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Bustos JA, Arroyo G, Del Brutto OH, Gonzales I, Saavedra H, Guzman C, Sanchez-Boluarte SS, Thakur KT, Coyle C, O’Neal SE, Garcia HH. Calcified Neurocysticercosis: Demographic, Clinical, and Radiological Characteristics of a Large Hospital-Based Patient Cohort. Pathogens 2023; 13:26. [PMID: 38251334 PMCID: PMC10820744 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC), the infection of the central nervous system caused by Taenia solium larvae (cysticerci), is a major cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide. Calcification in NCC is the most common neuroimaging finding among individuals with epilepsy in T. solium-endemic areas. We describe the demographic, clinical, and radiological profiles of a large hospital cohort of patients with calcified NCC in Peru (during the period 2012-2022) and compared profiles between patients with and without a previous known diagnosis of viable infection. A total of 524 patients were enrolled (mean age at enrollment: 40.2 ± 15.2 years, mean age at symptom onset: 29.1 ± 16.1 years, 56.3% women). Of those, 415 patients (79.2%) had previous seizures (median time with seizures: 5 years, interquartile range (IQR): 2-13 years; median number of seizures: 7 (IQR: 3-32)), of which 333 (80.2%) had predominantly focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures; and 358 (68.3%) used antiseizure medication). Patients had a median number of three calcifications (IQR: 1-7), mostly located in the frontal lobes (79%). In 282 patients (53.8%) there was a previous diagnosis of viable infection, while 242 only had evidence of calcified NCC since their initial neuroimaging. Most patients previously diagnosed with viable infection were male, had previous seizures, had seizures for a longer time, had more calcifications, and had a history of taeniasis more frequently than patients without previously diagnosed viable infection (all p < 0.05). Patients with calcified NCC were heterogeneous regarding burden of infection and clinical manifestations, and individuals who were diagnosed after parasites calcified presented with milder disease manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A. Bustos
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (C.G.); (S.S.S.-B.); (H.H.G.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 15030, Peru; (I.G.); (H.S.); (S.E.O.)
| | - Gianfranco Arroyo
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (C.G.); (S.S.S.-B.); (H.H.G.)
- Direccion de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima 15067, Peru
| | - Oscar H. Del Brutto
- School of Medicine and Research Center, Universidad Espiritu Santo-Ecuador, Samborondon 092301, Ecuador;
| | - Isidro Gonzales
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 15030, Peru; (I.G.); (H.S.); (S.E.O.)
| | - Herbert Saavedra
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 15030, Peru; (I.G.); (H.S.); (S.E.O.)
| | - Carolina Guzman
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (C.G.); (S.S.S.-B.); (H.H.G.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 15030, Peru; (I.G.); (H.S.); (S.E.O.)
| | - Sofia S. Sanchez-Boluarte
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (C.G.); (S.S.S.-B.); (H.H.G.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 15030, Peru; (I.G.); (H.S.); (S.E.O.)
| | - Kiran T. Thakur
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Christina Coyle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Seth E. O’Neal
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 15030, Peru; (I.G.); (H.S.); (S.E.O.)
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Hector H. Garcia
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (C.G.); (S.S.S.-B.); (H.H.G.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 15030, Peru; (I.G.); (H.S.); (S.E.O.)
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Sakshi, Dhaka P, Bedi JS, Aulakh RS, Singh R, Gill JPS. Assessing and Prioritizing Zoonotic Diseases in Punjab, India: A One Health Approach. ECOHEALTH 2023; 20:300-322. [PMID: 37989991 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases have a significant impact on both human and animal health globally. The present study was planned to prioritize the zoonoses in Punjab state of India. To develop a zoonotic disease prioritization scoring system, a comprehensive approach has been taken, including literature review, key person interviews with animal health experts (n = 12) and medical professionals (n = 7), and nine focus group discussions (FGDs) with veterinary academicians, medical professionals, and field veterinary doctors. The scoring system comprises of seven major criteria, each assigned a weightage score (ws): prevalence/incidence of the disease (ws = 0.20), severity of illnesses in humans (ws = 0.18), epidemic potential (ws = 0.16), socio-economic burden (ws = 0.16), availability of effective control and prevention measures (ws = 0.15), inter-sectoral collaborations (ws = 0.1), and bioterrorism potential (ws = 0.05). The finalized scoring system, accompanied by a list of 15 selected zoonotic diseases, was implemented among a group of 23 professionals engaged in zoonoses research (n = 7), animal health (n = 10), and medical health (n = 6) to determine their prioritization. The zoonotic diseases prioritized for the Punjab (India) included, Brucellosis (0.70) > Rabies (0.69) > Anthrax (0.64) > Leptospirosis (0.62) = Toxoplasmosis (0.62) = Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) (0.62) > Bovine tuberculosis (0.61) > Q fever (0.60) > Cysticercosis (0.59) > Listeriosis (0.58) > Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) (0.57) > Japanese encephalitis (0.56) = Echinococcosis (0.56) > Dermatophytosis (0.53) > and Scrub typhus (0.48), respectively. Higher priority is suggested for endemic zoonoses (e.g., brucellosis and rabies) as compared to those with epidemic potential (e.g., CCHF, HPAI etc.) in Punjab. Results of the current study will help in the development of targeted control and prevention strategies for zoonotic diseases in Punjab and other geographical regions facing similar challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Pankaj Dhaka
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, India.
