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Silvestrini MMA, Alessio GD, Frias BED, Sales Júnior PA, Araújo MSS, Silvestrini CMA, Brito Alvim de Melo GE, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins HR. New insights into Trypanosoma cruzi genetic diversity, and its influence on parasite biology and clinical outcomes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1342431. [PMID: 38655255 PMCID: PMC11035809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1342431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a serious public health problem worldwide. The parasite was subdivided into six distinct genetic groups, called "discrete typing units" (DTUs), from TcI to TcVI. Several studies have indicated that the heterogeneity of T. cruzi species directly affects the diversity of clinical manifestations of Chagas disease, control, diagnosis performance, and susceptibility to treatment. Thus, this review aims to describe how T. cruzi genetic diversity influences the biology of the parasite and/or clinical parameters in humans. Regarding the geographic dispersion of T. cruzi, evident differences were observed in the distribution of DTUs in distinct areas. For example, TcII is the main DTU detected in Brazilian patients from the central and southeastern regions, where there are also registers of TcVI as a secondary T. cruzi DTU. An important aspect observed in previous studies is that the genetic variability of T. cruzi can impact parasite infectivity, reproduction, and differentiation in the vectors. It has been proposed that T. cruzi DTU influences the host immune response and affects disease progression. Genetic aspects of the parasite play an important role in determining which host tissues will be infected, thus heavily influencing Chagas disease's pathogenesis. Several teams have investigated the correlation between T. cruzi DTU and the reactivation of Chagas disease. In agreement with these data, it is reasonable to suppose that the immunological condition of the patient, whether or not associated with the reactivation of the T. cruzi infection and the parasite strain, may have an important role in the pathogenesis of Chagas disease. In this context, understanding the genetics of T. cruzi and its biological and clinical implications will provide new knowledge that may contribute to additional strategies in the diagnosis and clinical outcome follow-up of patients with Chagas disease, in addition to the reactivation of immunocompromised patients infected with T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glaucia Diniz Alessio
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruna Estefânia Diniz Frias
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Policarpo Ademar Sales Júnior
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcio Sobreira Silva Araújo
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helen Rodrigues Martins
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Hoyos Sanchez MC, Ospina Zapata HS, Suarez BD, Ospina C, Barbosa HJ, Carranza Martinez JC, Vallejo GA, Urrea Montes D, Duitama J. A phased genome assembly of a Colombian Trypanosoma cruzi TcI strain and the evolution of gene families. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2054. [PMID: 38267502 PMCID: PMC10808112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas is an endemic disease in tropical regions of Latin America, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. High intraspecies variability and genome complexity have been challenges to assemble high quality genomes needed for studies in evolution, population genomics, diagnosis and drug development. Here we present a chromosome-level phased assembly of a TcI T. cruzi strain (Dm25). While 29 chromosomes show a large collinearity with the assembly of the Brazil A4 strain, three chromosomes show both large heterozygosity and large divergence, compared to previous assemblies of TcI T. cruzi strains. Nucleotide and protein evolution statistics indicate that T. cruzi Marinkellei separated before the diversification of T. cruzi in the known DTUs. Interchromosomal paralogs of dispersed gene families and histones appeared before but at the same time have a more strict purifying selection, compared to other repeat families. Previously unreported large tandem arrays of protein kinases and histones were identified in this assembly. Over one million variants obtained from Illumina reads aligned to the primary assembly clearly separate the main DTUs. We expect that this new assembly will be a valuable resource for further studies on evolution and functional genomics of Trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Camila Hoyos Sanchez
- Systems and Computing Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | | | - Brayhan Dario Suarez
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Carlos Ospina
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Hamilton Julian Barbosa
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | | | - Gustavo Adolfo Vallejo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Daniel Urrea Montes
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Jorge Duitama
- Systems and Computing Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Zingales B, Macedo AM. Fifteen Years after the Definition of Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs: What Have We Learned? Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2339. [PMID: 38137940 PMCID: PMC10744745 DOI: 10.3390/life13122339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan causative of Chagas disease (ChD), exhibits striking genetic and phenotypic intraspecific diversity, along with ecoepidemiological complexity. Human-pathogen interactions lead to distinct clinical presentations of ChD. In 2009, an international consensus classified T. cruzi strains into six discrete typing units (DTUs), TcI to TcVI, later including TcBat, and proposed reproducible genotyping schemes for DTU identification. This article aims to review the impact of classifying T. cruzi strains into DTUs on our understanding of biological, ecoepidemiological, and pathogenic aspects of T. cruzi. We will explore the likely origin of DTUs and the intrinsic characteristics of each group of strains concerning genome organization, genomics, and susceptibility to drugs used in ChD treatment. We will also provide an overview of the association of DTUs with mammalian reservoirs, and summarize the geographic distribution, and the clinical implications, of prevalent specific DTUs in ChD patients. Throughout this review, we will emphasize the crucial roles of both parasite and human genetics in defining ChD pathogenesis and chemotherapy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Zingales
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andréa M. Macedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
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Barnabé C, Brenière SF, Santillán-Guayasamín S, Douzery EJP, Waleckx E. Revisiting gene typing and phylogeny of Trypanosoma cruzi reference strains: Comparison of the relevance of mitochondrial DNA, single-copy nuclear DNA, and the intergenic region of mini-exon gene. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 115:105504. [PMID: 37739149 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a widespread neglected disease in Latin America. Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of the disease, is currently subdivided into six DTUs (discrete typing units) named TcI-TcVI, and although no clear association has been found between parasite genetics and different clinical outcomes of the disease or different transmission cycles, genetic characterization of T. cruzi strains remains crucial for integrated epidemiological studies. Numerous markers have been used for this purpose, although without consensus. These include mitochondrial genes, single or multiple-copy nuclear genes, ribosomal RNA genes, and the intergenic region of the repeated mini-exon gene. To increase our knowledge of these gene sequences and their usefulness for strain typing, we sequenced fragments of three mitochondrial genes, nine single-copy nuclear genes, and the repeated intergenic part of the mini-exon gene by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) on a sample constituted of 16 strains representative of T. cruzi genetic diversity, to which we added the corresponding genetic data of the 38 T. cruzi genomes fully sequenced until 2022. Our results show that single-copy nuclear genes remain the gold standard for characterizing T. cruzi strains; the phylogenetic tree from concatenated genes (3959 bp) confirms the six DTUs previously recognized and provides additional information about the alleles present in the hybrid strains. In the tree built from the three mitochondrial concatenated genes (1274 bp), three main clusters are identified, including one with TcIII, TcIV, TcV, and TcVI DTUs which are not separated. Nevertheless, mitochondrial markers remain necessary for detecting introgression and heteroplasmy. The phylogenetic tree built from the sequence alignment of the repeated mini-exon gene fragment (327 bp) displayed six clusters, but only TcI was associated with a single cluster. The sequences obtained from strains belonging to the other DTUs were scattered into different clusters. Therefore, while the mini-exon marker may bring, for some biological samples, some advantages in terms of sensibility due to its repeated nature, mini-exon sequences must be used with caution and, when possible, avoided for T. cruzi typing and phylogenetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Barnabé
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Simone Frédérique Brenière
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Soledad Santillán-Guayasamín
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Emmanuel J P Douzery
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier (ISEM), CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Etienne Waleckx
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico; ACCyC, Asociación Chagas con Ciencia y Conocimiento, A. C, Orizaba, Mexico.
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Majeau A, Cloherty E, Anderson AN, Straif-Bourgeois SC, Dumonteil E, Herrera C. Genetic diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi infecting raccoons ( Procyon lotor) in 2 metropolitan areas of southern Louisiana: implications for parasite transmission networks. Parasitology 2023; 150:1-8. [PMID: 36788672 PMCID: PMC10090583 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiological agent of Chagas disease, exists as an anthropozoonosis in Louisiana. Raccoons are an important reservoir, as they demonstrate high prevalence and maintain high parasitaemia longer than other mammals. Given the complex nature of parasite transmission networks and importance of raccoons as reservoirs that move between sylvatic and domestic environments, detailing the genetic diversity of T. cruzi in raccoons is crucial to assess risk to human health. Using a next-generation sequencing approach targeting the mini-exon, parasite diversity was assessed in 2 metropolitan areas of Louisiana. Sequences were analysed along with those previously identified in other mammals and vectors to determine if any association exists between ecoregion and parasite diversity. Parasites were identified from discrete typing units (DTUs) TcI, TcII, TcIV, TcV and TcVI. DTUs TcII, TcV and TcVI are previously unreported in raccoons in the United States (US). TcI was the most abundant DTU, comprising nearly 80% of all sequences. All but 1 raccoon harboured multiple haplotypes, some demonstrating mixed infections of different DTUs. Furthermore, there is significant association between DTU distribution and level III ecoregion in Louisiana. Finally, while certain sequences were distributed across multiple tissues, others appeared to have tissue-specific tropism. Taken together, these findings indicate that ongoing surveillance of T. cruzi in the US should be undertaken across ecoregions to fully assess risk to human health. Given potential connections between parasite diversity and clinical outcomes, deep sequencing technologies are crucial and interventions targeting raccoons may prove useful in mitigating human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Majeau
- Tulane University School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Erin Cloherty
- New Orleans Mosquito, Rodent, and Termite Control, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - A. Nikki Anderson
- Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Eric Dumonteil
- Tulane University School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Claudia Herrera
- Tulane University School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Dario MA, Furtado C, Lisboa CV, de Oliveira F, Santos FM, D’Andrea PS, Roque ALR, Xavier SCDC, Jansen AM. Trypanosomatid Richness Among Rats, Opossums, and Dogs in the Caatinga Biome, Northeast Brazil, a Former Endemic Area of Chagas Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:851903. [PMID: 35795183 PMCID: PMC9251133 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.851903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites are important components of the immense n-dimensional trophic network that connects all living beings because they, among others, forge biodiversity and deeply influence ecological evolution and host behavior. In this sense, the influence of Trypanosomatidae remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine trypanosomatid infection and richness in rats, opossums, and dogs in the semiarid Caatinga biome. We submitted DNA samples from trypanosomatids obtained through axenic cultures of the blood of these mammals to mini exon multiplex-PCR, Sanger, and next-generation sequencing targeting the 18S rDNA gene. Phylogenetic analyses were performed to identify genetic diversity in the Trypanosomatidae family. Shannon, Simpson, equability, and beta-diversity indices were calculated per location and per mammalian host. Dogs were surveyed for trypanosomatid infection through hemocultures and serological assays. The examined mammal species of this area of the Caatinga biome exhibited an enormous trypanosomatid species/genotypes richness. Ten denoised Operational Taxonomic Units (ZOTUs), including three species (Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma rangeli and Crithidia mellificae) and one Trypanosoma sp. five genotypes/lineages (T. cruzi DTU TcI, TcII, and TcIV; T. rangeli A and B) and four DTU TcI haplotypes (ZOTU1, ZOTU2, ZOTU5, and ZOTU10 merged), as well as 13 Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs), including five species (T. cruzi, T. rangeli, C. mellificae, Trypanosoma dionisii, and Trypanosoma lainsoni), five genotypes/lineages (same as the ZOTUs) and six DTU TcI haplotypes (ASV, ASV1, ASV2, ASV3, ASV5 and ASV13), were identified in single and mixed infections. We observed that trypanosomatids present a broad host spectrum given that species related to a single host are found in other mammals from different taxa. Concomitant infections between trypanosomatids and new host-parasite relationships have been reported, and this immense diversity in mammals raised questions, such as how this can influence the course of the infection in these animals and its transmissibility. Dogs demonstrated a high infection rate by T. cruzi as observed by positive serological results (92% in 2005 and 76% in 2007). The absence of positive parasitological tests confirmed their poor infectivity potential but their importance as sentinel hosts of T. cruzi transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augusta Dario
- Trypanosomatid Biology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Maria Augusta Dario,
| | - Carolina Furtado
- Genetic Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Varella Lisboa
- Trypanosomatid Biology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe de Oliveira
- Trypanosomatid Biology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Filipe Martins Santos
- Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability Postgraduation, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio D’Andrea
- Wild Mammal Reservoirs Biology and Parasitology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Trypanosomatid Biology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Trypanosomatid Biology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Carmona-Peña S, Contreras-Garduño J, Castro D, Manjarrez J, Vázquez-Chagoyán J. The innate immune response of triatomines against Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli with an unresolved question: Do triatomines have immune memory? Acta Trop 2021; 224:106108. [PMID: 34450058 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present work aimed to review the immune response from different triatomines against Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli and propose the study of immune memory in such insects. Trypanosoma use triatomines as vectors to reach and infect mammals. A key question to be answered about vector-parasite interaction is why the immune defense and resistance of the insect against the parasites vary. Up to date data shows that the defense of triatomines against parasites includes cellular (phagocytosis, nodulation and encapsulation) and humoral (antimicrobial peptides, phenoloxidase and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species) responses. The immune response varies depending on the triatomine species, the trypanosome strain and species, and the insect intestinal microbiota. Despite significant advances to understand parasite-insect interaction, it is still unknown if triatomines have immune memory against parasites and if this memory may derive from tolerance to parasites attack. Therefore, a closer study of such interaction could contribute and establish new proposals to control the parasite at the vector level to reduce parasite transmission to mammals, including men. For instance, if immune memory exists in the triatomines, it would be interesting to induce weak infections in insects to find out if subsequent infections are less intense and if the insects succeed in eliminating the parasites.
