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Martino MR, Habibi M, Ferguson D, Brookheart RT, Thyfault JP, Meyer GA, Lantier L, Hughey CC, Finck BN. Disruption of hepatic mitochondrial pyruvate and amino acid metabolism impairs gluconeogenesis and endurance exercise capacity in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E515-E527. [PMID: 38353639 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00258.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Exercise robustly increases the glucose demands of skeletal muscle. This demand is met by not only muscle glycogenolysis but also accelerated liver glucose production from hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to fuel mechanical work and prevent hypoglycemia during exercise. Hepatic gluconeogenesis during exercise is dependent on highly coordinated responses within and between muscle and liver. Specifically, exercise increases the rate at which gluconeogenic precursors such as pyruvate/lactate or amino acids are delivered from muscle to the liver, extracted by the liver, and channeled into glucose. Herein, we examined the effects of interrupting hepatic gluconeogenic efficiency and capacity on exercise performance by deleting mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2 (MPC2) and/or alanine transaminase 2 (ALT2) in the liver of mice. We found that deletion of MPC2 or ALT2 alone did not significantly affect time to exhaustion or postexercise glucose concentrations in treadmill exercise tests, but mice lacking both MPC2 and ALT2 in hepatocytes (double knockout, DKO) reached exhaustion faster and exhibited lower circulating glucose during and after exercise. Use of 2H/1³C metabolic flux analyses demonstrated that DKO mice exhibited lower endogenous glucose production owing to decreased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis at rest and during exercise. Decreased gluconeogenesis was accompanied by lower anaplerotic, cataplerotic, and TCA cycle fluxes. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the transition of the liver to the gluconeogenic mode is critical for preventing hypoglycemia and sustaining performance during exercise. The results also illustrate the need for interorgan cross talk during exercise as described by the Cahill and Cori cycles.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Martino and colleagues examined the effects of inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis on exercise performance and systemic metabolism during treadmill exercise in mice. Combined inhibition of gluconeogenesis from lactate/pyruvate and alanine impaired exercise endurance and led to hypoglycemia during and after exercise. In contrast, suppressing either pyruvate-mediated or alanine-mediated gluconeogenesis alone had no effect on these parameters. These findings provide new insight into the molecular nodes that coordinate the metabolic responses of muscle and liver during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Martino
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Mohammad Habibi
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Daniel Ferguson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Rita T Brookheart
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
| | - Gretchen A Meyer
- Department of Medicine, Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Louise Lantier
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Curtis C Hughey
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Brian N Finck
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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Martino MR, Habibi M, Ferguson D, Brookheart RT, Thyfault JP, Meyer GA, Lantier L, Hughey CC, Finck BN. Disruption of Hepatic Mitochondrial Pyruvate and Amino Acid Metabolism Impairs Gluconeogenesis and Endurance Exercise Capacity in Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.22.554345. [PMID: 37662392 PMCID: PMC10473655 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.22.554345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Exercise robustly increases the glucose demands of skeletal muscle. This demand is met not only by muscle glycogenolysis, but also by accelerated liver glucose production from hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to fuel mechanical work and prevent hypoglycemia during exercise. Hepatic gluconeogenesis during exercise is dependent on highly coordinated responses within and between muscle and liver. Specifically, exercise increases the rate at which gluconeogenic precursors such as pyruvate/lactate or amino acids are delivered from muscle to the liver, extracted by the liver, and channeled into glucose. Herein, we examined the effects of interrupting gluconeogenic efficiency and capacity on exercise performance by deleting hepatic mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2 (MPC2) and/or alanine transaminase 2 (ALT2) in mice. We found that deletion of MPC2 or ALT2 alone did not significantly affect time to exhaustion or post-exercise glucose concentrations in treadmill exercise tests, but mice lacking both MPC2 and ALT2 in liver (DKO) reached exhaustion faster and exhibited lower circulating glucose during and after exercise. Use of ²H/¹³C metabolic flux analyses demonstrated that DKO mice exhibited lower endogenous glucose production owing to decreased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis at rest and during exercise. The decreased gluconeogenesis was accompanied by lower anaplerotic, cataplerotic, and TCA cycle fluxes. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the transition of the liver to the gluconeogenic mode is critical for preventing hypoglycemia and sustaining performance during exercise. The results also illustrate the need for interorgan crosstalk during exercise as described by the Cahill and Cori cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Martino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Mohammad Habibi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Daniel Ferguson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rita T. Brookheart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - John P. Thyfault
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO
| | - Gretchen A. Meyer
- Department of Medicine, Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Louise Lantier
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Curtis C. Hughey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Brian N. Finck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Moosa MS, Russomanno G, Dorfman JR, Gunter H, Patel C, Costello E, Carr D, Maartens G, Pirmohamed M, Goldring C, Cohen K. Analysis of serum microRNA-122 in a randomized controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine for treatment of antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 89:1844-1851. [PMID: 36639145 PMCID: PMC10952339 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Serum microRNA-122 (miR-122) is a novel biomarker for drug-induced liver injury, with good sensitivity in the early diagnosis of paracetamol-induced liver injury. We describe miR-122 concentrations in participants with antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury (AT-DILI). We explored the relationship between miR-122 and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations and the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on miR-122 concentrations. METHODS We included participants from a randomized placebo-controlled trial of intravenous NAC in AT-DILI. ALT and miR-122 concentrations were quantified before and after infusion of NAC/placebo. We assessed correlations between ALT and miR-122 concentrations and described changes in ALT and miR-122 concentrations between sampling occasions. RESULTS We included 45 participants; mean age (± standard deviation) 38 (±10) years, 58% female and 91% HIV positive. The median (interquartile range) time between pre- and post-infusion biomarker specimens was 68 h (47-77 h). The median pre-infusion ALT and miR-122 concentrations were 420 U/L (238-580) and 0.58 pM (0.18-1.47), respectively. Pre-infusion ALT and miR-122 concentrations were correlated (Spearman's ρ = .54, P = .0001). Median fold-changes in ALT and miR-122 concentrations between sampling were 0.56 (0.43-0.69) and 0.75 (0.23-1.53), respectively, and were similar in the NAC and placebo groups (P = .40 and P = .68 respectively). CONCLUSIONS miR-122 concentrations in our participants with AT-DILI were considerably higher than previously reported in healthy volunteers and in patients on antituberculosis therapy without liver injury. We did not detect an effect of NAC on miR-122 concentrations. Further research is needed to determine the utility of miR-122 in the diagnosis and management of AT-DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Shiraz Moosa
- New Somerset Hospital, Department of MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Giusy Russomanno
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Jeffrey R. Dorfman
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of PathologyUniversity of StellenboschCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Hannah Gunter
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Chandni Patel
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Eithne Costello
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Dan Carr
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Gary Maartens
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Christopher Goldring
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Karen Cohen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
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Li M, Yang B, Ju Z, Qiu L, Xu K, Wang M, Chen C, Zhang K, Zhang Z, Xiang S, Zheng J, Yang B, Huang C, Zheng D. Do high soil geochemical backgrounds of selenium and associated heavy metals affect human hepatic and renal health? Evidence from Enshi County, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 883:163717. [PMID: 37116803 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear whether the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) method can accurately assess heavy metal risks in high-Se areas. Herein, a black shale outcropping in Enshi County, China, was taken as the study area, and a carbonate outcropping in Lichuan County was the control area. Selenium and associated heavy metal concentrations in rock, soil, rice, human blood and urine samples and human sensitive hepatic and renal biomarkers were measured. The results showed that the contents of selenium, cadmium, molybdenum and copper in the study area were 3.68 ± 2.72 μg/g, 2.65 ± 1.42 μg/g, 16.3 ± 15.5 μg/g, and 57.3 ± 17.6 μg/g, respectively, in soil (n = 47) and 1.072 ± 0.924 μg/g, 0.252 ± 0.310 μg/g, 2.800 ± 2.167 μg/g, and 10.91 ± 27.42 μg/g, respectively, in rice (n = 47). The daily adult intake levels of selenium, cadmium and molybdenum from rice consumption in the study area (exposure group) exceed the recommended tolerance values in China. According to the US EPA method, these environmental media pose a significant risk to human health. However, in the exposure group (n = 111), the median levels of the sensitive hepatic biomarkers alanine aminotransferase (18 U/L), aspartate aminotransferase (28 U/L) and total bilirubin (10.9 μmol/L) and the sensitive renal biomarkers serum creatinine (70.1 μmol/L), urinary nitrogen (5.73 mmol/L) and uric acid (303.80 μmol/L) were within reference ranges and had values equivalent to those of the control group (P > 0.05). The elements tended to differentiate during migration from one medium to another. Due to the complex interaction between selenium and heavy metals, a survey of human health indicators is indispensable when the US EPA method is used to assess the heavy metal risks in high-Se areas. The recommended molybdenum tolerable intake in the U.S. (2000 μg/d) is reasonable based on a comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglong Li
- Second Geological Brigade of Hubei Geological Bureau, Enshi 445000, China; Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of resources and eco-environmental geology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Boyong Yang
- Second Geological Brigade of Hubei Geological Bureau, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Zhaoqing Ju
- Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Liang Qiu
- School of Earth Science and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Keyuan Xu
- Second Geological Brigade of Hubei Geological Bureau, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Second Geological Brigade of Hubei Geological Bureau, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Can Chen
- Second Geological Brigade of Hubei Geological Bureau, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Second Geological Brigade of Hubei Geological Bureau, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Zixiong Zhang
- Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Sufang Xiang
- Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Jinlong Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of resources and eco-environmental geology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Baohong Yang
- Second Geological Brigade of Hubei Geological Bureau, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Chuying Huang
- Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi 445000, China; Hubei Provincial Key Lab of Selenium Resources and Bioapplications, Enshi 445000, China.
| | - Deshun Zheng
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China.
