our results indicate that the brain kallikrein-kinin system plays a role in the central regulation of blood pressure and suggest that this system may exert a protective action against further elevations of blood pressure levels in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Madeddu
- Clinica Medica, University of Sassari, Italy
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26
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Nadarajah V, Cohen RE, Neiders ME, Aguirre A. Cellular inflammatory responses to implanted dental materials. J Prosthet Dent 1996; 75:552-61. [PMID: 8709023 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3913(96)90462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular inflammatory responses to subcutaneous implantation of amalgam and composite resins were assessed in rats by use of histologic and immunocytochemical methods 2 days to 8 weeks after implantation. Frozen and paraffin sections were obtained from subcutaneous tissues associated with amalgam and composite resin suspensions. The amalgam induced mild inflammation with proliferation of few resident macrophages, but implantation of composite resins was associated with an influx of monocytes, increased numbers of resident connective tissue macrophages, and abnormal major histocompatibility antigen class II (Ia antigen) expression. The data suggest that composite resins may produce a a more pronounced inflammatory response than dental amalgams do when incorporated in soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nadarajah
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Dental Medicine, USA
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27
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Katori M, Majima M. Pivotal role of renal kallikrein-kinin system in the development of hypertension and approaches to new drugs based on this relationship. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1996; 70:95-128. [PMID: 8866749 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.70.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Renal kallikrein is one of the tissue kallikreins, and the distal nephron is fully equipped as an element of the kallikrein-kinin system. Although a low excretion of urinary kallikrein has been reported in essential hypertension, the results from studies on patients with hypertension are not consistent. Congenitally hypertensive animals also excrete lowered levels of urinary kallikrein, but the effects of this are yet unknown. Extensive genetic and environmental studies on large Utah pedigrees suggest that the causes of hypertension are closely related to the combination of low kallikrein excretion and the potassium intake. Mutant kininogen-deficient Brown Norway-Katholiek rats, which cannot generate kinin in the urine, are very sensitive to salt loading and to sodium retention by aldosterone released by a non-pressor dose of angiotensin II, which results in hypertension. The major function of renal kallikrein-kinin system is to excrete sodium and water when excess sodium is present in the body. Failure of this function causes accumulation of sodium in the cerebrospinal fluid and erythrocytes, and probably in the vascular smooth muscle, which become sensitive to vasoconstrictors. We hypothesize that impaired function of the renal kallikrein-kinin system may play a pivotal role in the early development of hypertension. Inhibitors of kinin degradation in renal tubules and agents, which accelerate the secretion of urinary kallikrein from the connecting tubules and increase the generation of urinary kinin, may be novel drugs against hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Katori
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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Sharma JN, Uma K, Noor AR, Rahman AR. Blood pressure regulation by the kallikrein-kinin system. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1996; 27:55-63. [PMID: 8742494 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(95)00028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
1. The kallikrein-kinin system has a significant role in regulating arterial blood pressure. 2. Reduced formation of the kinin compontents may cause hypertensive diseases. This is because of the fact that this system is responsible for vasodilatation, reduction in total peripheral resistance, natriuresis, diuresis, increasing renal blood flow and releasing various vasodilator agents. 3. Reduced kinin-kallikrein generation in hypertensive subjects may also be associated with genetic and environmental defects. 4. The kallikrein-kinin system when administered to hypertensive patients can lower their raised blood pressure to normotensive levels. 5. The mode of action of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors principally may be dependent on the kinin system protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan
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Abstract
In 1979, we found a strain of kininogen-deficient Brown Norway rats. Since then, several studies have used these animals as negative controls of the involvement of the kinin system in physiological and pathophysiological processes. The cause of this deficiency has now been elucidated. This article reviews studies performed with these kininogen-deficient rats. These investigations have mainly focused on the links between the kinin system and the kidneys, hypertension, salivary glands, acute inflammatory reactions, cysteine proteinase inhibition, lymphatic tissues, coagulation, and cardiovascular shock states.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Damas