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Medina-Rincón GJ, Gallo-Bernal S, Jiménez PA, Cruz-Saavedra L, Ramírez JD, Rodríguez MJ, Medina-Mur R, Díaz-Nassif G, Valderrama-Achury MD, Medina HM. Molecular and Clinical Aspects of Chronic Manifestations in Chagas Disease: A State-of-the-Art Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111493. [PMID: 34832648 PMCID: PMC8619182 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic manifestations of Chagas disease present as disabling and life-threatening conditions affecting mainly the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems. Although meaningful research has outlined the different molecular mechanisms underlying Trypanosoma cruzi’s infection and the host-parasite interactions that follow, prompt diagnosis and treatment remain a challenge, particularly in developing countries and also in those where the disease is considered non-endemic. This review intends to present an up-to-date review of the parasite’s life cycle, genetic diversity, virulence factors, and infective mechanisms, as well as the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options of the main chronic complications of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán J. Medina-Rincón
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (S.G.-B.); (M.D.V.-A.); (H.M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-310-817-2369
| | - Sebastián Gallo-Bernal
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (S.G.-B.); (M.D.V.-A.); (H.M.M.)
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Paula A. Jiménez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (P.A.J.); (L.C.-S.); (J.D.R.)
| | - Lissa Cruz-Saavedra
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (P.A.J.); (L.C.-S.); (J.D.R.)
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (P.A.J.); (L.C.-S.); (J.D.R.)
| | - María Juliana Rodríguez
- Division of Cardiology, Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá 110131, Colombia; (M.J.R.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Ramón Medina-Mur
- Division of Cardiology, Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá 110131, Colombia; (M.J.R.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Gustavo Díaz-Nassif
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá 111221, Colombia;
| | | | - Héctor M. Medina
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (S.G.-B.); (M.D.V.-A.); (H.M.M.)
- Division of Cardiology, Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá 110131, Colombia; (M.J.R.); (R.M.-M.)
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Cantillo-Barraza O, Torres J, Hernández C, Romero Y, Zuluaga S, Correa-Cárdenas CA, Herrera G, Rodríguez O, Alvarado MT, Ramírez JD, Méndez C. The potential risk of enzootic Trypanosoma cruzi transmission inside four training and re-training military battalions (BITER) in Colombia. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:519. [PMID: 34625109 PMCID: PMC8501693 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colombia's National Army is one of the largest military institutions in the country based on the number of serving members and its presence throughout the country. There have been reports of cases of acute or chronic cases of Chagas disease among active military personnel. These may be the result of military-associated activities performed in jungles and other endemic areas or the consequence of exposure to Trypanosoma cruzi inside military establishments/facilities located in endemic areas. The aim of the present study was to describe the circulation of T. cruzi inside facilities housing four training and re-training battalions [Battalions of Instruction, Training en Re-training (BITERs)] located in municipalities with historical reports of triatomine bugs and Chagas disease cases. An entomological and faunal survey of domestic and sylvatic environments was conducted inside each of these military facilities. METHODS Infection in working and stray dogs present in each BITER location was determined using serological and molecular tools, and T. cruzi in mammal and triatomine bug samples was determined by PCR assay. The PCR products of the vertebrate 12S rRNA gene were also obtained and subjected to Sanger sequencing to identify blood-feeding sources. Finally, we performed a geospatial analysis to evaluate the coexistence of infected triatomines and mammals with the military personal inside of each BITER installation. RESULTS In total, 86 specimens were collected: 82 Rhodnius pallescens, two Rhodnius prolixus, one Triatoma dimidiata and one Triatoma maculata. The overall T. cruzi infection rate for R. pallescens and R. prolixus was 56.1 and 100% respectively, while T. dimidiata and T. maculata were not infected. Eight feeding sources were found for the infected triatomines, with opossum and humans being the most frequent sources of feeding (85.7%). Infection was most common in the common opossum Didelphis marsupialis, with infection levels of 77.7%. Sylvatic TcI was the most frequent genotype, found in 80% of triatomines and 75% of D. marsupialis. Of the samples collected from dogs (n = 52), five (9.6%; 95% confidence interval: 3.20-21.03) were seropositive based on two independent tests. Four of these dogs were creole and one was a working dog. The spatial analysis revealed a sympatry between infected vectors and mammals with the military population. CONCLUSIONS We have shown a potential risk of spillover of sylvatic T. cruzi transmission to humans by oral and vectorial transmission in two BITER installations in Colombia. The results indicate that installations where 100,000 active military personnel carry out training activities should be prioritized for epidemiological surveillance of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Cantillo-Barraza
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales del Ejército (GINETEJ), Laboratorio de Referencia E Investigación, Dirección de Sanidad Ejército, Bogotaá, Colombia
| | - Jeffer Torres
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales del Ejército (GINETEJ), Laboratorio de Referencia E Investigación, Dirección de Sanidad Ejército, Bogotaá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Hernández
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Centro de Tecnología en Salud (CETESA), Innovaseq SAS, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yanira Romero
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales del Ejército (GINETEJ), Laboratorio de Referencia E Investigación, Dirección de Sanidad Ejército, Bogotaá, Colombia
| | - Sara Zuluaga
- Grupo Biología Y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas (BCEI), Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Camilo A Correa-Cárdenas
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales del Ejército (GINETEJ), Laboratorio de Referencia E Investigación, Dirección de Sanidad Ejército, Bogotaá, Colombia
| | - Giovanny Herrera
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Omaira Rodríguez
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales del Ejército (GINETEJ), Laboratorio de Referencia E Investigación, Dirección de Sanidad Ejército, Bogotaá, Colombia
| | - María Teresa Alvarado
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales del Ejército (GINETEJ), Laboratorio de Referencia E Investigación, Dirección de Sanidad Ejército, Bogotaá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claudia Méndez
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales del Ejército (GINETEJ), Laboratorio de Referencia E Investigación, Dirección de Sanidad Ejército, Bogotaá, Colombia.
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10
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Gómez I, López MC, Rastrojo A, Lorenzo-Díaz F, Requena JM, Aguado B, Valladares B, Thomas MC. Variability of the Pr77 sequence of L1Tc retrotransposon among six T. cruzi strains belonging to different discrete typing units (DTUs). Acta Trop 2021; 222:106053. [PMID: 34273311 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
All trypanosomatid genomes are colonized by non-LTR retrotransposons which exhibit a highly conserved 77-nt sequence at their 5' ends, known as the Pr77-hallmark (Pr77). The wide distribution of Pr77 is expected to be related to the gene regulation processes in these organisms as it has promoter and HDV-like ribozyme activities at the DNA and RNA levels, respectively. The identification of Pr77 hallmark-bearing retrotransposons and the study of the associations of mobile elements with relevant genes have been analyzed in the genomes of six strains of Trypanosoma cruzi belonging to different discrete typing units (DTUs) and with different geographical origins and host/vectors. The genomes have been sequenced, assembled and annotated. BUSCO analyses indicated a good quality for the assemblies that were used in comparative analyses. The results show differences among the six genomes in the copy number of genes related to virulence processes, the abundance of retrotransposons bearing the Pr77 sequence and the presence of the Pr77 hallmarks not associated with retroelements. The analyses also show frequent associations of Pr77-bearing retrotransposons and single Pr77 hallmarks with genes coding for trans-sialidases, RHS, MASP or hypothetical proteins, showing variable proportion depending on the type of retroelement, gene class and parasite strain. These differences in the genomic distribution of active retroelements and other Pr77-containing elements have shaped the genome architecture of these six strains and might be contributing to the phenotypic variability existing among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Gómez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; PTS-Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Carlos López
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; PTS-Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Rastrojo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo-Ochoa (CBMSO) (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabián Lorenzo-Díaz
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias. Universidad de La Laguna. La Laguna, Spain
| | - José María Requena
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo-Ochoa (CBMSO) (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Aguado
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo-Ochoa (CBMSO) (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Basilio Valladares
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias. Universidad de La Laguna. La Laguna, Spain
| | - M Carmen Thomas
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; PTS-Granada, Spain.
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11
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Diversity and interactions among triatomine bugs, their blood feeding sources, gut microbiota and Trypanosoma cruzi in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12306. [PMID: 34112903 PMCID: PMC8192545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease remains a major neglected disease in Colombia. We aimed to characterize Trypanosoma cruzi transmission networks in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM) region, to shed light on disease ecology and help optimize control strategies. Triatomines were collected in rural communities and analyzed for blood feeding sources, parasite diversity and gut microbiota composition through a metagenomic and deep sequencing approach. Triatoma dimidiata predominated, followed by Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma maculata, Rhodnius pallescens, Panstrongylus geniculatus and Eratyrus cuspidatus. Twenty-two species were identified as blood sources, resulting in an integrated transmission network with extensive connectivity among sylvatic and domestic host species. Only TcI parasites were detected, predominantly from TcIb but TcIa was also reported. The close relatedness of T. cruzi strains further supported the lack of separate transmission cycles according to habitats or triatomine species. Triatomine microbiota varied according to species, developmental stage and T. cruzi infection. Bacterial families correlated with the presence/absence of T. cruzi were identified. In conclusion, we identified a domestic transmission cycle encompassing multiple vector species and tightly connected with sylvatic hosts in the SNSM region, rather than an isolated domestic transmission cycle. Therefore, integrated interventions targeting all vector species and their contact with humans should be considered.