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Lyu C, Chen Y, Meng Y, Yang J, Ye S, Niu Z, EI-Debs I, Gupta N, Shen B. The Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier Coupling Glycolysis and the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Is Required for the Asexual Reproduction of Toxoplasma gondii. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0504322. [PMID: 36920199 PMCID: PMC10100952 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05043-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite capable of infecting humans and animals. The organism has extraordinary metabolic resilience that allows it to establish parasitism in varied nutritional milieus of diverse host cells. Our earlier work has shown that, despite flexibility in the usage of glucose and glutamine as the major carbon precursors, the production of pyruvate by glycolytic enzymes is central to the parasite's growth. Pyruvate is metabolized in a number of subcellular compartments, including the mitochondrion, apicoplast, and cytosol. With the objective of examining the mechanism and importance of the mitochondrial pool of pyruvate imported from the cytosol, we identified the conserved mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) complex, consisting of two subunits, MPC1 and MPC2, in T. gondii. The two parasite proteins could complement a yeast mutant deficient in growth on leucine and valine. Genetic ablation of either one or both subunits reduced the parasite's growth, mimicking the deletion of branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), which has been reported to convert pyruvate into acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) in the mitochondrion. Metabolic labeling of the MPC mutants by isotopic glucose revealed impaired synthesis of acetyl-CoA, correlating with a global decrease in carbon flux through glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Disruption of MPC proteins exerted only a modest effect on the parasite's virulence in mice, further highlighting its metabolic flexibility. In brief, our work reveals the modus operandi of pyruvate transport from the cytosol to the mitochondrion in the parasite, providing the missing link between glycolysis and the TCA cycle in T. gondii. IMPORTANCE T. gondii is a zoonotic parasite capable of infecting many warm-blooded organisms, including humans. Among others, a feature that allows it to parasitize multiple hosts is its exceptional metabolic plasticity. Although T. gondii can utilize different carbon sources, pyruvate homeostasis is critical for parasite growth. Pyruvate is produced primarily in the cytosol but metabolized in other organelles, such as the mitochondrion and apicoplast. The mechanism of import and physiological significance of pyruvate in these organelles remains unclear. Here, we identified the transporter of cytosol-derived pyruvate into the mitochondrion and studied its constituent subunits and their relevance. Our results show that cytosolic pyruvate is a major source of acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrion and that the mitochondrial pyruvate transporter is needed for optimal parasite growth. The mutants lacking the transporter are viable and virulent in a mouse model, underscoring the metabolic plasticity in the parasite's mitochondrion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yukun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jichao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Issam EI-Debs
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nishith Gupta
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
- Intracellular Parasite Education and Research Labs (iPEARL), Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-P), Hyderabad, India
| | - Bang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
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Martino MR, Gutiérrez-Aguilar M, Yiew NKH, Lutkewitte AJ, Singer JM, McCommis KS, Ferguson D, Liss KHH, Yoshino J, Renkemeyer MK, Smith GI, Cho K, Fletcher JA, Klein S, Patti GJ, Burgess SC, Finck BN. Silencing alanine transaminase 2 in diabetic liver attenuates hyperglycemia by reducing gluconeogenesis from amino acids. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110733. [PMID: 35476997 PMCID: PMC9121396 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic gluconeogenesis from amino acids contributes significantly to diabetic hyperglycemia, but the molecular mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. Alanine transaminases (ALT1 and ALT2) catalyze the interconversion of alanine and pyruvate, which is required for gluconeogenesis from alanine. We find that ALT2 is overexpressed in the liver of diet-induced obese and db/db mice and that the expression of the gene encoding ALT2 (GPT2) is downregulated following bariatric surgery in people with obesity. The increased hepatic expression of Gpt2 in db/db liver is mediated by activating transcription factor 4, an endoplasmic reticulum stress-activated transcription factor. Hepatocyte-specific knockout of Gpt2 attenuates incorporation of 13C-alanine into newly synthesized glucose by hepatocytes. In vivo Gpt2 knockdown or knockout in liver has no effect on glucose concentrations in lean mice, but Gpt2 suppression alleviates hyperglycemia in db/db mice. These data suggest that ALT2 plays a significant role in hepatic gluconeogenesis from amino acids in diabetes. Martino et al. find that alanine transaminase 2 (ALT2), which is encoded by Gpt2, is increased in liver of mice and people with obesity by activating transcription factor 4. Suppression of Gpt2 expression in obese, but not lean mice, lowers blood glucose by suppressing alanine-mediated gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Martino
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Manuel Gutiérrez-Aguilar
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicole K H Yiew
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrew J Lutkewitte
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason M Singer
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kyle S McCommis
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel Ferguson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kim H H Liss
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jun Yoshino
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - M Katie Renkemeyer
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gordon I Smith
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kevin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Justin A Fletcher
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Samuel Klein
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gary J Patti
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shawn C Burgess
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Brian N Finck
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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7
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Villa RF, Gorini A, Ferrari F. Clonidine and Brain Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism: Pharmacodynamic Insights Beyond Receptorial Effects. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1429-1441. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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Thomas-Dupont P, Grube-Pagola P, Izaguirre-Hernández IY, Hernández-Flores KG, Sánchez-Marce EE, Cano-Contreras AD, Remes-Troche JM, Vivanco-Cid H. Development of a New Murine Model of Type 2 Autoimmune Hepatitis Using a Human Liver Protein. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:21-30. [PMID: 34717895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the liver characterized by parenchymal destruction, hypergammaglobulinemia, specific autoantibody production, and hepatic fibrosis and necrosis. Murine models of AIH have been described; however, little is known about the immunologic mechanisms of tissue destruction. In this study, a new murine model of type 2 AIH was developed using recombinant human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). BALB/c mice were immunized with 2 μg/mL i.p. of CYP2D6 in CFA. The control group received CFA or phosphate-buffered saline alone. Alanine aminotransferase activity, autoantibody production, IgG concentrations, histologic damage, and specific T-cell response were evaluated. Persistent AIH, characterized by cellular infiltration, hepatic fibrosis, elevated alanine aminotransferase, and the production of anti-liver kidney microsomal antibody type 1 developed in CFA/CYP2D6-immunized mice. These mice presented high levels of IgG and its subclasses IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b against liver self-proteins. Interestingly, IL-2+ and interferon γ-positive Cyp2d6-specific T cells were present in greater concentrations in mice immunized with CFA/CYP2D6 compared with control. Immunization with CFA, in combination with a natural human autoantigen like CYP2D6, was demonstrated to break tolerance, resulting in a chronic form of autoimmune-related liver damage. This murine model of type 2 AIH is expected to be instrumental in understanding the immunologic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of this autoimmune liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Thomas-Dupont
- Instituto de Investigaciones Medico-Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - Peter Grube-Pagola
- Instituto de Investigaciones Medico-Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | | | | | - Elvis E Sánchez-Marce
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Veracruz, Servicios de Salud de Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | - Ana D Cano-Contreras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Medico-Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - José M Remes-Troche
- Instituto de Investigaciones Medico-Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - Héctor Vivanco-Cid
- Instituto de Investigaciones Medico-Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México.
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Olivero-Verbel J, Harkema JR, Roth RA, Ganey PE. Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist, blocks steatosis and alters the inflammatory response in a mouse model of inflammation-dioxin interaction. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109521. [PMID: 34052195 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin; TCDD) is an environmental contaminant that elicits a variety of toxic effects, many of which are mediated through activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Interaction between AhR and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α), which regulates fatty acid metabolism, has been suggested. Furthermore, with recognition of the prevalence of inflammatory conditions, there is current interest in the potential for inflammatory stress to modulate the response to environmental agents. The aim of this work was to assess the interaction of TCDD with hepatic inflammation modulated by fenofibrate, a PPAR-α agonist. Female, C57BL/6 mice were treated orally with vehicle or fenofibrate (250 mg/kg) for 13 days, and then were given vehicle or 30 μg/kg TCDD. Four days later, the animals received an i.p. injection of lipopolysaccharide-galactosamine (LPS-GalN) (0.05x107 EU/kg and 500 mg/kg, respectively) to incite inflammation, or saline as vehicle control. After 4 h, the mice were euthanized, and blood and liver samples were collected for analysis. Livers of animals treated with TCDD with or without LPS-GalN had increased lipid deposition, and this effect was blocked by fenofibrate. In TCDD/LPS-GalN-treated mice, fenofibrate caused an increase in plasma activity of alanine aminotransferase, a marker of hepatocellular injury. TCDD reduced LPS-GalN-induced apoptosis, an effect that was prevented by fenofibrate pretreatment. LPS-GalN induced an increase in the concentration of interleukin-6 in plasma and accumulation of neutrophils in liver. TCDD exposure enhanced the former response and inhibited the latter one. These results suggest that fenofibrate counteracts the changes in lipid metabolism induced by TCDD but increases inflammation and liver injury in this model of inflammation-TCDD interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Olivero-Verbel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130014, Colombia
| | - Jack R Harkema
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Robert A Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Patricia E Ganey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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10
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Barssotti L, Abreu ICME, Brandão ABP, Albuquerque RCMF, Ferreira FG, Salgado MAC, Dias DDS, De Angelis K, Yokota R, Casarini DE, Souza LB, Taddei CR, Cunha TS. Saccharomyces boulardii modulates oxidative stress and renin angiotensin system attenuating diabetes-induced liver injury in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9189. [PMID: 33911129 PMCID: PMC8080591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88497-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to a deficiency in endogenous insulin production, resulting from pancreatic beta cell death. Persistent hyperglycemia leads to enhanced oxidative stress and liver injury. Several studies have evaluated the anti-diabetic and protective effects of probiotic strains in animal models. In the present study, we investigated, through histopathological and biochemical analyses, the effects of eight weeks of administration of Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) yeast on the liver of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice. Our results demonstrated that S. boulardii attenuates hepatocytes hydropic degeneration and hepatic vessels congestion in STZ-induced diabetic mice. The treatment attenuated the oxidative stress in diabetic mice leading to a reduction of carbonylated protein concentration and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, compared to untreated diabetic animals. The results also show the beneficial influence of S. boulardii in regulating the hepatic concentration of renin angiotensin system (RAS) peptides. Therefore, our results demonstrated that S. boulardii administration to STZ-induced diabetic mice reduces oxidative stress and normalizes the concentration of RAS peptides, supporting the hypothesis that this yeast may have a role as a potential adjunctive therapy to attenuate diabetes-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Barssotti
- Department of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Isabel C M E Abreu
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz P Brandão
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiana G Ferreira
- Department of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Miguel A C Salgado
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, State University Julio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Danielle D S Dias
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kátia De Angelis
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Yokota
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dulce E Casarini
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia B Souza
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla R Taddei
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, University of São Paulo (Usp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana S Cunha
- Department of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil.
- Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp) - Institute of Science and Technology, Talim, 330 - Vila Nair, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231-280, Brazil.
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11
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Transaminase Elevations during Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: Safety Considerations and Role in Achieving Functional Cure. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050745. [PMID: 33922828 PMCID: PMC8146791 DOI: 10.3390/v13050745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While current therapies for chronic HBV infection work well to control viremia and stop the progression of liver disease, the preferred outcome of therapy is the restoration of immune control of HBV infection, allowing therapy to be removed while maintaining effective suppression of infection and reversal of liver damage. This “functional cure” of chronic HBV infection is characterized by the absence of detectable viremia (HBV DNA) and antigenemia (HBsAg) and normal liver function and is the goal of new therapies in development. Functional cure requires removal of the ability of infected cells in the liver to produce the hepatitis B surface antigen. The increased observation of transaminase elevations with new therapies makes understanding the safety and therapeutic impact of these flares an increasingly important issue. This review examines the factors driving the appearance of transaminase elevations during therapy of chronic HBV infection and the interplay of these factors in assessing the safety and beneficial nature of these flares.
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12
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Pieters A, Gijbels E, Cogliati B, Annaert P, Devisscher L, Vinken M. Biomarkers of cholestasis. Biomark Med 2021; 15:437-454. [PMID: 33709780 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is a major pathological manifestation, often resulting in detrimental liver conditions, which occurs in a variety of indications collectively termed cholestatic liver diseases. The frequent asymptomatic character and complexity of cholestasis, together with the lack of a straightforward biomarker, hampers early detection and treatment of the condition. The 'omics' era, however, has resulted in a plethora of cholestatic indicators, yet a single clinically applicable biomarker for a given cholestatic disease remains missing. The criteria to fulfil as an ideal biomarker as well as the challenging molecular pathways in cholestatic liver diseases advocate for a scenario in which multiple biomarkers, originating from different domains, will be assessed concomitantly. This review gives an overview of classical clinical and novel molecular biomarkers in cholestasis, focusing on their benefits and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanah Pieters
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology & Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Eva Gijbels
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology & Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery & Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, ON II Herestraat 49, Box 921, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Basic & Applied Medical Sciences, Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, C Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology & Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
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13
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Oda S, Yokoi T. Recent progress in the use of microRNAs as biomarkers for drug-induced toxicities in contrast to traditional biomarkers: A comparative review. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 37:100372. [PMID: 33461055 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs with 18-25 nucleotides. They play key regulatory roles in versatile biological process including development and apoptosis, and in disease pathogenesis, for example carcinogenesis, by negatively regulating gene expression. miRNAs often exhibit characteristics suitable for biomarkers such as tissue-specific expression patterns, high stability in serum/plasma, and change in abundance in circulation immediately after toxic injury. Since the discovery of circulating miRNAs in extracellular biological fluids in 2008, there have been many reports on the use of miRNAs as biomarkers for various diseases including cancer and organ injury in humans and experimental animals. In this review article, we have summarized the utility and limitation of circulating miRNAs as safety/toxicology biomarkers for specific tissue injuries including liver, skeletal muscle, heart, retina, and pancreas, by comparing them with conventional protein biomarkers. We have also covered the discovery of miRNAs in serum/plasma and their stability, the knowledge of which is essential for understanding the kinetics of miRNA biomarkers. Since numerous studies have reported the use of these circulating miRNAs as safety biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity, we believe that circulating miRNAs can promote pre-clinical drug development and improve the monitoring of tissue injuries in clinical pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Oda
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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14
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Zhang Y, Taufalele PV, Cochran JD, Robillard-Frayne I, Marx JM, Soto J, Rauckhorst AJ, Tayyari F, Pewa AD, Gray LR, Teesch LM, Puchalska P, Funari TR, McGlauflin R, Zimmerman K, Kutschke WJ, Cassier T, Hitchcock S, Lin K, Kato KM, Stueve JL, Haff L, Weiss RM, Cox JE, Rutter J, Taylor EB, Crawford PA, Lewandowski ED, Des Rosiers C, Abel ED. Mitochondrial pyruvate carriers are required for myocardial stress adaptation. Nat Metab 2020; 2:1248-1264. [PMID: 33106689 PMCID: PMC8015649 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In addition to fatty acids, glucose and lactate are important myocardial substrates under physiologic and stress conditions. They are metabolized to pyruvate, which enters mitochondria via the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) for citric acid cycle metabolism. In the present study, we show that MPC-mediated mitochondrial pyruvate utilization is essential for the partitioning of glucose-derived cytosolic metabolic intermediates, which modulate myocardial stress adaptation. Mice with cardiomyocyte-restricted deletion of subunit 1 of MPC (cMPC1-/-) developed age-dependent pathologic cardiac hypertrophy, transitioning to a dilated cardiomyopathy and premature death. Hypertrophied hearts accumulated lactate, pyruvate and glycogen, and displayed increased protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine, which was prevented by increasing availability of non-glucose substrates in vivo by a ketogenic diet (KD) or a high-fat diet, which reversed the structural, metabolic and functional remodelling of non-stressed cMPC1-/- hearts. Although concurrent short-term KDs did not rescue cMPC1-/- hearts from rapid decompensation and early mortality after pressure overload, 3 weeks of a KD before transverse aortic constriction was sufficient to rescue this phenotype. Together, our results highlight the centrality of pyruvate metabolism to myocardial metabolism and function.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/genetics
- Adaptation, Physiological/physiology
- Animals
- Anion Transport Proteins/genetics
- Anion Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Cardiomegaly/diagnostic imaging
- Cardiomegaly/genetics
- Cardiomegaly/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/metabolism
- Constriction, Pathologic
- Cytosol/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat
- Diet, Ketogenic
- Echocardiography
- In Vitro Techniques
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism
- Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Pyruvic Acid/metabolism
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
- Stress, Physiological/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Paul V Taufalele
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jesse D Cochran
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Jonas Maximilian Marx
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
- Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jamie Soto
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Adam J Rauckhorst
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Fariba Tayyari
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alvin D Pewa
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lawrence R Gray
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lynn M Teesch
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Patrycja Puchalska
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Trevor R Funari
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Rose McGlauflin
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kathy Zimmerman
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - William J Kutschke
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Thomas Cassier
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Shannon Hitchcock
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kevin Lin
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kevin M Kato
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Stueve
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lauren Haff
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Robert M Weiss
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - James E Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Metabolomics Core Research Facility, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Eric B Taylor
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Peter A Crawford
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - E Douglas Lewandowski
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine and Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christine Des Rosiers
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal and Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - E Dale Abel
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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15
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Kobayashi A, Suzuki Y, Sugai S. Specificity of transaminase activities in the prediction of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:515-537. [PMID: 32879252 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The activities of the transaminases (aminotransferases) alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the blood (serum or plasma) are widely used as sensitive markers of possible tissue damage and, in particular for liver toxicity. On the other hand, an increase in transaminase activities is not always accompanied by findings suggestive of hepatotoxicity. Transaminases are some of the key enzymes in the gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways and exist in many organs and tissues which have high activities of the gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. The activities of transaminases are altered not only in the liver but also in other organs by modification of gluconeogenesis by nutritional or hormonal factors and this phenomenon leads to alteration of transaminase activity in the blood. Drugs, which are considered to directly or secondarily modify gluconeogenesis through lowering blood glucose levels or activating lipid metabolism, such as α-glucosidase inhibitors and fibrates, slightly increase transaminase activities in the blood but there is little evidence that the phenomenon is related to drug-induced liver injury (DILI). This type of elevations can be called pharmacology-related elevation. The pharmacology-related elevation of transaminase activities sometimes makes it difficult to assess precisely the potential hepatotoxicity of new investigational drugs. Considering the characteristic of transaminases, concomitant use of new biomarkers more specific to hepatic injury is needed in the assessment of DILI both in non-clinical and clinical studies. In this review, we will discuss the specificity of transaminases to DILI and future perspectives for transaminases in the estimation of risk of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Kobayashi
