1
|
Melichar B, Spisarová M, Bartoušková M, Krčmová LK, Javorská L, Študentová H. Neopterin as a biomarker of immune response in cancer patients. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:280. [PMID: 28758106 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.06.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of immunotherapy the topic of biomarkers of immune response is of high interest. Along with the expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) or tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), biomarkers of macrophage activation could be of interest. Neopterin is a biomarker of immune activation increased in different disorders associated with immune activation, including cancer. Neopterin synthesis is induced by interferon-γ that also induces indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme catalyzing catabolism of tryptophan to kynurenine. Increased urinary or serum concentrations of neopterin have been associated with poor prognosis across a spectrum of malignant disorders of different primary location. Neopterin concentration in peripheral blood as well as in the tumor microenvironment correlates with phenotypic and functional changes of lymphocytes, indicating immune dysfunction. Increased neopterin concentrations are also accompanied by increased rate of conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine. Increasing neopterin concentrations also accompany side effects of anticancer treatment and could predict subsequent complications. Although almost four decades have elapsed since the discovery of increased neopterin concentrations in cancer patients, the full potential of neopterin as a biomarker in this setting has not been so far realized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bohuslav Melichar
- Department of Oncology, Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Charles University Medical School & Teaching Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Fourth Department of Medicine, Charles University Medical School & Teaching Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Spisarová
- Department of Oncology, Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Bartoušková
- Department of Oncology, Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kujovská Krčmová
- Third Department of Medicine (Gerontology and Metabolic Care), Charles University Medical School & Teaching Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Javorská
- Third Department of Medicine (Gerontology and Metabolic Care), Charles University Medical School & Teaching Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Študentová
- Department of Oncology, Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
It is well accepted that high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the plasma are associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis. The cellular and molecular mechanisms linking the two however, have not been fully resolved. One of the processes involved in atherogensis that has been intensively studied in this regard is the oxidation of LDL. Oxidation may convert LDL into an atherogenic form, which incites an inflammatory and proliferative response characteristic of the atherosclerotic lesion. One of the potential mediators in this process is the lipid peroxidating enzyme 15-lipoxygenase, which has been shown to be induced in the atherosclerotic lesion and is capable of oxidizing LDL. In this article, we review the motivation for looking at mechanisms of LDL oxidation and the proposed involvement of 15-lipoxygenase in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Harats
- Dror Harats, Mary A. Mulkins, and Elliott Sigal are at Syntex Discovery Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Z, Bryant AE, Hamilton SM, Bayer CR, Ma Y, Stevens DL. Do cardiomyocytes mount an immune response to Group A Streptococcus? Cytokine 2011; 54:258-65. [PMID: 21377378 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Some patients with Group A Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (StrepTSS) develop a unique form of cardiomyopathy characterized by global hypokinesia and reduced cardiac index. Here we investigated the immune responses of cardiomyocytes to Group A Streptococcus both in vivo and in vitro. Our data demonstrate that cardiomyocyte-derived cytokines are produced following both direct GAS stimulation and after exposure to GAS-activated inflammatory cells. These locally produced, cardiomyocyte-derived cytokines may mediate cardiac contractile dysfunction observed in patients with StrepTSS-associated cardiomyopathy and may hold the key to our ability to attenuate this severe complication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, ID 83702, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Riemsdijk I, Baan C, Knoop C, Vantrimpont P, Balk A, Maat A, Weimar W. Quantitative flow cytometry to measure the TNF-α and IL-2 system after heart transplantation. Transpl Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2000.tb02022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
5
|
Barraclough KA, Staatz CE, Isbel NM, McTaggart SJ. Review: Pharmacodynamic monitoring of immunosuppression in kidney transplantation. Nephrology (Carlton) 2010; 15:522-32. [PMID: 20649871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2010.01349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Advances in immunosuppressive therapies have improved kidney transplant outcomes. However, immunosuppressant drug-induced toxicities continue to reduce tolerability and impact patient and graft survival. A major ongoing challenge in kidney transplantation is to establish ways of tailoring immunosuppressant therapy so as to maintain efficacy while minimizing toxicity. Pharmacodynamic monitoring by direct measurement of immune cell function has the potential to personalize immunosuppression. The purpose of this review is to provide the clinician with an overview of the methodology and use of immune function monitoring in the field of kidney transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Barraclough
- Department of Renal Medicine, University of Queensland at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
García-González MJ, Domínguez-Rodríguez A, Abreu-González P. Variaciones luz/oscuridad de las concentraciones séricas de neopterina en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST tratados con angioplastia primaria. Rev Esp Cardiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-8932(08)75736-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
7
|
García-González MJ, Domínguez-Rodríguez A, Abreu-González P. Light-Dark Variations in Neopterin Serum Levels in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Primary Angioplasty. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 61:1280-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s1885-5857(09)60063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
8
|
Perez-Villa F, Benito B, Llancaqueo M, Cuppoletti A, Roig E. Elevated levels of serum interleukin-6 are associated with low grade cellular rejection in patients with heart transplantation. Transplant Proc 2007; 38:3012-5. [PMID: 17112887 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2006.08.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Endomyocardial biopsy is the gold-standard procedure to diagnose acute cellular rejection after heart transplantation. This study assessed whether the blood levels of cytokines involved in inflammation and immune activation are useful to detect the presence of acute cellular rejection. METHODS Blood specimens collected before 275 endomyocardial biopsies in 66 patients were assayed for levels of TNFalpha, IL6, IL1beta, and IL2 receptor. The biopsies were grouped according to the presence (n = 41) or absence (n = 234) of acute cellular rejection grade > or = 3A of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. We compared the levels of cytokines in the two groups. RESULTS Circulating IL6 levels were significantly higher when there was a low grade (0-2) cellular rejection in the biopsy versus the group of biopsies grade > or = 3A (19.8 +/- 27 versus 12.9 +/- 10 pg/mL; P = .001). An IL6 level higher than 30 pg/mL showed a negative predictive value of 95% for the presence of acute rejection grade > or = 3A. CONCLUSION In heart transplant patients, high levels of serum IL6 were associated with low grade cellular rejection. Determination of IL6 levels may be useful to reduce the number of endomyocardial biopsies during follow-up in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Perez-Villa
- Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation Program, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Miller LW. Heart Transplantation: Pathogenesis, Immunosuppression, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Rejection. CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84628-715-2_68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
10
|
Dengler TJ, Gleissner CA, Klingenberg R, Sack FU, Schnabel PA, Katus HA. Biomarkers After Heart Transplantation: Nongenomic. Heart Fail Clin 2007; 3:69-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
11
|
Zwirska-Korczala K, Zakliczyński M, Berdowska A, Zembala M, Kukla M. Serum leptin concentration in patients after heart transplantation. Clin Transplant 2006; 20:102-5. [PMID: 16556163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2005.00448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is primarily produced by adipocytes but its receptors are expressed in a variety of tissues including the heart. Elevated plasma leptin levels predict acute myocardial infarction and it has been shown as acute phase reactant and a risk factor for coronary heart disease. The present study was undertaken to answer the question whether there exists a relationship or not, between serum leptin levels and grades of acute cellular rejection confirmed by elective endomyocardial biopsies in stable patients after orthotopic heart transplantation. We observed higher serum leptin levels compared with reference values, regardless of histopathologic biopsy findings studied. There was a positive correlation between serum leptin concentrations and body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. The elevated leptin levels found in heart transplant recipients could be due to the result of steroid therapy. These results point the need for further studies to explain the leptin role in heart transplant recipients.
