1
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Ochsner SA, Pillich RT, Rawool D, Grethe JS, McKenna NJ. Transcriptional regulatory networks of circulating immune cells in type 1 diabetes: A community knowledgebase. iScience 2022; 25:104581. [PMID: 35832893 PMCID: PMC9272393 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigator-generated transcriptomic datasets interrogating circulating immune cell (CIC) gene expression in clinical type 1 diabetes (T1D) have underappreciated re-use value. Here, we repurposed these datasets to create an open science environment for the generation of hypotheses around CIC signaling pathways whose gain or loss of function contributes to T1D pathogenesis. We firstly computed sets of genes that were preferentially induced or repressed in T1D CICs and validated these against community benchmarks. We then inferred and validated signaling node networks regulating expression of these gene sets, as well as differentially expressed genes in the original underlying T1D case:control datasets. In a set of three use cases, we demonstrated how informed integration of these networks with complementary digital resources supports substantive, actionable hypotheses around signaling pathway dysfunction in T1D CICs. Finally, we developed a federated, cloud-based web resource that exposes the entire data matrix for unrestricted access and re-use by the research community. Re-use of transcriptomic type 1 diabetes (T1D) circulating immune cells (CICs) datasets We generated transcriptional regulatory networks for T1D CICs Use cases generate substantive hypotheses around signaling pathway dysfunction in T1D CICs Networks are freely accessible on the web for re-use by the research community
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Ochsner
- Department of Molecular, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rudolf T. Pillich
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Deepali Rawool
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Grethe
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Neil J. McKenna
- Department of Molecular, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Corresponding author
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2
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The RNA helicase DHX15 is a critical regulator of natural killer-cell homeostasis and functions. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:687-701. [PMID: 35322175 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00852-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA helicase DHX15 is widely expressed in immune cells and traditionally thought to be an RNA splicing factor or a viral RNA sensor. However, the role of DHX15 in NK-cell activities has not been studied thus far. Here, we generated Dhx15-floxed mice and found that conditional deletion of Dhx15 in NK cells (Ncr1CreDhx15fl/fl mice) resulted in a marked reduction in NK cells in the periphery and that the remaining Dhx15-deleted NK cells failed to acquire a mature phenotype. As a result, Dhx15-deleted NK cells exhibited profound defects in their cytolytic functions. We also found that deletion of Dhx15 in NK cells abrogated their responsiveness to IL-15, which was associated with inhibition of IL-2/IL-15Rβ (CD122) expression and IL-15R signaling. The defects in Dhx15-deleted NK cells were rescued by ectopic expression of a constitutively active form of STAT5. Mechanistically, DHX15 did not affect CD122 mRNA splicing and stability in NK cells but instead facilitated the surface expression of CD122, likely through interaction with its 3'UTR, which was dependent on the ATPase domain of DHX15 rather than its splicing domain. Collectively, our data identify a key role for DHX15 in regulating NK-cell activities and provide novel mechanistic insights into how DHX15 regulates the IL-15 signaling pathway in NK cells.
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3
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Czaja AJ. Immune Inhibitory Properties and Therapeutic Prospects of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta and Interleukin 10 in Autoimmune Hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:1163-1186. [PMID: 33835375 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-06968-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin 10 have diverse immune inhibitory properties that have restored homeostatic defense mechanisms in experimental models of autoimmune disease. The goals of this review are to describe the actions of each cytokine, review their investigational use in animal models and patients, and indicate their prospects as interventions in autoimmune hepatitis. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full-length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. Transforming growth factor-beta expands the natural and inducible populations of regulatory T cells, limits the proliferation of natural killer cells, suppresses the activation of naïve CD8+ T cells, decreases the production of interferon-gamma, and stimulates fibrotic repair. Interleukin 10 selectively inhibits the CD28 co-stimulatory signal for antigen recognition and impairs antigen-specific activation of uncommitted CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. It also inhibits maturation of dendritic cells, suppresses Th17 cells, supports regulatory T cells, and limits production of diverse pro-inflammatory cytokines. Contradictory immune stimulatory effects have been associated with each cytokine and may relate to the dose and accompanying cytokine milieu. Experimental findings have not translated into successful early clinical trials. The recombinant preparation of each agent in low dosage has been safe in human studies. In conclusion, transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin 10 have powerful immune inhibitory actions of potential therapeutic value in autoimmune hepatitis. The keys to their therapeutic application will be to match their predominant non-redundant function with the pivotal pathogenic mechanism or cytokine deficiency and to avoid contradictory immune stimulatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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4
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Chang M, Tang X, Nelson L, Nyberg G, Du Z. Differential effects on natural killer cell production by membrane-bound cytokine stimulations. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1820-1838. [PMID: 35297033 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Robust manufacturing production of natural killer (NK) cells has been challenging in allogeneic NK cell-based therapy. Here, we compared the impact of cytokines on NK cell expansion by developing recombinant K562 feeder cell lines expressing membrane-bound cytokines, mIL15, mIL21, and 41BBL, individually or in combination. We found that 41BBL played a dominant role in promoting up to 500,000-fold of NK cell expansion after a 21-day culture process without inducing exhaustion. However, 41BBL stimulation reduced the overall cytotoxic activity of NK cells when combined with mIL15 and mIL21. Additionally, long-term stimulation with mIL15 and mIL21, but not 41BBL, increased CD56 expression and CD56bright population, which is unexpectedly correlated with the NK cell cytotoxicity. By conducting single-cell sequencing, we identified distinct subpopulations of NK cells induced by different cytokines, including an adaptive-like CD56brightCD16-CD49a+ subset induced by mIL15. Through gene expression analysis, we found that cytokines modulated signaling pathways and target genes involved in cell cycle, senescence, self-renewal, migration, and maturation, in a different manner. Together, our study demonstrated cytokine signal pathways play different roles in NK cell expansion and differentiation, which shed light on NK cell process design to improve productivity and product quality. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiping Chang
- Process Cell Sciences, Biologics Process R&D, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Process Cell Sciences, Biologics Process R&D, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Luke Nelson
- Process Cell Sciences, Biologics Process R&D, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Gregg Nyberg
- Process Cell Sciences, Biologics Process R&D, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Zhimei Du
- Process Cell Sciences, Biologics Process R&D, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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5
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Yu M, Su Z, Huang X, Wang X. Single-Cell Sequencing Reveals the Novel Role of Ezh2 in NK Cell Maturation and Function. Front Immunol 2021; 12:724276. [PMID: 34764950 PMCID: PMC8576367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes primarily involved in innate immunity and exhibit important functional properties in antimicrobial and antitumoral responses. Our previous work indicated that the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2) is a negative regulator of early NK cell differentiation and function through trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3). Here, we deleted Ezh2 from immature NK cells and downstream progeny to explore its role in NK cell maturation by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We identified six distinct NK stages based on the transcriptional signature during NK cell maturation. Conditional deletion of Ezh2 in NK cells resulted in a maturation trajectory toward NK cell arrest in CD11b SP stage 5, which was clustered with genes related to the activating function of NK cells. Mechanistically, we speculated that Ezh2 plays a critical role in NK development by activating AP-1 family gene expression independent of PRC2 function. Our results implied a novel role for the Ezh2-AP-1-Klrg1 axis in altering the NK cell maturation trajectory and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyang Su
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Czaja AJ. Incorporating mucosal-associated invariant T cells into the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3705-3733. [PMID: 34321839 PMCID: PMC8291028 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i25.3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been described in liver and non-liver diseases, and they have been ascribed antimicrobial, immune regulatory, protective, and pathogenic roles. The goals of this review are to describe their biological properties, indicate their involvement in chronic liver disease, and encourage investigations that clarify their actions and therapeutic implications. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms, and bibliographies were developed. MAIT cells are activated by restricted non-peptides of limited diversity and by multiple inflammatory cytokines. Diverse pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and immune regulatory cytokines are released; infected cells are eliminated; and memory cells emerge. Circulating MAIT cells are hyper-activated, immune exhausted, dysfunctional, and depleted in chronic liver disease. This phenotype lacks disease-specificity, and it does not predict the biological effects. MAIT cells have presumed protective actions in chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and decompensated cirrhosis. They have pathogenic and pro-fibrotic actions in autoimmune hepatitis and mixed actions in primary biliary cholangitis. Local factors in the hepatic microenvironment (cytokines, bile acids, gut-derived bacterial antigens, and metabolic by-products) may modulate their response in individual diseases. Investigational manipulations of function are warranted to establish an association with disease severity and outcome. In conclusion, MAIT cells constitute a disease-nonspecific, immune response to chronic liver inflammation and infection. Their pathological role has been deduced from their deficiencies during active liver disease, and future investigations must clarify this role, link it to outcome, and explore therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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7
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Oppezzo A, Rosselli F. The underestimated role of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MiTF) in normal and pathological haematopoiesis. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:18. [PMID: 33441180 PMCID: PMC7805242 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematopoiesis, the process by which a restrained population of stem cells terminally differentiates into specific types of blood cells, depends on the tightly regulated temporospatial activity of several transcription factors (TFs). The deregulation of their activity or expression is a main cause of pathological haematopoiesis, leading to bone marrow failure (BMF), anaemia and leukaemia. TFs can be induced and/or activated by different stimuli, to which they respond by regulating the expression of genes and gene networks. Most TFs are highly pleiotropic; i.e., they are capable of influencing two or more apparently unrelated phenotypic traits, and the action of a single TF in a specific setting often depends on its interaction with other TFs and signalling pathway components. The microphthalmia-associated TF (MiTF) is a prototype TF in multiple situations. MiTF has been described extensively as a key regulator of melanocyte and melanoma development because it acts mainly as an oncogene. Mitf-mutated mice show a plethora of pleiotropic phenotypes, such as microphthalmia, deafness, abnormal pigmentation, retinal degeneration, reduced mast cell numbers and osteopetrosis, revealing a greater requirement for MiTF activity in cells and tissue. A growing amount of evidence has led to the delineation of key roles for MiTF in haematopoiesis and/or in cells of haematopoietic origin, including haematopoietic stem cells, mast cells, NK cells, basophiles, B cells and osteoclasts. This review summarizes several roles of MiTF in cells of the haematopoietic system and how MiTFs can impact BM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Oppezzo
- CNRS UMR9019, Équipe labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France. .,Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805, Villejuif, France. .,Université Paris Saclay - Paris Sud, Orsay, France.