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Shoichiro Sugai
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
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16
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Moosa MS, Maartens G, Gunter H, Allie S, Chughlay MF, Setshedi M, Wasserman S, Hickman N, Stewart A, Sonderup M, Spearman CW, Cohen K. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Intravenous N-acetylcysteine in the Management of Anti-tuberculosis Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e3377-e3383. [PMID: 32845997 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver injury is a common complication of first-line anti-tuberculosis therapy. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is widely used in patients with paracetamol toxicity with limited evidence of benefit in liver injury due to other causes. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess whether intravenous NAC hastens liver recovery in hospitalized adult patients with anti-tuberculosis drug induced liver injury (AT-DILI). The primary endpoint was the time for serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) to fall below 100 U/L. Secondary endpoints included length of hospital stay, in-hospital mortality and adverse events. RESULTS Fifty-three participants were randomized to NAC and 49 to placebo. Mean age was 38 (SD±10) years, 58 (57%) were female and 89 (87%) were HIV-positive. Median serum ALT and total bilirubin at presentation were 462 U/L (IQR 266-790) and 56 μmol/L (IQR 25-100) respectively. Median time to ALT&100 U/L was 7.5 days (IQR 6 -11) in the NAC arm and 8 days (IQR 5 -13) in the placebo arm. Median time to hospital discharge was shorter in the NAC arm (9 days; IQR 6-15) than in the placebo arm (18 days; IQR 10-25), hazard ratio 1.73 (95% CI 1.13-2.65). Mortality was 14% overall and did not differ by study arm. The study infusion was stopped early due to an adverse reaction in 5 participants receiving NAC [nausea and vomiting (3), anaphylaxis (1), pain at drip site (1)]. CONCLUSION NAC did not shorten time to ALT&100 U/L in participants with AT-DILI, but significantly reduced length of hospital stay. NAC should be considered in management of AT-DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed S Moosa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, New Somerset Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gary Maartens
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hannah Gunter
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shaazia Allie
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mohamed F Chughlay
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mashiko Setshedi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sean Wasserman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicole Hickman
- Clinical Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Annemie Stewart
- Clinical Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Sonderup
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Catherine Wendy Spearman
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen Cohen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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17
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Vanillin Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Rat H9c2 Cardiomyocytes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082317. [PMID: 32752227 PMCID: PMC7468857 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (doxo) is an effective anticancer compound in several tumor types. However, as a consequence of oxidative stress induction and ROS overproduction, its high cardiotoxicity demands urgent attention. Vanillin possesses antioxidant, antiproliferative, antidepressant and anti-glycating properties. Therefore, we investigated the potential vanillin protective effects against doxo-induced cardiotoxicity in H9c2 cells. Using multiparametric approach, we demonstrated that vanillin restored both cell viability and damage in response to doxo exposure. Contextually, vanillin decreased sub-G1 appearance and caspase-3 and PARP1 activation, reducing the doxo-related apoptosis induction. From a mechanistic point of view, vanillin hindered doxo-induced ROS accumulation and impaired the ERK phosphorylation. Notably, besides the cardioprotective effects, vanillin did not counteract the doxo effectiveness in osteosarcoma cells. Taken together, our results suggest that vanillin ameliorates doxo-induced toxicity in H9c2 cells, opening new avenues for developing alternative therapeutic approaches to prevent the anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity and to improve the long-term outcome of antineoplastic treatment.
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18
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Ji C, Yu C, Zhu J, Cheng Y, Tian T, Zhou B, Gu J, Fan J, Zhao M. Four cypermethrin isomers induced stereoselective metabolism in H295R cells. Chirality 2020; 32:1107-1118. [PMID: 32573024 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cypermethrin (CP) is widely used for controlling agricultural and indoor vermin. Previous studies have reported the stereoselective difference of CP in biological activities. However, little is known about their potential mechanisms between metabolic phenotypes and endocrine-disrupting effects. Herein, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics combining metabolite identification and pathway analysis were applied to evaluate the stereoselective metabolic cdisorders induced by CP isomers in human adrenocortical carcinoma cells (H295R) culture medium. Then, gene expression levels related to disturbed metabolic pathways were assessed to verify according to metabolic phenotypes. Metabolomics profiles showed that [(S)-cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl](1R,3R)-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate [(1R,3R,αS)-CP] induced the most significant changes in metabolic phenotypes than did the other stereoisomers. There are 10 differential metabolites (isoleucine, valine, leucine, ethanol, alanine, acetate, aspartate, arginine, lactate, and glucose) as well as two significantly disturbed pathways, including "pyruvate metabolism" and "alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism," that were confirmed in H295R cells culture medium of (1R,3R,αS)-CP compared with other stereoisomers. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array also confirmed the results of metabolomics. Our results can help to understand the potential mechanisms between the isomer selectivity in metabolic phenotypes and endocrine-disrupting effects. Data provided here not only lend authenticity to the cautions issued by the scientists and researchers but also offer a solution for the balance between environment and political regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Ji
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Yu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Zhu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yafei Cheng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Tian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingqi Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinping Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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El-Sheikh RM, Mansy SS, Nessim IG, Hosni HN, El Hindawi A, Hassanein MH, AbdelFattah AS. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) as a prognostic marker in chronic hepatitis C infection. APMIS 2019; 127:93-105. [PMID: 30698308 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to assess the value of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1), as a non-invasive serum marker, for the evolution of chronic HCV infection and hepatic fibrosis. Seventy-two patients with HCV positive serum RNA and 15 health volunteers were enrolled in this study. Out of 72 patients, 10 patients had decompensated liver with ascites. Quantitative analysis of CPS1 was performed in the harvested sera and corresponding liver biopsies using ELISA and immunohistochemistry techniques respectively. Also, mitochondrial count using electron microscopy, urea analysis and conventional liver tests were done. Patients were grouped into (F1 + F2) and (F3 + F4) representing stages of moderate and severe fibrosis respectively. Tissue and serum CPS1 (s.CPS1) correlated significantly in moderate and severe fibrosis. Patients with severe fibrosis showed significantly higher levels of s.CPS1 (p-value ≤ 0.05) and significantly lower mitochondrial counts (p-value = 0.0065) than those with moderate fibrosis. S.urea positively correlated with s.CPS1 only in the decompensated group, at which s.urea reached maximal levels. In conclusion, s.CPS1 is a potential non-invasive marker for the assessment of severity and progression of HCV in relation to mitochondrial dysfunction. Also, increased s.urea with the progression of the disease is mainly due to a concurrent renal malfunction, which needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranya M El-Sheikh
- Electron Microscopy Research Department (Pathology), Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Soheir S Mansy
- Electron Microscopy Research Department (Pathology), Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Iris G Nessim
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hala N Hosni
- Faculty of Medicine, Pathology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ali El Hindawi
- Faculty of Medicine, Pathology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moataz H Hassanein
- Hepatogastroenterology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S AbdelFattah
- Hepatogastroenterology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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20
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Thermal unfolding of human lysozyme induces aggregation: Recognition of the aggregates by antisera against the native protein. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:976-982. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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21
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Frequency and Prognostic Significance of Abnormal Liver Function Tests in Patients With Cardiogenic Shock. Am J Cardiol 2017; 120:1090-1097. [PMID: 28821350 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a cardiac emergency often leading to multiple organ failure and death. Assessing organ dysfunction and appropriate risk stratification are central for the optimal management of these patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of abnormal liver function tests (LFTs), as well as early changes of LFTs and their impact on outcome in CS. We measured LFTs in 178 patients in CS from serial blood samples taken at 0 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours. The associations of LFT abnormalities and their early changes with all-cause 90-day mortality were estimated using Fisher's exact test and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was abnormal in 58% of the patients, more frequently in nonsurvivors. Abnormalities in other LFTs analyzed (alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and total bilirubin) were not associated with short-term mortality. An increase in ALT of >20% within 24 hours (ΔALT>+20%) was observed in 24% of patients. ΔALT>+20% was associated with a more than 2-fold increase in mortality compared with those with stable or decreasing ALT (70% and 28%, p <0.001). Multivariable regression analysis showed that ΔALT>+20% was associated with increased 90-day mortality independent of other known risk factors. In conclusion, an increase in ALT in the initial phase was seen in 1/4 of patients in CS and was independently associated with 90-day mortality. This finding suggests that serial ALT measurements should be incorporated in the clinical assessment of patients in CS.
