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Aktas S, Bakırcı S, Bilgic HB, Kose O. Effects of flumethrin and eprinomectin in naturally infected mice with Myocoptes musculinus. Exp Parasitol 2022; 239:108307. [PMID: 35709888 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Mite infestations can occur in laboratory mice and cause an undesirable immune system response and adversely affect study results. Myocoptes musculinus is a mite species that can occasionally parasitized in laboratory-housed and breeding mice. In this study, the efficacy of flumethrin and eprinomectin were compared in 30 male Balb/c mice naturally infested with M. musculinus. Balb/c mice were divided into three different groups comprising eprinomectin treated, flumethrin treated and untreated control. Eprinomectin and flumethrin applied at doses of 5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg body weights, respectively. An equal volume of mineral oil was also applied to untreated control group. Clinical scoring was done in all groups before drug administration and on days 7, 14 and 21. Scrap samples were collected and evaluated before the study (day 0) and on days 7, 14 and 21 during the study. Each colony was also videotaped for 15 min every day to calculate the Pruritic Index (PI: scratching and gnawing acts/mouse/minute). Obtained results showed that both eprinomectin and flumethrin pour-on applications significantly decreased the number of different life stages of the parasite in the skin scrapings. Both eprinomectin and flumethrin pour-on applications were found to be effective in the treatment of M. musculinus infestation in mice. However, compared to eprinomectin applied group, slightly higher number of eggs, adult and damaged adults (P < 0.01) were observed in group treated with flumethrin at day 14 after treatment. A significant reduction in PI in eprinomectin treated group 1 day after treatment, while reduction in PI was 3 days after treatment in flumethrin treated group. Clinical scoring data indicated complete recovery in the eprinomectin treated group 21 days after treatment, while partial recovery was observed in the flumethrin treated group. As a result, it can be concluded that pour-on application of eprinomectin is more effective compared to flumethrin against natural M. musculinus infestation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Aktas
- Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 09016, Isikli, Aydin, Turkey.
| | - Serkan Bakırcı
- Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, 09016, Isıklı, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Bilgin Bilgic
- Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, 09016, Isıklı, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Onur Kose
- Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, 15030, Istiklal Yerleskesi, Burdur, Turkey
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2
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Mites, ticks, anaphylaxis and allergy: The Acari hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110257. [PMID: 33254563 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is a poorly understood immune process in which a Th2-/IgE-mediated adaptive response commandeers cellular machinery, typically reserved for defense against multicellular ectoparasites, to activate against otherwise benign molecules. Its clinical manifestations consist of rapid pathophysiological reflexes that target epithelial surfaces. The galactose-α-1,3-galactose hypersensitivity response is a compelling model of anaphylaxis for which causation has been demonstrated. At the core of the model, a tick bite sensitizes a recipient to a tick foodstuff. As proposed herein, the model likely informs on the origin of all allergic inflammation; namely, allergy is not intended to protect against seemingly harmless and irrelevant materials, but is, instead, intended to rid epithelial surfaces of pathogen-bearing Acari, i.e., mites and ticks. The demonstrated adjuvant activity of acarian gastrointestinal secretions, when paired with the polyphagous diet of mites, renders acarians eminently suited to accounting, mechanistically, for many, if not all, human allergies.