| | - Filippo Rosselli
- CNRS UMR9019, Équipe labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France. .,Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805, Villejuif, France. .,Université Paris Saclay - Paris Sud, Orsay, France.
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8
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Yilmaz A, Cui H, Caligiuri MA, Yu J. Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered natural killer cells for cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:168. [PMID: 33287875 PMCID: PMC7720606 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a critical component of the innate immune system. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) re-direct NK cells toward tumor cells carrying corresponding antigens, creating major opportunities in the fight against cancer. CAR NK cells have the potential for use as universal CAR cells without the need for human leukocyte antigen matching or prior exposure to tumor-associated antigens. Exciting data from recent clinical trials have renewed interest in the field of cancer immunotherapy due to the potential of CAR NK cells in the production of "off-the-shelf" anti-cancer immunotherapeutic products. Here, we provide an up-to-date comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in key areas of CAR NK cell research and identify under-investigated research areas. We summarize improvements in CAR design and structure, advantages and disadvantages of using CAR NK cells as an alternative to CAR T cell therapy, and list sources to obtain NK cells. In addition, we provide a list of tumor-associated antigens targeted by CAR NK cells and detail challenges in expanding and transducing NK cells for CAR production. We additionally discuss barriers to effective treatment and suggest solutions to improve CAR NK cell function, proliferation, persistence, therapeutic effectiveness, and safety in solid and liquid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Yilmaz
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Hanwei Cui
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, KCRB, Bldg. 158, 3rd Floor, Room 3017, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, KCRB, Bldg. 158, 3rd Floor, Room 3017, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA.
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA.
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA.
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA.
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9
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Cells of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems in Kaposi's Sarcoma. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:8852221. [PMID: 33294468 PMCID: PMC7700054 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8852221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an angioproliferative malignancy whose associated etiologic agent is the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). KS is the most prevalent malignancy among HIV-infected individuals globally and is considered an AIDS-defining malignancy. The different forms of KS including HIV-associated KS, iatrogenic (immunosuppression-related) KS, and classical KS in elderly males suggest that immune cell dysregulation is among the key components in promoting KS development in KSHV-infected individuals. It is therefore expected that different cell types of the immune system likely play distinct roles in promoting or inhibiting KS development. This narrative review is focused on discussing cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems in KSHV infection and KS pathogenesis, including how these cells can be useful in the control of KSHV infection and treatment of KS.
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Hu M, Lu Y, Qi Y, Zhang Z, Wang S, Xu Y, Chen F, Tang Y, Chen S, Chen M, Du C, Shen M, Wang F, Su Y, Deng Y, Wang J. SRC-3 Functions as a Coactivator of T-bet by Regulating the Maturation and Antitumor Activity of Natural Killer Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:1150-1162. [PMID: 32561537 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK)-cell development and maturation is a well-organized process. The steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC-3) is a regulator of the hematopoietic and immune systems; however, its role in NK cells is poorly understood. Here, SRC-3 displayed increased nuclear translocation in NK cells during terminal differentiation and upon inflammatory cytokine stimulation. Targeted deletion of SRC-3 altered normal NK-cell distribution and compromised NK-cell maturation. SRC-3 deficiency led to significantly impaired NK-cell functions, especially their antitumor activity. The expression of several critical T-bet target genes, including Zeb2, Prdm1, and S1pr5, but not T-bet itself, was markedly decreased in NK cells in the absence of SRC-3. There was a physiologic interaction between SRC-3 and T-bet proteins, where SRC-3 was recruited by T-bet to regulate the transcription of the aforementioned genes. Collectively, our findings unmask a previously unrecognized role of SRC-3 as a coactivator of T-bet in NK-cell biology and indicate that targeting SRC-3 may be a promising strategy to increase the tumor surveillance function of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yukai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Song Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shilei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changhong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingqiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongping Su
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Youcai Deng
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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11
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Yang C, Siebert JR, Burns R, Zheng Y, Mei A, Bonacci B, Wang D, Urrutia RA, Riese MJ, Rao S, Carlson KS, Thakar MS, Malarkannan S. Single-cell transcriptome reveals the novel role of T-bet in suppressing the immature NK gene signature. eLife 2020; 9:51339. [PMID: 32406817 PMCID: PMC7255804 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional activation and repression during NK cell ontology are poorly understood. Here, using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we reveal a novel role for T-bet in suppressing the immature gene signature during murine NK cell development. Based on transcriptome, we identified five distinct NK cell clusters and define their relative developmental maturity in the bone marrow. Transcriptome-based machine-learning classifiers revealed that half of the mTORC2-deficient NK cells belongs to the least mature NK cluster. Mechanistically, loss of mTORC2 results in an increased expression of signature genes representing immature NK cells. Since mTORC2 regulates the expression of T-bet through AktS473-FoxO1 axis, we further characterized the T-bet-deficient NK cells and found an augmented immature transcriptomic signature. Moreover, deletion of Foxo1 restores the expression of T-bet and corrects the abnormal expression of immature NK genes. Collectively, our study reveals a novel role for mTORC2-AktS473-FoxO1-T-bet axis in suppressing the transcriptional signature of immature NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Jason R Siebert
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Robert Burns
- Bioinfomatics Core, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Yongwei Zheng
- Laboratory of B-Cell Lymphopoiesis, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Ao Mei
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Benedetta Bonacci
- Flow Cytometry Core, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Demin Wang
- Laboratory of B-Cell Lymphopoiesis, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Raul A Urrutia
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Matthew J Riese
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Transcriptional Regulation, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Karen-Sue Carlson
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Laboratory of Coagulation Biology, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
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12
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Lochhead MR, Brown AD, Kirlin AC, Chitayat S, Munro K, Findlay JE, Baillie GS, LeBrun DP, Langelaan DN, Smith SP. Structural insights into TAZ2 domain-mediated CBP/p300 recruitment by transactivation domain 1 of the lymphopoietic transcription factor E2A. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4303-4315. [PMID: 32098872 PMCID: PMC7105314 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The E-protein transcription factors guide immune cell differentiation, with E12 and E47 (hereafter called E2A) being essential for B-cell specification and maturation. E2A and the oncogenic chimera E2A-PBX1 contain three transactivation domains (ADs), with AD1 and AD2 having redundant, independent, and cooperative functions in a cell-dependent manner. AD1 and AD2 both mediate their functions by binding to the KIX domain of the histone acetyltransferase paralogues CREB-binding protein (CBP) and E1A-binding protein P300 (p300). This interaction is necessary for B-cell maturation and oncogenesis by E2A-PBX1 and occurs through conserved ΦXXΦΦ motifs (with Φ denoting a hydrophobic amino acid) in AD1 and AD2. However, disruption of this interaction via mutation of the KIX domain in CBP/p300 does not completely abrogate binding of E2A and E2A-PBX1. Here, we determined that E2A-AD1 and E2A-AD2 also interact with the TAZ2 domain of CBP/p300. Characterization of the TAZ2:E2A-AD1(1-37) complex indicated that E2A-AD1 adopts an α-helical structure and uses its ΦXXΦΦ motif to bind TAZ2. Whereas this region overlapped with the KIX recognition region, key KIX-interacting E2A-AD1 residues were exposed, suggesting that E2A-AD1 could simultaneously bind both the KIX and TAZ2 domains. However, we did not detect a ternary complex involving E2A-AD1, KIX, and TAZ2 and found that E2A containing both intact AD1 and AD2 is required to bind to CBP/p300. Our findings highlight the structural plasticity and promiscuity of E2A-AD1 and suggest that E2A binds both the TAZ2 and KIX domains of CBP/p300 through AD1 and AD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina R Lochhead
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Alexandra D Brown
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Alyssa C Kirlin
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Seth Chitayat
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kim Munro
- Protein Function Discovery Group, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jane E Findlay
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David P LeBrun
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David N Langelaan