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23
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McGill MR. The past and present of serum aminotransferases and the future of liver injury biomarkers. EXCLI JOURNAL 2016; 15:817-828. [PMID: 28337112 PMCID: PMC5318690 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory testing is important in the diagnosis and monitoring of liver injury and disease. Current liver tests include plasma markers of injury (e.g. aminotransferases, γ-glutamyl transferase, and alkaline phosphatase), markers of function (e.g. prothrombin time, bilirubin), viral hepatitis serologies, and markers of proliferation (e.g. α-fetoprotein). Among the injury markers, the alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST, respectively) are the most commonly used. However, interpretation of ALT and AST plasma levels can be complicated. Furthermore, both have poor prognostic utility in acute liver injury and liver failure. New biomarkers of liver injury are rapidly being developed, and the US Food and Drug Administration the European Medicines Agency have recently expressed support for use of some of these biomarkers in drug trials. The purpose of this paper is to review the history of liver biomarkers, to summarize mechanisms and interpretation of ALT and AST elevation in plasma in liver injury (particularly acute liver injury), and to discuss emerging liver injury biomarkers that may complement or even replace ALT and AST in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Div. of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Dept. of Pathology and Immunology; Dept. of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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24
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Zoppini G, Cacciatori V, Negri C, Stoico V, Lippi G, Targher G, Bonora E. The aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4821. [PMID: 27787357 PMCID: PMC5089086 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio (AAR) has been widely used as a marker of advanced hepatic fibrosis. Increased AAR was also shown to be significantly associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular (CV) disease. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the AAR and mortality risk in a well-characterized cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes.A cohort of 2529 type 2 diabetic outpatients was followed-up for 6 years to collect cause-specific mortality. Cox regression analyses were modeled to estimate the independent association between AAR and the risk of all-cause and CV mortality.Over the 6-year follow-up period, 12.1% of patients died, 47.5% of whom from CV causes. An increased AAR, but not its individual components, was significantly associated with an increased risk of all-cause (adjusted-hazard risk 1.83, confidence interval [CI] 95% 1.14-2.93, P = 0.012) and CV (adjusted-hazard risk 2.60, CI 95% 1.38-4.90, P < 0.003) mortality after adjustment for multiple clinical risk factors and potential confounding variables.The AAR was independently associated with an increased risk of both all-cause and CV mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. These findings suggest that an increased AAR may reflect more systemic derangements that are not simply limited to liver damage. Further studies are needed to elucidate the pathophysiological implications of an increased AAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Zoppini
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
- Correspondence: Giacomo Zoppini, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Piazzale Stefani, 1, 37126 Verona, Italy (e-mail: )
| | | | - Carlo Negri
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
| | - Vincenzo Stoico
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
| | - Enzo Bonora
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
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25
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Qin S, Zhou Y, Gray L, Kusebauch U, McEvoy L, Antoine DJ, Hampson L, Park KB, Campbell D, Caballero J, Glusman G, Yan X, Kim TK, Yuan Y, Wang K, Rowen L, Moritz RL, Omenn GS, Pirmohamed M, Hood L. Identification of Organ-Enriched Protein Biomarkers of Acute Liver Injury by Targeted Quantitative Proteomics of Blood in Acetaminophen- and Carbon-Tetrachloride-Treated Mouse Models and Acetaminophen Overdose Patients. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3724-3740. [PMID: 27575953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Organ-enriched blood proteins, those produced primarily in one organ and secreted or exported to the blood, potentially afford a powerful and specific approach to assessing diseases in their cognate organs. We demonstrate that quantification of organ-enriched proteins in the blood offers a new strategy to find biomarkers for diagnosis and assessment of drug-induced liver injury (and presumably the assessment of other liver diseases). We used selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mass spectrometry to quantify 81 liver-enriched proteins plus three aminotransferases (ALT1, AST1, and AST2) in plasma of C57BL/6J and NOD/ShiLtJ mice exposed to acetaminophen or carbon tetrachloride. Plasma concentrations of 49 liver-enriched proteins were perturbed significantly in response to liver injury induced by one or both toxins. We validated four of these toxin-responsive proteins (ALDOB, ASS1, BHMT, and GLUD1) by Western blotting. By both assays, these four proteins constitute liver injury markers superior to currently employed markers such as ALT and AST. A similar approach was also successful in human serum where we had analyzed 66 liver-enriched proteins in acetaminophen overdose patients. Of these, 23 proteins were elevated in patients; 15 of 23 overlapped with the concentration-increased proteins in the mouse study. A combination of 5 human proteins, AGXT, ALDOB, CRP, FBP1, and MMP9, provides the best diagnostic performance to distinguish acetaminophen overdose patients from controls (sensitivity: 0.85, specificity: 0.84, accuracy: 85%). These five blood proteins are candidates for detecting acetaminophen-induced liver injury using next-generation diagnostic devices (e.g, microfluidic ELISA assays).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Qin
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Yong Zhou
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Li Gray
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Ulrike Kusebauch
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Laurence McEvoy
- Institute of Translational Medicine at University of Liverpool , 1-5 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GL, England
| | - Daniel J Antoine
- Institute of Translational Medicine at University of Liverpool , 1-5 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GL, England
| | - Lucy Hampson
- Institute of Translational Medicine at University of Liverpool , 1-5 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GL, England
| | - Kevin B Park
- Institute of Translational Medicine at University of Liverpool , 1-5 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GL, England
| | - David Campbell
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Juan Caballero
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Gustavo Glusman
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Xiaowei Yan
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Taek-Kyun Kim
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Yue Yuan
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Lee Rowen
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Robert L Moritz
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Gilbert S Omenn
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States.,Departments of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, Internal Medicine, and Human Genetics and School of Public Health, University of Michigan , 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Institute of Translational Medicine at University of Liverpool , 1-5 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GL, England
| | - Leroy Hood
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
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Mutations in mitochondrial enzyme GPT2 cause metabolic dysfunction and neurological disease with developmental and progressive features. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5598-607. [PMID: 27601654 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609221113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations that cause neurological phenotypes are highly informative with regard to mechanisms governing human brain function and disease. We report autosomal recessive mutations in the enzyme glutamate pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2) in large kindreds initially ascertained for intellectual and developmental disability (IDD). GPT2 [also known as alanine transaminase 2 (ALT2)] is one of two related transaminases that catalyze the reversible addition of an amino group from glutamate to pyruvate, yielding alanine and α-ketoglutarate. In addition to IDD, all affected individuals show postnatal microcephaly and ∼80% of those followed over time show progressive motor symptoms, a spastic paraplegia. Homozygous nonsense p.Arg404* and missense p.Pro272Leu mutations are shown biochemically to be loss of function. The GPT2 gene demonstrates increasing expression in brain in the early postnatal period, and GPT2 protein localizes to mitochondria. Akin to the human phenotype, Gpt2-null mice exhibit reduced brain growth. Through metabolomics and direct isotope tracing experiments, we find a number of metabolic abnormalities associated with loss of Gpt2. These include defects in amino acid metabolism such as low alanine levels and elevated essential amino acids. Also, we find defects in anaplerosis, the metabolic process involved in replenishing TCA cycle intermediates. Finally, mutant brains demonstrate misregulated metabolites in pathways implicated in neuroprotective mechanisms previously associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Overall, our data reveal an important role for the GPT2 enzyme in mitochondrial metabolism with relevance to developmental as well as potentially to neurodegenerative mechanisms.
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27
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Analysis of the structure, evolution, and expression of CD24, an important regulator of cell fate. Gene 2016; 590:324-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Thulin P, Bamberg K, Buler M, Dahl B, Glinghammar B. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonist, AZD4619, induces alanine aminotransferase-1 gene and protein expression in human, but not in rat hepatocytes: Correlation with serum ALT levels. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:961-8. [PMID: 27430334 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum is the standard biomarker for liver injury. We have previously described a clinical trial with a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist (AZD4619), which unexpectedly caused increased serum levels of ALT in treated individuals without any other evidence of liver injury. We pinpointed a plausible mechanism through which AZD4619 could increase serum ALT levels; namely through the PPARα-specific activation of the human ALT1 gene at the transcriptional level. In the present study, we present data from the preceding rat toxicity study, demonstrating that AZD4619 had no effect on rat serum ALT activity levels, and further experiments were performed to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for this species-related difference. Our results revealed that AZD4619 increased ALT1 protein expression in a dose-dependent manner in human, but not in rat primary hepatocytes. Cloning of the human and rat ALT1 promoters into luciferase vectors confirmed that AZD4619 induced only the human, but not the rat ALT1 gene promoter in a dose-dependent manner. In PPARα-GAL4 reporter gene assays, AZD4619 was >100-fold more potent on the human vs. rat PPARα levels, explaining the differences in induction of the ALT1 gene between the species at the concentration range tested. These data demonstrate the usefulness of the human and rat ALT1 reporter gene assays for testing future drug candidates at the preclinical stage. In drug discovery projects, these assays elucidate whether elevations in ALT levels observed in vivo or in the clinic are due to metabolic effects rather than a toxic event in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Thulin
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Marcin Buler
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Björn Dahl
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
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29
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Oncogenic PIK3CA mutations reprogram glutamine metabolism in colorectal cancer. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11971. [PMID: 27321283 PMCID: PMC4915131 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells often require glutamine for growth, thereby distinguishing them from most normal cells. Here we show that PIK3CA mutations reprogram glutamine metabolism by upregulating glutamate pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2) in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, making them more dependent on glutamine. Compared with isogenic wild-type (WT) cells, PIK3CA mutant CRCs convert substantially more glutamine to α-ketoglutarate to replenish the tricarboxylic acid cycle and generate ATP. Mutant p110α upregulates GPT2 gene expression through an AKT-independent, PDK1–RSK2–ATF4 signalling axis. Moreover, aminooxyacetate, which inhibits the enzymatic activity of aminotransferases including GPT2, suppresses xenograft tumour growth of CRCs with PIK3CA mutations, but not with WT PIK3CA. Together, these data establish oncogenic PIK3CA mutations as a cause of glutamine dependency in CRCs and suggest that targeting glutamine metabolism may be an effective approach to treat CRC patients harbouring PIK3CA mutations. Cancer cells rely on glutamine to replenish the TCA cycle. Here, the authors show that oncogenic PIK3CA mutations drive this metabolic rewiring in colorectal cancer cells by up-regulating glutamate pyruvate transaminase expression, thus increasing sensitivity to glutamine starvation.
