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Boldt HB, Conover CA. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A): a local regulator of IGF bioavailability through cleavage of IGFBPs. Growth Horm IGF Res 2007; 17:10-18. [PMID: 17218136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) was originally isolated in 1974, as one of four proteins of placental origin found in high concentrations in the blood of pregnant women. In the early 1990s several laboratories reported novel protease activity against insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) in media conditioned by several cell types. This activity was unique, as it appeared to require the presence of IGF to cleave IGFBP-4. In 1999, this IGF-dependent IGFBP-4 protease activity was isolated from human fibroblast conditioned media and identified as PAPP-A. Subsequently, PAPP-A was shown to be expressed by a variety of cell types, and thus no longer could be considered to be just "pregnancy-associated". This review will describe what is currently known about the structure of PAPP-A and about its function as an IGFBP protease, with a focus on new insights obtained through study of a PAPP-A knock-out mouse model and on potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning B Boldt
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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2
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Benavides F, Starost MF, Flores M, Gimenez-Conti IB, Guénet JL, Conti CJ. Impaired hair follicle morphogenesis and cycling with abnormal epidermal differentiation in nackt mice, a cathepsin L-deficient mutation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 161:693-703. [PMID: 12163394 PMCID: PMC1850757 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously described an autosomal-recessive mutation named nackt (nkt) exhibiting partial alopecia associated with CD4(+) T-cell deficiency. Also, we recently reported that nkt (now Ctsl(nkt)) comprises a deletion in the cathepsin L (Ctsl) gene. Another recent study reported that Ctsl knockout mice have CD4(+) T-cell deficiency and periodic shedding of hair, which recapitulate the nkt mutation and the old furless (fs) mutation. The current study focuses on the dermatological aspects of the nkt mutation. Careful histological analysis of skin development of homozygous nkt mice revealed a delayed hair follicle morphogenesis and late onset of the first catagen stage. The skin of Ctsl(nkt)/Ctsl(nkt) mice showed mild epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis, severe hyperplasia of the sebaceous glands, and structural alterations of hair follicles. Epidermal differentiation seems to be affected in nkt skin, with overexpression of involucrin and profilaggrin/filaggrin along with focal areas of keratin 6 expression in the interfollicular epidermis. Severe epidermal hyperplasia, acanthosis, orthokeratosis, and hyperkeratosis were only observed in mice maintained in nonpathogen-free environments. The analysis of Rag2-/- Ctsl(nkt)/Ctsl(nkt) double-mutant mice indicates that the skin defect remains under the absence of T and B cells. This animal model provides in vivo evidence that cysteine protease cathepsin L plays a critical role in hair follicle morphogenesis and cycling, as well as epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Benavides
- Science Park-Research Division, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA.
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3
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Spötter A, Drögemüller C, Kuiper H, Brenig B, Leeb T, Distl O. Characterization and comparative mapping of the porcine CTSL gene indicates a novel synteny between HSA9q21-->q22 and SSC10q11-->q12. Cytogenet Genome Res 2002; 95:92-6. [PMID: 11978977 DOI: 10.1159/000057024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin L (CTSL) is a lysosomal cysteine protease with potent elastase and collagenase activities. Its high activity in the uterine lumen during the period of placental attachment has led to speculation that CTSL may play an important role during embryonic implantation in the pig. Cathepsins have also been implicated in blastocyst implantation in other species like cat, rat and man. We isolated a PAC clone containing the porcine CTSL gene and determined the complete DNA sequence of the gene, which spans about 5.6 kb and consists of eight exons. The CTSL transcript encodes a primary peptide of 334 amino acids sharing 73-78% identity with other mammalian cathepsin L precursor proteins. Based on fluorescence in situ hybridization and radiation hybrid mapping, the porcine CTSL gene was assigned to chromosome 10q11--> q12.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Spötter
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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4