| | - Jasbir Singh Bedi
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Rabinder Singh Aulakh
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Randhir Singh
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Jatinder Paul Singh Gill
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
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Bedogni G, Garcia P, Seremeta K, Okulik N, Salomon C. Preformulation and Long-Term Stability Studies of an Optimized Palatable Praziquantel Ethanol-Free Solution for Pediatric Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2050. [PMID: 37631264 PMCID: PMC10458622 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, the treatment for cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis consists of a single oral intake of praziquantel (5-10 mg/kg), which since it is only available as tablets, hinders its administration to pediatric patients. Praziquantel is a poorly water-soluble drug which represents a challenge for its formulation in solution, particularly for the pediatric population. Thus, this study aimed to develop a palatable solution for praziquantel using pharmaceutical-accepted co-solvent systems. A design of experiments approach was applied to identify the optimal conditions for achieving a suitable amount of praziquantel in solution using co-solvent mixtures. Thus, praziquantel solubility increased from 0.38 up to 43.50 mg/mL in the optimized system. A taste masking assay in healthy human volunteers confirmed a successful reduction of drug bitterness after the addition of selected flavors and a sweetener. Stability studies were also conducted at different temperatures (4, 25, and 40 °C) for 12 months Even though the presence of the three known impurities of praziquantel was observed, their amounts never exceeded the acceptance criteria of the USP. Thus, this novel approach should be considered a valuable alternative for further preclinical studies considering the high prevalence of this infection worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Bedogni
- Instituto de Química Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIR-CONICET), Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina;
| | - Paula Garcia
- Planta Piloto de Producción de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, Rosario 2000, Argentina;
| | - Katia Seremeta
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Procesos Tecnológicos Avanzados, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral (INIPTA-CONICET-UNCAUS), Cte. Fernández 755, Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña 3700, Argentina; (K.S.); (N.O.)
| | - Nora Okulik
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Procesos Tecnológicos Avanzados, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral (INIPTA-CONICET-UNCAUS), Cte. Fernández 755, Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña 3700, Argentina; (K.S.); (N.O.)
| | - Claudio Salomon
- Instituto de Química Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIR-CONICET), Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina;
- Área Técnica Farmacéutica, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Suipacha 531, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario 2000, Argentina
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Bibi S, Kamran M, Ahmad H, Bibi K, Naqvi SKUH, Zuo Q, Shah NA, Cao J. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding Taeniasis in Pakistan. Diseases 2023; 11:95. [PMID: 37489447 PMCID: PMC10366766 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11030095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Taeniasis is a neglected zoonotic disease responsible for serious health disorders, such as seizures, and may even cause death. Humans are the definitive host for the three species Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), T. saginata (beef tapeworm), and T. asiatica, harboring the adult tapeworm in the small intestine. In this study, a structured questionnaire was circulated to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) regarding taeniasis among the rural and urban communities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. A total of 770 individuals participated in the study. Of the total respondents, 44.4% had little knowledge about the disease and its impact, while the majority (70%) of respondents showed a willingness to participate in elimination campaigns by providing fecal samples. Most respondents kept raw meat separated from clean utensils (81.6%) and checked the internal temperature of meat when cooking it (75.1%). Regression analysis showed a significant association between age and knowledge, especially in the 20-30 years (p < 0.05; OR 0.574) and 30 to 40 years (p < 0.05; OR 0.553) age groups, and being a resident in Rawalpindi (p < 0.05; OR 0.68) and other cities (p < 0.05; OR 2.43), except Islamabad. Income ranges of 31,000-50,000 PKR (p < 0.05; OR: 0.574), 51,000-70,000 PKR (p < 0.05; OR 0.531), and above 70,000 PKR (p < 0.05; OR 0.42) were significantly related to attitude, compared with individuals with incomes of 10,000-30,000 PKR. Income above 70,000 PKR (p < 0.05; OR 0.87) and living in an urban area (p < 0.05; OR 0.616) compared to a rural area were significant with practices. A positive attitude was observed regarding awareness and prevention of the disease. Awareness campaigns and providing health education could be key approaches to manage this disease in the general population of developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Bibi