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Liège, Belgium
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Hossain AM, Whitman GF, Khan I. Kininogen present in rat reproductive tissues is apparently synthesized by the liver, not by the reproductive system. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173:830-4. [PMID: 7573252 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(95)90349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the source(s) of the reproductive tract kininogen and to assess whether kininogen transcription is influenced by reproductive conditions. STUDY DESIGN Rats in various reproductive states (immature, mature, ovulatory, luteal phase, pregnancy, parturition, postpartum) were used to obtain reproductive tissues (follicles, corpora lutea, oviduct, uterus, testes) and liver. Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid probes for rat prekininogens were used to quantify kininogen messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis. RESULTS The T-prekininogen complementary deoxyribonucleic acid probe detected a single 1.6 kb message, whereas the k-prekininogen complementary deoxyribonucleic acid probe identified two messages, an abundantly expressed 1.6 kb band and a 2.2 kb band. The source of all the three prekininogen messages appears to be the liver. Naturally occurring reproductive conditions such as ovulation, implantation, and parturition, did not turn on prekininogen message transcription in the rat gonad or genital tract. Only decidualization of the uterus was associated with the induction of kininogen transcription in the liver. CONCLUSION There appears to be little, if any, contribution of local gene expression to the kininogen present in the reproductive tissues. Apparently, the reproductive tract increases uptake of kininogen from plasma as needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hossain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912, USA
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Takano M, Yokoyama K, Yayama K, Okamoto H. Rat fibroblasts synthesize T-kininogen in response to cyclic-AMP, prostaglandin E2 and cytokines. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1268:107-14. [PMID: 7626656 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(95)00048-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
T-Kininogen is a plasma protein characterized as a kinin-precursor, a cysteine protease inhibitor and an acute phase protein in the rat. Rat fibroblasts prepared from meninges or embryos and 3Y1-B clone 1-6 cells, a rat fibroblast cell line, secreted T-kininogen. Incubating these cells with 1 mM Bt2cAMP or a combination with 1 microM dexamethasone resulted in a marked increase in T-kininogen secretion, as well as in the incorporation of radioactive methionine into newly synthesized T-kininogen. Secretion of T-kininogen by meningeal fibroblasts was stimulated by forskolin, prostaglandin E2, bradykinin and cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1) and IL-6. Expression of T-kininogen mRNA was demonstrated in meningeal fibroblasts by Northern blot hybridization using T-kininogen cDNA as a probe, and the expression was stimulated by Bt2cAMP, prostaglandin E2, and the cytokines described above. In contrast, expression of T-kininogen mRNA in rat hepatocytes was not altered by Bt2cAMP, prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor and IL-1, whereas it was greatly stimulated by IL-6, suggesting the differential regulation of T-kininogen gene expression in fibroblasts and hepatocytes. These results demonstrated for the first time, that rat fibroblasts express the T-kininogen gene, and that the expression is regulated by inflammatory mediators and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takano
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Japan
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32
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Damas J, Bourdon V, Pinto JC. The myostimulating effect of tissue kallikrein on rat uterus. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1995; 351:535-41. [PMID: 7643918 DOI: 10.1007/bf00171046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the myostimulating activity of rat tissue kallikrein on rat uterus was re-examined using uterus from kininogen-deficient rats and HOE 140 (D-Arg[Hyp3, Thi5, D-Tic7, Oic8]bradykinin), a specific bradykinin receptor-B2 antagonist. The uterus from kininogen-deficient rats was 50 times less sensitive to rat kallikrein than that from normal rats. HOE 140 (6 to 60 nM) inhibited the contracting effects of bradykinin and of rat kallikrein. Porcine kallikrein had no effect on rat uterus. Bradykinin and rat kallikrein induced a relaxation of rat duodenum. The duodenum from kininogen-deficient rats was 100 times less sensitive to rat kallikrein than the duodenum from normal rats. HOE 140 (0.6 to 3 nM) inhibited the relaxing effects of bradykinin and of kallikrein. Preincubation of rat kallikrein with aprotinin (Trasylol) abolished the effects of kallikrein on smooth muscles. HOE 140 inhibited the amidolytic activity of tissue kallikrein with a Ki value of 220 microM. HOE 140, at micromolar concentrations, suppressed the kininogenase activity of tissue kallikrein. Plasma of deficient rats contained 0.7% of the normal levels of kininogens. After washing the blood vessels with saline, kininogens were present in uterine homogenates but not in duodenal homogenates from both rat strains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J Damas