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Morris MG, Ricart Arbona RJ, Daniels K, Gardner R, Easthausen I, Boteler WL, Baseler GP, Pastenkos G, Perkins CL, Henderson KS, Schietinger A, Lipman NS. Mite Burden and Immunophenotypic Response to Demodex musculi in Swiss Webster, BALB/c, C57BL/6, and NSG Mice. Comp Med 2020; 70:336-348. [PMID: 32605691 PMCID: PMC7446637 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Detection methods for Demodex musculi were historically unreliable, and testing was rarely performed because its prevalence in laboratory mice was underestimated. Although infestations are unapparent in most mouse strains, D. musculi burdens are higher and clinical signs detected in various immunodeficient strains. The parasite's influence on the immune system of immunocompetent mice is unknown. We characterized mite burden (immunocompetent and immunodeficient strains) and immunologic changes (immunocompetent strains only) in naïve Swiss Webster (SW; outbred), C57BL/6NCrl (B6; Th1 responder), BALB/cAnNCrl (BALB/c; Th2 responder) and NOD. Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG; immunodeficient) mice after exposure to Demodex-infested NSG mice. Infested and uninfested age-matched mice of each strain (n = 5) were euthanized 14, 28, 56, and 112 d after exposure. Mite burden was determined through PCR analysis and skin histopathology; B-cell and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts and activation states (CD25 and CD69) were evaluated by using flow cytometry; CBC counts were performed; and serum IgE levels were measured by ELISA. Mite burden and PCR copy number correlated in NSG mice, which had the highest mite burden, but not in immunocompetent strains. Infested immunocompetent animals developed diffuse alopecia by day 112, and both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice had significantly increased IgE levels. These findings aligned with the skewed Th1 or Th2 immunophenotype of each strain. BALB/c mice mounted the most effective host response, resulting in the lowest mite burden of all immunocompetent strains at 112 d after infestation without treatment. Clinically significant hematologic abnormalities were absent and immunophenotype was unaltered in immunocompetent animals. Topical treat- ment with imidacloprid-moxidectin (weekly for 8 wk) was effective at eradicating mites by early as 7 d after treatment. IgE levels decreased substantially in infested BALB/c mice after treatment. These findings demonstrate a need for D. musculi surveillance in mouse colonies, because the infestation may influence the use of infested mice in select studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya G Morris
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York;,
| | - Rodolfo J Ricart Arbona
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Kathleen Daniels
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rui Gardner
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Imaani Easthausen
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Gabrielle Pastenkos
- Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Cheryl L Perkins
- Research Animal Diagnostic Services, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth S Henderson
- Research Animal Diagnostic Services, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea Schietinger
- Program in Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Neil S Lipman
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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Mecklenburg L, Kusewitt D, Kolly C, Treumann S, Adams ET, Diegel K, Yamate J, Kaufmann W, Müller S, Danilenko D, Bradley A. Proliferative and non-proliferative lesions of the rat and mouse integument. J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26:27S-57S. [PMID: 25035577 PMCID: PMC4091526 DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.27s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) project is a joint initiative of the societies of toxicological pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North America (STP). Its aim is to develop an internationally-accepted nomenclature for proliferative and non-proliferative lesions in laboratory rodents. A widely accepted international harmonization of nomenclature in laboratory animals will decrease confusion among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and will provide a common language to increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying microscopical lesions observed in the integument of laboratory rats and mice. Example colour images are provided for most lesions. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document and additional colour images are also available electronically at http://www.goreni.org. The nomenclature presented herein is based on histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world, and covers lesions that develop spontaneously as well as those induced by exposure to various test materials. (DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.27S; J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26: 27S-57S).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - E. Terence Adams
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelly Diegel
- Hoffmann La-Roche Nonclinical Safety, Nutley, New Jersey,
USA
| | | | | | - Susanne Müller
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach,
Germany