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Islamabad Medical and Dental College, Islamabad 45400, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Ahmad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Kainat Bibi
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Syed Kamran Ul Hassan Naqvi
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Qingqiu Zuo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Naseer Ali Shah
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Li J, Zhang L. Taenia solium taeniasis and Cysticercosis Prevalence and Control Practice in China. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.110628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis is an important global food-borne zoonosis transmitted between humans and pigs. In China, the prevalence of Theridion solium taeniasis/cysticercosis has been marked decline in recent decades based on the data revealed by both national surveys and field prevalence investigations. Health education and promotion, meat inspection, and chemotherapy are unquestionably the main control measures for diseases. It is worth noting that a variety of socio-ecological variables have been identified in the process of controlling T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis. It has become difficult for pigs to come into direct or indirect contact with or consume human excreta as pig farming practices have been shifted from traditional backyard farms to large-scale commercial pig raising systems that are still in progress. The human toilet revolution in rural areas of China has ensured hygienic separation of human excreta from contact, and thereby preventing human excreta from polluting the soil, feeds, and water. These two important fundamental preventive measures are crucial to establishing an environmental restriction between humans and pigs cannot be overlooked for interrupting or limiting T. solium transmission. In this chapter, we reviewed the epidemiology, traditional measures, and ecological determinants that significantly contributed to the dramatic decline of taeniasis/cysticercosis in China.
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Nematihonar B, Kouchak Hosseini SP, Haghbin Toutounchi A. Taenia saginata, the incidental find in case of intestinal perforation after blunt trauma and literature review. Int J Surg Case Rep 2023; 103:107909. [PMID: 36709698 PMCID: PMC9900391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2023.107909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE Taenia saginata (T. saginata) is one of the most common cestodes in humans. Isolated perforation of the small bowel after blunt abdominal trauma is infrequent and the diagnosis should be based on exclusion. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of a 34-year-old man who presented following a car-pedestrian accident. Clinical examinations and symptoms suggested an acute abdomen. Investigations led to the diagnosis of hollow viscus perforation, so emergency laparotomy was performed. At the exploration of peritoneal cavity, unexpectedly, a live tapeworm was found in the peritoneal cavity. The perforation was repaired and medication were continued by anthelmintic. He was discharged with good condition. CLINICAL DISCUSSION We discuss this rare incidental finding in a patient with bowel perforation and suggest the taeniasis as a possible cause of intestinal perforation. The medical literature and reviews have been searched to find more information about taeniasis and its cause-effect in GI tract complications. CONCLUSION Increasing the public knowledge about food hygiene and encouraging eat well-cooked meat can control the cycle of transmission of cestodes. Taeniasis should be considered a possible cause of intestinal obstruction or perforation, especially in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Nematihonar
- Department of General Surgery, Imam Hosein Medical and Educational Center, Shahid Beheshti University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Pedram Kouchak Hosseini
- Department of General Surgery, Imam Hosein Medical and Educational Center, Shahid Beheshti University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Haghbin Toutounchi
- Department of General Surgery, Imam Hosein Medical and Educational Center, Shahid Beheshti University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Sripa B, Leonardo L, Hong SJ, Ito A, Brattig NW. Status and perspective of asian neglected tropical diseases. Acta Trop 2022; 225:106212. [PMID: 34687645 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Asadi N, Tappeh KH, Mohebbi I, Yousefi E, Khademvatan S. Screening of Cystic Echinococcosis and Toxocariasis in Urmia Municipal Workers, Northwest Iran. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:220-229. [PMID: 32516106 DOI: 10.2174/1871526520666200609121400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcus granulosus and Toxocara spp., the causative agents of hydatid cyst and toxocariasis in humans and animals, are zoonotic infections with medical and veterinary significance respectively. AIM Herein, we aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of toxocariasis and cystic echinococcosis in Urmia municipal workers (gardeners and sweepers) in 2018 using ELISA assay. OBJECTIVE There is no precise report on the seroprevalence of toxocariasis and cystic echinococcosis in Urmia municipal workers using ELISA assay. Therefore, this study found an opportunity to investigate this subject. METHODS A total of 220 blood samples were obtained from municipal workers with an average age of 41.31 ± 9.42. Commercial anti-Toxocara canis and hydatid cyst ELISA kits were used to assess the seroprevalence rates. RESULTS Approximately, 14.5% and 2.3% of individuals were seropositive for toxocariasis and hydatidosis, respectively. Consuming unboiled milk and/or raw/uncooked meat and rural conditions are risk factors for toxocariasis. Regarding hydatidosis, consuming unwashed vegetables was the only statistically significant risk factor. Toxocara infection (p = 0.01), but not hydatid cyst (p = 0.05), is more prevalent among sweepers than municipal gardeners. CONCLUSION Due to the occupational condition of municipal workers, they are exposed to many infectious agents; thus, more researches should be done on these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Asadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Khosrow Hazrati Tappeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Iraj Mohebbi
- Social Determinants of Health Center, Occupational Medicine Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Elham Yousefi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Khademvatan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Ito A, Budke CM. Genetic Diversity of Taenia solium and its Relation to Clinical Presentation of Cysticercosis. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 94:343-349. [PMID: 34211353 PMCID: PMC8223547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this perspectives paper, we discuss fertilization strategies for Taenia saginata and Taenia saginata asiatica as well as heterogeneity in Taenia solium, the causative agent of human cysticercosis. Two different genotypes of T. solium (Asian and Afro/American) were confirmed by mitochondrial DNA analysis approximately two decades ago. Since then, outcrossings of the two genotypes have been identified in Madagascar where the two genotypes are distributed sympatrically. Outcrossings were confirmed by the presence of discordance between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Since multiple tapeworm infections are common in endemic areas, outcrossing events likely occur quite frequently. Therefore, mitochondrial DNA from T. solium specimens collected from humans and pigs in endemic areas should be analyzed. If variations are found between specimens, nuclear DNA analysis should be performed to confirm the presence of discordance between mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Additional outcrossings likely add complexity to understanding the existing genetic diversity. Serological surveys are also recommended since serodiagnostic glycoprotein can also differentiate between the two genotypes. Viable eggs from different genotypes or from hybrids of two different genotypes should be used for experimental infection of pigs or dogs in order to observe any pathological heterogeneity in cysticercosis development. Although genetic diversity of T. solium is expected to result in clinical heterogeneity of cysticercosis in humans and pigs, there is currently no evidence showing that this occurs. There are also no comparative experimental studies on this topic. Therefore, studies evaluating the link between parasite heterogeneity and clinical outcome are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical
University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Christine M. Budke
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences,
College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M
University, College Station, TX, USA
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Transcriptome Analysis and Autophagy Investigation of LoVo Cells Stimulated with Exosomes Derived from T. asiatica Adult Worms. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050994. [PMID: 34062985 PMCID: PMC8147967 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia asiatica is a zoonotic parasite found in the human intestine and pig liver that evolved various strategies to survive the host’s defenses. Exosomes are membranous vesicles released by cells and are an important vehicle in parasite-host interactions. However, no literature exists on the specific infection mechanisms of T. asiatica against the host defense response, and further research is required to understand the parasite-host interaction. In this study, we investigated the host’s differentially expressed genes (DEGs) while stimulating them with exosomes derived from the T. asiatica adult worm (Tas-exo) on LoVo by RNA-seq analysis. Our results identified 348 genes as being significantly differentially expressed for the Tas-exo group when comparing with that of the NC group. Some of these genes are related to modulation of cell proliferation and cell autophagy. Surprisingly, autophagy and cell proliferation have crucial roles in the defense against parasites; accordingly, we detected cell proliferation and autophagy in LoVo cells by CCK8, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting, demonstrating that Tas-exo could inhibit LoVo cell proliferation and autophagy via AMPK pathway. When P62 and p-mTOR/mTOR expression were significantly increased, BeclinI and pAMPK/AMPK were significantly decreased. These results expand our understanding of parasite-host interactions mediated by exosomes.