- Départment de Physiologie humaine, Université de Liège, Belgium
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33
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Sharma JN, Buchanan WW. Pathogenic responses of bradykinin system in chronic inflammatory rheumatoid disease. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 1994; 46:421-33. [PMID: 7703672 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-2993(11)80053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Excessive release of kinin (BK) in the synovial fluid can produce oedema, pain and loss of functions due to activation of B1 and B2 kinin receptors. Activation of the kinin forming system could be mediated via injury, trauma, coagulation pathways (Hageman factor and thrombin) and immune complexes. The activated B1 and B2 receptors might cause release of other powerful non-cytokine and cytokine mediators of inflammation, e.g., PGE2, PGI2, LTs, histamine, PAF, IL-1 and TNF, derived mainly from polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells and synovial tissue. These mediators are capable of inducing bone and cartilage damage, hypertrophic synovitis, vessel proliferation, inflammatory cell migration and, possibly, angiogenesis in pannus formation. These pathological changes, however, are not yet defined in the human model of chronic inflammation. The role of kinins and their interacting inflammatory mediators would soon start to clarify the detailed questions they revealed in clinical and experimental models of chronic inflammatory diseases. Several B1 and B2 receptor antagonists are being synthesized in an attempt to study the molecular functions of kinins in inflammatory processes, such as rheumatoid arthritis, periodontitis, inflammatory diseases of the gut and osteomyelitis. Future development of specific potent and stable B1 and B2 receptor antagonists or combined B1 and B2 antagonists with y-IFN might serve as a pharmacological basis for more effective treatment of joint inflammatory and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Kelantan
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Abstract
Kinins are endothelium-dependent vasodilators and natriuretic paracrine peptides that participate in the regulation of blood pressure, renal hemodynamics and sodium excretion. Several lines of evidence suggest an important role for intrarenal kinins and their receptors in kidney growth and development. (1) The developing rat kidney expresses all the components of the tissue kallikrein-kinin system: tissue kallikrein, low molecular weight (LMW) kininogen, kininase II and kinin receptors. Also, the developing liver expresses high molecular weight and LMW kininogens. Thus, a complete kinin-generating system exists in the developing kidney. (2) Gene transcription, mRNA and protein abundance, and enzymatic activity of renal kallikrein are all markedly up-regulated during postnatal kidney growth, and a positive correlation exists between renal kallikrein synthesis and the maturational rise in renal blood flow. (3) Rat glomerular mesangial cells in culture express the kinin receptors and proliferate in response to bradykinin, suggesting that endogenous kinins and their receptors modulate glomerular growth. (4) The newborn period is characterized by an activation of kinin receptor gene expression, and chronic pharmacological blockade of kinin receptors suppresses DNA synthesis in the developing but not adult kidney. Collectively, these data provide the basis for the hypothesis that endogenous kinins and the kinin receptors play an important role in the developmental biology of the metanephric kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S el-Dahr
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
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35
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Surface-induced alterations in the kinetic pathway for cleavage of human high molecular weight kininogen by plasma kallikrein. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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36
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Barka T, van der Noen H. Expressions of the genes for cysteine proteinase inhibitors cystatin C and cystatin S in rat submandibular salivary gland. Arch Oral Biol 1994; 39:307-14. [PMID: 8024495 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(94)90122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rat cystatin S and rat cystatin C are members of family 2 (cystatin) of the cystatin superfamily. All members of the cystatin family inhibit cysteine proteinases to varying degree. The expression of these two inhibitors, which have a 48% similarity at the nucleotide level, was studied in the submandibular gland using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Northern blot hybridization and in situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labelled DNA probes. Both inhibitors were expressed in the serous acinar cells of the submandibular gland. In accord with previous findings, cystatin S mRNA was induced by the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. The level of cystatin S mRNA, which was very low in the glands of untreated rats and was demonstrable by RT-PCR but not by Northern blot hybridization, was not altered by acute inflammation produced by turpentine. Neither the administration of isoproterenol nor acute inflammation had any effect on the level of cystatin C mRNA, indicating beta-adrenoreceptors are not involved in the regulation of the cystatin C gene(s) in the submandibular gland. The data indicate that these two closely related genes, expressed in the same cells, are differently regulated. The consequence of this difference in gene regulation on the physiological and pathological roles of these inhibitors remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Barka
