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Teluguakula N, Chow VTK, Pandareesh MD, Dasegowda V, Kurrapotula V, Gopegowda SM, Radic M. SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Co-Infection: Fair Competition or Sinister Combination? Viruses 2024; 16:793. [PMID: 38793676 PMCID: PMC11125941 DOI: 10.3390/v16050793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic remains a serious public health problem globally. During winter influenza seasons, more aggressive SARS-CoV-2 infections and fatalities have been documented, indicating that influenza co-infections may significantly impact the disease outcome of COVID-19. Both influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses share many similarities in their transmission and their cellular tropism for replication in the human respiratory tract. However, the complex intricacies and multi-faceted dynamics of how the two pathogens interact to ensure their survival in the same lung microenvironment are still unclear. In addition, clinical studies on influenza co-infections in COVID-19 patients do not provide conclusive evidence of how influenza co-infection mechanistically modifies disease outcomes of COVID-19. This review discusses various viral as well as host factors that potentially influence the survival or synergism of these two respiratory pathogens in the infected lung microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasaraju Teluguakula
- Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Adichunchanagiri University, Mandya 571448, Karnataka, India; (M.D.P.); (V.D.); (V.K.); (S.M.G.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Vincent T. K. Chow
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Mirazkar Dasharatharao Pandareesh
- Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Adichunchanagiri University, Mandya 571448, Karnataka, India; (M.D.P.); (V.D.); (V.K.); (S.M.G.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Adichunchanagiri School of Natural Sciences, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G Nagara 571448, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkatesha Dasegowda
- Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Adichunchanagiri University, Mandya 571448, Karnataka, India; (M.D.P.); (V.D.); (V.K.); (S.M.G.)
| | - Vidyasagar Kurrapotula
- Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Adichunchanagiri University, Mandya 571448, Karnataka, India; (M.D.P.); (V.D.); (V.K.); (S.M.G.)
| | - Shivaramu M. Gopegowda
- Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Adichunchanagiri University, Mandya 571448, Karnataka, India; (M.D.P.); (V.D.); (V.K.); (S.M.G.)
| | - Marko Radic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
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2
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da Silva NM, Leite NPDM, Carvalho AE, Almeida VDD, Santos ÍKD, Cavalcanti JRLDP, Fernandes TAADM, Nascimento EGCD, Andrade MFD. The Role of Extracellular Traps in HIV Infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2024; 40:308-316. [PMID: 37772695 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2022.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is still an important public health problem, which justifies the research of new therapies to combat it. Recent studies show that Extracellular Traps (ETs) are cellular mechanisms useful in the capture and destruction of some viruses, such as the HIV. Here, we show that neutrophils from peripheral blood, genital tissues, and placenta are activated when exposed to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and release Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs). The NETs can capture, neutralize, and inactivate the virus and, also, protect other target cells from HIV infection, as long as the DNA and other constituents of the NETs remain intact. Further, the review indicates that the immunoprotective role of NETs in the context of HIV-1 infection is a promising finding for the development of new antiviral therapies. It is necessary, however, the development of studies that evaluate the tissue injury that NETs can cause and the biological relationships with other cells to improve them as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natanias Macson da Silva
- Graduate Program in Health and Society, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoro, Brazil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoro, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Estevam Carvalho
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoro, Brazil
| | - Valéria Duarte de Almeida
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoro, Brazil
| | - Ísis Kelly Dos Santos
- Department of Physical Education, School of Physical Education, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoro, Brazil
| | - José Rodolfo Lopes de Paiva Cavalcanti
- Graduate Program in Health and Society, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoro, Brazil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoro, Brazil
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoro, Brazil
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoro, Brazil
| | - Thales Allyrio Araújo de Medeiros Fernandes
- Graduate Program in Health and Society, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoro, Brazil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoro, Brazil
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoro, Brazil
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoro, Brazil
| | - Ellany Gurgel Cosme do Nascimento
- Graduate Program in Health and Society, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoro, Brazil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoro, Brazil