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12
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Majeau A, Murphy L, Herrera C, Dumonteil E. Assessing Trypanosoma cruzi Parasite Diversity through Comparative Genomics: Implications for Disease Epidemiology and Diagnostics. Pathogens 2021; 10:212. [PMID: 33669197 PMCID: PMC7919814 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is an important vector-borne neglected tropical disease that causes great health and economic losses. The etiological agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, is a protozoan parasite endemic to the Americas, comprised by important diversity, which has been suggested to contribute to poor serological diagnostic performance. Current nomenclature describes seven discrete typing units (DTUs), or lineages. We performed the first large scale analysis of T. cruzi diversity among 52 previously published genomes from strains covering multiple countries and parasite DTUs and assessed how different markers summarize this genetic diversity. We also examined how seven antigens currently used in commercial serologic tests are conserved across this diversity of strains. DTU structuration was confirmed at the whole-genome level, with evidence of sub-DTU diversity, associated in part to geographic structuring. We observed very comparable phylogenetic tree topographies for most of the 32 markers investigated, with clear clustering of sequences by DTU, and a few of these markers suggested some degree of intra-lineage diversity. At least three of the currently used antigens represent poorly conserved sequences, with sequences used in tests quite divergent from sequences in many strains. Most markers are well suited for estimating parasite diversity to DTU level, and a few are particularly well-suited to assess intra-DTU diversity. Analysis of antigen sequences across all strains indicates that antigenic diversity is a likely explanation for limited diagnostic performance in Central and North America.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Herrera
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Vector Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Vector Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.M.); (L.M.)
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13
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Lopes RL, Santos-Mallet JR, Barbosa CF, Gomes SAO, Spiegel CN. Morphological and ultrastructural analysis of an important place of sexual communication of Rhodnius prolixus (Heteroptera: Reduviidae): the Metasternal Glands. Tissue Cell 2020; 67:101416. [PMID: 32979710 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2020.101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rhodnius prolixus is an important vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Insect adults have a pair of Metasternal Glands (MGs) and the secretion emitted by these glands acts as sex pheromone. Recent studies have focused on the chemical composition of this pheromone, electrophysiological responses to MGs compounds and mating behavior assays. Morphological studies of these glands are still scarce. Thus, considering the relevance of MGs in the sex pheromone biosynthesis, we investigated the morphology and ultrastructure of R. prolixus MGs. The glandular apparatus presents a tubular structure containing secretory cells with canalicules that fuse with the central duct which conducts the secretion to a pear-shaped reservoir connected to the exterior by a droplet-shape orifice. The secretory cells are classified as class III, they present a well-developed rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a site of lipid biosynthesis that may be involved in the mevalonate pathway, a probable route of the sex pheromone biosynthesis in this insect. The presence of rough endoplasmic reticulum indicates a possible peptides/proteins secretions site which were still not characterized in MGs. Several mitochondria are scattered in the cytoplasm that may suggest a high metabolic activity. Further studies should be carried out to correlate these data with the sex pheromone biosynthesis in this vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosane L Lopes
- Postgraduate Program of Science and Biotechnology, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Insects and Pathogen Biodiversity, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Jacenir R Santos-Mallet
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Entomological Surveillance in Diptera and Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro-RJ- Brazil, Universidade Iguaçu (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Catia F Barbosa
- Departamento de Geoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Suzete A O Gomes
- Postgraduate Program of Science and Biotechnology, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Insects and Pathogen Biodiversity, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Carolina N Spiegel
- Postgraduate Program of Science and Biotechnology, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
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14
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Avelar GST, Gonçalves LO, Guimarães FG, Guimarães PAS, do Nascimento Rocha LG, Carvalho MGR, de Melo Resende D, Ruiz JC. Diversity and genome mapping assessment of disordered and functional domains in trypanosomatids. J Proteomics 2020; 227:103919. [PMID: 32721629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The proteins that have structural disorder exemplify a class of proteins which is part of a new frontier in structural biology that demands a new understanding of the paradigm of structure/function correlations. In order to address the location, relative distances and the functional/structural correlation between disordered and conserved domains, consensus disordered predictions were mapped together with CDD domains in Leishmania braziliensis M2904, Leishmania infantum JPCM5, Trypanosoma cruzi CL-Brener Esmeraldo-like, Trypanosoma cruzi Dm28c, Trypanosoma cruzi Sylvio X10, Blechomonas ayalai B08-376 and Paratrypanosoma confusum CUL13 predicted proteomes. Our results depicts the role of protein disorder in key aspects of parasites biology highlighting: a) statistical significant association between genome structural location of protein disordered consensus stretches and functional domains; b) that disordered protein stretches appear in greater percentage at upstream or downstream position of the predicted domain; c) a possible role of structural disorder in several gene expression, control points that includes but are not limited to: i) protein folding; ii) protein transport and degradation; and iii) protein modification. In addition, for values of protein with disorder content greater than 40%, a small percentage of protein binding sites in IDPs/IDRs, a higher hypothetical protein annotation frequency was observed than expected by chance and trypanosomatid multigene families linked with virulence are rich in protein with disorder content. SIGNIFICANCE: T. cruzi and Leishmania spp are the etiological agents of Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, respectively. Currently, no vaccine or effective drug treatment is available against these neglected diseases and the knowledge about the post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms of these organisms, which are key for this scenario, remain scarce. This study depicts the potential impact of the proximity between protein structural disorder and functional domains in the post-transcriptional regulation of pathogenic versus human non-pathogenic trypanosomatids. Our results revealed a significant statistical relationship between the genome structural locations of these two variables and disordered regions appearing more frequently at upstream or downstream positions of the CDD locus domain. This flexibility feature would maintain structural accessibility of functional sites for post-translational modifications, shedding light into this important aspect of parasite biology. This hypothesis is corroborated by the functional enrichment analysis of disordered proteins subset that highlight the involvement of this class of proteins in protein folding, protein transport and degradation and protein modification. Furthermore, our results pointed out: a) the impact of protein disorder in the process of genome annotation (proteins tend to be annotated as hypothetical when the disorder content reaches ~40%); b) that trypanosomatid multigenic families linked with virulence have a key protein disorder content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Santos Tavares Avelar
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Grupo Informática de Biossistemas, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Leilane Oliveira Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Grupo Informática de Biossistemas, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Frederico Gonçalves Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Grupo Informática de Biossistemas, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paul Anderson Souza Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Grupo Informática de Biossistemas, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo do Nascimento Rocha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Grupo Informática de Biossistemas, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela de Melo Resende
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Grupo Informática de Biossistemas, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jeronimo Conceição Ruiz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Grupo Informática de Biossistemas, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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15
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Maiguashca Sánchez J, Sueto SOB, Schwabl P, Grijalva MJ, Llewellyn MS, Costales JA. Remarkable genetic diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli in two localities of southern Ecuador identified via deep sequencing of mini-exon gene amplicons. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:252. [PMID: 32410645 PMCID: PMC7227245 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, and T. rangeli are kinetoplastid parasites endemic to Latin America. Although closely related to T. cruzi and capable of infecting humans, T. rangeli is non-pathogenic. Both parasite species are transmitted by triatomine bugs, and the presence of T. rangeli constitutes a confounding factor in the study of Chagas disease prevalence and transmission dynamics. Trypanosoma cruzi possesses high molecular heterogeneity: seven discrete typing units (DTUs) are currently recognized. In Ecuador, T. cruzi TcI and T. rangeli KP1(-) predominate, while other genetic lineages are seldom reported. METHODS Infection by T. cruzi and/or T. rangeli in different developmental stages of triatomine bugs from two communities of southern Ecuador was evaluated via polymerase chain reaction product size polymorphism of kinetoplast minicircle sequences and the non-transcribed spacer region of the mini-exon gene (n = 48). Forty-three mini-exon amplicons were also deep sequenced to analyze single-nucleotide polymorphisms within single and mixed infections. Mini-exon products from ten monoclonal reference strains were included as controls. RESULTS Trypanosoma cruzi genetic richness and diversity was not significantly greater in adult vectors than in nymphal stages III and V. In contrast, instar V individuals showed significantly higher T. rangeli richness when compared with other developmental stages. Among infected triatomines, deep sequencing revealed one T. rangeli infection (3%), 8 T. cruzi infections (23.5%) and 25 T. cruzi + T. rangeli co-infections (73.5%), suggesting that T. rangeli prevalence has been largely underestimated in the region. Furthermore, deep sequencing detected TcIV sequences in nine samples; this DTU had not previously been reported in Loja Province. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that deep sequencing allows for better parasite identification/typing than amplicon size analysis alone for mixed infections containing both T. cruzi and T. rangeli, or when multiple T. cruzi DTUs are present. Additionally, our analysis showed extensive overlap among the parasite populations present in the two studied localities (c.28 km apart), suggesting active parasite dispersal over the study area. Our results highlight the value of amplicon sequencing methodologies to clarify the population dynamics of kinetoplastid parasites in endemic regions and inform control campaigns in southern Ecuador.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Maiguashca Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Salem Oduro Beffi Sueto
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G128QQ UK
- Present Address: Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Philipp Schwabl
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G128QQ UK
| | - Mario J. Grijalva
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
| | - Martin S. Llewellyn
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G128QQ UK
| | - Jaime A. Costales
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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16
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Draft Genome Sequence of the Trypanosoma cruzi B. M. López Strain (TcIa), Isolated from a Colombian Patient. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/18/e00031-20. [PMID: 32354964 PMCID: PMC7193919 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00031-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi parasite strains are classified into six lineages (discrete typing units TcI to TcVI). The broad genetic diversity of T. cruzi strains has an influence on the development of the host response and pathogenesis, as well as drug susceptibility. Here, the draft genome of the T. cruzi B. M. López strain (TcIa) is reported. Trypanosoma cruzi parasite strains are classified into six lineages (discrete typing units TcI to TcVI). The broad genetic diversity of T. cruzi strains has an influence on the development of the host response and pathogenesis, as well as drug susceptibility. Here, the draft genome of the T. cruzi B. M. López strain (TcIa) is reported.