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Søe R, Overgaard MT, Thomsen AR, Laursen LS, Olsen IM, Sottrup-Jensen L, Haaning J, Giudice LC, Conover CA, Oxvig C. Expression of recombinant murine pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and a novel variant (PAPP-Ai) with differential proteolytic activity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:2247-56. [PMID: 11985604 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.02883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Murine pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) cDNA encoding a 1545 amino-acid protein has been cloned. We have also identified and cloned cDNA that encodes a novel variant of PAPP-A, PAPP-Ai, carrying a 29-residue highly basic insert. The point of insertion corresponds to a junction between two exons in the human PAPP-A gene. The human intron flanked by these exons does not encode a homologous corresponding insert, which is unique to the mouse. The overall sequence identity between murine and human PAPP-A is 91%, and murine PAPP-A contains sequence motifs previously described in the sequence of human PAPP-A. Through expression in mammalian cells, we show that murine PAPP-A and PAPP-Ai are active metalloproteinases, both capable of cleaving insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-4 and -5. Cleavage of IGFBP-4 is dramatically enhanced by the addition of IGF, whereas cleavage of IGFBP-5 is slightly inhibited by IGF, as previously established with human PAPP-A. Surprisingly, however, quantitative analyses demonstrate that the murine PAPP-Ai cleaves IGFBP-4 very slowly compared to PAPP-A, even though its ability to cleave IGFBP-5 is unaffected by the presence of the insert. By RT-PCR analysis, we find that both variants are expressed in several tissues. The level of mRNA in the murine placenta does not exceed the levels of other tissues analyzed. Furthermore, the IGFBP-4-proteolytic activity of murine pregnancy serum is not elevated. This is in striking contrast to the increase seen in human pregnancy serum, and the expression of PAPP-A in the human placenta, which exceeds other tissues at least 250-fold. Interestingly, the position of the insert of PAPP-Ai, within the proteolytic domain, lies in close proximity to the cysteine residue, which in human PAPP-A forms a disulfide bond with the proform of eosinophil major basic protein (proMBP). ProMBP functions as a proteinase inhibitor in the PAPP-A-proMBP complex, but whether any mechanistic parallel on regulation of proteolytic activity can be drawn between the insert of PAPP-Ai and the linkage to proMBP is not known. Importantly, these data support the development of the mouse as a model organism for the study of PAPP-A, which must take into account the differences between the mouse and the human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Søe
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, Science Park, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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5
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Deussing J, Kouadio M, Rehman S, Werber I, Schwinde A, Peters C. Identification and characterization of a dense cluster of placenta-specific cysteine peptidase genes and related genes on mouse chromosome 13. Genomics 2002; 79:225-40. [PMID: 11829493 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2002.6696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genes encoding novel murine cysteine peptidases of the papain family C1A and related genes were cloned and mapped to mouse chromosome 13, colocalizing with the previously assigned cathepsin J gene. We constructed a <460-kb phage artificial chromosome (PAC) contig and characterized a dense cluster comprising eight C1A cysteine peptidase genes, cathepsins J, M, Q, R, -1, -2, -3, and -6; three pseudogenes of cathepsins M, -1, and -2; and four genes encoding putative cysteine peptidase inhibitors related to the proregion of C1A peptidases (trophoblast-specific proteins alpha and beta and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated proteins 2alpha and -beta). Because of sequence homologies of 61.9-72.0% between cathepsin J and the other seven putative cysteine peptidases of the cluster, these peptidases are classified as "cathepsin J-like". The absence of cathepsin J-like peptidases and related genes from the human genome suggests that the cathepsin J cluster arose by partial and complete gene duplication events after the divergence of primate and rodent lineages. The expression of cathepsin J-like peptidases and related genes in the cluster is restricted to the placenta only. Clustered genes are induced at specific time points, and their expression increases toward the end of gestation. The specific expression pattern and high expression level suggest an essential role of cathepsin J-like peptidases and related genes in formation and development of the murine placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Deussing
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, Freiburg, 79106 , FRG.