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Vilcins IM, Old JM, Körtner G, Deane EM. Ectoparasites and Skin Lesions in Wild-Caught Spotted-Tailed Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). COMP PARASITOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1654/4339.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Welter A, Mineo JR, de Oliveira Silva DA, Lourenço EV, Vieira Ferro EA, Roque-Barreira MC, Maria da Silva N. BALB/c mice resistant to Toxoplasma gondii infection proved to be highly susceptible when previously infected with Myocoptes musculinus fur mites. Int J Exp Pathol 2007; 88:325-35. [PMID: 17877534 PMCID: PMC2517328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2007.00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response induced by Toxoplasma gondii is characterized by Th1 immune mechanisms. We previously demonstrated that C57BL/6 mice infested with Myocoptes musculinus and infected with T. gondii by intraperitoneal route undergo accelerated mortality according to Th2 immune mechanisms induced by the acarian. To evaluate whether infection with M. musculinus influences T. gondii-induced Th1 response in a resistant mouse lineage, BALB/c, which develops latent chronic toxoplasmosis in a way similar to that observed in immunocompetent humans, this study was done. The animals were infected with T. gondii ME-49 strain 1 month after M. musculinus infestation, being the survival and the immune response monitored. The double-infected displayed higher mortality rate if compared with the mono-infected mice. In addition, infection with M. musculinus changed the T. gondii-specific immune response, converting BALB/c host to a susceptible phenotype. Spleen cells had increased the levels of IL-4 in double-infected mice. This alteration was associated with severe pneumonia, encephalitis and wasting condition. In addition, a higher tissue parasitism was observed in double-infected animals. It can be concluded that infection with these two contrasting parasites, M. musculinus and T. gondii, may convert an immunocompetent host into a susceptible one, and such a host will develop severe toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurea Welter
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Pochanke V, Hatak S, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM, McCoy KD. Induction of IgE and allergic-type responses in fur mite-infested mice. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:2434-45. [PMID: 16909433 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200635949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
High serum IgE levels are characteristic of allergic diseases and immune responses to nematode parasites. A murine allergy model based on infestation with the fur mites Myocoptes musculinus and Myobia musculi was investigated. Analysis of mite infestation in various knockout mice revealed that IgE production in response to these ectoparasites was dependent on T cells, IL-4, and CD40L. Secretion of IL-4 by CD4+ T cells obtained from peripheral LN draining mite-infested skin sites was increased with progressing mite infestation and correlated with the serum IgE induction. A time course analysis of the mRNA expression of switched IgE, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), and epsilon germ-line transcripts (epsilonGLT) suggested that switching to IgE in response to fur mites occurred initially in skin-draining LN. In addition, mite infestation induced mast cell degranulation in the skin as well as mast cell infiltration into skin-draining LN. Analysis of the immune response generated in mite-infested mice is a valuable model for the investigation of allergic disorders and provides information for better understanding of mechanisms involved in IgE induction and regulation in a physiological way of allergen-exposure resembling atopic sensitization in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Pochanke
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Welter A, Mineo JR, Silva DADO, Lourenço EV, Ferro EAV, Roque-Barreira MC, da Silva NM. An opposite role is exerted by the acarian Myocoptes musculinus in the outcome of Toxoplasma gondii infection according to the route of the protozoa inoculation. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:2618-28. [PMID: 17055964 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Revised: 04/15/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Toxoplasma gondii leads to a Th1 immune response. Alternatively, the acarian Myocoptes musculinus induces a disease in BALB/c mice that involves Th2 immune mechanisms. In this study, we investigated whether infestation by M. musculinus induces Th2 immune response in C57BL/6 mice and if this response influences the T. gondii-induced Th1 response when mice are inoculated by intraperitoneal or oral route. The animals were infected with M. musculinus and one month later with T. gondii ME-49 strain and the survival and immune response were monitored. The co-infected animals displayed higher mortality rate and the spleen cells showed a decreased IFN-gamma and elevated IL-4 and IL-5 production. These changes were associated with severe pneumonia and wasting condition. On the other hand, when mice were orally infected with 100 T. gondii cysts, co-infection prolonged the survival rates and ameliorated intestinal lesions in association with a significant drop in IFN-gamma levels in sera. These results indicate the interference of Th2 response induced by M. musculinus in a T. gondii-induced Th1 response. Altogether, these data demonstrate the profound interactions between the immune response induced against unrelated organisms T. gondii and M. musculinus, and suggest that this type of interactions may impact clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurea Welter
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Av. Pará, 1720, Bloco 4C, Uberlândia, MG 38400-902, Brazil
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Abstract
AIM: To investigate epidemiology and pathogenic mite species of intestinal and urinary acariasis in individuals with different occupations.
METHODS: A total of 1994 individuals were tested in this study. History collection, skin prick test and pathogen identification were conducted. The mites were isolated from stool and urine samples by saturated saline flotation methods and sieving following centrifugation, respectively.