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17
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Bern C, Messenger LA, Whitman JD, Maguire JH. Chagas Disease in the United States: a Public Health Approach. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 33:e00023-19. [PMID: 31776135 PMCID: PMC6927308 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00023-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas disease, usually transmitted by triatomine vectors. An estimated 20 to 30% of infected individuals develop potentially lethal cardiac or gastrointestinal disease. Sylvatic transmission cycles exist in the southern United States, involving 11 triatomine vector species and infected mammals such as rodents, opossums, and dogs. Nevertheless, imported chronic T. cruzi infections in migrants from Latin America vastly outnumber locally acquired human cases. Benznidazole is now FDA approved, and clinical and public health efforts are under way by researchers and health departments in a number of states. Making progress will require efforts to improve awareness among providers and patients, data on diagnostic test performance and expanded availability of confirmatory testing, and evidence-based strategies to improve access to appropriate management of Chagas disease in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn Bern
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey D Whitman
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James H Maguire
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Wehrendt DP, Gómez-Bravo A, Ramirez JC, Cura C, Pech-May A, Ramsey JM, Abril M, Guhl F, Schijman AG. Development and evaluation of a duplex TaqMan qPCR assay for detection and quantification of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in domestic and sylvatic reservoir hosts. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:567. [PMID: 31783770 PMCID: PMC6884757 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A question of epidemiological relevance in Chagas disease studies is to understand Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycles and trace the origins of (re)emerging cases in areas under vector or disease surveillance. Conventional parasitological methods lack sensitivity whereas molecular approaches can fill in this gap, provided that an adequate sample can be collected and processed and a nucleic acid amplification method can be developed and standardized. We developed a duplex qPCR assay for accurate detection and quantification of T. cruzi satellite DNA (satDNA) sequence in samples from domestic and sylvatic mammalian reservoirs. The method incorporates amplification of the gene encoding for the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), highly conserved among mammalian species, as endogenous internal amplification control (eIAC), allowing distinction of false negative PCR findings due to inadequate sample conditions, DNA degradation and/or PCR interfering substances. Results The novel TaqMan probe and corresponding primers employed in this study improved the analytical sensitivity of the assay to 0.01 par.eq/ml, greater than that attained by previous assays for Tc I and Tc IV strains. The assay was tested in 152 specimens, 35 from 15 different wild reservoir species and 117 from 7 domestic reservoir species, captured in endemic regions of Argentina, Colombia and Mexico and thus potentially infected with different parasite discrete typing units. The eIACs amplified in all samples from domestic reservoirs from Argentina and Mexico, such as Canis familiaris, Felis catus, Sus scrofa, Ovis aries, Equus caballus, Bos taurus and Capra hircus with quantification cycles (Cq’s) between 23 and 25. Additionally, the eIACs amplified from samples obtained from wild mammals, such as small rodents Akodon toba, Galea leucoblephara, Rattus rattus, the opossums Didelphis virginiana, D. marsupialis and Marmosa murina, the bats Tadarida brasiliensis, Promops nasutus and Desmodus rotundus, as well as in Conepatus chinga, Lagostomus maximus, Leopardus geoffroyi, Lepus europaeus, Mazama gouazoubira and Lycalopex gymnocercus, rendering Cq’s between 24 and 33. Conclusions This duplex qPCR assay provides an accurate laboratory tool for screening and quantification of T. cruzi infection in a vast repertoire of domestic and wild mammalian reservoir species, contributing to improve molecular epidemiology studies of T. cruzi transmission cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Wehrendt
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, INGEBI-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Juan C Ramirez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, INGEBI-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Cura
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, INGEBI-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angélica Pech-May
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Chiapas, México
| | - Janine M Ramsey
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Chiapas, México
| | | | | | - Alejandro G Schijman
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, INGEBI-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Herrera C, Truyens C, Dumonteil E, Alger J, Sosa-Estani S, Cafferata ML, Gibbons L, Ciganda A, Matute ML, Zuniga C, Carlier Y, Buekens P. Phylogenetic Analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi from Pregnant Women and Newborns from Argentina, Honduras, and Mexico Suggests an Association of Parasite Haplotypes with Congenital Transmission of the Parasite. J Mol Diagn 2019; 21:1095-1105. [PMID: 31450011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, exhibits a high genetic variability and has been classified into six discrete typing units (DTUs) named TcI through TcVI. This genetic diversity is believed to be associated with clinical characteristics and outcomes, but evidence supporting such associations has been limited. Herein, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of T. cruzi sequences of the mini-exon intergenic region obtained from a large cohort of pregnant women and newborns from Argentina, Honduras, and Mexico, to assess parasite genetic diversity and possible associations with congenital transmission. Analysis of 105 samples (including five paired samples) from maternal and umbilical cord blood indicated that T. cruzi DTU distribution was similar among pregnant women and newborns from these three countries, with a high frequency of TcII-TcV-TcVI DTUs, including mixed infections with TcI. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed that although the same parasite haplotypes circulated in these three countries, they were present at different frequencies, leading to significant geographic differences. Of importance, a strong association was observed between parasite haplotypes and congenital infection of newborns. Thus, the identification of parasite haplotypes in pregnant women, but not of parasite DTUs, may help predict congenital transmission of T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Herrera
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
| | | | - Eric Dumonteil
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Jackeline Alger
- Instituto de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitologia Antonio Vidal, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Hospital Escuela Universitario, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Sergio Sosa-Estani
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Nacional de Parasitología "Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben,", Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Administracion Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbran" (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria L Cafferata
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Unidad de Investigacion Clinica y Epidemiologica Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luz Gibbons
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alvaro Ciganda
- Unidad de Investigacion Clinica y Epidemiologica Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Maria L Matute
- Laboratorio Nacional de Vigilancia de la Salud, Secretaria de Salud de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Concepcion Zuniga
- Instituto de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitologia Antonio Vidal, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Hospital Escuela Universitario, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Yves Carlier
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Buekens
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Elucidating diversity in the class composition of the minicircle hypervariable region of Trypanosoma cruzi: New perspectives on typing and kDNA inheritance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007536. [PMID: 31247047 PMCID: PMC6619836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan causative of Chagas disease, is classified into six main Discrete Typing Units (DTUs): TcI-TcVI. This parasite has around 105 copies of the minicircle hypervariable region (mHVR) in their kinetoplastic DNA (kDNA). The genetic diversity of the mHVR is virtually unknown. However, cross-hybridization assays using mHVRs showed hybridization only between isolates belonging to the same genetic group. Nowadays there is no methodologic approach with a good sensibility, specificity and reproducibility for direct typing on biological samples. Due to its high copy number and apparently high diversity, mHVR becomes a good target for typing. Methodology/Principal findings Around 22 million reads, obtained by amplicon sequencing of the mHVR, were analyzed for nine strains belonging to six T. cruzi DTUs. The number and diversity of mHVR clusters was variable among DTUs and even within a DTU. However, strains of the same DTU shared more mHVR clusters than strains of different DTUs and clustered together. In addition, hybrid DTUs (TcV and TcVI) shared similar percentages (1.9–3.4%) of mHVR clusters with their parentals (TcII and TcIII). Conversely, just 0.2% of clusters were shared between TcII and TcIII suggesting biparental inheritance of the kDNA in hybrids. Sequencing at low depth (20,000–40,000 reads) also revealed 95% of the mHVR clusters for each of the analyzed strains. Finally, the method revealed good correlation in cluster identity and abundance between different replications of the experiment (r = 0.999). Conclusions/Significance Our work sheds light on the sequence diversity of mHVRs at intra and inter-DTU level. The mHVR amplicon sequencing workflow described here is a reproducible technique, that allows multiplexed analysis of hundreds of strains and results promissory for direct typing on biological samples in a future. In addition, such approach may help to gain knowledge on the mechanisms of the minicircle evolution and phylogenetic relationships among strains. Chagas disease is an important public health problem in Latin America showing a wide diversity of clinical manifestations and epidemiological patterns. It is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. This parasite is genetically diverse and classified into six main lineages. However, the relationship between intra-specific genetic diversity and clinical or epidemiological features is not clear, mainly because low sensitivity for direct typing on biological samples. For this reason, genetic markers with high copy number are required to achieve sensitivity. Here, we deep sequenced and analyzed a DNA region present in the large mitochondria of the parasite (named as mHVR, 105 copies per parasite) from strains belonging to the six main lineages in order to analyze mHVR diversity and to evaluate its usefulness for typing. Despite the high sequence diversity, strains of the same lineage shared more sequences than strains of different lineages. Curiously, hybrid lineages shared mHVR sequences with both parents suggesting that mHVR (and DNA minicircles from the mitochondria) are inherited from both parentals. The mHVR amplicon sequencing workflow proposed here is reproducible and, potentially, it would be useful for typing hundreds of biological samples at time. It also provides a valuable approach to perform evolutionary and functional studies.
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Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi strains circulating in Córdoba department (Colombia) isolated from triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) collected by the community. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 39:265-277. [PMID: 31529814 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v39i2.3973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION From 2011 to 2016, 24 cases of Chagas disease were reported in Córdoba according to the national public health surveillance system (Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia en Salud Pública, Sivigila), but the information regarding Trypanosoma cruzi circulating strains and infection rates are unknown. OBJECTIVES To establish the triatomine species with which people come in contact and recognize as Chagas disease vectors, as well as to assess the infection with trypanosomes and make an exploratory approach to host feeding preferences with the participation of the local community. MATERIALS AND METHODS Triatomines sampling was conducted in 12 municipalities between 2011 and 2016; T. cruzi infection was established by k-PCR, SAT-PCR, while strain genotyping was done by mini-exon and SL-IR (spliced-leader intergenic region) sequence characterization. We also screened for blood sources. RESULTS Local community members collected the majority of triatomines and we identified three species: Rhodnius pallescens, Panstrongylus geniculatus, and Eratyrus cuspidatus. The overall T. cruzi infection rate in collected triatomines was 66.6% and we detected the TcIDOM and TcI sylvatic strains. Community-based insect collection allowed reporting the presence of P. geniculatus in two new disperse rural settlements, T. cruzi infection of P. geniculatus in Córdoba, and the first report of triatomines infected with T. cruzi in Montería municipality. CONCLUSIONS These results revealed the presence of triatomines infected with T. cruzi inside dwellings in five municipalities of Córdoba. The dominant circulating T. cruzi strain was TcIDOM, a genotype associated with human Chagas disease and cardiomyopathies in Colombia. Our results highlight the importance of local community participation in entomological surveillance tasks.