Collapse
|
12
|
Densem CG, Ray M, Hutchinson IV, Yonan N, Brooks NH. Interleukin-6 Polymorphism: A Genetic Risk Factor for Cardiac Transplant Related Coronary Vasculopathy? J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24:559-65. [PMID: 15896753 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2004.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Interleukin- (IL-) 6 is a pleiotropic cytokine with effects on the acute phase response, inflammation, and vascular function. A G to C polymorphism has been described at position -174 in the promoter region of the IL-6 gene. We investigated the influence of this polymorphism on the development of cardiac transplant related coronary vasculopathy (CV). METHODS Sequence specific polymerase chain reaction identified the -174*G/C allele for 116 cardiac transplant recipients. Coronary disease was identified by routine surveillance post-transplant coronary angiography. RESULTS Prevalence of the -174*G/C polymorphism was different between the transplant and control cohorts; *CC 27.6%, *CG 45.7%, and *GG 26.7% vs. 13.2%, 44.1% and 42.7% respectively (p = 0.004). Median time to the first diagnosis of CV was different between the 3 alleles; *CC 2.8 years (2.0-4.0); *CG 3.9 years (2.1-4.5); *GG 5.3 years (3.2-6.1) (p = 0.05). By Kaplan-Meier survival analysis C homozygotes developed CV significantly earlier than the other cohorts (p = 0.035). At 5 years 100% of C homozygotes had evidence for CV. G homozygotes had a more gradual onset of CV with an approximate 60% prevalence at 5 years. *CC genotype was the most predictive risk factor for CV development (Hazard ratio 4.2 (95% CI 1.3-12.9); p = 0.014). Increasing donor age was also significant (Hazard ratio 1.04 (95% CI, 1.0-1.08); p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS Polymorphism at position -174 within the promoter region of the IL-6 gene may be an important risk factor for cardiac transplant related coronary vasculopathy. This may improve patient selection and allow tailored immunosuppressive treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G Densem
- Cardiothoracic Transplant Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zwirska-Korczala K, Zakliczyński M, Berdowska A, Zembala M, Jochem J, Gajewska K. Diagnostic validity of hepatocyte growth factor as marker for rejection in the follow-up of patients after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24:411-5. [PMID: 15797741 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2004.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2003] [Revised: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 02/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a member of growth factor with a variety of known activities, including angiogenesis promotion and antiapoptotic action. It prevents acute graft-versus-host disease after bone marrow transplantation and prolongs allogenic graft survival in rats. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between serum HGF concentration and the grade of acute cellular rejection of heart transplant. METHODS We studied 68 male heart recipients. All of them received triple-drug immunosuppression: cyclosporine A, prednisone, and azathioprine or mycofenolate mofetil. All patients were without signs of heart failure. Blood samples were taken before elective ambulatory endomyocardial biopsy. Biopsy specimens were graded with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation scale. Acute cellular rejection grade 3A and higher were considered as significant. Measurement of serum HGF was made by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS We found a positive relationship between serum HGF levels and grade of cellular rejection. As an indicator for the detection of cell rejection processes, HGF with cutoff 2000 pg/ml seems to be useful. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that HGF can be useful as an indicator for heart graft cell rejection.