- Department of Cell Biology/Anatomy, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, City University of New York, New York 10029
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Barka T, van der Noen H. Lack of expression of T-kininogen gene in the hearts of untreated and turpentine-injected rats. Life Sci 1994; 54:1365-75. [PMID: 8190008 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(94)00516-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cystatins, inhibitors of cysteine proteinases, are present in rat heart. However, the controls of genes coding for various cystatins in the heart, and the cellular sites of expression of these genes are not known. With a sensitive reverse transcriptase--polymerase chain reaction T-kininogen mRNA was readily detected in the submandibular glands and livers, but not in the hearts, of control or turpentine-injected rats. Immunocytochemical observations employing a monoclonal antibody to bradykinin, which reacts with kininogens in general, revealed no specific staining in cardiac structures, but a weak staining was apparent in blood vessels and on the surface of endothelial cells of both control and turpentine-injected rats. The monoclonal antibody revealed the presence of kininogens in the acinar cells of the submandibular gland, and, in acute inflammation, in the hepatocytes. These findings suggest that the T-kininogen gene is not expressed in the heart, and the T-kininogen demonstrable in heart extracts derives from the blood. Circulating kininogens are likely bound to endothelial cells, and may be a local source of kinins. In addition, kininogens, as potent inhibitors of cysteine proteinases, may play a role in pathologic conditions of the heart by controlling the deleterious effects of cathepsins released from lysosomes or secreted by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Barka
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, City University of New York, New York 10029
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Abstract
Kinins are vasoactive paracrine peptides which participate in a wide range of functions, including the regulation of local organ blood flow, systemic blood pressure, transepithelial water and electrolyte transport, cellular growth, capillary permeability and inflammatory response, and pain. The recent introduction of specific bradykinin receptor subtype antagonists has greatly advanced our understanding of the role of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) in various physiological and disease states. However, a major gap remains in our knowledge of the role of kinins in early development. In this review, evidence is presented that the developing nephron expresses both tissue kallikrein and kininogen, and that the genes encoding the components of the KKS are subject to considerable developmental regulation. The activity of the intrarenal kinin-generating system is lowest in the developing kidney and increases with age. Completion of nephrogenesis is characterized by a marked surge in intrarenal kallikrein synthesis and gene transcription. Maturation is associated with redistribution of intrarenal kallikrein and its messenger RNA from the inner to outer cortical nephrons following the centrifugal pattern of nephron development. Challenges for the future include delineation of the direct role of kinins in the maturation of renal functions and elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the developmental expression of the KKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S el-Dahr
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
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39
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Hansasuta C, Neiders ME, Aguirre A, Cohen RE. Cellular inflammatory responses to direct restorative composite resins. J Prosthet Dent 1993; 69:611-6. [PMID: 8320648 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3913(93)90291-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
As a result of shaping, finishing, or removal of dental composite resin restorations, resin particles may become trapped and embedded in oral tissues. However, tissue reactions induced by entrapped composite resin particles have not been thoroughly examined. To assess the soft tissue inflammatory response to composite restorative materials, three commercial dental composite resin suspensions were implanted subcutaneously in rats. Implantation resulted in a granulomatous inflammatory reaction that persisted 8 weeks after placement. The lesion was characterized by an influx of lymphocytes and the presence of fibroblasts and epithelioid cells. Composite resin particles have the potential to cause persistent inflammation if they are entrapped in oral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hansasuta