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Chang T, Jung BK, Hong S, Shin H, Ryoo S, Lee J, Lee KH, Park H, Eom KS, Khieu V, Huy R, Sohn WM, Chai JY. Occurrence of a Hybrid Between Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica Tapeworms in Cambodia. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:179-182. [PMID: 33951775 PMCID: PMC8106985 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human infection with Taenia asiatica or a hybrid between Taenia saginata and T. asiatica has not been reported in Cambodia. We detected for the first time a hybrid form between T. saginata and T. asiatica in Preah Vihear Province, Cambodia. An adult tapeworm specimen, i.e., 75 cm long strobila without scolex, was expelled from a 27-year-old man after praziquantel medication and purging. It was morphologically indistinguishable between T. saginata and T. asiatica. Several proglottids were molecularly analyzed to confirm the tapeworm species. The mitochondrial gene encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and nuclear genes encoding elongation factor-1α (ef1) and ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM)-like protein (elp) were sequenced, and a single-allele analysis was performed to confirm the haploid genotype. The results revealed that our sample showed a discrepancy between the mitochondrial and 2 nuclear genes. It possessed homozygous sequences typical of T. saginata at cox1 and ef1 loci. However, it was heterozygous at the elp locus, with 1 allele in T. asiatica (elpA) and 1 in T. saginata (elpC), which indicates that it is a hybrid between T. saginata and T. asiatica. The present results confirmed the presence of a hybrid between T. saginata and T. asiatica in Cambodia and strongly suggest the existence of also ‘pure’ T. asiatica in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehee Chang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Sooji Hong
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Hyejoo Shin
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Seungwan Ryoo
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Jeonggyu Lee
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Keon Hoon Lee
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Hansol Park
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Keeseon S Eom
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Virak Khieu
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Rekol Huy
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea.,Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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12
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Phuentshok Y, Choden K, Alvarez Rojas CA, Deplazes P, Wangdi S, Gyeltshen K, Rinzin K, Thapa NK, Tenzinla T, Dorjee D, Valitutto M, Gilbert M, Siriaroonrat B, Jairak W, Piewbang C, Sharma PM, Dema T, Gurung RB. Cerebral cysticercosis in a wild Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Bhutan: A first report in non-domestic felids. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 14:150-156. [PMID: 33665082 PMCID: PMC7902803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The endangered Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) is a keystone species playing an essential role in ecology as well as in the social and spiritual lives of the Himalayan people. The latest estimate of the Bengal tiger population in Bhutan accounts for 103 individuals. Infectious organisms, including zoonotic parasites causing high burden in human health, have received little attention as a cause of mortality in tigers. Taeniosis/cysticercosis, caused by the cestode Taenia solium, is considered one of the major neglected tropical diseases in Southeast Asia. We present here a case of neurocysticercosis in a Bengal tiger showing advanced neurological disease outside Thimphu, the capital city of Bhutan. After palliative care, the animal died, and necropsy revealed multiple small cysts in the brain. Here we show the presence of two genetic variants of T. solium in the parasite material collected based on PCR and sequencing of the complete cox1 and cytB genes. The sequences form a discrete branch within the Asia plus Madagascar cluster of the parasite. On other hand, tests for feline morbillivirus, feline calicivirus, canine distemper virus, Nipah, rabies, Japanese encephalitis, feline leukaemia and feline immunodeficiency virus were negative. In contrast, PCR for feline herpesvirus was positive and a latex agglutination test revealed an elevated antibody titer against Toxoplasma gondii (titer 1:256). The molecular examination of taeniid eggs isolated from the tiger faeces produced sequences for which the highest homology in GenBank is between 92% and 94% with T. regis and T. hydatigena. This fatal case of T. solium neurocysticercosis, a disease previously unrecorded in tigers or other non-domestic felids, demonstrates an anthropogenically driven transmission of a deadly pathogen which could become a serious threat to the tiger population. This is the first report of a fatal infection with Taenia solium in a Bengal tiger. There is a need for research into infectious disease threats to tigers in Bhutan. The importance of a ‘One Health’ approach is demonstrated and recommended. Non-domestic felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoenten Phuentshok
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, 10200, Thailand
| | - Kinley Choden
- Nature Conservation Division, Department of Forests and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Taba, Bhutan
| | | | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonam Wangdi
- Nature Conservation Division, Department of Forests and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Taba, Bhutan
| | - Kuenzang Gyeltshen
- Nature Conservation Division, Department of Forests and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Taba, Bhutan
| | - Karma Rinzin
- Animal Health Division, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Nirmal Kumar Thapa
- National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Serbithang, Bhutan
| | - Tenzinla Tenzinla
- National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Serbithang, Bhutan
| | | | | | - Martin Gilbert
- Cornell Wildlife Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Boripat Siriaroonrat
- Bureau of Conservation and Research, Zoological Park Organization, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Waleemas Jairak