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Villanueva-Lizama L, Teh-Poot C, Majeau A, Herrera C, Dumonteil E. Molecular Genotyping of Trypanosoma cruzi by Next-Generation Sequencing of the Mini-Exon Gene Reveals Infections With Multiple Parasite Discrete Typing Units in Chagasic Patients From Yucatan, Mexico. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:1980-1988. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Villanueva-Lizama
- Laboratorio de Parasitologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi,” Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Christian Teh-Poot
- Laboratorio de Parasitologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi,” Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Alicia Majeau
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
- Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Claudia Herrera
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
- Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
- Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Majeau A, Herrera C, Dumonteil E. An Improved Approach to Trypanosoma cruzi Molecular Genotyping by Next-Generation Sequencing of the Mini-exon Gene. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1955:47-60. [PMID: 30868518 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9148-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, is a protozoan parasite usually transmitted by triatomines. As the parasite can infect all mammals and the vectors can be found across a broad range of ecologies, transmission cycles are quite complex, and extensive genetic diversity exists within the parasite population. Seven main evolutionary lineages, named "discrete typing units," have been described, but a large amount of intra-lineage heterogeneity is also observed. To date, typing methods used to elucidate both inter-lineage and intra-lineage diversity have faced limitations, with some approaches unable to determine all levels of diversity and others requiring investigation of numerous markers and often the selective process of isolation of live parasites. Here, we present a method for parasite genotyping using next-generation sequencing of the mini-exon gene marker, to assign lineage and describe intra-lineage diversity directly from biological samples. This approach is sensitive enough to detect the presence of multiclonal infections and low-frequency parasite genotypes within this context, providing an unprecedented description of T. cruzi assemblages in hosts and vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Majeau
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Claudia Herrera
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Pronovost H, Peterson AC, Chavez BG, Blum MJ, Dumonteil E, Herrera CP. Deep sequencing reveals multiclonality and new discrete typing units of Trypanosoma cruzi in rodents from the southern United States. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2018; 53:622-633. [PMID: 30709717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The parasitic protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, is widely distributed throughout the Americas. We explored the nature of T. cruzi infection in small rodents from New Orleans (LA, USA), an enzootic region of the parasite in North America. METHODS We characterized the full complement of discrete typing units (DTUs) in rodent hosts through next-generation metabarcoding, as conventional PCR and Sanger sequencing approaches only detect the dominant genotype in biological samples. We assayed DTU diversity in tissue samples from 6 T. cruzi PCR positive rodents. The intergenic region of the mini-exon gene was amplified and sequenced on a MiSeq platform. A total of 141 sequences were aligned using Muscle, and TCS networks were constructed to identify DTUs in the samples. RESULTS We detected distinct and varying assemblages of DTUs in the rodent hosts. Highly diverse DTU assemblages were detected, with 6-32 haplotypes recovered per individual, spanning multiple DTUs (TcI,TcII, TcIV, TcV and TcVI). Haplotypes varied in frequencies from 82% to less than 0.1%. DTU composition varied according to the tissue analyzed. Rural and urban rodents carried similarly diverse DTU assemblages, though urban rodent species tended to harbor more haplotypes than their sylvatic counterparts. CONCLUSION Our results affirm that mammalian hosts can concurrently harbor a diverse complement of parasites, and indicate that there is greater diversity of T. cruzi DTUs present in North America than previously thought. Further investigation is warranted to understand the role of commensal rodents as a reservoir for T. cruzi in sylvatic and peridomestic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Pronovost
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Anna C Peterson
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Bruno Ghersi Chavez
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Michael J Blum
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Claudia P Herrera
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Zingales B. Trypanosoma cruzi genetic diversity: Something new for something known about Chagas disease manifestations, serodiagnosis and drug sensitivity. Acta Trop 2018; 184:38-52. [PMID: 28941731 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The genetic diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan agent of Chagas disease, is widely recognized. At present, T. cruzi is partitioned into seven discrete typing units (DTUs), TcI-TcVI and Tcbat. This article reviews the present knowledge on the parasite population structure, the evolutionary relationships among DTUs and their distinct, but not exclusive ecological and epidemiological associations. Different models for the origin of hybrid DTUs are examined, which agree that genetic exchange among T. cruzi populations is frequent and has contributed to the present parasite population structure. The geographic distribution of the prevalent DTUs in humans from the southern United States to Argentina is here presented and the circumstantial evidence of a possible association between T. cruzi genotype and Chagas disease manifestations is discussed. The available information suggests that parasite strains detected in patients, regardless of the clinical presentation, reflect the principal DTU circulating in the domestic transmission cycles of a particular region. In contrast, in several orally transmitted outbreaks, sylvatic strains are implicated. As a consequence of the genotypic and phenotypic differences of T. cruzi strains and the differential geographic distribution of DTUs in humans, regional variations in the sensitivity of the serological tests are verified. The natural resistance to benznidazole and nifurtimox, verified in vivo and in vitro for some parasite stocks, is not associated with any particular DTU, and does not explain the marked difference in the anti-parasitic efficacy of both drugs in the acute and chronic phases of Chagas disease. Throughout this review, it is emphasized that the interplay between parasite and host genetics should have an important role in the definition of Chagas disease pathogenesis, anti-T. cruzi immune response and chemotherapy outcome and should be considered in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Zingales
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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de Fuentes-Vicente JA, Gutiérrez-Cabrera AE, Flores-Villegas AL, Lowenberger C, Benelli G, Salazar-Schettino PM, Córdoba-Aguilar A. What makes an effective Chagas disease vector? Factors underlying Trypanosoma cruzi-triatomine interactions. Acta Trop 2018; 183:23-31. [PMID: 29625091 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which infect blood-feeding triatomine bugs to finally reach mammal hosts. Chagas disease is endemic in Latin America, and is ranked among the 13 neglected tropical diseases worldwide. Currently, an estimate of 7 million people is infected by T. cruzi, leading to about 22 000 deaths per year throughout the Americas. As occurs with other vectors, a major question towards control programs is what makes a susceptible bug. In this review, we focus on findings linked to insect gut structure and microbiota, immunity, genetics, blood sources, abiotic factors (with special reference to ambient temperature and altitude) to understand the interactions occurring between T. cruzi and triatomine bugs, under a co-evolutionary scenario. These factors lead to varying fitness benefits and costs for bugs, explaining why infection in the insect takes place and how it varies in time and space. Our analysis highlights that major factors are gut components and microbiota, blood sources and temperature. Although their close interaction has never been clarified, knowledge reviewed here may help to boost the success of triatomine control programs, reducing the use of insecticides.
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Roman F, Iñiguez AM, Yeo M, Jansen AM. Multilocus sequence typing: genetic diversity in Trypanosoma cruzi I (TcI) isolates from Brazilian didelphids. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:107. [PMID: 29471851 PMCID: PMC5824584 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite characterized by extensive genetic heterogeneity. There are currently six recognised, genetically distinct, monophyletic clades designated discrete typing units (DTUs). TcI has the broadest geographical range and most genetic diversity evidenced by a wide range of genetic markers applied to isolates spanning a vast geographical range across Latin America. However, little is known of the diversity of TcI that exists within sylvatic mammals across the geographical expanse of Brazil. RESULTS Twenty-nine sylvatic TcI isolates spanning multiple ecologically diverse biomes across Brazil were analyzed by the application of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using four nuclear housekeeping genes. Results revealed extensive genetic diversity and also incongruence among individual gene trees. There was no association of intralineage genotype with geography or with any particular biome, with the exception of isolates from Caatinga that formed a single cluster. However, haplotypic analyses of METIII and LYT1 constitutive markers provided evidence of recombination events in two isolates derived from Didelphis marsupialis and D. albiventris, respectively. For diversity studies all possible combinations of markers were assessed with the objective of selecting the combination of gene targets that are most resolutive using the minimum number of genes. A panel of just three gene fragments (DHFR-TS, LYT1 and METIII) discriminated 26 out of 35 genotypes. CONCLUSIONS These findings showed geographical association of genotypes clustering in Caatinga but more characteristically TcI genotypes widely distributed without specific association to geographical areas or biomes. Importantly, we detected the signature of recombination events at the nuclear level evidenced by haplotypic analysis and incongruence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Roman
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Alena M Iñiguez
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Matthew Yeo
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ana M Jansen
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Oliveira TDSFD, Santos BND, Galdino TS, Hasslocher-Moreno AM, Bastos OMP, Sousa MAD. Trypanosoma cruzi I genotype among isolates from patients with chronic Chagas disease followed at the Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (FIOCRUZ, Brazil). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:35-43. [PMID: 28327800 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0406-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease in humans, mainly in Latin America. Trypanosome stocks were isolated by hemoculture from patients followed at Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (FIOCRUZ) and studied using different approaches. METHODS: For species and genotype identification, the stocks were analyzed by parasitological techniques, polymerase chain reaction assays targeted to specific DNA sequences, isoenzyme patterns, besides sequencing of a polymorphic locus of TcSC5D gene (one stock). RESULTS: The isolates presented typical T. cruzi morphology and usually grew well in routine culture media. Metacyclic trypomastigotes were found in cultures or experimentally infected Triatoma infestans. All isolates were pure T. cruzi cultures, presenting typical 330-bp products from kinetoplast DNA minicircles, and 250 or 200-bp amplicons from the mini-exon non-transcribed spacer. Their genetic type assignment was resolved by their isoenzyme profiles. The finding of TcI in one asymptomatic patient from Paraíba was confirmed by the sequencing assay. TcVI was found in two asymptomatic individuals from Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul. TcII was identified in six patients from Pernambuco, Bahia and Minas Gerais, who presented different clinical forms: cardiac (2), digestive with megaesophagus (1), and indeterminate (3). CONCLUSIONS: The main T. cruzi genotypes found in Brazilian chronic patients were identified in this work, including TcI, which is less frequent and usually causes asymptomatic disease, unlike that in other American countries. This study emphasizes the importance of T. cruzi genotyping for possible correlations between the parasite and patient' responses to therapeutic treatment or disease clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tainah Silva Galdino
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Otilio Machado Pereira Bastos
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria Auxiliadora de Sousa
- Coleção de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e Outras Protozooses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Izeta-Alberdi A, Ibarra-Cerdeña CN, Moo-Llanes DA, Ramsey JM. Geographical, landscape and host associations of Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs and lineages. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:631. [PMID: 27923409 PMCID: PMC5142175 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1918-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The evolutionary history and ecological associations of Trypanosoma cruzi, the need to identify genetic markers that can distinguish parasite subpopulations, and understanding the parasite’s evolutionary and selective processes have been the subject of a significant number of publications since 1998, the year when the first DNA sequence analysis for the species was published. Methods The current analysis systematizes and re-analyzes this original research, focusing on critical methodological and analytical variables and results that have given rise to interpretations of putative patterns of genetic diversity and diversification of T. cruzi lineages, discrete typing units (DTUs), and populations, and their associations with hosts, vectors, and geographical distribution that have been interpreted as evidence for parasite subpopulation specificities. Results Few studies use hypothesis-driven or quantitative analysis for T. cruzi phylogeny (16/58 studies) or phylogeography (10/13). Among these, only one phylogenetic and five phylogeographic studies analyzed molecular markers directly from tissues (i.e. not from isolates). Analysis of T. cruzi DTU or lineage niche and its geographical projection demonstrate extensive sympatry among all clades across the continent and no significant niche differences among DTUs. DTU beta-diversity was high, indicating diverse host assemblages across regions, while host dissimilarity was principally due to host species turnover and to a much lesser degree to nestedness. DTU-host order specificities appear related to trophic or microenvironmental interactions. Conclusions More rigorous study designs and analyses will be required to discern evolutionary processes and the impact of landscape modification on population dynamics and risk for T. cruzi transmission to humans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1918-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos N Ibarra-Cerdeña
- Departamento de Ecología Humana, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav) Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - David A Moo-Llanes
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública (CRISP), Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Janine M Ramsey
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública (CRISP), Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.
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Bontempi IA, Bizai ML, Ortiz S, Manattini S, Fabbro D, Solari A, Diez C. Simple methodology to directly genotype Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units in single and mixed infections from human blood samples. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:123-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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San Francisco J, Barría I, Gutiérrez B, Neira I, Muñoz C, Sagua H, Araya JE, Andrade JC, Zailberger A, Catalán A, Remonsellez F, Vega JL, González J. Decreased cruzipain and gp85/trans-sialidase family protein expression contributes to loss of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote virulence. Microbes Infect 2016; 19:55-61. [PMID: 27553285 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two cell lines derived from a single Trypanosoma cruzi clone by long-term passaging generated a highly virulent (C8C3hvir) and a low virulent (C8C3lvir) cell line. The C8C3hvir cell line was highly infective and lethal to Balb/c mice, and the C8C3lvir cell line was three- to five-fold less infective to mouse cardiomyocytes than C8C3hvir. The highly virulent T. cruzi cell line abundantly expressed the major cysteine proteinase cruzipain (Czp), complement regulatory protein (CRP) and trans-sialidase (TS), all of which are known to act as virulence factors in this parasite. The in vitro invasion capacity and in vivo Balb/c mouse infectiveness of the highly virulent strain was strongly reduced by pre-treatment with antisense oligonucleotides targeting TS or CRP or with E64d. Based on these results, we conclude that decreased levels of TS, CRP and Czp expression could contribute to loss of T. cruzi trypomastigote virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan San Francisco
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Iván Barría
- Experimental Physiology Laboratory (EPhyL), Antofagasta Institute, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Bessy Gutiérrez
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Iván Neira
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Christian Muñoz
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Hernán Sagua
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jorge E Araya
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Andrade
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | | | - Alejandro Catalán
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Francisco Remonsellez
- Applied Microbiology and Extremophiles Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, North Catholic University, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - José Luis Vega
- Experimental Physiology Laboratory (EPhyL), Antofagasta Institute, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jorge González
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile.