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Steven P Smith
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
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13
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Huang HT, Su SC, Chiou TJ, Lin YH, Shih YC, Wu YX, Fan TH, Twu YC. DNA methylation-mediated Siglec-7 regulation in natural killer cells via two 5' promoter CpG sites. Immunology 2020; 160:38-51. [PMID: 32027025 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
First discovered on the natural killer (NK) cell, the cell surface inhibitory receptor sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-7 (Siglec-7) is known for regulating many important biological activities. However, the detail regulatory mechanism for Siglec-7 expression in NK cells currently remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate how cell surface Siglec-7 expression is regulated and found that, in both NK cell lines and peripheral NK cells, transcription was the main regulatory step. Furthermore, when NK-92MI and peripheral NK cells were treated with DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor, the CpG island, with 9 CpG sites, in 5' Siglec-7 promoter became noticeably hypomethylated, and Siglec-7 expression increased in both RNA transcript and surface protein. Within this CpG island, we identified both CpG 8 and CpG 9 as two key regulators responsible for Siglec-7 expression. Additionally, by using histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitor, butyric acid, we showed that Siglec-7 expression was also subjected to the histone modification. And a combined treatment with both 5-azacytidine and butyric acid showed an additive effect on Siglec-7 transcript expression in peripheral NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ting Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chi Su
- Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Tzeon-Jye Chiou
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cancer Center, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsi Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Shih
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Xuan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsi Fan
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Ching Twu
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Yang C, Siebert JR, Burns R, Gerbec ZJ, Bonacci B, Rymaszewski A, Rau M, Riese MJ, Rao S, Carlson KS, Routes JM, Verbsky JW, Thakar MS, Malarkannan S. Heterogeneity of human bone marrow and blood natural killer cells defined by single-cell transcriptome. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3931. [PMID: 31477722 PMCID: PMC6718415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are critical to both innate and adaptive immunity. However, the development and heterogeneity of human NK cells are yet to be fully defined. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing technology, here we identify distinct NK populations in human bone marrow and blood, including one population expressing higher levels of immediate early genes indicative of a homeostatic activation. Functionally matured NK cells with high expression of CX3CR1, HAVCR2 (TIM-3), and ZEB2 represents terminally differentiated status with the unique transcriptional profile. Transcriptomic and pseudotime analyses identify a transitional population between CD56bright and CD56dim NK cells. Finally, a donor with GATA2T354M mutation exhibits reduced percentage of CD56bright NK cells with altered transcriptome and elevated cell death. These data expand our understanding of the heterogeneity and development of human NK cells. Natural killer (NK) cells are important innate immune cells with diverse functions. Here the authors use single-cell RNA-sequencing of purified human bone marrow and peripheral blood NK cells to define five populations of NK cells with distinct transcriptomic profile to further our understanding of NK development and heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jason R Siebert
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Robert Burns
- Bioinfomatics Core, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Zachary J Gerbec
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Benedetta Bonacci
- Flow Cytometry Core, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Amy Rymaszewski
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Mary Rau
- Departments of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Matthew J Riese
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Laboratory of Stem Cell Transcriptional Regulation, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Karen-Sue Carlson
- Departments of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Laboratory of Coagulation Biology, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - John M Routes
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - James W Verbsky
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA. .,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA. .,Departments of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA. .,Departments of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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15
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Huang Q, Ding J, Gong M, Wei M, Zhao Q, Yang J. Effect of miR-30e regulating NK cell activities on immune tolerance of maternal-fetal interface by targeting PRF1. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1478-1487. [PMID: 30551399 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Natural killer (NK) cells, as key regulatory cells, accumulate at the maternal-fetal interface in large numbers. This study explored the effect of miR-30e on regulating the activity and function of peripheral blood NK cells (PB-NK cells) and decidua NK cells (D-NK cells) by targeting PRF1 in immune tolerance of maternal-fetal interface. METHODS Expressions of miR-30e in PB and decidua tissues from 49 patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion and 52 normal pregnant women were measured using PCR. NK cells were isolated from PB and decidua tissues and identified by flow cytometry (FCM). In PB-NK cells and D-NK cells activated by IFN-α, expressions of miR-30e and PRF1 were determined by PCR and Western blot. Negative controls of miR-30e mimics/inhibitors and siRNA against PRF1 were transfected in PB-NK cells and D-NK cells. Expressions of miR-30e and PRF1 were determined and their relationship was verified. Expressions of KIR2DL1, NKp44, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-10 were determined by FCM. Cytotoxicity kit was used to identify the cytotoxicity of NK cells. PCR and ELISA were employed to measure expression of VEGF, Ang-2 and PGF in D-NK cells. RESULTS After activation by IFN-α, D-NK cells and PB-NK cells showed decreased miR-30e expression and increased PRF1 expression in normal non-pregnant women. PRF1 is a target gene of miR-30e and miR-30e negatively regulated PRF1 expression. The treatment of miR-30e mimics elevated KIR2DL1 expression and decreased NKp44 expression in PB-NK or D-NK cells. Moreover, up-regulation of miR-30e expression suppressed cytotoxicity, corresponding to increased expression of IL-4and IL-10 and reduced expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α in PB-NK and D-NK cells, as well as enhanced expression of VEGF, Ang-2 and PGF in D-NK cells. Transfection of miR-30e inhibitors could reverse the tendencies. CONCLUSION Up-regulated miR-30e can reduce the cytotoxicity of PB-NK cells and D-NK cells by targeting PRF1, whereby inhibiting Th1 tolerance phenotype and inducing Th2 immunodominance. miR-30e may be contributive to creating a micro-immune tolerance environment of maternal-fetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hosptial of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Jinli Ding
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hosptial of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Meng Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hosptial of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Min Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hosptial of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Qinghong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hosptial of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hosptial of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China.
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16
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Yang C, Tsaih SW, Lemke A, Flister MJ, Thakar MS, Malarkannan S. mTORC1 and mTORC2 differentially promote natural killer cell development. eLife 2018; 7:35619. [PMID: 29809146 PMCID: PMC5976438 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells that are essential for innate and adaptive immunity. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is critical for NK cell development; however, the independent roles of mTORC1 or mTORC2 in regulating this process remain unknown. Ncr1iCre-mediated deletion of Rptor or Rictor in mice results in altered homeostatic NK cellularity and impaired development at distinct stages. The transition from the CD27+CD11b− to the CD27+CD11b+ stage is impaired in Rptor cKO mice, while, the terminal maturation from the CD27+CD11b+ to the CD27−CD11b+ stage is compromised in Rictor cKO mice. Mechanistically, Raptor-deficiency renders substantial alteration of the gene expression profile including transcription factors governing early NK cell development. Comparatively, loss of Rictor causes more restricted transcriptome changes. The reduced expression of T-bet correlates with the terminal maturation defects and results from impaired mTORC2-AktS473-FoxO1 signaling. Collectively, our results reveal the divergent roles of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in NK cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Shirng-Wern Tsaih
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Departments of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Angela Lemke
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Departments of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Michael J Flister
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Departments of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Departments of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Departments of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Departments of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
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17