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6
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Hornum L, Markholst H. A sequence-ready PAC contig of a 550-kb region on rat chromosome 4 including the diabetes susceptibility gene Lyp. Genomics 2000; 69:305-13. [PMID: 11056048 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Lyp locus controls diabetes development in rats. The diabetogenic allele in diabetes-prone BB rats is responsible for T cell lymphopenia characterized by the absence of regulatory T cells. We present refined genetic and radiation hybrid maps of the Lyp region on rat chromosome 4, a single 800-kb rat yeast artificial chromosome and a rat P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) contig corresponding to approximately 550 kb, both encompassing the entire candidate region. The contig, consisting of 48 PACs, gives 3- to 12-fold coverage. Genetic, radiation hybrid, and physical data were all in agreement and supported the same marker order. Nine genes and ESTs were identified in the contig in addition to a rat EST from the University of Iowa rat EST database-all possible candidate genes for Lyp. Alignment of our rat PAC contig with sequenced human PAC/BAC contigs confirms the position within the region of 3 of the 10 candidates and identifies an additional 8 genes/ESTs as candidates. These data will facilitate identification of Lyp.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hornum
- Hagedorn Research Institute, Niels Steensens Vej 6, Gentofte, DK-2820, Denmark
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7
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Roth W, Deussing J, Botchkarev VA, Pauly-Evers M, Saftig P, Hafner A, Schmidt P, Schmahl W, Scherer J, Anton-Lamprecht I, Von Figura K, Paus R, Peters C. Cathepsin L deficiency as molecular defect of furless: hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and pertubation of hair follicle cycling. FASEB J 2000; 14:2075-86. [PMID: 11023992 DOI: 10.1096/fj.99-0970com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal cysteine proteinases of the papain family are involved in lysosomal bulk proteolysis, major histocompatibility complex class II mediated antigen presentation, prohormone processing, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Cathepsin L (CTSL) is a ubiquitously expressed major representative of the papain-like family of cysteine proteinases. To investigate CTSL in vivo functions, the gene was inactivated by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. CTSL-deficient mice develop periodic hair loss and epidermal hyperplasia, acanthosis, and hyperkeratosis. The hair loss is due to alterations of hair follicle morphogenesis and cycling, dilatation of hair follicle canals, and disturbed club hair formation. Hyperproliferation of hair follicle epithelial cells and basal epidermal keratinocytes-both of ectodermal origin-are the primary characteristics underlying the mutant phenotype. Pathological inflammatory responses have been excluded as a putative cause of the skin and hair disorder. The phenotype of CTSL-deficient mice is reminiscent of the spontaneous mouse mutant furless (fs). Analyses of the ctsl gene of fs mice revealed a G149R mutation inactivating the proteinase activity. CTSL is the first lysosomal proteinase shown to be essential for epidermal homeostasis and regular hair follicle morphogenesis and cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Roth
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Albert Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Tisljar K, Deussing J, Peters C. Cathepsin J, a novel murine cysteine protease of the papain family with a placenta-restricted expression. FEBS Lett 1999; 459:299-304. [PMID: 10526153 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel mouse cysteine protease of the papain family was identified by searching the dbEST database. A 1.28 kb full-length cDNA was obtained which contains an open reading frame of 999 nucleotides and encodes a predicted polypeptide of 333 amino acids. The deduced polypeptide exhibits features characteristic of cysteine proteases of the papain type including the highly conserved residues of the catalytic triad, and was hence named cathepsin J. Cathepsin J represents the murine homologue of a previously described rat cathepsin L-related protein. Mature cathepsin J shows 59.3% identity to mouse cathepsin L and contains the characteristic ER(F/W)NIN motif within the propeptide indicating that this protease belongs to the subgroup of cathepsin L-like cysteine proteases. Northern blot analysis of various tissues revealed a placenta-restricted expression. This expression pattern may suggest a role of cathepsin J in embryo implantation and/or placental function. Ctsj was mapped to mouse chromosome 13 in the vicinity of cathepsin L suggesting that cathepsin J may have arisen by gene duplication from cathepsin L or a common ancestral gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tisljar
- Medizinische Molekularbiologie, Abteilung Hämatologie-Onkologie, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Simpson EH, Suffolk R, Jackson IJ. Identification, sequence, and mapping of the mouse multiple PDZ domain protein gene, Mpdz. Genomics 1999; 59:102-4. [PMID: 10395806 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1999.5853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The PDZ domain gained its name from the three proteins that were first seen to have homology by virtue of these domains, the mammalian postsynaptic density protein, PSD-95, the Drosophila discs-large septate junction protein, DLG, and the mammalian epithelial tight-junction protein zona occludens, ZO-1. Over 50 PDZ domain-containing genes have been recognized so far from almost any organism subjected to sequencing, including mammals, nematodes, yeast, plants, and bacteria. The domain consists of an approximately 90-amino-acid-residue unit, which is often repeated in the protein. The majority of residues form a conserved spatial structure while a few amino acids in critical positions confer protein binding specificity. A subgroup of PDZ domains have been shown to recognize a short carboxy-terminal amino acid motif, T/SXV (Ser/Thr-X-Val-COO-), where X is any amino acid. We have identified and completely sequenced a gene, Mpdz, that encodes a mouse protein containing 13 such domains. We have also mapped the gene to a series of overlapping deletions on mouse chromosome 4 and can therefore determine that its function is not essential for embryonic development or neonatal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Simpson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