- Bureau of Conservation and Research, Zoological Park Organization, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Puspa Maya Sharma
- National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Serbithang, Bhutan
| | - Tshewang Dema
- National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Serbithang, Bhutan
| | - Ratna Bahadur Gurung
- National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Serbithang, Bhutan
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13
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Mendlovic F, Fleury A, Flisser A. Zoonotic Taenia infections with focus on cysticercosis due to Taenia solium in swine and humans. Res Vet Sci 2020; 134:69-77. [PMID: 33321377 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic taeniasis caused by the adult stage of Taenia solium, Taenia saginata or Taenia asiatica are considered neglected tropical diseases by the World Health Organization. The life cycle of these 3 metazoan species is very similar and includes an intermediate host: pigs in the case of T. solium and T. asiatica, and cattle in the case of T. saginata. By eating meat (pork/T. solium, T. asiatica; beef/T. saginata) containing live cysticerci, humans develop taeniasis, which is practically asymptomatic but is the main risk factor for intermediate hosts to become infected. T. saginata causes bovine cysticercosis, while T. solium and T. asiatica cause swine cysticercosis, of veterinary and economic importance. T. solium cysticerci cause neurological disease in humans: neurocysticercosis. Cysticerci develop after ingesting microscopic eggs released from a human tapeworm carrier. Here we describe the life stages of the parasites, diagnosis, pathogenesis, symptomatology of neurocysticercosis, and prevention and control measures. Highlighting the need to validate diagnostic tools, treatments and vaccination in endemic areas, with the challenge of addressing the most vulnerable populations that lack resources. If people understand the transmission route, avoid eating uncooked or insufficiently cooked meat and have adequate hygienic habits, the life cycle of the 3 zoonotic Taenia species may be interrupted. In addition, we describe the growing field of immune response and immunomodulation elicited by the parasites, which may provide essential tools for diagnosis, treatment, control of taeniasis/cysticercosis, as well as for identification of parasite-derived immunomodulators that could aid in the treatment of emerging inflammatory diseases worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fela Mendlovic
- Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Copilco-Universidad, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Agnes Fleury
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugia "Manuel Velasco Suárez", SSA, Av. Insurgentes sur 3877, Col. La Fama, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Copilco-Universidad, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Ana Flisser
- Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Copilco-Universidad, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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Soejitno A, Niryana IW, Sriwidyani NP, Susilawathi NM, Witari NP, Sudewi AR. Neurocysticercosis presented as a solitary cystic parenchymal lesion mimicking primary brain tumor: A case report. IDCases 2020; 22:e01004. [PMID: 33204635 PMCID: PMC7649621 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an endemic zoonotic infection in pork-eating region, including Bali. Despite its high prevalence, diagnosing an NCC can be challenging due to the protean clinical manifestations. Herein we describe an NCC case mistakenly diagnosed as a brain tumor, only later that we discovered the active larvae of Taenia solium, the pathogen which causes NCC. A high index of suspicion towards NCC should always be maintained, particularly among patients originated from endemic area. Appropriate treatment with anthelminthic may result in full disease resolution, thus precluding unnecessary invasive approach.
Introduction Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an infection of the central nervous system by the larval stage of pork tapeworm (Taenia solium/T. solium). Diagnosing NCC can be challenging, particularly among those who reside in areas with rare occurrence of NCC and atypical manifestation such as a solitary parenchymal lesion. We treated a patient whose initially was diagnosed with brain abcess and later, brain tumor, only finally revealed to be an NCC case. Case report A 25-year old male suffered from multiple focal-to-bilateral tonic clonic seizures, was initially diagnosed as brain abscess. He was given antibiotics and anti-seizure medication but the seizure relapsed with a typical semiology. Physical examination demonstrated grade I papilledema, grade 4+ hemiparesis, and headache of vascular origin. Patient was suspected to have oligodendroglioma after underwent head MRI examination and subsequent tumor resection was performed. Pathological anatomy evaluation demonstrated multiple cystic segments containing larva of tapeworm, supporting a diagnosis of active NCC infection. After 14-day course of antheminthic treatment and resumed AED, patient was seizure-free and NCC was not found upon follow-up CT scan. Conclusion NCC, with respect to clinical and radiological manifestations, can be protean. A high index of suspicion towards NCC should always be maintained, particularly among patients originated from endemic area. Appropriate treatment with anthelminthic may result in full disease resolution, thus precluding unnecessary invasive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Soejitno
- Departement of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University/Sanglah Hospital, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Wayan Niryana
- Departement of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University/Sanglah Hospital, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Ni Putu Sriwidyani
- Departement of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University/Sanglah Hospital, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Ni Made Susilawathi
- Departement of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University/Sanglah Hospital, Bali, Indonesia
- Corresponding authors at: Jl. Kesehatan no. 1, Denpasar, 80114, Indonesia.