Collapse
|
14
|
Hsu RB, Tsay YG, Lee CM, Chen RJ, Wang SS, Chu SH. Soluble inflammatory markers in coronary sinus and peripheral blood of heart transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2003; 17:331-7. [PMID: 12868989 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0012.2003.00045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac allograft rejection is a focal inflammation and soluble markers are released into coronary sinus (CS). We investigated whether plasma-soluble markers in CS is better to predict the clinical status of transplant recipients than in peripheral blood (PB). Between February 1998 and January 2001, 51 patients admitted for endomyocardial biopsy were included. The clinical events of the transplant recipient were recorded as: early post-transplant, long-term uneventful status, infection, acute rejection and transplant coronary artery disease. The plasma levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), ICAM-1, P-selectin, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP) and troponin-I of CS and PB were determined. There were 71 blood samples. In patients within 1 month after heart transplant, there was a higher level of P-selectin, ICAM-1, CRP and troponin-I in CS and PB. In patients with infection, there was a higher level of all soluble markers except IL-2 in CS and PB. Patients with a long-term uneventful status had a lower level of CRP in PB but not in CS. Patients with acute rejection had a higher level of IL-2 in PB but not in CS. Patients with transplant coronary artery disease had a higher level of TNF-alpha in PB but not in CS. Soluble markers in CS failed to predict the occurrence of acute or chronic rejections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ron-Bin Hsu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Deng MC, Plenz G, Labarrere C, Marboe C, Baba HA, Erre M, Itescu S. The role of IL6 cytokines in acute cardiac allograft rejection. Transpl Immunol 2002; 9:115-20. [PMID: 12180817 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-3274(02)00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario C Deng
- Department of Medicine, The Heart Failure Center, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY 10032, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ohki S, Iizuka K, Ishikawa S, Kano M, Dobashi K, Yoshii A, Shimizu Y, Mori M, Morishita Y. A highly selective inhibitor of Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase, Y-27632, prolongs cardiac allograft survival of the BALB/c-to-C3H/He mouse model. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001; 20:956-63. [PMID: 11557190 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-2498(01)00292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current studies provide evidence that a small G protein, RhoAp21, and its target protein, Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase (ROCK), regulate not only cell shape but also cell migration. However, contribution of Rho/ROCK signaling to graft rejection is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Y-27632, a highly selective ROCK inhibitor, on rejection of heterotopic cardiac transplantation in mice. METHODS BALB/c (H-2(d)) hearts were transplanted into C3H/He (H-2(k)) as allografts that were full histoincompatibility combinations. The recipients received several doses of Y-27632, commencing 1 day before cardiac transplantation until rejection. We used immunohistochemical study to detect the expression of myocardial intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and we immunoenzymatically measured serum interleukin (IL)-6. Furthermore, we evaluated cardiac allograft vasculopathy treated with either FK506 or Y-27632 at Day 100. RESULTS The Y-27632-treated (2 mg/kg/day) allografts prolonged the mean survival time (49.6 +/- 10.1 days, n = 12) as compared with the untreated allografts (8.1 +/- 0.4 days, n = 7, p < 0.001). Histologic examinations of the Y-27632-treated allografts at Day 7 showed greatly reduced leukocyte infiltration compared with the untreated allografts. The Y-27632-treated allografts revealed faint expression of myocardial ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 at Day 7. The serum IL-6 levels also decreased in the Y-27632-treated mice. In the long-surviving Y-27632-treated allografts at Day 100, we saw neither active rejection nor apparent thickening of vascular intima. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that ROCK plays a major role in cardiac rejection in the BALB/c-to-C3H/He mouse model. Inhibition of this Rho/ROCK signaling may be an alternative therapeutic option for managing acute and chronic rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ohki
- Second Department of Surgery, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Apoptosis occurs in human cardiac allograft rejection and may occur with all degrees of rejection and even in its absence. The prevalence and severity of apoptosis is determined predominantly by the intensity of macrophage infiltration and may be mediated by NO-related mechanisms. Apoptosis of interstitial, endothelial, and inflammatory cells is also present in heart allografts and may influence the degree and extent of vascular injury contributing to allograft rejection. Ongoing apoptosis of inflammatory cells suggests an immunoregulatory role. Studies of the involvement of NO in myocyte damage and Fas-FasL interactions in peripheral tolerance have raised the exciting possibility that these pathways can be exploited in a beneficial way. Further understanding of the role of apoptosis and the cellular and biochemical mechanisms that are involved in cardiac myocyte death and in inflammatory, endothelial, and interstitial cell death may provide insights into therapeutic modalities to suppress allograft rejection and vasculopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L W Miller
- Department of Cardiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rizzo M, SivaSai KS, Smith MA, Trulock EP, Lynch JP, Patterson GA, Mohanakumar T. Increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules by alveolar macrophages of human lung allograft recipients with acute rejection: decline with resolution of rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000; 19:858-65. [PMID: 11008075 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-2498(00)00165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar macrophages (AM) are the major population in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells; we assessed their role in human lung allograft recipients by correlating the expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines with clinical outcome of allograft. METHODS We obtained BAL samples from patients and enriched them for AM in plastic petri dish for 2 hours at 37 degrees C in 5% CO(2). Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54), platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, CD31), and CD11c was assessed by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies. We assessed cytokine profile using Multi-Probe RNase protection assay. RESULTS Alveolar macrophages that express CD11c, CD31 and CD54 were increased in patients with either rejection or infection compared with those without rejection and infection. The difference in the percentage of AM expressing CD11c and CD31 between the rejection group and patients without rejection and infection group was statistically significant (CD11c, p < 0.01; CD31, p < 0.03). Interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and IL-6 expression was higher in the rejection group than in patients without rejection. Five out of 9 patients in the rejection group expressed high levels of IL-15 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha compared with patients without rejection and infection. The increased number of AM expressing adhesion molecules and elevated expression of cytokines observed during acute rejection declined to basal levels after successful treatment and resolution of rejection. This study demonstrates that lung allograft rejection is associated with increased expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines by AM, which could facilitate mononuclear cell adhesion and extravasation contributing to the allograft injury in lung transplant recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rizzo