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30
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Ehala-Aleksejev K, Punab M. Serum hepatic enzyme activity in relation to semen quality and serum reproductive hormone levels among Estonian fertile Men. Andrology 2016; 4:152-9. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Punab
- Andrology Unit; Tartu University Hospital; Tartu Estonia
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31
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Hu X, Cheng S, Liu X, Li J, Zheng W, Lu G, Zhang J, Zheng J, Zhang J. Development of monoclonal antibodies and immunochromatographic lateral flow device for rapid test of alanine aminotransferase isoenzyme 1. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 119:94-101. [PMID: 26611609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) has been used as a sensitive marker for liver injury in people and in preclinical toxicity studies. But measurement of ALT isoenzymes, ALT1 and ALT2, was reported to be of more diagnostic value. The aim of this study is to develop an ideal pair of anti-ALT1 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) of high specificity and affinity, and subsequently prepare a Immunochromatographic lateral flow device (LFD) for rapid test of ALT1 in human serums. METHODS The complete coding sequence of ALT1 gene (1500 bp) was cloned from human hepatoma G2 cells (HepG2) and inserted into the expression vector pET-32a(+). ALT1 recombinant protein was routinely prepared by E. coli BL21 (DE3) expression and Ni(2+) affinity purification. Balb/c mice were immunized with purified ALT1 and the splenocytes were fused with Sp2/0 myeloma cells. The positive clones, verified by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using purified ALT1, were subcloned to single clones by limiting dilution process. A MAb pair was selected from the obtained MAbs according the sandwich ELISA pairing results and then used for lateral flow device (LFD) production. After evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity, the LFD strips were employed to test human serum samples with known ALT activity levels. RESULTS ALT1 recombinant protein was expectedly prepared by expression and purification. A total of 8 stable clones that produced antibodies specifically recognizing ALT1 protein were developed. After sandwich ELISA pairing, an ideal pair of anti-ALT1 MAbs, designated as BD7 and DG3, were selected and proved to be of high specificity, titer and affinity. Based on the MAb pair, LFD strips specifically for ALT1 rapid test were subsequently prepared. The detection threshold of the LFD strips was 12 U/L. No cross reaction was found. CONCLUSIONS The ALT1 LFD with high sensitivity and specificity was successfully developed. It is valuable for testing ALT1 protein in human sera and can be a beneficial complement for traditional ALT test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Hu
- The Blood Transfusion Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Shiliang Cheng
- Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Jiaotong Hospital, No.11 Wuyinshan Road, Tianqiao District, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Jiaotong Hospital, No.11 Wuyinshan Road, Tianqiao District, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Jie Li
- The Blood Transfusion Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Jiaotong Hospital, No.11 Wuyinshan Road, Tianqiao District, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Gang Lu
- Artron BioResearch Inc., 3938 North Fraser Way, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5J 5H6, Canada
| | - Jun Zhang
- Artron BioResearch Inc., 3938 North Fraser Way, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5J 5H6, Canada
| | - Jian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Juan Zhang
- The Blood Transfusion Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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Prognostic significance of transaminases after acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction: insights from a cardiac magnetic resonance study. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2015; 127:843-850. [PMID: 26443690 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-015-0868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), the relationship between transaminases and myocardial damage detected by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is unknown and the prognostic value incompletely investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS CMR imaging was performed in 167 STEMI patients 2.3 [1.6-3.9] days after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Blood samples for transaminase measurement (aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT)) were obtained serially from day 1 to day 4 after PPCI. Patients were followed for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) for 2.7 [1.1-3.3] years. RESULTS Admission and peak concentrations of AST and ALT were significantly associated with ejection fraction (p < 0.001), infarct size (p < 0.001), and the presence of microvascular obstruction (p < 0.01). Peak values of both transaminases showed a stronger correlation with CMR parameters than admission values (all p < 0.05). In Kaplan-Meier analysis, a high peak AST or high peak ALT was associated with reduced MACE-free survival (both p < 0.01), whereas admission values were not (both p > 0.05). Peak AST (hazard ratio (HR): 4.93 [1.70-14.32], p = 0.003) and peak ALT (HR: 5.67 [1.94-16.56], p = 0.002) were independent predictors of MACE after adjusting for clinical risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Transaminases measured in the acute phase after PPCI for STEMI are associated with systolic dysfunction, more extensive myocardial necrosis and microvascular injury with subsequent prognostic information on MACE at long-term follow-up.
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Qian K, Zhong S, Xie K, Yu D, Yang R, Gong DW. Hepatic ALT isoenzymes are elevated in gluconeogenic conditions including diabetes and suppressed by insulin at the protein level. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:562-71. [PMID: 25865565 PMCID: PMC4696510 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alanine transaminase (ALT) plays an important role in gluconeogenesis by converting alanine into pyruvate for glucose production. Early studies have shown that ALT activities are upregulated in gluconeogenic conditions and may be implicated in the development of diabetes. ALT consists of two isoforms, ALT1 and ALT2, with distinctive subcellular and tissue distributions. Whether and how they are regulated are largely unknown. METHODS By using Western blotting analysis, we measured hepatic ALT isoforms at the protein level in obese and diabetic animals and in Fao hepatoma cells treated with dexamethasone and insulin. In addition, we measured glucose output in Fao cells over-expressing ALT1 and ALT2. RESULTS Both ALT isoforms in the liver were increased in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats and during fasting. However, in ob/ob mice, only ALT2, but not ALT1, protein levels were elevated, and the increase of ALT2 was correlated with that of ALT activity. We further demonstrated that, in vitro, both ALT1 and ALT2 were induced by glucocorticoid dexamethasone, but suppressed by insulin in Fao cells. Finally, we showed that the over-expression of ALT1 and ALT2 in Fao cells directly increased glucose output. CONCLUSIONS We have shown the similarity and difference in the regulation of ALT isoforms in gluconeogenic conditions at the protein level, supporting that ALT isoenzymes play an important role in glucose metabolism and may be implicated the development of insulin resistance and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Qian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China, 400016
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Shao Zhong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Disease, The First Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, China, 215300
| | - Keming Xie
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Daozhan Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Rongze Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Da-Wei Gong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Da-Wei Gong, M.D., Ph.D., University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W. Redwood Street, HH#497, Baltimore, MD 21201, , Tel.: (410) 706-1672
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Celis K, Shuldiner S, Haverfield EV, Cappell J, Yang R, Gong DW, Chung WK. Loss of function mutation in glutamic pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2) causes developmental encephalopathy. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:941-8. [PMID: 25758935 PMCID: PMC4919120 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability is genetically heterogeneous, and it is likely that many of the responsible genes have not yet been identified. We describe three siblings with isolated, severe developmental encephalopathy. After extensive uninformative genetic and metabolic testing, whole exome sequencing identified a homozygous novel variant in glutamic pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2) or alanine transaminase 2 (ALT2), c.459 C > G p.Ser153Arg that segregated with developmental encephalopathy in the family. This variant was predicted to be damaging by all in silico prediction algorithms. GPT2 is the gene encoding ALT2 which is responsible for the reversible transamination of alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate. GPT2 is expressed in brain and is in the pathway to generate glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter. Functional assays of recombinant wild-type and mutant ALT2 proteins demonstrated the p.Ser153Arg mutation resulted in a severe loss of enzymatic function. We suggest that recessively inherited loss of function GPT2 mutations are a novel cause of intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Celis
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, Room 620, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | | - Joshua Cappell
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, Room 620, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rongze Yang
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Da-Wei Gong
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Wendy K. Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, Room 620, New York, NY 10032, USA
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McGovern AJ, Vitkovitsky IV, Jones DL, Mullins ME. Can AST/ALT ratio indicate recovery after acute paracetamol poisoning? Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015; 53:164-7. [PMID: 25652258 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1006399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Paracetamol (acetaminophen or APAP) is the most common pharmaceutical exposure in the US. Elevations in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels indicate hepatic toxicity. AST and ALT levels rise in similar proportions but later decline at different rates, with AST falling more rapidly than ALT. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the AST/ALT ratio can indicate that a patient has passed the time of peak AST concentration. METHODS We retrospectively identified cases of patients hospitalized for acute APAP poisoning by querying the pharmacy database of all patients treated with acetylcysteine (NAC) from January 1, 2001 to March 19, 2013. We included all patients with severe APAP poisoning, defined as AST or ALT greater than 1000 IU/L. Patients who were given NAC for other indications, those without APAP poisoning, and those receiving liver transplantation were excluded. We then recorded paired AST and ALT concentrations from each patient's hospital course. We classified each pair as clearly post-peak or not, and calculated the AST/ALT ratio for each pair of values. We compared different thresholds of AST/ALT ratio in increments of 0.1 to find the optimal value that reliably indicated resolving transaminases. RESULTS We identified 1820 patients who received NAC during the study period. Of these, 333 received NAC for suspected poisoning by APAP. After excluding patients without severe APAP poisoning, other diagnoses explaining transaminase elevations, and patients who underwent liver transplantation, we had 37 evaluable patients with 343 evaluable pairs of AST and ALT concentrations. An AST/ALT ratio less than or equal to 0.4 was 99% sensitive for identifying patients with resolving transaminases. CONCLUSION An AST/ALT ratio less than or equal to 0.4 following severe hepatoxicity from paracetamol poisoning appears to be highly predictive of recovery in patients treated with NAC. This has potential to be an indicator of safe discontinuation of NAC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J McGovern
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , Saint Louis, MO , USA
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Sookoian S, Pirola CJ. Liver enzymes, metabolomics and genome-wide association studies: From systems biology to the personalized medicine. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:711-725. [PMID: 25624707 PMCID: PMC4299326 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i3.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For several decades, serum levels of alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferases have been regarded as markers of liver injury, including a wide range of etiologies from viral hepatitis to fatty liver. The increasing worldwide prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease revealed that transaminases are strong predictors of type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, atherothrombotic risk profile, and overall risk of metabolic disease. Therefore, it is plausible to suggest that aminotransferases are surrogate biomarkers of “liver metabolic functioning” beyond the classical concept of liver cellular damage, as their enzymatic activity might actually reflect key aspects of the physiology and pathophysiology of the liver function. In this study, we summarize the background information and recent findings on the biological role of ALT and AST, and review the knowledge gained from the application of genome-wide approaches and “omics” technologies that uncovered new concepts on the role of aminotransferases in human diseases and systemic regulation of metabolic functions. Prediction of biomolecular interactions between the candidate genes recently discovered to be associated with plasma concentrations of liver enzymes showed interesting interconnectivity nodes, which suggest that regulation of aminotransferase activity is a complex and highly regulated trait. Finally, links between aminotransferase genes and metabolites are explored to understand the genetic contributions to the metabolic diversity.