| | - Ni Putu Witari
- Departement of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University/Sanglah Hospital, Bali, Indonesia
| | - A.A. Raka Sudewi
- Departement of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University/Sanglah Hospital, Bali, Indonesia
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Eichenberger RM, Thomas LF, Gabriël S, Bobić B, Devleesschauwer B, Robertson LJ, Saratsis A, Torgerson PR, Braae UC, Dermauw V, Dorny P. Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in East, Southeast and South Asia. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:234. [PMID: 32381027 PMCID: PMC7206752 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taenia saginata is an important zoonotic parasite, causing taeniosis in humans and cysticercosis in bovines, the latter being a significant concern for the global beef industry. Many countries in East, Southeast and South Asia are experiencing rapid economic growth, and an increasing number of people in these countries are dependent on the livestock industry. Currently, however, an overview of the prevalence of T. saginata in this region is lacking. In this review, we analysed the available literature on T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis for East, Southeast and South Asia. METHODS A systematic review was conducted, based on both published and grey literature. Articles published between 1990 and 2017 were mined for information on the occurrence, prevalence, and geographical distribution of T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis in East, Southeast and South Asia. RESULTS The presence of T. saginata was described in 15 of 27 countries of the region, including Afghanistan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Thailand and Vietnam. The only country that reported an absence of T. saginata is Japan, although sporadic reports of imported cases and unconfirmed reports of autochthonous infections were identified. Nationwide surveys of taeniosis with systematic sample collection and high sample numbers were available for Cambodia, China, Lao PDR, and South Korea, although speciation of Taenia was not always performed. Regional prevalence of taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis in endemic regions ranged between 0.02-42.6%, and 0.76-46.7%, respectively. However, data for bovine cysticercosis were only available for five countries (Japan, Lao PDR, Mongolia, Pakistan and Vietnam). CONCLUSIONS The data indicate a widespread occurrence of T. saginata throughout East, Southeast and South Asia. Identification of Taenia spp. in human infections was frequently not performed, leading to gaps in knowledge about the distribution of human tapeworm infections, mainly in regions where different human Taenia species co-occur. A high prevalence of T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis may reflect insufficiencies in sanitation, limited health education standards, and insufficient food safety measures. Therefore, there is a need to improve local surveillance, notification, and overall control systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon M. Eichenberger
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lian F. Thomas
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Branco Bobić
- Centre of Excellence for Food– and Vector–borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lucy J. Robertson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anastasios Saratsis
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, Greece
| | - Paul R. Torgerson
- Section of Veterinary Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Uffe C. Braae
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Veronique Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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16
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Kozen Yoshino's experimental infections with Taenia solium tapeworms: An experiment never to be repeated. Acta Trop 2020; 205:105378. [PMID: 32057776 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the 1930's Kozen Yoshino published 6 papers on Taenia solium. One of these papers is particularly important because it describes the outcomes of experimental infections with T. solium tapeworms in four volunteers, Yoshino being one of them. The paper was written in an old form of the Japanese language, making it almost inaccessible to most researchers around the world. Here we provide a non-literal translation of this work and some brief comments by the translators. Each of the four volunteers swallowed three or five cysticerci recovered from an experimentally infected pig. Each person was found to have harbored 2 - 5 tapeworms when the infections were terminated by drug treatment between 120 and 451 days after infection. The pre-patent period recorded by Yoshino's volunteers was between 62 and 72 days based on the first appearance of gravid proglottids (GPs) in the feces. In one subject, the number of GPs appearing in each bowel movement was tracked daily for 371 days following the first appearance of GPs in the feces, together with the number of bowel movements each day. GPs were observed on 275 of the 284 days on which the subject defecated during which observations were made. There was a decline in the number of GPs over the observation period; proglottids were observed on 97% of all days on which defecation occurred, they were present on 87% of days in the last month of infection. The cumulative number of GPs for a month in the 1st, 6th and 12th months of patent infection was 334, 174 and 126, respectively.