- Department of Periodontology, State University of New York, School of Dental Medicine, Buffalo
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40
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Cohen RE, Neiders ME, Bedi GS, Comeau R. Induction of type 2 cystatin in rat submandibular glands by systemically administered agents. Arch Oral Biol 1993; 38:319-25. [PMID: 7686006 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(93)90139-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An inducible type 2 cystatin has earlier been characterized in submandibular glands and kidneys of rats treated with isoproterenol, as well as in kidneys of rats with experimental renal disease. The purpose now was to determine whether giving agents that have systemic toxicity could also be associated with induction of cystatin in rat salivary glands. Female Wistar rats (200-250 g) were given isoproterenol, cyclocytidine, potassium dichromate or turpentine oil. After autopsy, the organs were sectioned, fixed in 10% formalin, and processed routinely. Paraffin sections were processed for both the peroxidase-antiperoxidase and the avidin-biotin-alkaline phosphatase immunocytochemical methods. The submandibular glands of rats given cyclocytidine had generalized, strong staining of acinar cells, as well as occasional weak staining within granular convoluted tubules. Animals given either potassium dichromate or turpentine oil exhibited moderate staining for cystatin in submandibular acini. Rats given isoproterenol as a positive control exhibited strong acinar staining throughout the submandibular gland, while the glands of untreated rats were unreactive. Inducible type 2 cystatin could not be detected in the parotid or sublingual glands, or in trachea, lung, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, spleen, liver and pancreas, after treatment with any of the systemic agents evaluated. The results indicate that elaboration of type 2 cystatin can be induced by a variety of systemically administered agents other than isoproterenol, and suggest that elaboration of type 2 cystatin may represent a more generalized response to tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Cohen
- Department of Periodontology, State University of New York, Buffalo 14214
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41
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Cohen RE, Bedi GS, Neiders ME, Noble B. Induction of type 2 salivary cystatin in immunological and chemical kidney injury. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1993; 4:553-63. [PMID: 8374010 DOI: 10.1177/10454411930040034201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that isoproterenol induces type 2 salivary cystatin in both submandibular glands and kidney tubule cells of rats but not in any other organs examined. In the present study, we investigated whether this salivary protein is induced in other conditions that show kidney tubule injury. Immunocytochemistry, using a monospecific antiserum to this cystatin, revealed specific staining within the proximal tubule epithelium of the cortex as well as in the inner and outer stripe of the medulla of immunologically and chemically injured rats. Cystatin could not be detected in kidneys from healthy rats by means of immunocytochemistry. Weak staining was found in 3/3 kidneys of rats treated with turpentine and in 5/5 animals treated with potassium dichromate. In rats treated with puromycin, cystatin could not be demonstrated in 5/5 animals having proteinuria of less than 100 mg/24 h; however, moderate staining was observed in 4/5 puromycin-treated rats having proteinuria greater than 100 mg/24 h. In Heymann nephritis, cystatin was present in 7/31 kidneys with proteinuria lasting 6 to 15 weeks and in none (0/7) with proteinuria of shorter duration. Strong staining was also observed in 10/10 kidneys from rats with moderate-to-severe chronic serum sickness. This study shows that elaboration of type 2 cystatin in rats is not limited to salivary glands and, with our previous study, suggests that induction of this cysteine inhibitor may represent a local response to generalized tissue injury in both submandibular and renal tissues. These findings further demonstrate that induction of cystatin in salivary glands is not unique to these glands and suggest that induction of this cysteine proteinase inhibitor may represent a local response to tissue injury caused by diverse mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Cohen
- Department of Periodontology, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo 14214
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42