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Al-Attar A, Presnell SR, Clasey JL, Long DE, Walton RG, Sexton M, Starr ME, Kern PA, Peterson CA, Lutz CT. Human Body Composition and Immunity: Visceral Adipose Tissue Produces IL-15 and Muscle Strength Inversely Correlates with NK Cell Function in Elderly Humans. Front Immunol 2018; 9:440. [PMID: 29559978 PMCID: PMC5845694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion control infections and cancers, but these crucial activities decline with age. NK cell development, homeostasis, and function require IL-15 and its chaperone, IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Rα). Macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) are major sources of these proteins. We had previously postulated that additional IL-15 and IL-15Rα is made by skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. These sources may be important in aging, when IL-15-producing immune cells decline. NK cells circulate through adipose tissue, where they may be exposed to local IL-15. The objectives of this work were to determine (1) if human muscle, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) are sources of IL-15 and IL-15 Rα, and (2) whether any of these tissues correlate with NK cell activity in elderly humans. We first investigated IL-15 and IL-15Rα RNA expression in paired muscle and SAT biopsies from healthy human subjects. Both tissues expressed these transcripts, but IL-15Rα RNA levels were higher in SAT than in skeletal muscle. We also investigated tissue obtained from surgeries and found that SAT and VAT expressed equivalent amounts of IL-15 and IL-15Rα RNA, respectively. Furthermore, stromal vascular fraction cells expressed more IL-15 RNA than did adipocytes. To test if these findings related to circulating IL-15 protein and NK cell function, we tested 50 healthy adults aged > 70 years old. Plasma IL-15 levels significantly correlated with abdominal VAT mass in the entire cohort and in non-obese subjects. However, plasma IL-15 levels did not correlate with skeletal muscle cross-sectional area and correlated inversely with muscle strength. Plasma IL-15 did correlate with NK cell cytotoxic granule exocytosis and with CCL4 (MIP-1β) production in response to NKp46-crosslinking. Additionally, NK cell responses to K562 leukemia cells correlated inversely with muscle strength. With aging, immune function declines while infections, cancers, and deaths increase. We propose that VAT-derived IL-15 and IL-15Rα is a compensatory NK cell support mechanism in elderly humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Al-Attar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Steven R Presnell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jody L Clasey
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, College of Education, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Douglas E Long
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - R Grace Walton
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Morgan Sexton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Marlene E Starr
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Philip A Kern
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Charles T Lutz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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18
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Nagel S, Pommerenke C, Meyer C, Kaufmann M, MacLeod RAF, Drexler HG. NKL homeobox gene MSX1 acts like a tumor suppressor in NK-cell leukemia. Oncotarget 2017; 8:66815-66832. [PMID: 28977998 PMCID: PMC5620138 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NKL homeobox gene MSX1 is physiologically expressed in lymphoid progenitors and subsequently downregulated in developing T- and B-cells. In contrast, elevated expression levels of MSX1 persist in mature natural killer (NK)-cells, indicating a functional role in this compartment. While T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) subsets exhibit aberrant overexpression of MSX1, we show here that in malignant NK-cells the level of MSX1 transcripts is aberrantly downregulated. Chromosomal deletions at 4p16 hosting the MSX1 locus have been described in NK-cell leukemia patients. However, NK-cell lines analyzed here showed normal MSX1 gene configurations, indicating that this aberration might be uncommon. To identify alternative MSX1 regulatory mechanisms we compared expression profiling data of primary normal NK-cells and malignant NK-cell lines. This procedure revealed several deregulated genes including overexpressed IRF4, MIR155HG and MIR17HG and downregulated AUTS2, EP300, GATA3 and HHEX. As shown recently, chromatin-modulator AUTS2 is overexpressed in T-ALL subsets where it mediates aberrant transcriptional activation of MSX1. Here, our data demonstrate that in malignant NK-cell lines AUTS2 performed MSX1 activation as well, but in accordance with downregulated MSX1 transcription therein we detected reduced AUTS2 expression, a small genomic deletion at 7q11 removing exons 3 and 4, and truncating mutations in exon 1. Moreover, genomic profiling and chromosomal analyses of NK-cell lines demonstrated amplification of IRF4 at 6p25 and deletion of PRDM1 at 6q21, highlighting their potential oncogenic impact. Functional analyses performed via knockdown or forced expression of these genes revealed regulatory network disturbances effecting downregulation of MSX1 which may underlie malignant development in NK-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Nagel
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Claudia Pommerenke
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Corinna Meyer
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maren Kaufmann
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Roderick A F MacLeod
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans G Drexler
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany
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19
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Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 2 Negatively Regulates NK Cell Differentiation by Inhibiting JAK2 Activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46153. [PMID: 28383049 PMCID: PMC5382670 DOI: 10.1038/srep46153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are negative regulators of cytokine responses. Although recent reports have shown regulatory roles for SOCS proteins in innate and adaptive immunity, their roles in natural killer (NK) cell development are largely unknown. Here, we show that SOCS2 is involved in NK cell development. SOCS2−/− mice showed a high frequency of NK cells in the bone marrow and spleen. Knockdown of SOCS2 was associated with enhanced differentiation of NK cells in vitro, and the transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into congenic mice resulted in enhanced differentiation in SOCS2−/− HSCs. We found that SOCS2 could inhibit Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) activity and JAK2-STAT5 signaling pathways via direct interaction with JAK2. Furthermore, SOCS2−/− mice showed a reduction in lung metastases and an increase in survival following melanoma challenge. Overall, our findings suggest that SOCS2 negatively regulates the development of NK cells by inhibiting JAK2 activity via direct interaction.
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20
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Cheng H, Jin C, Wu J, Zhu S, Liu YJ, Chen J. Guards at the gate: physiological and pathological roles of tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells in the lung. Protein Cell 2017; 8:878-895. [PMID: 28271447 PMCID: PMC5712288 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung is an important open organ and the primary site of respiration. Many life-threatening diseases develop in the lung, e.g., pneumonia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs), pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer. In the lung, innate immunity serves as the frontline in both anti-irritant response and anti-tumor defense and is also critical for mucosal homeostasis; thus, it plays an important role in containing these pulmonary diseases. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), characterized by their strict tissue residence and distinct function in the mucosa, are attracting increased attention in innate immunity. Upon sensing the danger signals from damaged epithelium, ILCs activate, proliferate, and release numerous cytokines with specific local functions; they also participate in mucosal immune-surveillance, immune-regulation, and homeostasis. However, when their functions become uncontrolled, ILCs can enhance pathological states and induce diseases. In this review, we discuss the physiological and pathological functions of ILC subsets 1 to 3 in the lung, and how the pathogenic environment affects the function and plasticity of ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Cheng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chengyan Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China. .,Sanofi Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Jingtao Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China.
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21
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Mace EM, Bigley V, Gunesch JT, Chinn IK, Angelo LS, Care MA, Maisuria S, Keller MD, Togi S, Watkin LB, LaRosa DF, Jhangiani SN, Muzny DM, Stray-Pedersen A, Coban Akdemir Z, Smith JB, Hernández-Sanabria M, Le DT, Hogg GD, Cao TN, Freud AG, Szymanski EP, Savic S, Collin M, Cant AJ, Gibbs RA, Holland SM, Caligiuri MA, Ozato K, Paust S, Doody GM, Lupski JR, Orange JS. Biallelic mutations in IRF8 impair human NK cell maturation and function. J Clin Invest 2016; 127:306-320. [PMID: 27893462 DOI: 10.1172/jci86276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NK cell deficiencies are rare yet result in severe and often fatal disease, particularly as a result of viral susceptibility. NK cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells, and few monogenic errors that specifically interrupt NK cell development have been reported. Here we have described biallelic mutations in IRF8, which encodes an interferon regulatory factor, as a cause of familial NK cell deficiency that results in fatal and severe viral disease. Compound heterozygous or homozygous mutations in IRF8 in 3 unrelated families resulted in a paucity of mature CD56dim NK cells and an increase in the frequency of the immature CD56bright NK cells, and this impairment in terminal maturation was also observed in Irf8-/-, but not Irf8+/-, mice. We then determined that impaired maturation was NK cell intrinsic, and gene expression analysis of human NK cell developmental subsets showed that multiple genes were dysregulated by IRF8 mutation. The phenotype was accompanied by deficient NK cell function and was stable over time. Together, these data indicate that human NK cells require IRF8 for development and functional maturation and that dysregulation of this function results in severe human disease, thereby emphasizing a critical role for NK cells in human antiviral defense.