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mulligan MS, Warner RL, McDuffie JE, Bolling SF, Sarma JV, Ward PA. Regulatory role of Th-2 cytokines, IL-10 and IL-4, in cardiac allograft rejection. Exp Mol Pathol 2000; 69:1-9. [PMID: 10891287 DOI: 10.1006/exmp.2000.2304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The host response to alloantigen results in T- and B-cell activation, upregulation of Class II MHC antigens, and cytokine production by Th-1 cells, resulting in generation of IL-2 and IFN gamma. Th-2 cell responses produce IL-4 and IL-10 which may shift the immune response from the Th-1 pathway to Th-2 responses, favoring Ig production. This could imply that Th-2-related cytokines protect allografts. In the following studies, employing cardiac heterotopic allografts in rats (Brown Norway into Lewis), we investigated regulatory roles of Th-2-related cytokines IL-4 and IL-10. Two strategies were used in animals receiving allografts: antibody-induced blocking of endogenous IL-4 or IL-10 and exogenous administration of either interleukin. Antibody to IL-4 failed to alter the rejection time, whereas anti-IL-10 greatly accelerated the rejection process. Northern blot analysis of RNA from allografted hearts revealed mRNA for both IL-4 and IL-10, while immunostaining showed strong staining for IL-10 and very weak staining for IL-4. Exogenous administration of either IL-4 or 10 caused prolongation of allograft rejection times. These findings suggest that in rat cardiac allografts intrinsic IL-10 functions to attenuate the rejection process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Mulligan
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Stefanec T. Endothelial apoptosis: could it have a role in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease? Chest 2000; 117:841-54. [PMID: 10713015 DOI: 10.1378/chest.117.3.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial apoptosis can be found in a number of diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the causes and consequences of endothelial apoptosis, and analyzes its possible role in the pathogenesis and treatment of several diseases. Novel forms of therapy based on the proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Stefanec
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital and Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Weis M, Wildhirt SM, Schulze C, Pehlivanli S, Fraunberger P, Meiser BM, von Scheidt W. Modulation of coronary vasomotor tone by cytokines in cardiac transplant recipients. Transplantation 1999; 68:1263-7. [PMID: 10573061 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199911150-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upon exposure to cytokines, endothelial cells may undergo profound alterations of vasomotor function. In this study, we characterized the relationship between coronary epicardial and microvascular vasomotor function and expression of specific cytokine patterns in human heart transplant recipients. METHODS We studied 49 cardiac transplant recipients, without acute rejection or infection at an average of 6+/-3 months after transplantation. Coronary resistance vessel function was measured in an endothelium-dependent manner with acetylcholine (5 and 150 microg/5 min; intracoronary injection) and in an endothelium-independent manner with adenosine (400 and 800 microg/5 min; intracoronary injection) using an intracoronary Doppler flow wire. Simultaneous epicardial diameter changes were measured using quantitative coronary angiography. Coronary sinus and aortic serum levels of soluble interleukin (IL)-2 receptor and soluble tumor necrosis factor-a receptors (sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2), TNF-alpha, and IL-6 were determined. Transcardiac cytokine release (coronary sinus minus aortic levels) was correlated with coronary vasomotor function. RESULTS The highest amounts of cardiac cytokine release were observed for IL-6 (32+/-14% increase) and sTNF-R1 (26+/-13% increase). A significant inverse correlation between microvascular endothelial function and cardiac release of soluble IL-2 receptor (P=0.04) and IL-6 (P=0.03) was detected, whereas a positive correlation was observed to sTNF-R1 (P=0.004). Distal epicardial endothelial vasomotion was inversely correlated to transcardiac sTNF-R2 release (P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Cytokine production and activation, a common phenomenon early after heart transplantation, is related at least in part to endothelial vasomotor dysfunction of the epicardial and microvascular compartment. These results support the hypothesis that coronary endothelial dysfunction after cardiac transplantation is an immunologic phenomenon. Since endothelial dysfunction seems to be a crucial step in the pathogenesis of cardiac allograft vasculopathy, coronary cytokine suppression should be a therapeutic target of improved future immunosuppressive regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Weis
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Institut für Klinische Chemie, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Simms MG, Walley KR. Activated macrophages decrease rat cardiac myocyte contractility: importance of ICAM-1-dependent adhesion. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:H253-60. [PMID: 10409204 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.1.h253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are found in the heart as part of the inflammatory response. To determine whether macrophages could contribute to myocardial dysfunction, rat ventricular myocytes were isolated and cocultured with elicited peritoneal macrophages in media containing tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1beta, or endotoxin for 4 h. Cardiac myocytes were electrically stimulated, and fractional shortening was determined using videomicroscopy. When myocytes alone or myocytes in coculture with macrophages separated by a membrane were challenged with TNF-alpha, lipopolysaccharide, or IL-1, fractional shortening did not decrease. When macrophages were allowed to contact myocytes, fractional shortening decreased from 20. 1 +/- 0.9% in unchallenged macrophage-myocyte cocultures to 15.5 +/- 0.9, 16.3 +/- 0.8, and 15.8 +/- 0.6% when challenged for 4 h with TNF-alpha, endotoxin, or IL-1beta, respectively (P < 0.05). Myocytes had a mean adherence of 4.2 +/- 0.2 macrophages after TNF-alpha challenge compared with 2.6 +/- 0.3 for controls (P < 0.05). The number of adherent macrophages was associated with the decrease in fractional shortening. Anti-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) reduced macrophage adherence and prevented the decrease in fractional shortening. This decrease was also prevented by desferoxamine, superoxide dismutase, and nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. This suggests that activated macrophages adhere to myocytes via ICAM-1, and adherent macrophages decrease their contractile function via TNF-alpha, oxygen free radicals, and nitric oxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Simms
- University of British Columbia Pulmonary Research Laboratory, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6Z 1Y6
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Conti F, Calmus Y, Rouer E, Gaulard P, Louvel A, Houssin D, Zafrani ES. Increased expression of interleukin-4 during liver allograft rejection. J Hepatol 1999; 30:935-43. [PMID: 10365823 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(99)80150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To investigate the respective roles of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-4 during rejection, we evaluated the expression of IL-2, IL-2 receptor and IL-4 in human liver allografts. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were performed in liver biopsies. To determine the effects of immunosuppression and cholestasis in IL-4 production, in vitro experiments were also designed. RESULTS IL-2 protein and its mRNA were absent in the liver, with minimal expression of IL-2 receptor, during rejection. In contrast, IL-4 protein and its mRNA were highly expressed during acute and chronic rejection, whereas this expression was absent in stable liver transplant recipients. In vitro, cyclosporine potently inhibited IL-2 and IL-2 receptor expression of activated mononuclear blood cells, but poorly inhibited IL-4 expression. Chenodeoxycholic acid decreased IL-2 and IL-2 receptor expression, but increased IL-4 expression. CONCLUSIONS During liver allograft rejection, IL-2 pathway is down-regulated, while IL-4 expression is increased by cholestasis and poorly inhibited by cyclosporine. These data suggest that IL-4 is involved in the mechanisms of liver allograft rejection in patients treated with cyclosporine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Conti