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Chen LM, Chung P, Chao S, Chao L, Chao J. Differential regulation of kininogen gene expression by estrogen and progesterone in vivo. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1131:145-51. [PMID: 1610894 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(92)90069-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Kininogens which have multifunctional domains, serve as the precursors of potent vasoactive kinin peptides and also function as cysteine proteinase inhibitors. Given its potential role in blood pressure homeostasis and inflammation, we have examined the regulation of rat kininogen gene expression by sex hormones in vivo. Our studies indicate a differential regulation of kininogen gene expression in rat liver by estrogen and progesterone. Northern and dot blot analysis using a rat low molecular weight kininogen cDNA probe show that kininogen mRNA levels in the liver of female rats are 4-fold higher than those in male rats. Ovariectomy results in a reduction of kininogen transcripts in the liver, while estradiol replacement of the ovariectomized rats increases kininogen mRNA levels. Similarly, Northern blot analysis using a kallikrein cDNA probe shows that estradiol treatment induces an increase of kallikrein gene expression in the kidney of the same animals. In contrast, progesterone treatment of the ovariectomized rats results in an increase in renal kallikrein mRNA levels while it reduces kininogen gene expression as compared to vehicle-treated ovariectomized animals. Immunoreactive kininogen levels in the serum, analyzed by a direct radioimmunoassay and Western blot, are increased by estradiol but slightly decreased by progesterone treatment. Western blot of serum proteins on a two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel reveals that in estradiol-treated ovariectomized rats, the levels of several 68,000 Da kininogens varying in charge are markedly higher than those in ovariectomized rats. The results indicate that estrogen is one of the determinants in regulating low molecular weight kininogen gene expression in vivo. The impact of estrogen-regulated kininogen expression on cardiovascular function awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425
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43
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Sierra F, Coeytaux S, Juillerat M, Ruffieux C, Gauldie J, Guigoz Y. Serum T-kininogen levels increase two to four months before death. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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44
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Abstract
The distribution in the nervous system of T-kininogen, the third kallikrein-resistant kininogen of the rat, was determined using bioassays and a radioimmunoassay system. In rat brain homogenates, trypsin released large amounts of a kinin-like myostimulating activity while urinary kallikrein released small amounts. The kinins released by trypsin were identified by HPLC as mostly T-kinin. Radioimmunoassays showed that a T-kininogen-like immunoreactive factor was uniformly distributed throughout the central nervous system. Higher levels were found in female rats than in male rats. Maximum levels were observed in newborn animals. A slight increase of T-kininogen content of the brain was observed after turpentine injection while T-kininogen level in liver was dramatically increased. T-kininogen plasma contamination to the nervous tissues was estimated by injecting 125I-labelled T-kininogen. The T-kininogen content of rat cultured cells and neurons was also examined. Highest levels were found in dorsal root ganglia neurons, lower levels in Schwann cells, phaeochromocytoma cells, mixed cells from spinal ganglion and in astrocytes. Immunocytochemistry showed the presence of T-kininogen in the cytoplasm of cultured dorsal root ganglia neurons and embryonic hippocampal neurons. The distribution of T-kininogen throughout the central and peripheral nervous system of the rat, the variations of its level during the life span suggest that T-kininogen would play the role of a cysteine proteinase inhibitor and not that of a T-kinin-releasing substrate in nervous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Damas
- Physiologie humaine, Institut Léon Fredericq, Université de Liège, Belgium
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45
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Figueroa CD, Gonzalez CB, Müller-Esterl W, Bhoola KD. Cellular localization of human kininogens. AGENTS AND ACTIONS. SUPPLEMENTS 1992; 38 ( Pt 1):617-26. [PMID: 1466303 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7321-5_76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An immunocytochemical screening using polyclonal and monoclonal antikininogen antibodies was performed in various human tissues including blood cells. By comparing the spatial relationship between the cellular localizations of tissue kallikrein and kininogens it was evident that in some tissues both enzyme and substrate were present establishing a close anatomical relationship whereas in others only one of the components could be detected. This pattern of distribution suggests that within various tissues (cells) the major function of either tissue kallikrein (kininogenase, processing enzyme) or kininogen (kinin precursor, cysteine protease inhibitor, kallikrein acceptor molecule) could be different and probably specific to each cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Figueroa
- Institute of Histology, Austral University Valdivia, Chile
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46
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Abstract