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Alarcón de Noya B, Colmenares C, Díaz-Bello Z, Ruiz-Guevara R, Medina K, Muñoz-Calderón A, Mauriello L, Cabrera E, Montiel L, Losada S, Martínez J, Espinosa R, Abate T. Orally-transmitted Chagas disease: Epidemiological, clinical, serological and molecular outcomes of a school microepidemic in Chichiriviche de la Costa, Venezuela. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2016; 1:188-198. [PMID: 29988179 PMCID: PMC5991850 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi is a frequent cause of acute Chagas disease (ChD). In the present cross-sectional study, we report the epidemiological, clinical, serological and molecular outcomes of the second largest outbreak of oral ChD described in the literature. It occurred in March 2009 in Chichiriviche de la Costa, a rural seashore community at the central littoral in Venezuela. The vehicle was an artisanal guava juice prepared at the local school and Panstrongylus geniculatus was the vector involved. TcI genotype was isolated from patients and vector; some showed a mixture of haplotypes. Using molecular markers, parasitic loads were high. Eighty-nine cases were diagnosed, the majority (87.5%) in school children 6-15 years of age. Frequency of symptomatic patients was high (89.9%) with long-standing fever in 87.5%; 82.3% had pericardial effusion detected by echocardiogram and 41% had EKG abnormalities. Three children, a pregnant woman and her stillborn child died (5.6% mortality). The community was addressed by simultaneous determination of specific IgG and IgM, confirmed with indirect hemagglutination and lytic antibodies. Determination of IgG and IgA in saliva had low sensitivity. No individual parasitological or serological technique diagnosed 100% of cases. Culture and PCR detected T. cruzi in 95.5% of examined individuals. Based on the increasing incidence of oral acute cases of ChD, it appears that food is becoming one of the most important modes of transmission in the Amazon, Caribbean and Andes regions of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belkisyolé Alarcón de Noya
- Sección de Inmunología Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela
- Cátedra de Parasitología, Escuela de Medicina “Luis Razetti”, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela
| | - Cecilia Colmenares
- Sección de Inmunología Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela
- Cátedra de Parasitología, Escuela de Medicina “Luis Razetti”, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela
| | - Zoraida Díaz-Bello
- Sección de Inmunología Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela
| | - Raiza Ruiz-Guevara
- Cátedra de Parasitología, Escuela de Medicina “Luis Razetti”, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela
| | - Karen Medina
- Postgrado Nacional de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela
| | - Arturo Muñoz-Calderón
- Sección de Inmunología Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela
| | - Luciano Mauriello
- Sección de Inmunología Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela
| | - Elida Cabrera
- Servicio de Cardiología Infantil, Hospital Militar “Dr. Carlos Arvelo”, Venezuela
| | - Luís Montiel
- Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud, Venezuela
| | - Sandra Losada
- Sección de Biohelmintiasis, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela
| | - Jetzi Martínez
- Dirección de Epidemiología, Estado Vargas, Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud, Venezuela
| | - Raúl Espinosa
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital “Miguel Pérez Carreño”, Venezuela
| | - Teresa Abate
- Sección de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela
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Trypanosoma cruzi-Trypanosoma rangeli co-infection ameliorates negative effects of single trypanosome infections in experimentally infected Rhodnius prolixus. Parasitology 2016; 143:1157-67. [PMID: 27174360 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, causative agent of Chagas disease, co-infects its triatomine vector with its sister species Trypanosoma rangeli, which shares 60% of its antigens with T. cruzi. Additionally, T. rangeli has been observed to be pathogenic in some of its vector species. Although T. cruzi-T. rangeli co-infections are common, their effect on the vector has rarely been investigated. Therefore, we measured the fitness (survival and reproduction) of triatomine species Rhodnius prolixus infected with just T. cruzi, just T. rangeli, or both T. cruzi and T. rangeli. We found that survival (as estimated by survival probability and hazard ratios) was significantly different between treatments, with the T. cruzi treatment group having lower survival than the co-infected treatment. Reproduction and total fitness estimates in the T. cruzi and T. rangeli treatments were significantly lower than in the co-infected and control groups. The T. cruzi and T. rangeli treatment group fitness estimates were not significantly different from each other. Additionally, co-infected insects appeared to tolerate higher doses of parasites than insects with single-species infections. Our results suggest that T. cruzi-T. rangeli co-infection could ameliorate negative effects of single infections of either parasite on R. prolixus and potentially help it to tolerate higher parasite doses.
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Wong YY, Sornosa Macias KJ, Guale Martínez D, Solorzano LF, Ramirez-Sierra MJ, Herrera C, Dumonteil E. Molecular epidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi and Triatoma dimidiata in costal Ecuador. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 41:207-212. [PMID: 27079265 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. In Ecuador, Triatoma dimidiata and Rhodnius ecuadoriensis are the main vector species, responsible for over half of the cases of T. cruzi infection in the country. T. dimidiata is believed to have been introduced in Ecuador during colonial times, and its elimination from the country is thus believed to be feasible. We investigated here the molecular ecology of T. dimidiata and T. cruzi in costal Ecuador to further guide control efforts. Analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS-2) of 23 specimens from Progreso, Guayas, unambiguously supported the likely importation of T. dimidiata from Central America to Ecuador. The observation of a very high parasite infection rate (54%) and frequent feeding on humans (3/5) confirmed a continued risk of transmission to humans. All genotyped parasites corresponded to TcI DTU and Trypanosoma rangeli was not detected in T. dimidiata. TcI subgroups corresponded to TcIa (25%), and mixed infections with TcIa and TcId (75%). Further studies should help clarify T. cruzi genetic structure in the country, and the possible impact of the introduction of T. dimidiata on the circulating parasite strains. The elevated risk posed by this species warrants continuing efforts for its control, but its apparent mobility between peridomestic and domestic habitats may favor reinfestation following insecticide spraying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yim Yan Wong
- Centro de Referencia Nacional de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública Leopoldo Izquieta Perez (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Karen Jeniffer Sornosa Macias
- Centro de Referencia Nacional de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública Leopoldo Izquieta Perez (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Doris Guale Martínez
- Centro de Referencia Nacional de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública Leopoldo Izquieta Perez (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Luis F Solorzano
- Centro de Referencia Nacional de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública Leopoldo Izquieta Perez (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Maria Jesus Ramirez-Sierra
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Claudia Herrera
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infection Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Centro de Referencia Nacional de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública Leopoldo Izquieta Perez (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infection Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Barnabé C, Mobarec HI, Jurado MR, Cortez JA, Brenière SF. Reconsideration of the seven discrete typing units within the species Trypanosoma cruzi , a new proposal of three reliable mitochondrial clades. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:176-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gómez-Palacio A, Lopera J, Rojas W, Bedoya G, Cantillo-Barraza O, Marín-Suarez J, Triana-Chávez O, Mejía-Jaramillo A. Multilocus analysis indicates that Trypanosoma cruzi I genetic substructure associated with sylvatic and domestic cycles is not an attribute conserved throughout Colombia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 38:35-43. [PMID: 26631812 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, has been classified into six discrete typing units (DTUs) named TcI to TcVI. Furthermore, subcontinental scale studies based on analysis of the splice leader intergenic region (SL-IR) of the mini-exon gene have subdivided TcI in five genetic groups (Ia-Ie) related to the domestic and non-domestic cycles. However, a current review of this marker among all the sequences deposited in the GenBank demonstrates no correlation between the genetic structure and the eco-epidemiological features of parasite transmission. In this study, we performed a multilocus analysis of TcI isolates from a diverse array of hosts and vectors in a wide eco-geographical area of Colombia. Sequences from SL-IR and mitochondrial cyt b genes as well as PCR-RFLP profiles for four nuclear genes were analyzed. Multilocus analysis indicates that genetic structuration associated with sylvatic and domestic cycles in Colombia is not an attribute conserved across the entire eco-geography where TcI can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Gómez-Palacio
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Lopera
- Grupo de Genética Molecular, GENMOL, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Winston Rojas
- Grupo de Genética Molecular, GENMOL, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gabriel Bedoya
- Grupo de Genética Molecular, GENMOL, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Omar Cantillo-Barraza
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Johana Marín-Suarez
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Omar Triana-Chávez
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana Mejía-Jaramillo
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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Díaz ML, Leal S, Mantilla JC, Molina-Berríos A, López-Muñoz R, Solari A, Escobar P, González Rugeles CI. Acute Chagas outbreaks: molecular and biological features of Trypanosoma cruzi isolates, and clinical aspects of acute cases in Santander, Colombia. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:608. [PMID: 26612724 PMCID: PMC4661967 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of acute Chagas disease associated with oral transmission are easily detected nowadays with trained health personnel in areas of low endemicity, or in which the vector transmission has been interrupted. Given the biological and genetic diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi, the high morbidity, mortality, and the observed therapeutic failure, new characteristics of these outbreaks need to be addressed at different levels, both in Trypanosoma cruzi as in patient response. The aim of this work was to evaluate the patient's features involved in six outbreaks of acute Chagas disease which occurred in Santander, Colombia, and the characteristics of Trypanosoma cruzi clones isolated from these patients, to establish the potential relationship between the etiologic agent features with host behavior. METHODS The clinical, pathological and epidemiological aspects of outbreaks were analyzed. In addition, Trypanosoma cruzi clones were biologically characterized both in vitro and in vivo, and the susceptibility to the classical trypanocidal drugs nifurtimox and benznidazole was evaluated. Trypanosoma cruzi clones were genotyped by means of mini-exon intergenic spacer and cytochrome b genes sequencing. RESULTS All clones were DTU I, and based on the mini-exon intergenic spacer, belong to two genotypes: G2 related with sub-urban, and G11 with rural outbreaks. Girón outbreak clones with higher susceptibility to drugs presented G2 genotype and C/T transition in Cyt b. The outbreaks affected mainly young population (±25.9 years), and the mortality rate was 10 %. The cardiac tissue showed intense inflammatory infiltrate, myocardial necrosis and abundant amastigote nests. However, although the gastrointestinal tissue was congestive, no inflammation or parasites were observed. CONCLUSIONS Although all clones belong to DTU I, two intra-DTU genotypes were found with the sequencing of the mini-exon intergenic spacer, however there is no strict correlation between genetic groups, the cycles of the parasite or the clinical forms of the disease. Trypanosoma cruzi clones from Girón with higher sensitivity to nifurtimox presented a particular G2 genotype and C/T transition in Cyt b. When the diagnosis was early, the patients responded well to antichagasic treatment, which highlights the importance of diagnosis and treatment early to prevent fatal outcomes associated with these acute episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Lucía Díaz
- Grupo de Inmunología y Epidemiología Molecular (GIEM), Facultad de Salud, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | - Sandra Leal
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CINTROP), Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | - Julio César Mantilla
- Grupo de Inmunología y Epidemiología Molecular (GIEM), Facultad de Salud, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | - Alfredo Molina-Berríos
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Present address: Laboratorio de Farmacología y Farmacogenética, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo López-Muñoz
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Present address: Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Aldo Solari
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Patricia Escobar
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CINTROP), Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | - Clara Isabel González Rugeles
- Grupo de Inmunología y Epidemiología Molecular (GIEM), Facultad de Salud, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia. .,Escuela de Microbiología, Facultad de Salud, Carrera 32 #29-31, Oficina 419, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
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Cantillo-Barraza O, Garcés E, Gómez-Palacio A, Cortés LA, Pereira A, Marcet PL, Jansen AM, Triana-Chávez O. Eco-epidemiological study of an endemic Chagas disease region in northern Colombia reveals the importance of Triatoma maculata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), dogs and Didelphis marsupialis in Trypanosoma cruzi maintenance. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:482. [PMID: 26394766 PMCID: PMC4580378 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Colombia, Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma dimidiata are the main domestic triatomine species known to transmit T. cruzi. However, there are multiple reports of T. cruzi transmission involving secondary vectors. In this work, we carried out an eco-epidemiological study on Margarita Island, located in the Caribbean region of Colombia, where Chagas disease is associated with non-domiciliated vectors. METHODS To understand the transmission dynamics of Trypanosoma cruzi in this area, we designed a comprehensive, multi-faceted study including the following: (i) entomological evaluation through a community-based insect-surveillance campaign, blood meal source determination and T. cruzi infection rate estimation in triatomine insects; (ii) serological determination of T. cruzi prevalence in children under 15 years old, as well as in domestic dogs and synanthropic mammals; (iii) evaluation of T. cruzi transmission capacity in dogs and Didelphis marsupialis, and (iv) genetic characterization of T. cruzi isolates targeting spliced-leader intergene region (SL-IR) genotypes. RESULTS Out of the 124 triatomines collected, 94% were Triatoma maculata, and 71.6% of them were infected with T. cruzi. Blood-meal source analysis showed that T. maculata feeds on multiple hosts, including humans and domestic dogs. Serological analysis indicated 2 of 803 children were infected, representing a prevalence of 0.25%. The prevalence in domestic dogs was 71.6% (171/224). Domestic dogs might not be competent reservoir hosts, as inferred from negative T. cruzi xenodiagnosis and haemoculture tests. However, 61.5% (8/13) of D. marsupialis, the most abundant synanthropic mammal captured, were T. cruzi-positive on xenodiagnosis and haemocultures. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals the role of peridomestic T. maculata and dogs in T. cruzi persistence in this region and presents evidence that D. marsupialis are a reservoir mediating peridomestic-zoonotic cycles. This picture reflects the complexity of the transmission dynamics of T. cruzi in an endemic area with non-domiciliated vectors where active human infection exists. There is an ongoing need to control peridomestic T. maculata populations and to implement continuous reservoir surveillance strategies with community participation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edilson Garcés
- Grupo BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.