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine Cochin-Port-Royal, Université Paris V, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Deng MC, Erren M, Roeder N, Dreimann V, Günther F, Kerber S, Baba HA, Schmidt C, Breithardt G, Scheld HH. T-cell and monocyte subsets, inflammatory molecules, rejection, and hemodynamics early after cardiac transplantation. Transplantation 1998; 65:1255-61. [PMID: 9603176 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199805150-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the early period after cardiac transplantation, differential diagnosis of graft failure due to rejection, infection, and other causes is important but difficult. METHODS In 22 consecutive patients undergoing heart transplantation, we prospectively determined levels of interleukin-6 as well as T-cell and monocyte subsets at eight points in time during biopsy and right heart catheterization and within 12 hr of echocardiography during the first 3 months after transplantation. RESULTS Worse hemodynamic parameters, as characterized by dichotomization according to median values (pulmonary capillary wedge pressure >10 mmHg, mean pulmonary arterial pressure > 18 mmHg, pulmonary vascular resistance > 115 dyn x sec x cm(-5), right atrial pressure > 5 mmHg, cardiac index <3 L/min/m2, early mitral deceleration time < 135 msec, and isovolumic relaxation time <80 msec), were associated with higher levels of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, polymorphonuclear cells, CD71+/CD14+ monocytes, and IgM levels and, in contrast, with lower levels of immunocompetence markers such as CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD3+/CD25+ T cells, CD4+/ CD45RO+ T cells, NK cells, and lower biopsy scores. CONCLUSION Early after cardiac transplantation, elevated levels of inflammatory cells and soluble inflammatory molecules and lower levels of immunocompetence markers are associated with impaired allograft function in the absence of cellular rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Deng
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Muenster University Hospital, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Torre-Amione G, MacLellan W, Kapadia S, Weilbaecher D, Farmer J, Young J, Mann D. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is persistently expressed in cardiac allografts in the absence of histological or clinical evidence of rejection. Transplant Proc 1998; 30:875-7. [PMID: 9595133 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)00083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Torre-Amione
- Multi-Organ Transplant Center, Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Fyfe AI, Rothenberg LS, DeBeer FC, Cantor RM, Rotter JI, Lusis AJ. Association between serum amyloid A proteins and coronary artery disease: evidence from two distinct arteriosclerotic processes. Circulation 1997; 96:2914-9. [PMID: 9386157 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.96.9.2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins are a family of inflammatory apolipoproteins that may modify high-density lipoprotein structure and function. Elevations of SAA have been reported in unstable coronary syndromes, but the levels and types of SAA protein in humans with spontaneous or transplant-associated coronary artery disease are not known. METHODS AND RESULTS SAA levels were analyzed using an ELISA in 76 sera from 36 patients after cardiac transplantation and in 346 other individuals, 85 patients with atherosclerotic coronary disease plus 261 of their relatives. The mean SAA level was 5-fold higher in transplant patients (203+/-181 microg/mL [23 to 934 microg/mL]) compared with normal subjects without coronary disease (36+/-16 microg/mL [2.8 to 193 microg/mL], P<.005). The mean SAA level was significantly elevated in patients with transplant coronary disease (206+/-160 microg/mL, n=23) compared with those without (140+/-104 microg/mL, n=12, P=.02). Elevated SAA levels were associated with increased mortality after transplantation. On multiple regression analysis, SAA levels were predicted by corticosteroid dose, pretransplant diagnosis of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, and the presence of transplant coronary disease. SAA levels were elevated in patients with spontaneous atherosclerotic coronary disease (49+/-31 microg/mL) compared with unaffected relatives (39+/-36 microg/mL, mean+/-SD, P=.02). There was no evidence for a genetic contribution to SAA levels. All inducible human SAA protein types were documented by immunoblotting in both spontaneous and transplant coronary disease. CONCLUSIONS Environmentally determined elevations in SAA levels in patients with both spontaneous and transplant coronary artery disease provide further evidence for a potential pathophysiological link between inflammation, lipoprotein metabolism, and the development of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A I Fyfe
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif 90095-1679, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Folcik VA, Aamir R, Cathcart MK. Cytokine modulation of LDL oxidation by activated human monocytes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:1954-61. [PMID: 9351359 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.17.10.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence to suggest that cytokines modulate the pathological cellular events that occur in human atherosclerosis. We sought to determine the effects of T-helper-lymphocyte (TH)-1- and TH2-type cytokines on the ability of human monocytes to oxidize LDL, one of the pathological processes believed to occur in atherosclerosis. The ability of opsonized zymosan (ZOP)-activated human monocytes to oxidize LDL in a 24-hour period was significantly enhanced by pretreatment of the monocytes with the TH2 cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4, or IL-13 compared with untreated monocytes. In contrast, interferon (IFN)-gamma, a TH1 cytokine, inhibited LDL oxidation by activated monocytes. Treatment with IFN-gamma also prevented the IL-4- and IL-13-mediated enhancement of LDL oxidation by ZOP-activated monocytes. Untreated or cytokine-treated unactivated monocytes did not oxidize LDL. The enhancement of LDL oxidation mediated by IL-4 or IL-13 treatment was not due to a mitogenic effect of the cytokines on the monocytes, nor to modulation of superoxide anion (O2-) production. The cytokine regulation of 15-lipoxygenase (LO) in the monocytes was also examined. IL-4 and IL-13 induction of 15-LO mRNA and 15-LO activity in the monocytes was confirmed, as was the previously reported inhibition of induction by IFN-gamma. In summary, IL-4 and IL-13 enhance the ability of activated human monocytes to oxidize LDL, whereas IFN-gamma inhibits the cell-mediated oxidation. The up- and downregulation of activated monocyte-mediated LDL oxidation by these cytokines correlates with the expression of 15-LO activity. Considerable evidence suggests that the progression of atherosclerosis includes events that are immunologically mediated, lending potential physiological relevance to these in vitro observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V A Folcik