| | - Micássio Fernandes de Andrade
- Graduate Program in Health and Society, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoro, Brazil
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoro, Brazil
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-arid, Mossoro, Brazil
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3
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Divolis G, Synolaki E, Doulou A, Gavriil A, Giannouli CC, Apostolidou A, Foster ML, Matzuk MM, Skendros P, Galani IE, Sideras P. Neutrophil-derived Activin-A moderates their pro-NETotic activity and attenuates collateral tissue damage caused by Influenza A virus infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1302489. [PMID: 38476229 PMCID: PMC10929267 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1302489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Pre-neutrophils, while developing in the bone marrow, transcribe the Inhba gene and synthesize Activin-A protein, which they store and release at the earliest stage of their activation in the periphery. However, the role of neutrophil-derived Activin-A is not completely understood. Methods To address this issue, we developed a neutrophil-specific Activin-A-deficient animal model (S100a8-Cre/Inhba fl/fl mice) and analyzed the immune response to Influenza A virus (IAV) infection. More specifically, evaluation of body weight and lung mechanics, molecular and cellular analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, flow cytometry and cell sorting of lung cells, as well as histopathological analysis of lung tissues, were performed in PBS-treated and IAV-infected transgenic animals. Results We found that neutrophil-specific Activin-A deficiency led to exacerbated pulmonary inflammation and widespread hemorrhagic histopathology in the lungs of IAV-infected animals that was associated with an exuberant production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Moreover, deletion of the Activin-A receptor ALK4/ACVR1B in neutrophils exacerbated IAV-induced pathology as well, suggesting that neutrophils themselves are potential targets of Activin-A-mediated signaling. The pro-NETotic tendency of Activin-A-deficient neutrophils was further verified in the context of thioglycollate-induced peritonitis, a model characterized by robust peritoneal neutrophilia. Of importance, transcriptome analysis of Activin-A-deficient neutrophils revealed alterations consistent with a predisposition for NET release. Conclusion Collectively, our data demonstrate that Activin-A, secreted by neutrophils upon their activation in the periphery, acts as a feedback mechanism to moderate their pro-NETotic tendency and limit the collateral tissue damage caused by neutrophil excess activation during the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Divolis
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evgenia Synolaki
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Doulou
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ariana Gavriil
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina C. Giannouli
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Apostolidou
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Martin M. Matzuk
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Panagiotis Skendros
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioanna-Evdokia Galani
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Paschalis Sideras
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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4
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Zafarani A, Razizadeh MH, Haghi A. Neutrophil extracellular traps in influenza infection. Heliyon 2023; 9:e23306. [PMID: 38144312 PMCID: PMC10746519 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in developing novel therapeutic approaches and vaccines, influenza is still considered a global health threat, with about half a million mortality worldwide. This disease is caused by Influenza viruses, which are known for their rapid evolution due to different genetical mechanisms that help them develop new strains with the ability to evade therapies and immunization. Neutrophils are one of the first immune effectors that act against pathogens. They use multiple mechanisms, including phagocytosis, releasing the reactive oxygen species, degranulation, and the production of neutrophil extracellular traps. Neutrophil extracellular traps are used to ensnare pathogens; however, their dysregulation is attributed to inflammatory and infectious diseases. Here, we discuss the effects of these extracellular traps in the clinical course of influenza infection and their ability to be a potential target in treating influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Zafarani
- Department of Hematology & Blood Banking, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Razizadeh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atousa Haghi
- Young Researchers & Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Chiatamone Ranieri S, Angeletti C. Neutrophil and eosinophil extracellular traps in intensive care unit Covid patients' peripheral smears. Int J Lab Hematol 2023; 45:995-998. [PMID: 37467784 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Angeletti
- Anestesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Emergency Department, Giuseppe Mazzini Civil Hospital, Teramo, Italy
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6