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Fernando P, Yan X, Lockwood J, Duan Y, Wei L, Glenn Wells R, Bensimon C, Mullett WM, Ruddy T. Toxicological evaluation of a rotenone derivative in rodents for clinical myocardial perfusion imaging. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2015; 14:170-82. [PMID: 24395712 PMCID: PMC4032473 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-013-9241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy is a valuable clinical tool for assessing coronary blood flow deficits in patients. We recently synthesized a new iodinated compound (123I-CMICE-013) based on rotenone and showed that it has excellent performance as a radiotracer for myocardial perfusion imaging. Here, we describe the cellular toxicity and subacute toxicity of CMICE-013 in rats. Cultured hepatocytes displayed sensitivity to rotenone but not CMICE-013 at equimolar concentrations. Following i.v. injection of CMICE-013 for 14 days, body weight, ambulation, behavior, grooming, guarding (abdominal, muscular), pale conjunctivae, and food intake were observed. Biochemical, hematological, and histopathological changes in tissues (heart, liver, kidney, spleen, lung, and brain) and echocardiography at pre- and post-dosing were also examined. All animals responded well to the daily injections of CMICE-013 and showed no mortality or adverse reactions with respect to the parameters above. Subacute i.v. injections at high- (5 μg/kg) and low (1 μg/kg)-dose levels did not result in any significant changes to either biochemical or hematological parameters and no detectable changes in histopathology compared to the vehicle or untreated animals. Echocardiographic analyses, including the measurements of cardiac function and anatomy (wall thickness, left atrial size, and left ventricular mass), were not different at pre- versus post-dose measures and were not different compared to the vehicle or untreated animals. Our observations in small animals reveal that CMICE-013 induces minimal toxicity when delivered intravenously for 14 days.
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Li LM, Wang D, Zen K. MicroRNAs in Drug-induced Liver Injury. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2014; 2:162-9. [PMID: 26357624 PMCID: PMC4521241 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2014.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of acute liver failure, and a major reason for the recall of marketed drugs. Detection of potential liver injury is a challenge for clinical management and preclinical drug safety studies, as well as a great obstacle to the development of new, effective and safe drugs. Currently, serum levels of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases are the gold standard for evaluating liver injury. However, these levels are assessed by nonspecific, insensitive, and non-predictive tests, and often result in false-positive results. Therefore, there is an urgent need for better DILI biomarkers to guide risk assessment and patient management. The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) as a new class of gene expression regulators has triggered an explosion of research, particularly on the measurement of miRNAs in various body fluids as biomarkers for many human diseases. The properties of miRNA-based biomarkers, such as tissue specificity and high stability and sensitivity, suggest they could be used as novel, minimally invasive and stable DILI biomarkers. In the current review, we summarize recent progress concerning the role of miRNAs in diagnosing and monitoring both clinical and preclinical DILI, and discuss the main advantages and challenges of miRNAs as novel DILI biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ke Zen
- Correspondence to: Ke Zen, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China. E-mail:
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Weerasinghe SVW, Jang YJ, Fontana RJ, Omary MB. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-1 is a rapid turnover biomarker in mouse and human acute liver injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G355-64. [PMID: 24924744 PMCID: PMC4121638 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00303.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Several serum markers are used to assess hepatocyte damage, but they have limitations related to etiology specificity and prognostication. Identification of novel hepatocyte-specific biomarkers could provide important prognostic information and better pathogenesis classification. We tested the hypothesis that hepatocyte-selective biomarkers are released after subjecting isolated mouse hepatocytes to Fas-ligand-mediated apoptosis. Proteomic analysis of hepatocyte culture medium identified the mitochondrial matrix protein carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-1 (CPS1) among the most readily detected proteins that are released by apoptotic hepatocytes. CPS1 was also detected in mouse serum upon acute challenge with Fas-ligand or acetaminophen and in hepatocytes upon hypoosmotic stress, independent of hepatocyte caspase activation. Furthermore, CPS1 was observed in sera of mice chronically fed the hepatotoxin 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine. Mouse CPS1 detectability was similar in serum and plasma, and its half-life was 126 ± 9 min. Immune staining showed that CPS1 localized to mouse hepatocytes but not ductal cells. Analysis of a few serum samples from patients with acute liver failure (ALF) due to acetaminophen, Wilson disease, or ischemia showed readily detectable CPS1 that was not observed in several patients with chronic viral hepatitis or in control donors. Notably, CPS1 rapidly decreased to undetectable levels in sera of patients with acetaminophen-related ALF who ultimately recovered, while alanine aminotransferase levels remained elevated. Therefore, CPS1 becomes readily detectable upon hepatocyte apoptotic and necrotic death in culture or in vivo. Its abundance and short serum half-life, compared with alanine aminotransferase, suggest that it may be a useful prognostic biomarker in human and mouse liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith V. W. Weerasinghe
- 1Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
| | - You-Jin Jang
- 1Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
| | - Robert J. Fontana
- 2Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- 1Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; ,2Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and ,3VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Hornby RJ, Starkey Lewis P, Dear J, Goldring C, Park BK. MicroRNAs as potential circulating biomarkers of drug-induced liver injury: key current and future issues for translation to humans. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 7:349-62. [PMID: 24694030 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2014.904201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a common form of adverse drug reaction seen within the clinic. Sensitive, specific and non-invasive biomarkers of liver toxicity are required to help diagnose hepatotoxicity and also to identify safety liabilities during drug development. Limitations exist in the current gold standard DILI biomarkers: alanine aminotransferase is not liver-specific and therefore gives rise to false-positive signals. Interest has grown in the potential of microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers of DILI. Some miRNAs display remarkable organ specificity, can be measured sensitively and are stable in a wide range of biofluids. However, little is currently known about the mechanisms through which miRNAs are released from cells. Furthermore, a clinically suitable method to measure miRNAs has not yet been developed. This review aims to highlight the current research surrounding these markers and areas in which further work is required to establish these markers within clinical and pre-clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert James Hornby
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Buildings, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
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41
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Howell BA, Siler SQ, Shoda LKM, Yang Y, Woodhead JL, Watkins PB. A mechanistic model of drug-induced liver injury AIDS the interpretation of elevated liver transaminase levels in a phase I clinical trial. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 3:e98. [PMID: 24500662 PMCID: PMC3944113 DOI: 10.1038/psp.2013.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Entolimod (CBLB502) is a Toll-like receptor 5 agonist in development as a single-dose countermeasure against total body irradiation. Efficacy can be assessed from animal studies, but the “Animal Rule” does not apply to safety assessment. Marked elevations of serum aminotransferases (exceeding 1,000 IU/l) were observed in some human subjects receiving Entolimod in a safety study, threatening its continued development. The percentage of total hepatocytes undergoing necrosis in these subjects was estimated using a mechanistic, multiscale, mathematical model (DILIsym). The simulations suggested that no subject in the safety study experienced more than a modest loss of hepatocytes (<5%), which was comparable to estimates from a study of healthy volunteers receiving treatment with heparins. The predicted hepatocyte loss with Entolimod was lower than that required to cause liver dysfunction or that is routinely excised from volunteers donating for autologous liver transplantation and did not likely represent a serious health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Howell
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - S Q Siler
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - L K M Shoda
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Y Yang
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - J L Woodhead
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - P B Watkins
- 1] The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA [2] School of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Salgado MC, Metón I, Anemaet IG, Baanante IV. Activating transcription factor 4 mediates up-regulation of alanine aminotransferase 2 gene expression under metabolic stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:288-96. [PMID: 24418603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) provides a molecular link between carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. In humans, two ALT isoforms have been characterized: ALT1, cytosolic, and ALT2, mitochondrial. To gain insight into the transcriptional regulation of the ALT2 gene, we cloned and characterized the human ALT2 promoter. 5'-deletion analysis of ALT2 promoter in transiently transfected HepG2 cells and site-directed mutagenesis allowed us to identify ATF4 as a new factor involved in the transcriptional regulation of ALT2 expression. Quantitative RT-PCR assays showed that the metabolic stressors histidinol and tunicamycin increased ATF4 levels and up-regulated ALT2 in HepG2 and Huh7 cells. Consistently, knock-down of ATF4 decreased ALT2 mRNA levels in HepG2 and Huh-7 cells. Moreover, ATF4 silencing prevented the activating effect of histidinol and tunicamycin on ATF4 and ALT2 expression. Our findings point to ALT2 as an enzyme involved in the metabolic adaptation of the cell to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Salgado
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidoro Metón
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ida G Anemaet
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel V Baanante
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Gray LR, Tompkins SC, Taylor EB. Regulation of pyruvate metabolism and human disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:2577-604. [PMID: 24363178 PMCID: PMC4059968 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate is a keystone molecule critical for numerous aspects of eukaryotic and human metabolism. Pyruvate is the end-product of glycolysis, is derived from additional sources in the cellular cytoplasm, and is ultimately destined for transport into mitochondria as a master fuel input undergirding citric acid cycle carbon flux. In mitochondria, pyruvate drives ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation and multiple biosynthetic pathways intersecting the citric acid cycle. Mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism is regulated by many enzymes, including the recently discovered mitochondria pyruvate carrier, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate carboxylase, to modulate overall pyruvate carbon flux. Mutations in any of the genes encoding for proteins regulating pyruvate metabolism may lead to disease. Numerous cases have been described. Aberrant pyruvate metabolism plays an especially prominent role in cancer, heart failure, and neurodegeneration. Because most major diseases involve aberrant metabolism, understanding and exploiting pyruvate carbon flux may yield novel treatments that enhance human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence R Gray
- Department of Biochemistry, Fraternal Order of the Eagles Diabetes Research Center, and François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd, 4-403 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Leftin A, Degani H, Frydman L. In vivo magnetic resonance of hyperpolarized [(13)C1]pyruvate: metabolic dynamics in stimulated muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E1165-71. [PMID: 24022866 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00296.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic status of muscle changes according to the energetic demands of the organism. Two key regulators of these changes include exercise and insulin, with exercise eliciting catabolic expenditure within seconds and insulin enabling anabolic energy investment over minutes to hours. This study explores the potential of time-resolved hyperpolarized dynamic (13)C spectroscopy to characterize the in vivo metabolic phenotype of muscle during functional and biochemical insulin-induced stimulation of muscle. Using [(13)C1]pyruvic acid as a tracer, we find that despite the different time scales of these forms of stimulation, increases in pyruvate label transport and consumption and concomitant increases in initial rates of the tracer metabolism to lactate were observed for both stimuli. By contrast, rates of tracer metabolism to labeled alanine increased incrementally for insulin but remained unchanged following exercise-like muscle stimulation. Kinetic analysis revealed that branching of the hyperpolarized [(13)C]pyruvate tracer between lactate and alanine provides significant tissue-specific biomarkers that distinguish between anabolic and catabolic fates in vivo according to the routing of metabolites between glycolytic and amino acid pathways.