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22
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Geiger TL, Sun JC. Development and maturation of natural killer cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 39:82-9. [PMID: 26845614 PMCID: PMC4801705 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that are critical for host protection against pathogens and cancer due to their ability to rapidly release inflammatory cytokines and kill infected or transformed cells. In the 40 years since their initial discovery, much has been learned about how this important cellular lineage develops and functions. We now know that NK cells are the founding members of an expanded family of lymphocyte known as innate lymphoid cells (ILC). Furthermore, we have recently discovered that NK cells can possess features of adaptive immunity such as antigen specificity and long-lived memory responses. Here we will review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving development of NK cells from the common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) to mature NK cells, and from activated effectors to long-lived memory NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Geiger
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, United States; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, United States; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States; Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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23
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Leong JW, Wagner JA, Ireland AR, Fehniger TA. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of NK cell development and function. Clin Immunol 2016; 177:60-69. [PMID: 26948928 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are specialized innate lymphoid cells that survey against viral infections and malignancy. Numerous advances have improved our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control NK cell development and function over the past decade. These include both studies on the regulatory effects of transcription factors and translational repression via microRNAs. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of DNA-binding transcription factors that regulate gene expression and thereby orchestrate NK cell development and activation, with an emphasis on recent discoveries. Additionally, we highlight our understanding of how RNA-binding microRNAs fine tune the NK cell molecular program. We also underscore the large number of open questions in the field that are now being addressed using new technological approaches and genetically engineered model organisms. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of the basic molecular biology of NK cells will facilitate new strategies to manipulate NK cells for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Leong
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julia A Wagner
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aaron R Ireland
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Todd A Fehniger
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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24
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Ali AK, Oh JS, Vivier E, Busslinger M, Lee SH. NK Cell-Specific Gata3 Ablation Identifies the Maturation Program Required for Bone Marrow Exit and Control of Proliferation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1753-67. [PMID: 26773150 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are innate lymphocytes capable of eliciting an innate immune response to pathogens. NK cells develop and become mature in the bone marrow (BM) before they migrate out to peripheral organs. Although the developmental program leading to mature NK cells has been studied in the context of several transcription factors, the stage-specific role of GATA3 in NK cell development has been incompletely understood. Using NKp46-Cre-Gata3(fl/fl) mice in which Gata3 deficiency was induced as early as the immature stage of NK cell differentiation, we demonstrated that GATA3 is required for the NK cell maturation beyond the CD27 single-positive stage and is indispensable for the maintenance of liver-resident NK cells. The frequencies of NK cells from NKp46-Cre-Gata3(fl/fl) mice were found higher in the BM but lower in peripheral organs compared with control littermates, indicating that GATA3 controls the maturation program required for BM egress. Despite the defect in maturation, upon murine CMV infection, NK cells from NKp46-Cre-Gata3(fl/fl) mice expanded vigorously, achieving NK cell frequencies surpassing those in controls and therefore provided comparable protection. The heightened proliferation of NK cells from NKp46-Cre-Gata3(fl/fl) mice was cell intrinsic and associated with enhanced upregulation of CD25 expression. Taken together, our results demonstrate that GATA3 is a critical regulator for NK cell terminal maturation and egress out of the BM and that immature NK cells present in the periphery of NKp46-Cre-Gata3(fl/fl) mice can rapidly expand and provide a reservoir of NK cells capable of mounting an efficient cytotoxic response upon virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Kassim Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jun Seok Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université UM2, INSERM, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France; Immunologie, Hôpital de la Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13385 Marseille, France; and
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada;
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25
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Ezh2 regulates differentiation and function of natural killer cells through histone methyltransferase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15988-93. [PMID: 26668377 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521740112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes of histone modification status at critical lineage-specifying gene loci in multipotent precursors can influence cell fate commitment. The contribution of these epigenetic mechanisms to natural killer (NK) cell lineage determination from common lymphoid precursors is not understood. Here we investigate the impact of histone methylation repressive marks (H3 Lys27 trimethylation; H3K27(me3)) on early NK cell differentiation. We demonstrate that selective loss of the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase Ezh2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) or inhibition of its enzymatic activity with small molecules unexpectedly increased generation of the IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) CD122(+) NK precursors and mature NK progeny from both mouse and human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that enhanced NK cell expansion and cytotoxicity against tumor cells were associated with up-regulation of CD122 and the C-type lectin receptor NKG2D. Moreover, NKG2D deficiency diminished the positive effects of Ezh2 inhibitors on NK cell commitment. Identification of the contribution of Ezh2 to NK lineage specification and function reveals an epigenetic-based mechanism that regulates NK cell development and provides insight into the clinical application of Ezh2 inhibitors in NK-based cancer immunotherapies.
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26
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Sullivan RP, Leong JW, Schneider SE, Ireland AR, Berrien-Elliott MM, Singh A, Schappe T, Jewell BA, Sexl V, Fehniger TA. MicroRNA-15/16 Antagonizes Myb To Control NK Cell Maturation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2806-17. [PMID: 26268657 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
NK cells develop in the bone marrow and complete their maturation in peripheral organs, but the molecular events controlling maturation are incompletely understood. The miR-15/16 family of microRNA regulates key cellular processes and is abundantly expressed in NK cells. In this study, we identify a critical role for miR-15/16 in the normal maturation of NK cells using a mouse model of NK-specific deletion, in which immature NK cells accumulate in the absence of miR-15/16. The transcription factor c-Myb (Myb) is expressed preferentially by immature NK cells, is a direct target of miR-15/16, and is increased in 15a/16-1 floxed knockout NK cells. Importantly, maturation of 15a/16-1 floxed knockout NK cells was rescued by Myb knockdown. Moreover, Myb overexpression in wild-type NK cells caused a defective NK cell maturation phenotype similar to deletion of miR-15/16, and Myb overexpression enforces an immature NK cell transcriptional profile. Thus, miR-15/16 regulation of Myb controls the NK cell maturation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Sullivan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Jeffrey W Leong
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Stephanie E Schneider
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Aaron R Ireland
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Melissa M Berrien-Elliott
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Anvita Singh
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Timothy Schappe
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Brea A Jewell
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Todd A Fehniger
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
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27
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Zamora AE, Grossenbacher SK, Aguilar EG, Murphy WJ. Models to Study NK Cell Biology and Possible Clinical Application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 110:14.37.1-14.37.14. [PMID: 26237009 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1437s110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes of the innate immune system, responsible for direct targeting and killing of both virally infected and transformed cells. NK cells rapidly recognize and respond to abnormal cells in the absence of prior sensitization due to their wide array of germline-encoded inhibitory and activating receptors, which differs from the receptor diversity found in B and T lymphocytes that is due to the use of recombination-activation gene (RAG) enzymes. Although NK cells have traditionally been described as natural killers that provide a first line of defense prior to the induction of adaptive immunity, a more complex view of NK cells is beginning to emerge, indicating they may also function in various immunoregulatory roles and have the capacity to shape adaptive immune responses. With the growing appreciation for the diverse functions of NK cells, and recent technological advancements that allow for a more in-depth understanding of NK cell biology, we can now begin to explore new ways to manipulate NK cells to increase their clinical utility. In this overview unit, we introduce the reader to various aspects of NK cell biology by reviewing topics ranging from NK cell diversity and function, mouse models, and the roles of NK cells in health and disease, to potential clinical applications. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Zamora
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | | | - Ethan G Aguilar
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
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28
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Abstract
The immune system can be divided into innate and adaptive components that differ in their rate and mode of cellular activation, with innate immune cells being the first responders to invading pathogens. Recent advances in the identification and characterization of innate lymphoid cells have revealed reiterative developmental programs that result in cells with effector fates that parallel those of adaptive lymphoid cells and are tailored to effectively eliminate a broad spectrum of pathogenic challenges. However, activation of these cells can also be associated with pathologies such as autoimmune disease. One major distinction between innate and adaptive immune system cells is the constitutive expression of ID proteins in the former and inducible expression in the latter. ID proteins function as antagonists of the E protein transcription factors that play critical roles in lymphoid specification as well as B- and T-lymphocyte development. In this review, we examine the transcriptional mechanisms controlling the development of innate lymphocytes, including natural killer cells and the recently identified innate lymphoid cells (ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3), and innate-like lymphocytes, including natural killer T cells, with an emphasis on the known requirements for the ID proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihalis Verykokakis
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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29
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Deng Y, Kerdiles Y, Chu J, Yuan S, Wang Y, Chen X, Mao H, Zhang L, Zhang J, Hughes T, Deng Y, Zhang Q, Wang F, Zou X, Liu CG, Freud AG, Li X, Caligiuri MA, Vivier E, Yu J. Transcription factor Foxo1 is a negative regulator of natural killer cell maturation and function. Immunity 2015; 42:457-70. [PMID: 25769609 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the role of negative regulators in controlling natural killer (NK) cell development and effector functions. Foxo1 is a multifunctional transcription factor of the forkhead family. Using a mouse model of conditional deletion in NK cells, we found that Foxo1 negatively controlled NK cell differentiation and function. Immature NK cells expressed abundant Foxo1 and little Tbx21 relative to mature NK cells, but these two transcription factors reversed their expression as NK cells proceeded through development. Foxo1 promoted NK cell homing to lymph nodes by upregulating CD62L expression and inhibited late-stage maturation and effector functions by repressing Tbx21 expression. Loss of Foxo1 rescued the defect in late-stage NK cell maturation in heterozygous Tbx21(+/-) mice. Collectively, our data reveal a regulatory pathway by which the negative regulator Foxo1 and the positive regulator Tbx21 play opposing roles in controlling NK cell development and effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcai Deng
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yann Kerdiles
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University UM2, Inserm U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Jianhong Chu
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shunzong Yuan
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Lymphoma, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Youwei Wang
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xilin Chen
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Lymphoma, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hsiaoyin Mao
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lingling Zhang
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tiffany Hughes
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yafei Deng
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fangjie Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xianghong Zou
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chang-Gong Liu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aharon G Freud
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; The James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University UM2, Inserm U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille 13288, France; Service d'Immunologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille 13385, France
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; The James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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30
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Marquardt N, Béziat V, Nyström S, Hengst J, Ivarsson MA, Kekäläinen E, Johansson H, Mjösberg J, Westgren M, Lankisch TO, Wedemeyer H, Ellis EC, Ljunggren HG, Michaëlsson J, Björkström NK. Cutting edge: identification and characterization of human intrahepatic CD49a+ NK cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2467-71. [PMID: 25672754 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although NK cells are considered innate, recent studies in mice revealed the existence of a unique lineage of hepatic CD49a(+)DX5(-) NK cells with adaptive-like features. Development of this NK cell lineage is, in contrast to conventional NK cells, dependent on T-bet but not Eomes. In this study, we describe the identification of a T-bet(+)Eomes(-)CD49a(+) NK cell subset readily detectable in the human liver, but not in afferent or efferent hepatic venous or peripheral blood. Human intrahepatic CD49a(+) NK cells express killer cell Ig-like receptor and NKG2C, indicative of having undergone clonal-like expansion, are CD56(bright), and express low levels of CD16, CD57, and perforin. After stimulation, CD49a(+) NK cells express high levels of inflammatory cytokines but degranulate poorly. CD49a(+) NK cells retain their phenotype after expansion in long-term in vitro cultures. These results demonstrate the presence of a likely human counterpart of mouse intrahepatic NK cells with adaptive-like features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Marquardt
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanna Nyström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Hengst
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin A Ivarsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eliisa Kekäläinen
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helene Johansson
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Westgren
- Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim O Lankisch
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ewa C Ellis
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakob Michaëlsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden;
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31
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Deauvieau F, Fenis A, Dalençon F, Burdin N, Vivier E, Kerdiles Y. Lessons from NK Cell Deficiencies in the Mouse. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 395:173-90. [PMID: 26385768 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the late 1970s, in vivo studies on mouse natural killer (NK) cell almost entirely relied on the use of depleting antibodies and were associated with significant limitations. More recently, large-scale gene-expression analyses allowed the identification of NKp46 as one of the best markers of NK cells across mammalian species. Since then, NKp46 has been shown to be expressed on other subsets of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) such as the closely related ILC1 and the mucosa-associated NCR(+) ILC3. Based on this marker, several mouse models specifically targeting NKp46-expressing cell have recently been produced. Here, we review recent advances in the generation of models of deficiency in NKp46-expressing cells and their use to address the role of NK cells in immunity, notably on the regulation of adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Deauvieau
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Aurore Fenis
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France
| | | | - Nicolas Burdin
- SANOFI-Pasteur, Campus Merieux, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France.,Service d'Immunologie, Hôpital de la Conception, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Yann Kerdiles
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France.