| | - Andrés Gómez-Palacio
- Grupo BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.
| | - Luis A Cortés
- Unidad de Entomología Médica, Secretaría de Salud del Departamento de Bolívar, Cartagena, Colombia.
| | - André Pereira
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brazil 4365, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Paula L Marcet
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Ana M Jansen
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brazil 4365, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Omar Triana-Chávez
- Grupo BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.
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Ramírez JC, Cura CI, da Cruz Moreira O, Lages-Silva E, Juiz N, Velázquez E, Ramírez JD, Alberti A, Pavia P, Flores-Chávez MD, Muñoz-Calderón A, Pérez-Morales D, Santalla J, Marcos da Matta Guedes P, Peneau J, Marcet P, Padilla C, Cruz-Robles D, Valencia E, Crisante GE, Greif G, Zulantay I, Costales JA, Alvarez-Martínez M, Martínez NE, Villarroel R, Villarroel S, Sánchez Z, Bisio M, Parrado R, Maria da Cunha Galvão L, Jácome da Câmara AC, Espinoza B, Alarcón de Noya B, Puerta C, Riarte A, Diosque P, Sosa-Estani S, Guhl F, Ribeiro I, Aznar C, Britto C, Yadón ZE, Schijman AG. Analytical Validation of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Methods for Quantification of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in Blood Samples from Chagas Disease Patients. J Mol Diagn 2015; 17:605-15. [PMID: 26320872 PMCID: PMC4698797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
An international study was performed by 26 experienced PCR laboratories from 14 countries to assess the performance of duplex quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) strategies on the basis of TaqMan probes for detection and quantification of parasitic loads in peripheral blood samples from Chagas disease patients. Two methods were studied: Satellite DNA (SatDNA) qPCR and kinetoplastid DNA (kDNA) qPCR. Both methods included an internal amplification control. Reportable range, analytical sensitivity, limits of detection and quantification, and precision were estimated according to international guidelines. In addition, inclusivity and exclusivity were estimated with DNA from stocks representing the different Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units and Trypanosoma rangeli and Leishmania spp. Both methods were challenged against 156 blood samples provided by the participant laboratories, including samples from acute and chronic patients with varied clinical findings, infected by oral route or vectorial transmission. kDNA qPCR showed better analytical sensitivity than SatDNA qPCR with limits of detection of 0.23 and 0.70 parasite equivalents/mL, respectively. Analyses of clinical samples revealed a high concordance in terms of sensitivity and parasitic loads determined by both SatDNA and kDNA qPCRs. This effort is a major step toward international validation of qPCR methods for the quantification of T. cruzi DNA in human blood samples, aiming to provide an accurate surrogate biomarker for diagnosis and treatment monitoring for patients with Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Ramírez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Chagas Disease (LaBMECh), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Inés Cura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Chagas Disease (LaBMECh), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Otacilio da Cruz Moreira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Endemic Diseases, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliane Lages-Silva
- Laboratory of Discipline of Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Natalia Juiz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Chagas Disease (LaBMECh), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elsa Velázquez
- National Institute of Parasitology "Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Center for Research in Tropical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Anahí Alberti
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Paula Pavia
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | - Arturo Muñoz-Calderón
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Deyanira Pérez-Morales
- Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - José Santalla
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios en Salud, La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | - Julie Peneau
- Hospital and University Laboratory-CH Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Paula Marcet
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Carlos Padilla
- National Center for Public Health, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - David Cruz-Robles
- Laboratory of Genomics, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Edward Valencia
- Laboratory for Research in Infectious Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Gonzalo Greif
- Molecular Biology Unit, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Inés Zulantay
- Basic Clinical Parasitology Laboratory, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Alfredo Costales
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Miriam Alvarez-Martínez
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Clinic and Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Sandro Villarroel
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Zunilda Sánchez
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asuncion, Paraguay
| | - Margarita Bisio
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Chagas Disease (LaBMECh), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rudy Parrado
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | | | | | - Bertha Espinoza
- Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico DF, Mexico
| | | | - Concepción Puerta
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Adelina Riarte
- National Institute of Parasitology "Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricio Diosque
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Sergio Sosa-Estani
- National Institute of Parasitology "Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Felipe Guhl
- Center for Research in Tropical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Isabela Ribeiro
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christine Aznar
- Hospital and University Laboratory-CH Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Constança Britto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Endemic Diseases, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Zaida Estela Yadón
- Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis Department, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alejandro G Schijman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Chagas Disease (LaBMECh), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Messenger LA, Miles MA, Bern C. Between a bug and a hard place: Trypanosoma cruzi genetic diversity and the clinical outcomes of Chagas disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:995-1029. [PMID: 26162928 PMCID: PMC4784490 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1056158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, concomitant with successful transnational disease control programs across Latin America, Chagas disease has expanded from a neglected, endemic parasitic infection of the rural poor to an urbanized chronic disease, and now a potentially emergent global health problem. Trypanosoma cruzi infection has a highly variable clinical course, ranging from complete absence of symptoms to severe and often fatal cardiovascular and/or gastrointestinal manifestations. To date, few correlates of clinical disease progression have been identified. Elucidating a putative role for T. cruzi strain diversity in Chagas disease pathogenesis is complicated by the scarcity of parasites in clinical specimens and the limitations of our contemporary genotyping techniques. This article systematically reviews the historical literature, given our current understanding of parasite genetic diversity, to evaluate the evidence for any association between T. cruzi genotype and chronic clinical outcome, risk of congenital transmission or reactivation and orally transmitted outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michael A Miles
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Caryn Bern
- Global Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Peterson JK, Graham AL, Dobson AP, Chávez OT. Rhodnius prolixus Life History Outcomes Differ when Infected with Different Trypanosoma cruzi I Strains. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:564-72. [PMID: 26078316 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a parasite on the life history of its vector is important for understanding and predicting disease transmission. Chagas disease agent Trypanosoma cruzi is a generalist parasite that is diverse across scales from its genetic diversity to the 100s of mammal and vector species it infects. Its vertebrate hosts show quite variable responses to infection, however, to date there are no studies looking at how T. cruzi variability might result in variable outcomes in its invertebrate host. Therefore, we investigated the effect of different T. cruzi I strains on Rhodnius prolixus survival and development. We found significant variation between insects infected with different strains, with some strains having no effect, as compared with uninfected insects, and others with significantly lower survival and development. We also found that different variables had varying importance between strains, with the effect of time postinfection and the blood:weight ratio of the infective meal significantly affecting the survival of insects infected with some strains, but not others. Our results suggest that T. cruzi can be pathogenic not only to its vertebrate hosts but also to its invertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Peterson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; Grupo BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrea L Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; Grupo BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrew P Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; Grupo BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Omar Triana Chávez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; Grupo BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Messenger LA, Garcia L, Vanhove M, Huaranca C, Bustamante M, Torrico M, Torrico F, Miles MA, Llewellyn MS. Ecological host fitting of Trypanosoma cruzi TcI in Bolivia: mosaic population structure, hybridization and a role for humans in Andean parasite dispersal. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2406-22. [PMID: 25847086 PMCID: PMC4737126 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An improved understanding of how a parasite species exploits its genetic repertoire to colonize novel hosts and environmental niches is crucial to establish the epidemiological risk associated with emergent pathogenic genotypes. Trypanosoma cruzi, a genetically heterogeneous, multi-host zoonosis, provides an ideal system to examine the sylvatic diversification of parasitic protozoa. In Bolivia, T. cruzi I, the oldest and most widespread genetic lineage, is pervasive across a range of ecological clines. High-resolution nuclear (26 loci) and mitochondrial (10 loci) genotyping of 199 contemporaneous sylvatic TcI clones was undertaken to provide insights into the biogeographical basis of T. cruzi evolution. Three distinct sylvatic parasite transmission cycles were identified: one highland population among terrestrial rodent and triatomine species, composed of genetically homogenous strains (Ar = 2.95; PA/L = 0.61; DAS = 0.151), and two highly diverse, parasite assemblages circulating among predominantly arboreal mammals and vectors in the lowlands (Ar = 3.40 and 3.93; PA/L = 1.12 and 0.60; DAS = 0.425 and 0.311, respectively). Very limited gene flow between neighbouring terrestrial highland and arboreal lowland areas (distance ~220 km; FST = 0.42 and 0.35) but strong connectivity between ecologically similar but geographically disparate terrestrial highland ecotopes (distance >465 km; FST = 0.016-0.084) strongly supports ecological host fitting as the predominant mechanism of parasite diversification. Dissimilar heterozygosity estimates (excess in highlands, deficit in lowlands) and mitochondrial introgression among lowland strains may indicate fundamental differences in mating strategies between populations. Finally, accelerated parasite dissemination between densely populated, highland areas, compared to uninhabited lowland foci, likely reflects passive, long-range anthroponotic dispersal. The impact of humans on the risk of epizootic Chagas disease transmission in Bolivia is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa A. Messenger
- Department of Pathogen Molecular BiologyFaculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Lineth Garcia
- Institute of Biomedical ResearchUniversidad Mayor de San SimónCochabambaBolivia
| | - Mathieu Vanhove
- Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Carlos Huaranca
- Institute of Biomedical ResearchUniversidad Mayor de San SimónCochabambaBolivia
| | - Marinely Bustamante
- Institute of Biomedical ResearchUniversidad Mayor de San SimónCochabambaBolivia
| | - Marycruz Torrico
- Institute of Biomedical ResearchUniversidad Mayor de San SimónCochabambaBolivia
| | - Faustino Torrico
- Institute of Biomedical ResearchUniversidad Mayor de San SimónCochabambaBolivia
| | - Michael A. Miles
- Department of Pathogen Molecular BiologyFaculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Martin S. Llewellyn
- Department of Pathogen Molecular BiologyFaculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
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43
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León CM, Hernández C, Montilla M, Ramírez JD. Retrospective distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi I genotypes in Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:387-93. [PMID: 25946157 PMCID: PMC4489476 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the aetiological agent of Chagas disease, which
affects approximately eight million people in the Americas. This parasite exhibits
genetic variability, with at least six discrete typing units broadly distributed in
the American continent. T. cruzi I (TcI) shows remarkable genetic
diversity; a genotype linked to human infections and a domestic cycle of transmission
have recently been identified, hence, this strain was named TcIDom. The aim of this
work was to describe the spatiotemporal distribution of TcI subpopulations across
humans, insect vectors and mammalian reservoirs in Colombia by means of molecular
typing targeting the spliced leader intergenic region of mini-exon gene. We analysed
101 TcI isolates and observed a distribution of sylvatic TcI in 70% and TcIDom in
30%. In humans, the ratio was sylvatic TcI in 60% and TcIDom in 40%. In mammal
reservoirs, the distribution corresponded to sylvatic TcI in 96% and TcIDom in 4%.