Activation of the kallikrein-kinin system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of vasogenic brain edema and posttraumatic vascular injury. We determined the levels of kininogen and kinin in an experimental spinal cord injury model in the rat. Kininogen content in traumatized cord segments increased in a time-dependent manner. Western blot analysis showed that the kininogen in traumatized cord comigrates with 68K low-molecular-weight kininogen or T-kininogen. Trypsin treatment of the kininogen in traumatized cord released both bradykinin and T-kinin, which were separated by HPLC and quantified with a kinin radioimmunoassay. Endogenous kinin levels in the frozen spinal cord also increased up to 40-fold 2 h after injury as compared with controls. The results demonstrate an increased accumulation of kininogen and its conversion to vasoactive kinins in experimental spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
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47
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Richoux JP, Gelly JL, Bouhnik J, Baussant T, Alhenc-Gelas F, Grignon G, Corvol P. The kallikrein-kinin system in the rat hypothalamus. Immunohistochemical localization of high molecular weight kininogen and T kininogen in different neuronal systems. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1991; 96:229-43. [PMID: 1917578 DOI: 10.1007/bf00271541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
High molecular weight kininogen (HKg) and T kininogen (TKg) were detected and localized by immunocytochemistry in adult rat hypothalamus. In addition, kininogens were measured by their direct radioimmunoassay (RIA) or by indirect estimation of kinins released after trypsin hydrolysis and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation of bradykinin (BK) and T kinin. A specific HKg immunoreactivity demonstrated with antibodies directed against the light chain (LC) of HKg was colocated with SRIF in neurons of hypothalamic periventricular area (PVA) projecting to external zone (ZE) of median eminence (ME). Heavy chain (HC) immunoreactivity which could be related to HKg or to low molecular weight kininogen (LKg) was detected in some other systems: i) parvocellular neurons of suprachiasmatic (SCN) and arcuate nuclei containing SRIF, ii) magnocellular neurons (mostly oxytocinergic) of paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei, iii) neurons of dorsomedian and lateral hypothalamic areas. TKg immunostaining was restricted to magnocellular neurons of PVN, SON, accessory nuclei (mostly vasopressinergic) and to parvocellular neurons of SCN (vasopressinergic). TKg projections are directed towards the internal zone (ZI) of ME, but very few immunoreactive terminals are detectable in neurohypophysis. TKg staining parallels with vasopressin during water deprivation, and is undetectable in homozygous Brattleboro rats. In some magnocellular neurons, TKg and HC (related to HKg or LKg) are coexpressed. TKg, was also detected in hypothalamus and cerebellum extracts by direct RIA, and BK and T kinin were identified after trypsin hydrolysis. HKg and LKg can act as precursor of BK which can play a physiological role as releasing factor, neuromodulator--neurotransmitter,--or modulator of local microcirculation in hypothalamus. The three kininogens are also potent thiolprotease inhibitors which could modulate both the maturation processes of peptidic hormones and their inactivation and catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Richoux
- Laboratoire d'Histologie-Embryologie, Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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48
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Kousvelari E, Tabak LA. Genetic regulation of salivary proteins in rodents. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1991; 2:139-51. [PMID: 1912146 DOI: 10.1177/10454411910020020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a protein in the cell is the result of a complex pathway that is known by the term gene expression. In this article we review the existing literature on the structure and expression of representative salivary gland genes and their regulated expression during development and upon extracellular stimulation. The expression of one of the "nuclear" protooncogenes, c-fos, in rat parotid glands is also discussed. Finally, we present some suggestions for future studies that will help to understand the mechanisms leading to gene regulation in rat salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kousvelari
- Clinical Investigations and Patient Care Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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49
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Abstract
The ontogeny of T-Kininogen expression in the rat liver was examined. Levels approximately 6 fold higher than seen in the adult liver are present during the perinatal period. Elevated levels are also seen in the maternal liver, beginning 5 days prior to parturition. The timing of induction in the fetal and maternal liver is distinct, suggesting independent regulation. While T-Kininogen mRNA is mainly synthesized in the liver, low but significant expression is seen in other tissues, including lung and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Mann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45267-0524
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50
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Chao J, Chai KX, Chen LM, Xiong W, Chao S, Woodley-Miller C, Wang LX, Lu HS, Chao L. Tissue kallikrein-binding protein is a serpin. I. Purification, characterization, and distribution in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)46236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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