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32
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that survey the environment and protect the host from infected and cancerous cells. As their name implies, NK cells represent an early line of defense during pathogen invasion by directly killing infected cells and secreting inflammatory cytokines. Although the function of NK cells was first described more than four decades ago, the development of this cytotoxic lineage is not well understood. In recent years, we have begun to identify specific transcription factors that control each stage of development and maturation, from ontogeny of the NK cell progenitor to the effector functions of activated NK cells in peripheral organs. This chapter highlights the transcription factors that are unique to NK cells, or shared between NK cells and other hematopoietic cell lineages, but govern the biology of this cytolytic lymphocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Sun
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, 408 East 69th Street, ZRC-1402, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box protein family member 2 (TOX2) is a transcription factor belonging to the TOX family that shares a highly conserved high mobility group DNA-binding domain with the other TOX members. Although TOX1 has been shown to be an essential regulator of T-cell and natural killer (NK) cell differentiation in mice, little is known about the roles of the other TOX family members in lymphocyte development, particularly in humans. In this study, we found that TOX2 was preferentially expressed in mature human NK cells (mNK) and was upregulated during in vitro differentiation of NK cells from human umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived CD34(+) cells. Gene silencing of TOX2 intrinsically hindered the transition between early developmental stages of NK cells, whereas overexpression of TOX2 enhanced the development of mNK cells from UCB CD34(+) cells. We subsequently found that TOX2 was independent of ETS-1 but could directly upregulate the transcription of TBX21 (encoding T-BET). Overexpression of T-BET rescued the TOX2 knockdown phenotypes. Given the essential function of T-BET in NK cell differentiation, TOX2 therefore plays a crucial role in controlling normal NK cell development by acting upstream of TBX21 transcriptional regulation.
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34
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Leong JW, Sullivan RP, Fehniger TA. microRNA management of NK-cell developmental and functional programs. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2862-8. [PMID: 25142111 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are innate lymphoid cells that are critical for host defense against infection, and mediate anti-tumor responses. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a large family of small noncoding RNAs that target the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs, thereby attenuating protein translation. The expression of miRNAs within human peripheral blood and mouse splenic NK cells has been cataloged, with the majority of the miRNA sequence pool represented in the top 60 most abundantly expressed miRNAs. Global miRNA deficiency within NK cells has confirmed their critical role in NK-cell biology, including defects in NK-cell development and altered functionality. Studies using gain- and loss-of-function of individual miRNAs in NK cells have demonstrated the role of specific miRNAs in regulating NK-cell development, maturation, and activation. miRNAs also regulate fundamental NK-cell processes including cytokine production, cytotoxicity, and proliferation. This review provides an update on the intrinsic miRNA regulation of NK cells, including miRNA expression profiles, as well as their impact on NK-cell biology. Additional profiling is needed to better understand miRNA expression within NK-cell developmental intermediates, subsets, tissues, and in the setting of disease. Furthermore, key open questions in the field as well as technical challenges in the study of miRNAs in NK cells are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Leong
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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35
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Torres LC, Soares DCDQ, Kulikowski LD, Franco JF, Kim CA. NK and B cell deficiency in a MPS type II family with novel mutation in the IDS gene. Clin Immunol 2014; 154:100-4. [PMID: 25038527 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of rare, inherited lysosomal storage disorders that are clinically characterized by abnormalities in multiple organ systems and reduced life expectancy. Whereas the lysosome is essential to the functioning of the immune system, some authors suggest that the MPS patients have abnormalities in the immune system similar to the patients with primary immunodeficiency. In this study, we evaluated 8 male MPS type II patients of the same family with novel mutation in the IDS gene. We found in this MPS family a quantitative deficiency of NK and B cells with normal values of IgG, IgM and IgA serum antibodies and normal response to polysaccharide antigens. Interestingly, abnormalities found in these patients were not observed in other MPS patients, suggesting that the type of mutation found in the IDS gene can be implicated in the immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leuridan Cavalcante Torres
- Translational Research Laboratory Prof. C. A. Hart, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Brazil; Medical Investigation Laboratory (LIM 36), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Diogo Cordeiro de Queiroz Soares
- Translational Research Laboratory Prof. C. A. Hart, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Brazil; Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leslie Domenici Kulikowski
- Department of Pathology, Citogenomics Laboratory (LIM 03), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Francisco Franco
- Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chong Ae Kim
- Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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36
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Lin L, Ma C, Wei B, Aziz N, Rajalingam R, Yusung S, Erlich HA, Trachtenberg EA, Targan SR, McGovern DPB, Heath JR, Braun J. Human NK cells licensed by killer Ig receptor genes have an altered cytokine program that modifies CD4+ T cell function. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:940-9. [PMID: 24935928 PMCID: PMC4096688 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are innate immune cells known for their cytolytic activities toward tumors and infections. They are capable of expressing diverse killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs), and KIRs are implicated in susceptibility to Crohn's disease (CD), a chronic intestinal inflammatory disease. However, the cellular mechanism of this genetic contribution is unknown. In this study, we show that the "licensing" of NK cells, determined by the presence of KIR2DL3 and homozygous HLA-C1 in host genome, results in their cytokine reprogramming, which permits them to promote CD4(+) T cell activation and Th17 differentiation ex vivo. Microfluidic analysis of thousands of NK single cells and bulk secretions established that licensed NK cells are more polarized to proinflammatory cytokine production than unlicensed NK cells, including production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, CCL-5, and MIP-1β. Cytokines produced by licensed NK augmented CD4(+) T cell proliferation and IL-17A/IL-22 production. Ab blocking indicated a primary role for IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the augmented T cell-proliferative response. In conclusion, NK licensing mediated by KIR2DL2/3 and HLA-C1 elicits a novel NK cytokine program that activates and induces proinflammatory CD4(+) T cells, thereby providing a potential biologic mechanism for KIR-associated susceptibility to CD and other chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Chao Ma
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Najib Aziz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Raja Rajalingam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Susy Yusung
- Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Henry A Erlich
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609
| | | | - Stephan R Targan
- Translational Genomics Group, F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Dermot P B McGovern
- Translational Genomics Group, F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048; Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - James R Heath
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; NanoSystems Biology Cancer Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125; and Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
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37
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Inborn errors of the development of human natural killer cells. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 13:589-95. [PMID: 24135998 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inborn errors of human natural killer (NK) cells may affect the development of these cells, their function, or both. There are two broad categories of genetic defects of NK cell development, depending on whether the deficiency is apparently specific to NK cells or clearly affects multiple hematopoietic lineages. We review here recent progress in the genetic dissection of these NK deficiencies (NKDs). RECENT FINDINGS Patients with severe combined immunodeficiencies bearing mutations of adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase 2, interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain, and Janus kinase 3 genes present NKDs and are prone to a broad range of infections. Patients with GATA binding protein 2 deficiency are susceptible to both mycobacterial and viral infections, and display NKDs and a lack of monocytes. Rare patients with mini chromosomal maintenance 4 deficiency display an apparently selective NKD associated with viral infections, but they also display various nonhematopoietic phenotypes, including adrenal insufficiency and growth retardation. SUMMARY These studies have initiated a genetic dissection of the development of human NK cells. Further studies are warranted, including the search for genetic causes of NKD in particular. This research may lead to the discovery of molecules specifically controlling the development of NK cells and to improvements in our understanding of the hitherto elusive function of these cells in humans.