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195 USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kacimi R, Long CS, Karliner JS. Chronic hypoxia modulates the interleukin-1beta-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase pathway in cardiac myocytes. Circulation 1997; 96:1937-43. [PMID: 9323084 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.96.6.1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We wished to determine whether the cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) pathway is modulated by chronic hypoxia in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the effects of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1beta on expression of iNOS mRNA, iNOS protein, and NO production in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes subjected to 1% O2 for 48 hours. Among several cytokines tested, IL-1beta was the most effective in stimulating NO production, which was maximum at 48 hours. In parallel, IL-1beta induced expression of both iNOS mRNA and protein. Hypoxia alone had no effect on NO production, iNOS gene expression, or protein induction. However, chronic hypoxia decreased IL-1beta-stimulated NO production, mRNA expression, and protein level in cardiac myocytes. Radioligand binding and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that during chronic hypoxia, IL-1 receptor density and activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB induced by IL-1beta were decreased, which may account at least in part for the decrease in iNOS expression. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that IL-1beta induces iNOS gene expression, de novo synthesis of iNOS protein, and NO generation in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and that chronic hypoxia appears to be a potent negative regulator of iNOS expression in these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Kacimi
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, the Cardiovascular Research Institute, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94121, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Staehler M, Hammer C, Meiser B, Reichart B. Procalcitonin: a new marker for differential diagnosis of acute rejection and bacterial infection in heart transplantation. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:584-5. [PMID: 9123140 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(96)00314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Staehler
- Institute for Surgical Research, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Matsumiya G, Gundry SR, Nehlsen-Cannarella S, Fagoaga OR, Morimoto T, Arai S, Fukushima N, Zuppan CW, Bailey LL. Serum interleukin-6 level after cardiac xenotransplantation in primates. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:916-9. [PMID: 9123586 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(96)00718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Matsumiya
- Department of Immunology, and Pathology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, California 92354, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Deng MC. Literatur. ZYTOKINREGULATION BEI CHRONISCHER HERZINSUFFIZIENZ, EXTRAKORPORALER ZIRKULATION UND HERZTRANSPLANTATION 1997:139-156. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-48012-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|
33
|
Grant SC, Guy SP, Lamb WR, Brooks NH, Brenchley PE, Hutchinson IV. Expression of cytokine messenger RNA after heart transplantation: relationship with rejection and serum cytokines. Transplantation 1996; 62:910-6. [PMID: 8878383 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199610150-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Different groups of cytokines may initiate or inhibit the rejection process. We used the polymerase chain reaction to study the expression of cytokine mRNA for interleukin (IL)-2, -4, -6 and -10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma in 187 biopsy specimens from 24 human cardiac transplant recipients 5-555 days after transplantation. Cytokine levels in the serum were also measured. Cytokine mRNA was detected in 38.5% of biopsy specimens. IL-10 mRNA was detected more frequently with mild or absent rejection (11.6% in grades 0 and 1 - vs. 1.4% in grades 2 and 3, P=0.01). Up to 90 days after transplantation, IL-2 mRNA was detected more frequently with moderate rejection (13% in grades 2 and 3 vs. 0% in grades 0 and 1, P=0.076), and IL-4 mRNA was detected more frequently with mild or absent rejection (16% in grades 0 and 1 - vs. 0% in grades 2 and 3, P=0.061). More than 90 days after transplantation, IL-2 mRNA was detected more frequently with mild or absent rejection (10% in grades 0 and 1 vs. 0% in grades 2 and 3, P=0.078). Serum IL-4 levels corresponding to biopsy specimens positive for IL-4 mRNA were higher than those corresponding to specimens negative for IL-4 mRNA (59 pg/ml vs. 32 pg/ml medians, P=0.028). Our results suggest that IL-10 and possibly IL-4 (T helper 2 cytokines) may suppress graft rejection, whereas IL-2 (T helper 1 cytokine) may promote cellular rejection. In addition, cytokine profiles may change with length of time after transplantation. The association of elevated serum levels of IL-4 with increased expression of intragraft IL-4 mRNA may suggest release of this cytokine from the graft into the circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Grant
- Department of Cardiology, Transplant Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, England
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Preumont N, Lenaers A, Goldman S, Vachiery JL, Wikler D, Damhaut P, Degré S, Berkenboom G. Coronary vasomotility and myocardial blood flow early after heart transplantation. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78:550-4. [PMID: 8806341 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(96)00363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin constricts coronary arteries with endothelial dysfunction, a common abnormality in cardiac transplant recipients. To assess whether endothelial dysfunction is associated with myocardial blood flow (MBF) abnormalities, 24 patients were studied 1 to 12 months after transplantation. Serotonin in increasing doses (1, 10, and 20 micrograms/min for 2.5 min each) was infused into the coronary circulation. Diameters were measured by quantitative angiography. Fourteen patients (group A) had a pronounced artery constriction (diameter reduction > 40%), while in 10 other patients (group B), such a constriction was never reached. No patient had evidence of rejection and all had angiographically normal coronary arteries. MBF was measured at rest and after intravenous dipyridamole with dynamic nitrogen-13 ammonia positron emission tomography (PET). The resting MBF was higher in group A than in group B (94 +/- 12 vs 74 +/- 15 ml/min/100 g of tissue; p < 0.05). During dipyridamole, MBF was not significantly different (191 +/- 53 vs 184 +/- 64 ml/min/100 g; p = NS). Coronary flow reserve (the ratio of perfusion after dipyridamole to perfusion at rest) was significantly lower in group A than in group B (2.08 +/- 0.54 vs 2.66 +/- 0.57; p < 0.05). Thus, coronary hypersensitivity to serotonin in cardiac transplant recipients is associated with elevated resting MBF and reduced coronary flow reserve. Immune mechanisms inducing endothelial injuries and inflammation-related hyperemia may account for these abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Preumont
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Grant SC, Lamb WR, Brooks NH, Brenchley PE, Hutchinson IV. Serum cytokines in human heart transplant recipients. Is there a relationship to rejection? Transplantation 1996; 62:480-91. [PMID: 8781614 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199608270-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are important in the pathogenesis of allograft rejection. Some studies have suggested a positive relationship between serum levels of cytokines and rejection, so this study was designed to investigate the presence of a range of cytokines in a large cohort of cardiac transplant recipients. We used enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to examine sequential serum samples from 28 consecutive heart transplant recipients; length of follow up varied between 2 and 566 days (median 357 days). Serum levels of IL-2, 4, 6, 10, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma were measured. We compared these results with detailed data on patients' clinical courses, including histological rejection, infection, and therapeutic use of antithymocyte globulin (ATG). No significant relationship was found between rejection and serum cytokine levels for samples taken more than 30 days after transplantation. Prior to this cytokine levels were significantly disturbed by the use of cytolytic therapy for induction immunosuppression. Serum cytokine levels sometimes showed peaks that appeared to be related to rejection, or occasionally to infection, but these relationships were not consistent. Serum TNF-alpha and IL-6 were consistently elevated within a few days of administration of ATG. We conclude that there is no systematic relationship between serum cytokine levels and histological rejection or infection in cardiac transplant recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Grant