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10
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Ruas M, Peters G. The p16INK4a/CDKN2A tumor suppressor and its relatives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1378:F115-77. [PMID: 9823374 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-419x(98)00017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Ruas
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, UK
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11
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Kant SG, Polinkovsky A, Mundlos S, Zabel B, Thomeer RT, Zonderland HM, Shih L, van Haeringen A, Warman ML. Acromesomelic dysplasia Maroteaux type maps to human chromosome 9. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 63:155-62. [PMID: 9634515 PMCID: PMC1377238 DOI: 10.1086/301917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Acromesomelic dysplasias are skeletal disorders that disproportionately affect the middle and distal segments of the appendicular skeleton. We report genetic mapping studies in four families with acromesomelic dysplasia Maroteaux type (AMDM), an autosomal recessive osteochondrodysplasia. A peak LOD score of 5.1 at recombination fraction 0 was obtained with fully informative markers on human chromosome 9. In three of the four families, the affected offspring are products of consanguineous marriages; if it is assumed that these affected offspring are homozygous by descent for the region containing the AMDM locus, a 6.9-cM AMDM candidate interval can be defined by markers D9S1853 and D9S1874. The mapping of the AMDM locus to human chromosome 9 indicates that AMDM is genetically distinct from the two other mapped acromesomelic dysplasias, Hunter-Thompson type and Grebe type, which are caused by mutations in CDMP1 on human chromosome 20.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Kant
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Carver EA, Stubbs L. Zooming in on the human-mouse comparative map: genome conservation re-examined on a high-resolution scale. Genome Res 1997; 7:1123-37. [PMID: 9414318 DOI: 10.1101/gr.7.12.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, conservation of genetic linkage groups has been shown in mammals and used to great advantage, fueling significant exchanges of gene mapping and functional information especially between the genomes of humans and mice. As human physical maps increase in resolution from chromosome bands to nucleotide sequence, comparative alignments of mouse and human regions have revealed striking similarities and surprising differences between the genomes of these two best-mapped mammalian species. Whereas, at present, very few mouse and human regions have been compared on the physical level, existing studies provide intriguing insights to genome evolution, including the observation of recent duplications and deletions of genes that may play significant roles in defining some of the biological differences between the two species. Although high-resolution conserved marker-based maps are currently available only for human and mouse, a variety of new methods and resources are speeding the development of comparative maps of additional organisms. These advances mark the first step toward establishment of the human genome as a reference map for vertebrate species, providing evolutionary and functional annotation to human sequence and vast new resources for genetic analysis of a variety of commercially, medically, and ecologically important animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Carver
- Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-8077, USA
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13
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Hägg PM, Horelli-Kuitunen N, Eklund L, Palotie A, Pihlajaniemi T. Cloning of mouse type XV collagen sequences and mapping of the corresponding gene to 4B1-3. Comparison of mouse and human alpha 1 (XV) collagen sequences indicates divergence in the number of small collagenous domains. Genomics 1997; 45:31-41. [PMID: 9339358 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.4884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on full-length mouse type XV collagen cDNAs that encode a 1367-residue alpha 1(XV) chain. The amino acid sequences of the mouse and previously characterized human alpha 1(XV) chains exhibit an overall identity of 72%. The highest homology between these chains and to the structurally related type XVIII collagen is observed in their C-terminal noncollagenous domains. Although the mouse and human alpha 1(XV) chains are highly homologous and similar in their overall domain structure, the mouse chain contains only seven collagenous domains, whereas the human chain contains nine. Northern analysis of several mouse tissues indicated strong hybridization in the case of heart and skeletal muscle RNAs and moderate signals with kidney, lung, and testis RNAs. Analysis of type XV collagen mRNA levels at different stages of mouse embryonic development indicated a marked increase in the level between 11 and 15 days of development, which coincides with pronounced development of the muscles, heart, and vascular system in the mouse embryo. The mouse gene for type XV collagen was mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization to chromosome 4, band B1-3. This result indicates that the mouse type XV collagen gene and its human counterpart are located in the chromosomal segments with conserved syntenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Hägg
- Collagen Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland
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14
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Cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of mouse liver bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase. J Lipid Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors
- Antigens, CD
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Endoglin
- Genetic Linkage
- Humans
- Mutation
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/epidemiology
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/genetics
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/physiopathology