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38
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Beaulieu AM, Zawislak CL, Nakayama T, Sun JC. The transcription factor Zbtb32 controls the proliferative burst of virus-specific natural killer cells responding to infection. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:546-53. [PMID: 24747678 PMCID: PMC4404304 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that exhibit many features of adaptive immunity, including clonal proliferation and long-lived memory. Here we demonstrate that the BTB-ZF transcription factor Zbtb32 (also known as ROG, FAZF, TZFP and PLZP) was essential for the proliferative burst and protective capacity of virus-specific NK cells. Signals from proinflammatory cytokines were both necessary and sufficient to induce high expression of Zbtb32 in NK cells. Zbtb32 facilitated NK cell proliferation during infection by antagonizing the anti-proliferative factor Blimp-1 (Prdm1). Our data support a model in which Zbtb32 acts as a cellular 'hub' through which proinflammatory signals instruct a 'proliferation-permissive' state in NK cells, thereby allowing their prolific expansion in response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M Beaulieu
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carolyn L Zawislak
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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39
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Freud AG, Yu J, Caligiuri MA. Human natural killer cell development in secondary lymphoid tissues. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:132-7. [PMID: 24661538 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For nearly a decade it has been appreciated that critical steps in human natural killer (NK) cell development likely occur outside of the bone marrow and potentially necessitate distinct microenvironments within extramedullary tissues. The latter include the liver and gravid uterus as well as secondary lymphoid tissues such as tonsils and lymph nodes. For as yet unknown reasons these tissues are naturally enriched with NK cell developmental intermediates (NKDI) that span a maturation continuum starting from an oligopotent CD34(+)CD45RA(+) hematopoietic precursor cell to a cytolytic mature NK cell. Indeed despite the detection of NKDI within the aforementioned tissues, relatively little is known about how, why, and when these tissues may be most suited to support NK cell maturation and how this process fits in with other components of the human immune system. With the discovery of other innate lymphoid subsets whose immunophenotypes overlap with those of NKDI, there is also need to revisit and potentially re-characterize the basic immunophenotypes of the stages of the human NK cell developmental pathway in vivo. In this review, we provide an overview of human NK cell development in secondary lymphoid tissues and discuss the many questions that remain to be answered in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aharon G Freud
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center and The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center and The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center and The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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40
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Denis CM, Langelaan DN, Kirlin AC, Chitayat S, Munro K, Spencer HL, LeBrun DP, Smith SP. Functional redundancy between the transcriptional activation domains of E2A is mediated by binding to the KIX domain of CBP/p300. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:7370-82. [PMID: 24682819 PMCID: PMC4066744 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The E-protein transcription factors play essential roles in lymphopoiesis, with E12 and E47 (hereafter called E2A) being particularly important in B cell specification and maturation. The E2A gene is also involved in a chromosomal translocation that results in the leukemogenic oncoprotein E2A-PBX1. The two activation domains of E2A, AD1 and AD2, display redundant, independent, and cooperative functions in a cell-dependent manner. AD1 of E2A functions by binding the transcriptional co-activator CBP/p300; this interaction is required in oncogenesis and occurs between the conserved ϕ-x-x-ϕ-ϕ motif in AD1 and the KIX domain of CBP/p300. However, co-activator recruitment by AD2 has not been characterized. Here, we demonstrate that the first of two conserved ϕ-x-x-ϕ-ϕ motifs within AD2 of E2A interacts at the same binding site on KIX as AD1. Mutagenesis uncovered a correspondence between the KIX-binding affinity of AD2 and transcriptional activation. Although AD2 is dispensable for oncogenesis, experimentally increasing the affinity of AD2 for KIX uncovered a latent potential to mediate immortalization of primary hematopoietic progenitors by E2A-PBX1. Our findings suggest that redundancy between the two E2A activation domains with respect to transcriptional activation and oncogenic function is mediated by binding to the same surface of the KIX domain of CBP/p300.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Denis
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David N Langelaan
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Alyssa C Kirlin
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Seth Chitayat
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kim Munro
- Protein Function Discovery Group, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Holly L Spencer
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David P LeBrun
- Protein Function Discovery Group, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Steven P Smith
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada Protein Function Discovery Group, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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41
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Crotta S, Gkioka A, Male V, Duarte JH, Davidson S, Nisoli I, Brady HJM, Wack A. The transcription factor E4BP4 is not required for extramedullary pathways of NK cell development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2677-88. [PMID: 24534532 PMCID: PMC3948112 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
NK cells contribute to antitumor and antiviral immunosurveillance. Their development in the bone marrow (BM) requires the transcription factor E4BP4/NFIL3, but requirements in other organs are less well defined. In this study, we show that CD3−NK1.1+NKp46+CD122+ NK cells of immature phenotype and expressing low eomesodermin levels are found in thymus, spleen, and liver of E4BP4-deficient mice, whereas numbers of mature, eomesoderminhigh conventional NK cells are drastically reduced. E4BP4-deficient CD44+CD25− double-negative 1 thymocytes efficiently develop in vitro into NK cells with kinetics, phenotype, and functionality similar to wild-type controls, whereas no NK cells develop from E4BP4-deficient BM precursors. In E4BP4/Rag-1 double-deficient (DKO) mice, NK cells resembling those in Rag-1–deficient controls are found in similar numbers in the thymus and liver. However, NK precursors are reduced in DKO BM, and no NK cells develop from DKO BM progenitors in vitro. DKO thymocyte precursors readily develop into NK cells, but DKO BM transfers into nude recipients and NK cells in E4BP4/Rag-1/IL-7 triple-KO mice indicated thymus-independent NK cell development. In the presence of T cells or E4BP4-sufficient NK cells, DKO NK cells have a selective disadvantage, and thymic and hepatic DKO NK cells show reduced survival when adoptively transferred into lymphopenic hosts. This correlates with higher apoptosis rates and lower responsiveness to IL-15 in vitro. In conclusion, we demonstrate E4BP4-independent development of NK cells of immature phenotype, reduced fitness, short t1/2, and potential extramedullary origin. Our data identify E4BP4-independent NK cell developmental pathways and a role for E4BP4 in NK cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Crotta
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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42
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Tissue-resident natural killer cells and their potential diversity. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:127-31. [PMID: 24548893 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Conventional NK cells are well characterized in the mouse spleen and circulate in the blood. Less well described are NK cells found in organs such as the liver, thymus, and uterus. Recently we identified a tissue-resident NK (trNK) cell population in the liver, suggesting a potential diversity of trNK cells in other organs. In this review we compare and contrast the similarities and differences among the subpopulations of NK and innate lymphoid cells to the trNK cells in the liver.
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43
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Transcription factor Runx3 regulates interleukin-15-dependent natural killer cell activation. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:1158-69. [PMID: 24421391 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01202-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells belong to the family of innate lymphoid cells comprising the frontline defense against infected and transformed cells. Development and activation of natural killer cells is highly dependent on interleukin-15 signaling. However, very little is known about the transcription program driving this process. The transcription factor Runx3 is highly expressed in natural killer cells, but its function in these cells is largely unknown. We show that loss of Runx3 impaired interleukin-15-dependent accumulation of mature natural killer cells in vivo and under culture conditions and pregnant Runx3(-/-) mice completely lack the unique population of interleukin-15-dependent uterine natural killer cells. Combined chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and differential gene expression analysis of wild-type versus Runx3-deficient in vivo activated splenic natural killer cells revealed that Runx3 cooperates with ETS and T-box transcription factors to drive the interleukin-15-mediated transcription program during activation of these cells. Runx3 functions as a nuclear regulator during interleukin-15-dependent activation of natural killer cells by regulating the expression of genes involved in proliferation, maturation, and migration. Similar studies with additional transcription factors will allow the construction of a more detailed transcriptional network that controls natural killer cell development and function.