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Adeva M, González-Lucán M, Seco M, Donapetry C. Enzymes involved in l-lactate metabolism in humans. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:615-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Pharmacological effect of Kalpaamruthaa on renal and cardiac damage induced by ingestion of aflatoxin B1 studied in wistar rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionut.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ahmed AR, Moody AJ, Fisher A, Davies SJ. Growth performance and starch utilization in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in response to dietary chromium chloride supplementation. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2013; 27:45-51. [PMID: 22748694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A nutrition trial was conducted on juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio), initial mean body weight 15 ± 0.4 g within a controlled facility at 25 ± 0.5°C. Six diets containing various levels of supplementary Cr (0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) mg Cr/kg of diet as Cr chloride hexahydrate were fed to carp for a period of 10 weeks. Lower growth performance was observed in fish fed on the control diet and the diet supplemented with the highest level of Cr (2.0mg Cr/kg). Although fish fed 0.5mg Cr/kg showed the best growth performance, this was not significantly different (P>0.05) from fish fed 1.0mg Cr/kg. The regression of plasma glucose concentration was linear (R(2)=0.97 and P value=0.001) as the Cr content of the diet increased (up to 1.5mg Cr/kg). Cr carcass content was elevated with an increasing level of dietary Cr supplementation up to 1.5mg Cr/kg; but fish fed on the diet supplemented with the highest level of Cr (2.0mg Cr/kg) showed a decrease in Cr carcass content. Histological examination to evaluate the impact of different Cr supplementation on liver and gut tissues showed notable changes. The higher level of Cr (2.0mg Cr/kg) in the diet gave rise to elevated hepatocyte vacuolization and changes in gut tissue morphology. It appeared that Cr chloride significantly improved growth within a defined range (0.2-1.5) mg Cr/kg without any negative impact, while 2.0mg Cr/kg in carp diet seems to be the threshold for the initiation of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arafat R Ahmed
- School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL48AA, UK.
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Inagaki Y, Matsumoto Y, Kataoka K, Matsuhashi N, Sekimizu K. Evaluation of drug-induced tissue injury by measuring alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in silkworm hemolymph. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 13:13. [PMID: 23137391 PMCID: PMC3545979 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-13-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous studies suggest silkworms can be used as model animals instead of mammals in pharmacologic studies to develop novel therapeutic medicines. We examined the usefulness of the silkworm larvae Bombyx mori as an animal model for evaluating tissue injury induced by various cytotoxic drugs. Drugs that induce hepatotoxic effects in mammals were injected into the silkworm hemocoel, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was measured in the hemolymph 1 day later. Results Injection of CCl4 into the hemocoel led to an increase in ALT activity. The increase in ALT activity was attenuated by pretreatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Injection of benzoic acid derivatives, ferric sulfate, sodium valproate, tetracycline, amiodarone hydrochloride, methyldopa, ketoconazole, pemoline (Betanamin), N-nitroso-fenfluramine, and D-galactosamine also increased ALT activity. Conclusions These findings indicate that silkworms are useful for evaluating the effects of chemicals that induce tissue injury in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Inagaki
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Rafter I, Gråberg T, Kotronen A, Strömmer L, Mattson CM, Kim RW, Ehrenborg E, Andersson HB, Yki-Järvinen H, Schuppe-Koistinen I, Ekblom B, Cotgreave I, Glinghammar B. Isoform-specific alanine aminotransferase measurement can distinguish hepatic from extrahepatic injury in humans. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:1241-9. [PMID: 22922605 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is used as a clinical marker to detect hepatic damage and hepatoxicity. Two isoforms of ALT have been identified, ALT1 and ALT2, which have identical enzymatic capacities and are detected simultaneously in human serum/plasma using classical clinical chemical assays. Differences exist in the expression patterns of the ALT1 and ALT2 proteins in different organs which suggest that changes in the proportion of ALT1 and ALT2 in plasma may arise and reflect damage to different human organs. However, this has not been previously studied due to the lack of a selective methodology that can quantify both ALT1 and ALT2 isoforms in the total ALT activity normally measured in clinical samples. To the best of our knowledge, our current study reveals for the first time, that under 3 different conditions of liver damage (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis C and during liver surgery) the leakage of ALT1 activity into plasma greatly exceeds that of ALT2, and that the measurement of ALT1 during liver damage is equal to the measurement of total ALT activity. By contrast, during skeletal muscle injury, induced in volunteers by physical exertion, the leakage of ALT2 exceeds that of ALT1 and the proportion of circulating ALT isoforms changes accordingly. The ALT isoform changes occurring in plasma reflect previously demonstrated relative contents of ALT1 and ALT2 activities in human liver and skeletal muscle. These data suggest that assessing the percentage contribution of ALT1 and ALT2 activities to total ALT activity in plasma may distinguish hepatic from extrahepatic injury using the same standard analytical platform.
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Starkey Lewis PJ, Dear J, Platt V, Simpson KJ, Craig DGN, Antoine DJ, French NS, Dhaun N, Webb DJ, Costello EM, Neoptolemos JP, Moggs J, Goldring CE, Park BK. Circulating microRNAs as potential markers of human drug-induced liver injury. Hepatology 2011; 54:1767-76. [PMID: 22045675 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED New biomarkers of liver injury are required in the clinic and in preclinical pharmaceutical evaluation. Previous studies demonstrate that two liver-enriched microRNAs (miR-122 and miR-192) are promising biomarkers of acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury (APAP-ALI) in mice. We have examined these molecules, for the first time, in humans with APAP poisoning. Serum miR-122 and miR-192 were substantially higher in APAP-ALI patients, compared to healthy controls (median ΔΔCt [25th, 75th percentile]) (miR-122: 1,265 [491, 4,270] versus 12.1 [7.0, 26.9], P < 0.0001; miR-192: 6.9 [2.0, 29.2] versus 0.44 [0.30, 0.69], P < 0.0001). A heart-enriched miR-1 showed no difference between APAP-ALI patients and controls, whereas miR-218 (brain-enriched) was slightly higher in the APAP-ALI cohort (0.17 [0.07, 0.50] versus 0.07 [0.04, 0.12]; P = 0.01). In chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, miR-122 and -192 were modestly higher, compared to controls (miR-122: 32.0 [21.1, 40.9] versus 12.1 [7.0, 26.9], P = 0.006; miR-192: 1.2 [0.74, 1.9] versus 0.44 [0.30, 0.69], P = 0.005), but miR-122 and -192 were substantially higher in APAP-ALI patients than CKD patients (miR-122: P < 0.0001; miR-192: P < 0.0004). miR-122 correlated with peak ALT levels in the APAP-ALI cohort (Pearson R = 0.46, P = 0.0005), but not with prothrombin time. miR-122 was also raised alongside peak ALT levels in a group of patients with non-APAP ALI. Day 1 serum miR-122 levels were almost 2-fold higher in APAP-ALI patients who satisfied King's College Criteria (KCC), compared to those who did not satisfy KCC, although this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.15). CONCLUSION This work provides the first evidence for the potential use of miRNAs as biomarkers of human drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Starkey Lewis
- MRC Center for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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