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Marchuk
- Department of Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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16
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Newman-Smith ED, Shurland DL, van der Bliek AM. Assignment of the dynamin-1 gene (DNM1) to human chromosome 9q34 by fluorescence in situ hybridization and somatic cell hybrid analysis. Genomics 1997; 41:286-9. [PMID: 9143509 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1996.4596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The dynamins are recently discovered GTP-binding proteins postulated to mediate the scission of clathrin-coated vesicles at the plasma membrane. Of the three known mammalian dynamins, dynamin-1 (DNM1) appears to be particularly important for the formation of synaptic vesicles at presynaptic nerve termini. To investigate the possibility that mutations in the DNM1 gene cause a human disease, we determined the chromosomal localization of human DNM1. We conclude from fluorescence in situ hybridization and from the analysis of somatic cell hybrids that the map position in 9q34. This region has syntenic homology with mouse chromosome 2p, in agreement with the map position of the mouse DNM1 gene [see accompanying article by Klocke et al. (1997, Genomics 41:290-292)]. We discuss the potential relevance of the human DNM1 localization to diseases that were mapped genetically to the same chromosomal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Newman-Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine 90095-1737, USA
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17
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Deussing J, Roth W, Rommerskirch W, Wiederanders B, von Figura K, Peters C. The genes of the lysosomal cysteine proteinases cathepsin B, H, L, and S map to different mouse chromosomes. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:241-5. [PMID: 9096102 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mouse genes for the lysosomal cysteine proteinases cathepsin B, H, L, and S were mapped to Chromosomes (Chrs) 14, 9, 13, and 3, respectively. Two of the DNA probes used in this study detected an additional, independently segregating locus. The cathepsin B-specific probe hybridized to a locus on Chr 2, and the cathepsin H probe to a locus on the X Chr. These loci either correspond to pseudogenes or to cathepsin B- and cathepsin H-related genes. The four cysteine proteinases mapped in this study lie within known regions of conserved synteny between mouse and human chromosomes, when compared with the corresponding positions of their human homologs. Assuming that the genes of the cysteine proteinase gene family arose from a common ancestral gene, our results suggest that these four cysteine proteinases had been dispersed over different chromosomes before separation of mouse and human in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Deussing
- Zentrum Biochemie und Molekulare Zellbiologie, Abt. Biochemie II, Universität Göttingen, Gosslerstrasse 12D, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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18
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Abstract
The gene encoding mouse ribosomal protein (r-protein) S6 is 2.7 kb in length, and is composed of five exons. The intron positions of the mouse S6 (Rps6) coincide exactly to those of the homologous human S6 (RPS6), but the last intron present in the human is absent in the mouse gene. The latter displays higher G + C content than the RPS6, both in the overall sequenced region and at the 3rd codon position. The promoter area is highly conserved between mouse and human, and contains several putative cis-acting elements. Comparison of the intronic sequences of both genes revealed surprisingly a high degree of identity (63%) within 350 bp of the first intron. Besides the single-copy Rsp6 there are up to 15 S6 family members, most likely processed pseudogenes. Characterization of the Rps6 provides a basis to study the functions of the mammalian S6 by gene targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pata
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Tartu University, Estonian Biocentre, Estonia
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19
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Dewald G, Cichon S, Bryant SP, Hemmer S, Nöthen MM, Spurr NK. The human complement C8G gene, a member of the lipocalin gene family: polymorphisms and mapping to chromosome 9q34.3. Ann Hum Genet 1996; 60:281-91. [PMID: 8865989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1996.tb01192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Complement component C8 is a plasma glycoprotein consisting of three nonidentical polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) which are encoded by three separate genes (C8A, C8B, C8G). The gamma chain whose functional role remains undefined is not related to any other complement protein but is a member of the lipocalins, a family of proteins that bind small hydrophobic ligands. The present report describes the first known polymorphisms for the human C8G gene, namely one polymorphic site in exon 1 (207T/G) and two polymorphic sites in intron 1 (213 + 37G --> A; 213 + 65del3). Specific typing can be performed using simple polymerase chain reaction-based assays. C8G genotyping in eight CEPH reference families demonstrated that C8G is closely linked to a series of marker loci located in the most telomeric region of chromosome 9q. Multipoint analysis placed C8G with 1000:1 support distal to D9S207. C8G is thus located at 9q34.3. Remarkably, this chromosomal region contains at least four other lipocalin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dewald
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chidambaram
- Intramural Research Support Program, SAIC Frederick, Maryland, USA
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PERICAK-VANCE MA, BALE AE, HAINES JL, KWIATKOWSKI DJ, PILZ A, SLAUGENHAUPT S, WHITE JA, EDWARDS JH, MARCHUK D, OLOPADE OI, ATTWOOD J, POVEY S. REPORT on the Fourth International Workshop on Chromosome 9: held at Williamsburg, Virginia, USA, April 23?25, 1995. Ann Hum Genet 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1995.tb00756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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