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44
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Sojka DK, Plougastel-Douglas B, Yang L, Pak-Wittel MA, Artyomov MN, Ivanova Y, Zhong C, Chase JM, Rothman PB, Yu J, Riley JK, Zhu J, Tian Z, Yokoyama WM. Tissue-resident natural killer (NK) cells are cell lineages distinct from thymic and conventional splenic NK cells. eLife 2014; 3:e01659. [PMID: 24714492 PMCID: PMC3975579 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system; they can control virus infections and developing tumors by cytotoxicity and producing inflammatory cytokines. Most studies of mouse NK cells, however, have focused on conventional NK (cNK) cells in the spleen. Recently, we described two populations of liver NK cells, tissue-resident NK (trNK) cells and those resembling splenic cNK cells. However, their lineage relationship was unclear; trNK cells could be developing cNK cells, related to thymic NK cells, or a lineage distinct from both cNK and thymic NK cells. Herein we used detailed transcriptomic, flow cytometric, and functional analysis and transcription factor-deficient mice to determine that liver trNK cells form a distinct lineage from cNK and thymic NK cells. Taken together with analysis of trNK cells in other tissues, there are at least four distinct lineages of NK cells: cNK, thymic, liver (and skin) trNK, and uterine trNK cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01659.001 Our immune system has white blood cells that migrate throughout the body in search of invading microbes or diseased and damaged cells. When these events are encountered, the white blood cells move into the affected tissue and launch an immune response to eliminate the threat. Natural killer cells are white blood cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses or are cancerous. Most of what is known about conventional natural killer cells is derived from studying the spleen, which filters the blood and contains many immune cells. Natural killer cells also circulate around the body or are found within other tissues, and it was thought that both types of cells were either the same, or that one type could develop into the other. However, the thymus—an organ that is another source of white blood cells—contains a sub-population of natural killer cells that are distinct from the conventional splenic natural killer cells. Furthermore, recent work revealed the existence of two types of natural killer cells within the liver: some of these cells were similar to the conventional splenic natural killer cells that circulate throughout the body, while others appeared to be ‘tissue-resident’ natural killer cells that were poised to deliver an immune response. Now Sojka et al. show that the tissue-resident natural killer cells found in the liver are a distinct lineage of cells. These cells mature independently from the conventional natural killer cells found in the spleen, and the natural killer cells found in the thymus. Moreover, the skin contains tissue-resident natural killer cells similar to those in the liver; whilst natural killer cells that had previously been discovered in the uterus were shown to contain a fourth distinct tissue-resident lineage. The work of Sojka et al. will encourage a full re-evaluation of the roles played by natural killer cells to determine which populations of these cells are responsible for implementing immune responses. Furthermore, a more thorough understanding of how tissue-resident natural killer cells function to eliminate diseased or damaged cells, such as cancerous cells, could also contribute to future efforts to develop new anti-cancer treatments. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01659.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy K Sojka
- Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
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45
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Kumar V. Innate lymphoid cells: New paradigm in immunology of inflammation. Immunol Lett 2014; 157:23-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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46
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Sullivan RP, Fogel LA, Leong JW, Schneider SE, Wong R, Romee R, Thai TH, Sexl V, Matkovich SJ, Dorn GW, French AR, Fehniger TA. MicroRNA-155 tunes both the threshold and extent of NK cell activation via targeting of multiple signaling pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5904-13. [PMID: 24227772 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are innate lymphocytes important for host defense against viral infections and malignancy. However, the molecular programs orchestrating NK cell activation are incompletely understood. MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) is markedly upregulated following cytokine activation of human and mouse NK cells. Surprisingly, mature human and mouse NK cells transduced to overexpress miR-155, NK cells from mice with NK cell-specific miR-155 overexpression, and miR-155(-/-) NK cells all secreted more IFN-γ compared with controls. Investigating further, we found that activated NK cells with miR-155 overexpression had increased per-cell IFN-γ with normal IFN-γ(+) percentages, whereas greater percentages of miR-155(-/-) NK cells were IFN-γ(+). In vivo murine CMV-induced IFN-γ expression by NK cells in these miR-155 models recapitulated the in vitro phenotypes. We performed unbiased RNA-induced silencing complex sequencing on wild-type and miR-155(-/-) NK cells and found that mRNAs targeted by miR-155 were enriched in NK cell activation signaling pathways. Using specific inhibitors, we confirmed these pathways were mechanistically involved in regulating IFN-γ production by miR-155(-/-) NK cells. These data indicate that miR-155 regulation of NK cell activation is complex and that miR-155 functions as a dynamic tuner for NK cell activation via both setting the activation threshold as well as controlling the extent of activation in mature NK cells. In summary, miR-155(-/-) NK cells are more easily activated, through increased expression of proteins in the PI3K, NF-κB, and calcineurin pathways, and miR-155(-/-) and 155-overexpressing NK cells exhibit increased IFN-γ production through distinct cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Sullivan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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47
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Lotem J, Levanon D, Negreanu V, Leshkowitz D, Friedlander G, Groner Y. Runx3-mediated transcriptional program in cytotoxic lymphocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80467. [PMID: 24236182 PMCID: PMC3827420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Runx3 is highly expressed in CD8+ T and NK cytotoxic lymphocytes and is required for their effective activation and proliferation but molecular insights into the transcription program regulated by Runx3 in these cells are still missing. Using Runx3-ChIP-seq and transcriptome analysis of wild type vs. Runx3-/- primary cells we have now identified Runx3-regulated genes in the two cell types at both resting and IL-2-activated states. Runx3-bound genomic regions in both cell types were distantly located relative to gene transcription start sites and were enriched for RUNX and ETS motifs. Bound genomic regions significantly overlapped T-bet and p300-bound enhancer regions in Runx3-expressing Th1 helper cells. Compared to resting cells, IL-2-activated CD8+ T and NK cells contain three times more Runx3-regulated genes that are common to both cell types. Functional annotation of shared CD8+ T and NK Runx3-regulated genes revealed enrichment for immune-associated terms including lymphocyte activation, proliferation, cytotoxicity, migration and cytokine production, highlighting the role of Runx3 in CD8+ T and NK activated cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit/genetics
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Histones/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Nucleotide Motifs
- Position-Specific Scoring Matrices
- Protein Binding
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Transcription Initiation Site
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lotem
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ditsa Levanon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Varda Negreanu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dena Leshkowitz
- Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine Bioinformatics Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gilgi Friedlander
- Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine Bioinformatics Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoram Groner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
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48
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Yu J, Freud AG, Caligiuri MA. Location and cellular stages of natural killer cell development. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:573-82. [PMID: 24055329 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The identification of distinct tissue-specific natural killer (NK) cell populations that apparently mature from local precursor populations has brought new insight into the diversity and developmental regulation of this important lymphoid subset. NK cells provide a necessary link between the early (innate) and late (adaptive) immune responses to infection. Gaining a better understanding of the processes that govern NK cell development should allow us to harness better NK cell functions in multiple clinical settings, as well as to gain further insight into how these cells undergo malignant transformation. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding sites and cellular stages of NK cell development in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Yu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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49
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Sun SL, Horino S, Itoh-Nakadai A, Kawabe T, Asao A, Takahashi T, So T, Funayama R, Kondo M, Saitsu H, Matsumoto N, Nakayama K, Ishii N. Y chromosome-linked B and NK cell deficiency in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6209-20. [PMID: 23690476 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
There are no primary immunodeficiency diseases linked to the Y chromosome, because the Y chromosome does not contain any vital genes. We have established a novel mouse strain in which all males lack B and NK cells and have Peyer's patch defects. By 10 wk of age, 100% of the males had evident immunodeficiencies. Mating these immunodeficient males with wild-type females on two different genetic backgrounds for several generations demonstrated that the immunodeficiency is linked to the Y chromosome and is inherited in a Mendelian fashion. Although multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed that the Y chromosome in the mutant male mice was one third shorter than that in wild-type males, exome sequencing did not identify any significant gene mutations. The precise molecular mechanisms are still unknown. Bone marrow chimeric analyses demonstrated that an intrinsic abnormality in bone marrow hematopoietic cells causes the B and NK cell defects. Interestingly, fetal liver cells transplanted from the mutant male mice reconstituted B and NK cells in lymphocyte-deficient Il2rg(-/-) recipient mice, whereas adult bone marrow transplants did not. Transducing the EBF gene, a master transcription factor for B cell development, into mutant hematopoietic progenitor cells rescued B cell but not NK cell development both in vitro and in vivo. These Y chromosome-linked immunodeficient mice, which have preferential B and NK cell defects, may be a useful model of lymphocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-lan Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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50
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Overexpression of miR-155 causes expansion, arrest in terminal differentiation and functional activation of mouse natural killer cells. Blood 2013; 121:3126-34. [PMID: 23422749 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-12-467597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that microRNAs (miRs) are involved in lymphocyte development, homeostasis, activation, and occasionally malignant transformation. In this study, a miR-155 transgene (tg) was driven to be overexpressed off of the lck promoter in order to assess its effects on natural killer (NK) cell biology in vivo. miR-155 tg mice have an increase in NK-cell number with an excess of the CD11b(low)CD27(high) NK subset, indicative of a halt in terminal NK-cell differentiation that proved to be intrinsic to the cell itself. The increase in NK cells results, in part, from improved survival in medium alone and enhanced expansion with endogenous or exogenous interleukin 15. Phenotypic and functional data from miR-155 tg NK cells showed constitutive activation and enhanced target cell conjugation, resulting in more potent antitumor activity in vitro and improved survival of lymphoma-bearing mice in vivo when compared with wild type NK cells. The enhanced NK-cell survival, expansion, activation, and tumor control that result from overexpression of miR-155 in NK cells could be explained, in part, via diminished expression of the inositol phosphatase SHIP1 and increased activation of ERK and AKT kinases. Thus, the regulation of miR-155 is important for NK-cell development, homeostasis, and activation.
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