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Wandra T, Darlan DM, Yulfi H, Purba IE, Sato MO, Budke CM, Ito A. Soil-transmitted helminth infections and taeniasis on Samosir Island, Indonesia. Acta Trop 2020; 202:105250. [PMID: 31678236 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are important causes of morbidity in poorer areas of developing countries, with high endemicity in Southeast Asia. Humans are most often exposed to the infective forms of STHs in areas with sub-standard sanitation. The number of STH infections globally was estimated at 1.5 billion in 2018. In Indonesia, the prevalence of STH infections ranges from 2.5% to 62.0%. STH and taeniasis infections were evaluated on Samosir Island, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Field surveys were conducted in January 2003, February 2005, and February 2006 in Simanindo Subdistrict, with a subsequent survey conducted in the subdistricts of Simanindo and Ronggurnihuta in September 2015. A total of 371 individuals were screened between 2003 and 2006 and 368 were screened in 2015 (314 from Simanindo and 54 from Ronggurnihuta). Fecal samples were collected and examined microscopically by the Kato-Katz technique. The prevalence of STH infections in Simanindo for the years 2003, 2005, 2006, and 2015 was 41.4%, 52.2%, 55.7%, and 46.8%, respectively. The 2015 prevalence of STH infections in Ronggurnihuta was 66.7%. Taenia asiatica taeniasis prevalence was 3.4% and 2.2% for the years 2003 and 2005, respectively, with no cases detected in 2006 or 2015. The prevalence of STH infections in Simanindo and Ronggurnihuta was similar to other STH prevalence values reported for Indonesia. Country-level values have not changed substantially from those reported in the 1980s and 1990s, where prevalence ranged from 40% to 70%. Improvement of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation for control of STH infections on Samosir Island will require collaboration among multiple sectors.
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Susilawathi NM, Suryapraba AAA, Soejitno A, Asih MW, Swastika K, Wandra T, Budke CM, Ito A, Sudewi AAR. Neurocysticercosis cases identified at Sanglah Hospital, Bali, Indonesia from 2014 to 2018. Acta Trop 2020; 201:105208. [PMID: 31589829 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) was first reported in the province of Bali, Indonesia in 1975. Since this time, sporadic cases have been reported annually. This study reports information on 29 NCC cases (20 males and 9 females) admitted to a referral hospital in Denpasar, Bali from 2014 until 2018. Twenty-four cases were from Bali, 2 were from the province of East Nusa Tenggara, and 3 were from the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. Mean patient age was 37.2 years and 69.0% (20/29) were male. Epileptic seizures were the most common clinical manifestation (65.5%, 19/29). Serology (ELISA) was used in 14 cases (48.2%, 14/29), but only 6 cases, including one case with an inactive calcified lesion, were positive (42.9%, 6/14). Two cases underwent surgical resection after their lesions were initially misdiagnosed as brain tumors. These hospital-based findings are discussed along with the present status of NCC in Bali.
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Swasti Wulanyani NM, Pratama YS, Swastika K, Sudarmaja IM, Wandra T, Yoshida T, Budke CM, Ito A. A preliminary study to assess the use of a "Snakes and Ladders" board game in improving the knowledge of elementary school children about taeniasis. Acta Trop 2019; 199:105117. [PMID: 31369727 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Snakes and Ladders board game was modified so that it contained information on taeniasis. A quantitative approach was used to evaluate if elementary school children were able to answer correctly more questions about Taenia saginata and Taenia solium transmission and control after playing the game compared to before playing the game. In total, 78 children (9-12 years of age) from Dukuh elementary school in Karangasem District, Bali, Indonesia, were evaluated. The children were asked to complete a pre- and post-test assessment before and after playing the game a single time. Overall proportion of correct answers was 40.3% before playing the game and 58.8% after playing the game. There was a greater proportion of correct answers for questions pertaining to the transmission route for T. saginata (p < 0.001) and T. solium (p < 0.001), human infection type with T. solium (p = 0.035) and T. saginata (p < 0.001), and animal infection type with T. solium or T. saginata (p < 0.001) after playing the game compared to before playing the game. However, there was no significant difference for any question for the youngest grade level. Use of this popular board game appears to be a promising tool for teaching older (10 years of age and above) children about taeniasis in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kadek Swastika
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - I Made Sudarmaja
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Toni Wandra
- Directorate of Postgraduate, Sari Mutiara Indonesia University, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Takahiko Yoshida
- Department of Social Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Christine M Budke
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology and Laboratory of NTDs, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
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