- Transplant Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wan S, DeSmet JM, Antoine M, Goldman M, Vincent JL, LeClerc JL. Steroid administration in heart and heart-lung transplantation: is the timing adequate? Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 61:674-8. [PMID: 8572786 DOI: 10.1016/0003-4975(95)01059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The release of cytokines after cardiopulmonary bypass may play an important role in postoperative morbidity. The release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, is even greater in patients undergoing heart transplantation (HTx) than coronary artery grafting. We tested the hypothesis that in HTx patients the earlier administration of steroids, before rather than after cardiopulmonary bypass as usual, can reduce the inflammatory response. METHODS In 20 consecutive patients who underwent HTx or heart-lung transplantation (HLTx), plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6, IL-8, and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were measured before heparin administration, at aortic cross-clamping and declamping, and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 12, and 24 hours after aortic declamping. In 10 patients (group I, 6 HTx and 4 HLTx), 500 mg of methylprednisolone was first given as usual at 1.5 hours after aortic declamping (at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass). In the next 10 patients (group II, 6 HTx and 4 HLTx), the first doses of methylprednisolone were given 1 hour before operation. In both groups, 125 mg of methylprednisolone were given every 8 hours thereafter during the first postoperative day. RESULTS The ischemic time and cardiopulmonary bypass time were similar in the two groups (166 +/- 16 minutes versus 157 +/- 13 minutes, and 192 +/- 21 minutes versus 186 +/- 20 minutes, respectively, mean +/- standard error of the mean). At 30 minutes after aortic declamping and throughout the next 4 hours, tumor necrosis factor alpha levels were significantly lower in group II than in group I (all p < 0.03). Interleukin-8 values 1 hour after declamping were also lower in group II than in group I (49 +/- 15 pg/mL versus 130 +/- 38 pg/mL, p < 0.02). Interleukin-10 levels were significantly higher in group II than in group I from 30 minutes after declamping through 2 hours after (all p < 0.03). Interleukin-6 levels were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Earlier steroid administration in the immunosuppressive protocol for HTx or HLTx may be preferable to reduce the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass, as reflected by a lower production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-8, and a greater release of IL-10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Wan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Erasme, Free University of Brussels, Belgium, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ravalli S, Marboe CC, D'Agati VD, Michler RE, Sigal E, Cannon PJ. Immunohistochemical demonstration of 15-lipoxygenase in transplant coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995; 15:340-8. [PMID: 7749844 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.15.3.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
15-Lipoxygenase (15-LO) catalyzes the oxygenation of arachidonic and linoleic acids and has been implicated in the oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). 15-LO mRNA and protein have previously been demonstrated in macrophages of rabbit and human atherosclerotic lesions. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether 15-LO is also present in the accelerated form of coronary artery disease that can complicate cardiac transplantation (TCAD). Immunohistochemical analysis of coronary arteries with TCAD was carried out by using a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against human recombinant 15-LO and an avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase system. Normal coronary and pulmonary arteries showed no immunostaining for 15-LO. Two different types of TCAD were observed. One type consisted of concentric intimal proliferation of smooth muscle cells, without lipid or calcium deposits. No immunoreactivity for 15-LO was present in these lesions. The second type of graft arteriosclerosis consisted of complex atheromatous lesions, containing myointimal cells, lipid-laden foam cells, fragmented internal elastic laminae, and calcifications. 15-LO immunostaining of myointimal cells, lipid-laden foam cells, and endothelial cells was consistently present in these atheromatous lesions. The majority of the myointimal and foam cells positive for 15-LO were recognized by antisera to alpha-smooth muscle actin; the others were identified as macrophages. The results indicate that 15-LO expression is present in endothelial, myointimal, and foam cells in complex atheromatous lesions of TCAD, and suggest that 15-LO may play a role in the pathogenesis of this form of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ravalli
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fyfe AI, Stevenson LW, Harper CM, Drinkwater DC, Laks H, Fogelman AM, Berliner JA. Recipient mononuclear cell recognition and adhesion to graft endothelium after human cardiac transplantation. Lymphocyte recognition leads to monocyte adhesion. J Clin Invest 1994; 94:2142-7. [PMID: 7962561 PMCID: PMC294664 DOI: 10.1172/jci117570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Transendothelial migration of mononuclear cells is crucial in the development of allograft rejection and transplant coronary disease. Adhesion of circulating cells to endothelium is the initial step in transendothelial migration. Human aortic endothelial cell cultures were established from aortic tissue harvested at the time of organ donation for cardiac transplantation which allowed specific recipient mononuclear cell-graft endothelial interactions to be studied. Confluent untreated endothelial cells were incubated with recipient mononuclear cells for 15 min to assess adhesion. Adhesion of recipient mononuclear cells to endothelium derived from their graft was threefold higher than adhesion to nonspecific endothelium (93 +/- 20 vs. 30 +/- 11 cells/high power field, P < 0.005). Graft-specific adhesion was inhibited by preincubation of the endothelium with antibodies to class I HLA (34 +/- 16 cells/high power field, P < 0.005). Immunofluorescence performed after adhesion showed that 73 +/- 6% of both specific and nonspecific adherent cells were monocytes. The use of purified lymphocyte and monocyte preparations showed that graft-specific lymphocytes induce unrelated monocytes to become adherent. These results suggest that lymphocytes are primed in vivo to recognize endothelium derived from their graft which leads to a rapid increase in lymphocyte and monocyte adhesion. Such allo-recognition may involve endothelial class I HLA molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A I Fyfe
- Ahmanson-University of California Los Angeles Cardiomyopathy Center