Among insect vectors, sylvatic TcI was observed in 48% and TcIDom in 52%. In
conclusion, the circulation of TcIDom is emerging in Colombia and this genotype is
still adapting to the domestic cycle of transmission. The epidemiological and
clinical implications of these findings are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cielo M León
- Red Chagas Colombia, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Marleny Montilla
- Grupo de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Villa LM, Guhl F, Zabala D, Ramírez JD, Urrea DA, Hernández DC, Cucunubá Z, Montilla M, Carranza JC, Rueda K, Trujillo JE, Vallejo GA. The identification of two Trypanosoma cruzi I genotypes from domestic and sylvatic transmission cycles in Colombia based on a single polymerase chain reaction amplification of the spliced-leader intergenic region. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 108:932-5. [PMID: 24037107 PMCID: PMC3970654 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A single polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reaction targeting the spliced-leader intergenic region of Trypanosoma cruzi I was standardised by amplifying a 231 bp fragment in domestic (TcIDOM) strains or clones and 450 and 550 bp fragments in sylvatic strains or clones. This reaction was validated using 44 blind coded samples and 184 non-coded T. cruzi I clones isolated from sylvatic triatomines and the correspondence between the amplified fragments and their domestic or sylvatic origin was determined. Six of the nine strains isolated from acute cases suspected of oral infection had the sylvatic T. cruzi I profile. These results confirmed that the sylvatic T. cruzi I genotype is linked to cases of oral Chagas disease in Colombia. We therefore propose the use of this novel PCR reaction in strains or clones previously characterised as T. cruzi I to distinguish TcIDOMfrom sylvatic genotypes in studies of transmission dynamics, including the verification of population selection within hosts or detection of the frequency of mixed infections by both T. cruzi I genotypes in Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Marcela Villa
- Universidad del Tolima, Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical, Altos de Santa HelenaIbagué, Colombia
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Soto H, Tibaduiza T, Montilla M, Triana O, Suárez DC, Torres Torres M, Arias MT, Lugo L. [Investigation of vectors and reservoirs in an acute Chagas outbreak due to possible oral transmission in Aguachica, Cesar, Colombia]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2014; 30:746-56. [PMID: 24896050 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00024013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colombia recorded 11 cases of acute Chagas disease and 80 cases of oral contamination with Trypanosoma cruzi. The current study analyzes the entomological and parasitological characteristics of the outbreak in Aguachica, Cesar Department, in 2010. An interdisciplinary group of health professionals and regional university personnel conducted the laboratory tests in the patients and the investigation of the transmission focus. Eleven cases of acute Chagas diseases were detected in a single family in a dwelling with domiciliated triatomines and Rhodnius pallescens, Pantrongylus geniculatus, Eratyrus cuspidatus, and two Didelphis marsupialis opossums infected with T. cruzi in Attalea butyracea and Elaeis oleifera palm trees in the urban area of Aguachica. The study analyzes the role of R. pallescens and palm trees in the wild cycle of T. cruzi and in oral transmission of Chagas disease. Sporadic incursions by wild R. pallescens, P. geniculatus, and E. cuspidatus from the nearby palm trees into human dwellings may cause increasingly frequent outbreaks of oral Chagas disease.
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46
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Peña-García VH, Gómez-Palacio AM, Triana-Chávez O, Mejía-Jaramillo AM. Eco-epidemiology of Chagas disease in an endemic area of Colombia: risk factor estimation, Trypanosoma cruzi characterization and identification of blood-meal sources in bugs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:1116-24. [PMID: 25331808 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM) is a mountainous area in Colombia that is highly endemic to Chagas disease. We explored some eco-epidemiological attributes involved in the Chagas disease transmission scenario in three Indigenous communities. An epidemiological survey was done, where parasite infection in reservoirs and insects, Trypanosoma cruzi genotyping, identification of blood-meal sources in intradomiciliary insects using the high-resolution melting technique, and some risk factors were evaluated. The results suggest that several dwelling conditions such as thatched palm roofs and mud walls carried the highest risk of finding intradomiciliary Rhodnius prolixus, which 56.41% were infected with T. cruzi and fed with human blood. Moreover, T. cruzi Ia was the most frequent haplotype found in insects. These results indicate the existence of a domestic T. cruzi transmission cycle that does not overlap with the sylvatic cycle, and highlight the need for efficient entomological control focused to this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor H Peña-García
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas - BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrés M Gómez-Palacio
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas - BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Omar Triana-Chávez
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas - BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana M Mejía-Jaramillo
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas - BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
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47
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Monteón V, Triana-Chávez O, Mejía-Jaramillo A, Pennignton P, Ramos-Ligonio Á, Acosta K, Lopez R. Circulation of Tc Ia discrete type unit Trypanosoma cruzi in Yucatan Mexico. J Parasit Dis 2014; 40:550-4. [PMID: 27413339 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiologic agent Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc) has been grouped into six discrete type units (DTU I-VI); within DTU-I exists four subgroups defined Ia-Id. In Colombia, the genotype Ia is associated with human infection and domiciliated Rhodnius vector. In the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, the main vector involved in T. cruzi transmission is Triatoma dimidiata predominantly via sylvatic and peridomiciliated cycles. In this study, multiple sequence analysis of mini-exon intergenic regions of T. cruzi isolates obtained from T. dimidiata in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico revealed they belonged to Tc Ia DTU along with two additional Mexican strains located 1,570 km away from Yucatan. In conclusion Tc Ia circulates in the Yucatan peninsula in T. dimidiata vector and likewise in the northwest region of Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Monteón
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campus de la Salud, Col Linda Vista Campeche, 24090 Campeche, Mexico
| | - Omar Triana-Chávez
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas (BCEI), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana Mejía-Jaramillo
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas (BCEI), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Pamela Pennignton
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Ángel Ramos-Ligonio
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicios (LADASIER) Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Universidad Veracruzana, Orizaba, Veracruz Mexico
| | - Karla Acosta
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Hideyo Noguchi", Mérida, Yucatán Mexico
| | - Ruth Lopez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campus de la Salud, Col Linda Vista Campeche, 24090 Campeche, Mexico
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Mejía-Jaramillo AM, Agudelo-Uribe LA, Dib JC, Ortiz S, Solari A, Triana-Chávez O. Genotyping of Trypanosoma cruzi in a hyper-endemic area of Colombia reveals an overlap among domestic and sylvatic cycles of Chagas disease. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:108. [PMID: 24656115 PMCID: PMC3994407 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease is a neglected illness caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, which widely affects American communities. This study attempted to identify T. cruzi genotypes circulating in four indigenous communities of the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia, to investigate parasite transmission dynamics in these communities. In addition, some epidemiological variables to determine the risk factors for infection with this parasite, such as the prevalence of T. cruzi infection, the triatomine species, and the domestic and sylvatic mammals that act as vectors and reservoirs of the parasite in the domestic, peridomestic and sylvatic cycles, were examined. Methods We developed a prospective study to identify the main risk factors associated with T. cruzi infection in the region. The T. cruzi prevalence was determined by ELISA, IFA and PCR. Triatomines species and both domestic and sylvatic mammals from all communities were captured and sampled. To analyze parasite transmission dynamics in these four communities, eight DNA parasite probes were generated from insect and reservoir samples, and a DNA blot analysis were carried out. Results Serological studies revealed 37% prevalence in the four communities, and Kasakumake was the most endemic region, containing approximately 70% seropositives. Moreover, the molecular diagnosis showed a high correlation between the serological data and the T. cruzi circulating in the patients’ blood. A total of 464 triatomine insects were collected in domestic, peridomestic and sylvatic environments, and these insects belonged to five different species; Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma dimidiata were the two more important species transmitting the parasite. After studying the eco-epidemiological factors in these four communities, the most important risk factors for infection with the parasite were determined. These risk factors are a high infection rate of people and domestic animals, the construction materials of the houses, the presence of infected triatomines inside the human dwellings, the proximity between houses and a sylvatic environment with several triatomine species and wild animals. Finally, the molecular characterization of T. cruzi showed the presence of three haplotypes and complex T. cruzi mixed infections in all reservoirs. Conclusions Active transmission of T. cruzi is present in four indigenous communities of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta with overlap between the domestic and the sylvatic transmission cycles of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Omar Triana-Chávez
- Grupo BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No, 52-21 Medellin, Colombia.
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Garcia A, Ortiz S, Iribarren C, Bahamonde M, Solari A. Congenital co-infection with different Trypanosoma cruzi lineages. Parasitol Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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50
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DÍAZ-BELLO Z, THOMAS MC, LÓPEZ MC, ZAVALA-JASPE R, NOYA O, DE NOYA BALARCÓN, ABATE T. Trypanosoma cruzi genotyping supports a common source of infection in a school-related oral outbreak of acute Chagas disease in Venezuela. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 142:156-62. [PMID: 23544849 PMCID: PMC9152613 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813000757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi I, a discrete typing unit (DTU) found in human infections in Venezuela and other countries of the northern region of South America and in Central America, has been recently classified into five intra-DTU genotypes (Ia, Ib, Ic, Id, Ie) based on sequence polymorphisms found in the spliced leader intergenic region. In this paper we report the genotype identification of T. cruzi human isolates from one outbreak of acute orally acquired Chagas disease that occurred in a non-endemic region of Venezuela and from T. cruzi triatomine and rat isolates captured at a guava juice preparation site which was identified as the presumptive source of infection. The genotyping of all these isolates as TcId supports the view of a common source of infection in this oral Chagas disease outbreak through the ingestion of guava juice. Implications for clinical manifestations and dynamics of transmission cycles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. DÍAZ-BELLO
- Sección de Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - M. C. THOMAS
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra – CSIC – Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, España
| | - M. C. LÓPEZ
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra – CSIC – Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, España
| | - R. ZAVALA-JASPE
- Sección de Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - O. NOYA
- Sección de Biohelmintiasis, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
- Cátedra de Parasitología, Escuela de Medicina Luis Razetti, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - B. ALARCÓN DE NOYA
- Sección de Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
- Cátedra de Parasitología, Escuela de Medicina Luis Razetti, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - T. ABATE
- Sección de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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