RESULTS: Among the 1994 individuals examined, responses to the skin prick test of “+++”, “++”, “+”, “±” and “-” were observed at frequencies of 3.96% (79), 3.21% (64), 2.31% (46), 1.25% (25) and 89.27% (1780), respectively. A total number of 161 (8.07%) individuals were shown to carry mites, with 92 (4.61%) positive only for stool samples, 37 (1.86%) positive only for urine samples and 32 (1.60%) for both. The positive rate of mites in stool samples was 6.22% (124/1994), being 6.84% (78/1140) for males and 5.39% (46/854) for females. No gender difference was observed in this study (χ2 = 1.77, P > 0.05). The mites from stool samples included Acarus siro, TyroPhagus putrescentiae, Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, Glycyphagus domesticus, G.ornatus, Carpoglyphus lactis and Tarsonemus granaries. The positive rate of mites in urine samples was 3.46% (69/1994). The positive rates for male and female subjects were found to be 3.95% (45/1140) and 2.81% (24/854) respectively, with no gender difference observed (χ2 = 1.89, P > 0.05). Mites species in urine samples included Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, T. longior, Aleuroglyphus ovatus, Caloglyphus berlesei, C. mycophagus, Suidasia nesbitti, Lardoglyphus konoi, Glycyphagus domesticus, Carpoglyphus lactis, Lepidoglyphus destructor, Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, Euroglyphus magnei, Caloglyphus hughesi, Tarsonemus granarus and T. hominis. The species of mites in stool and urine samples were consistent with those separated from working environment. A significant difference was found among the frequencies of mite infection in individuals with different occupations (χ2 = 82.55, P < 0.001), with its frequencies in those working in medicinal herb storehouses, those in rice storehouse or mills, miners, railway workers, pupils and teachers being 15.89% (68/428), 12.96% (53/409), 3.28% (18/549), 2.54% (6/236), 5.10% (13/255) and 2.56% (3/117), respectively.
CONCLUSION: The prevalence of human intestinal and urinary acariasis was not associated with gender, and these diseases are more frequently found in individuals working in medicinal herb, rice storehouses or mills and other sites with high density of mites. More attention should be paid to the mite prevention and labor protection for these high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Pin Li
- Department of Etiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, Anhui Province, China.
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Edwards JF, Wikse SE, Field RW, Hoelscher CC, Herd DB. Bovine teat atresia associated with horn fly (Haematobia irritans irritans (L.))-induced dermatitis. Vet Pathol 2000; 37:360-4. [PMID: 10896402 DOI: 10.1354/vp.37-4-360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammary gland lesions characterized primarily as mammary teat atresia were observed in a Limousin beef cattle herd in eastern Texas. Atresia of multiple teats per mammary gland was reported in first-calf heifers at the time of calving. Pathogens were not identified in eight mammary glands collected at slaughter. Histology of affected glands demonstrated superficial and deep perivascular inflammation and fibrosing dermatitis of teat and mammary gland skin that resulted in formation of the atretic lesions of glandular tissue. Institution of a horn fly (Haematobia irritans irritans (L.)) control program using insecticide-impregnated ear tags was associated with elimination of the problem from the herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Edwards
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4467, USA.
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Baker DG. Natural pathogens of laboratory mice, rats, and rabbits and their effects on research. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998; 11:231-66. [PMID: 9564563 PMCID: PMC106832 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.11.2.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Laboratory mice, rats, and rabbits may harbor a variety of viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal agents. Frequently, these organisms cause no overt signs of disease. However, many of the natural pathogens of these laboratory animals may alter host physiology, rendering the host unsuitable for many experimental uses. While the number and prevalence of these pathogens have declined considerably, many still turn up in laboratory animals and represent unwanted variables in research. Investigators using mice, rats, and rabbits in biomedical experimentation should be aware of the profound effects that many of these agents can have on research.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Baker
- Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70810, USA.
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