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Botto GL, Bonini W, Broffoni T, Cappelletti G, Falcone C, Lombardi R, Paulesu A, Pedraglio E, Ferrari G. Regular ventricular rhythms before conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1994; 17:2114-7. [PMID: 7845827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1994.tb03810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of fast atrial tachycardias with regular ventricular rhythm was assessed in a population of 243 patients with recent onset (< 72 hours) atrial fibrillation (AF), without heart failure, randomly treated with single loading oral dose of propafenone (600 mg), flecainide (300 mg), digoxin (1 mg), or placebo for acute conversion to sinus rhythm (SR). Fast atrial arrhythmias developed in 14 (6%) patients: 6/92 treated with propafenone, 3/34 treated with flecainide, 1/25 treated with digoxin, and 4/92 who received placebo (P = NS). Heart rate > 175 beats/min with 1:1 AV conduction ensued in 4 cases: 2 treated with flecainide and 2 treated with placebo; in the other cases 2:1 AV conduction was observed. Widening of QRS during regular tachycardia was observed in 4 patients; 3 who received propafenone and 1 who received flecainide. Conversion to SR within 4 hours was achieved in 55/92 (60%) patients treated with propafenone, 20/34 (59%) patients treated with flecainide, 7/25 (28%) patients treated with digoxin, and 19/92 (20%) treated with placebo (P < 0.001 propafenone vs placebo and flecainide vs placebo; P < 0.05 propafenone vs digoxin and flecainide vs digoxin). Periods of regular tachycardia are expected in recent onset AF and may not necessarily represent a proarrhythmic effect of Class 1C drugs, rather than mark the transition from AF to SR. Class 1C agents are probably responsible for widening of the QRS complex seen during these tachycardias. Propafenone and flecainide appear equally effective in converting recent onset AF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G L Botto
- Department of Cardiology, St. Anna Hospital, Como, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Vaddi K, Nicolini FA, Mehta P, Mehta JL. Increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma by mononuclear leukocytes in patients with ischemic heart disease. Relevance in superoxide anion generation. Circulation 1994; 90:694-9. [PMID: 8044937 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.90.2.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence for a pathogenic role for cytokines in atherogenesis. The presence of certain cytokines has been documented in human atherosclerotic vessels. This study was designed to investigate cytokine production by mononuclear leukocytes from patients with ischemic heart disease. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured kinetics of secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) by mononuclear leukocytes from 8 control subjects, 10 patients with stable angina pectoris, and 10 patients with unstable angina pectoris. Mononuclear leukocytes were isolated and incubated with or without the plant lectin mitogen concanavalin A for 48 hours. TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma secretion were measured by ELISA. The effect of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma on superoxide radical generation by neutrophils was also examined. Secretion of both TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma by mononuclear leukocytes increased progressively over 48 hours, and it was consistently higher (P < .02) in patients compared with control subjects. A similar increase in cytokine secretion was observed in patients with stable or unstable angina pectoris. In addition, there was no relation between the severity of coronary artery disease by angiography and cytokine secretion. Basal neutrophil superoxide radical generation was increased in patients with ischemic heart disease, and incubation with cytokines failed to further stimulate superoxide generation in these patients. CONCLUSIONS Similar increases in cytokine secretion by mononuclear leukocytes in stable or unstable angina pectoris indicate that the increased cytokine release is not a nonspecific inflammatory response in acute myocardial ischemia. Increased cytokine secretion in ischemic heart disease may play a role in superoxide radical generation, endothelial injury, deposition and activation of cellular elements on the vessel wall, and possibly in the progression of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Vaddi
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville 32610
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kaye DM, Johnston L, Dart AM. Low cholesterol and impaired cardiac function following heart transplantation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1994; 21:659-61. [PMID: 7813125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1994.tb02567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
1. During follow-up of 59 cardiac transplant recipients over 2 or more years, a small group of subjects was observed who displayed an unpredictable, relatively marked, reduction in plasma cholesterol. 2. A significant proportion of these subjects were subsequently observed as having experienced a marked decline in left ventricular function at the time of routine radionuclide ventriculography. 3. While the mechanism for this fall in cholesterol is unclear, the observation of such an unexpected reduction in total cholesterol, late after heart transplantation should be considered significant and prompt further investigation including an assessment of allograft function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Kaye
- Alfred and Baker Medical Unit, Baker Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Utans U, Liang P, Wyner LR, Karnovsky MJ, Russell ME. Chronic cardiac rejection: identification of five upregulated genes in transplanted hearts by differential mRNA display. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:6463-7. [PMID: 8022806 PMCID: PMC44222 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.14.6463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplant arteriosclerosis, the major manifestation of chronic rejection, develops after allogeneic (Lewis to F344) but not syngeneic (Lewis to Lewis) rat cardiac transplantation. To identify transcriptionally regulated mediators associated with chronic cardiac rejection, we adapted the differential mRNA display technique for in vivo transplant specimens. Gene transcript patterns in four allogeneic hearts showing early signs of chronic rejection were compared with those in two syngeneic hearts exposed to the same surgical procedure but histologically normal. Twelve differentially expressed cDNA bands were identified. We improved the probability of isolating one or more allograft-specific cDNAs from a single display band by first using recovered and reamplified PCR products as probes in RNA blot analysis. cDNA fragments cloned from individual bands were then used in a second RNA blot analysis, which allowed for the correlation of specific mRNA transcripts with cDNA clones. Five cDNA clones produced time-dependent, allograft-specific hybridization. Sequence analysis demonstrated that two of these cDNAs corresponded to unknown genes, whereas the other three represented known genes not previously associated with chronic rejection. The latter group included the macrophage lectin specific for galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine (a cell-surface receptor), the nuclear P1 gene (a homologue of a yeast replication protein), and a ubiquitin-like gene. Our application of the differential display technique allowed the direct identification of potential mediators under in vivo conditions that preserve the environment of the disease process--including infiltrating cell populations critical to the inflammatory response.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA Primers
- DNA, Complementary/analysis
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Graft Rejection/genetics
- Heart Transplantation/immunology
- Heart Transplantation/physiology
- Inflammation
- Lectins/biosynthesis
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/biosynthesis
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transplantation, Heterotopic
- Transplantation, Homologous/immunology
- Transplantation, Homologous/physiology
- Transplantation, Isogeneic/immunology
- Transplantation, Isogeneic/physiology
- Ubiquitins/biosynthesis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Utans
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jennison SH, Wesp AG, Miller LW. Cytokines and acute cardiac rejection--the unfulfilled promise? J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22:1552-3. [PMID: 8227820 DOI: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90572-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|