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Lei B, Wang C, Snow K, Graton ME, Tighe RM, Fager AM, Hoffman MR, Giangrande PH, Miller FJ. Inhalation of an RNA aptamer that selectively binds extracellular histones protects from acute lung injury. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 31:662-673. [PMID: 36910716 PMCID: PMC9999168 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a syndrome of acute inflammation, barrier disruption, and hypoxemic respiratory failure associated with high morbidity and mortality. Diverse conditions lead to ALI, including inhalation of toxic substances, aspiration of gastric contents, infection, and trauma. A shared mechanism of acute lung injury is cellular toxicity from damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), including extracellular histones. We recently described the selection and efficacy of a histone-binding RNA aptamer (HBA7). The current study aimed to identify the effects of extracellular histones in the lung and determine if HBA7 protected mice from ALI. Histone proteins decreased metabolic activity, induced apoptosis, promoted proinflammatory cytokine production, and caused endothelial dysfunction and platelet activation in vitro. HBA7 prevented these effects. The oropharyngeal aspiration of histone proteins increased neutrophil and albumin levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and precipitated neutrophil infiltration, interstitial edema, and barrier disruption in alveoli in mice. Similarly, inhaling wood smoke particulate matter, as a clinically relevant model, increased lung inflammation and alveolar permeability. Treatment by HBA7 alleviated lung injury in both models of ALI. These findings demonstrate the pulmonary delivery of HBA7 as a nucleic acid-based therapeutic for ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Lei
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chaojian Wang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kamie Snow
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Murilo E Graton
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,São Paulo State University, School of Dentistry, Campus of Aracatuba, São Paulo 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Robert M Tighe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ammon M Fager
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Maureane R Hoffman
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | | | - Francis J Miller
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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7
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Cardelli M, Pierpaoli E, Marchegiani F, Marcheselli F, Piacenza F, Giacconi R, Recchioni R, Casoli T, Stripoli P, Provinciali M, Matacchione G, Giuliani A, Ramini D, Sabbatinelli J, Bonafè M, Di Rosa M, Cherubini A, Di Pentima C, Spannella F, Antonicelli R, Bonfigli AR, Olivieri F, Lattanzio F. Biomarkers of cell damage, neutrophil and macrophage activation associated with in-hospital mortality in geriatric COVID-19 patients. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:65. [PMID: 36522763 PMCID: PMC9751505 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk for symptomatic COVID-19 requiring hospitalization is higher in the older population. The course of the disease in hospitalised older patients may show significant variation, from mild to severe illness, ultimately leading to death in the most critical cases. The analysis of circulating biomolecules involved in mechanisms of inflammation, cell damage and innate immunity could lead to identify new biomarkers of COVID-19 severity, aimed to improve the clinical management of subjects at higher risk of severe outcomes. In a cohort of COVID-19 geriatric patients (n= 156) who required hospitalization we analysed, on-admission, a series of circulating biomarkers related to neutrophil activation (neutrophil elastase, LL-37), macrophage activation (sCD163) and cell damage (nuclear cfDNA, mithocondrial cfDNA and nuclear cfDNA integrity). The above reported biomarkers were tested for their association with in-hospital mortality and with clinical, inflammatory and routine hematological parameters. Aim of the study was to unravel prognostic parameters for risk stratification of COVID-19 patients. RESULTS Lower n-cfDNA integrity, higher neutrophil elastase and higher sCD163 levels were significantly associated with an increased risk of in-hospital decease. Median (IQR) values observed in discharged vs. deceased patients were: 0.50 (0.30-0.72) vs. 0.33 (0.22-0.62) for n-cfDNA integrity; 94.0 (47.7-154.0) ng/ml vs. 115.7 (84.2-212.7) ng/ml for neutrophil elastase; 614.0 (370.0-821.0) ng/ml vs. 787.0 (560.0-1304.0) ng/ml for sCD163. The analysis of survival curves in patients stratified for tertiles of each biomarker showed that patients with n-cfDNA integrity < 0.32 or sCD163 in the range 492-811 ng/ml had higher risk of in-hospital decease than, respectively, patients with higher n-cfDNA integrity or lower sCD163. These associations were further confirmed in multivariate models adjusted for age, sex and outcome-related clinical variables. In these models also high levels of neutrophil elastase (>150 ng/ml) appeared to be independent predictor of in-hospital death. An additional analysis of neutrophil elastase in patients stratified for n-cfDNA integrity levels was conducted to better describe the association of the studied parameters with the outcome. CONCLUSIONS On the whole, biomarkers of cell-free DNA integrity, neutrophil and macrophage activation might provide a valuable contribution to identify geriatric patients with high risk of COVID-19 in-hospital mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Cardelli
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - E. Pierpaoli
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - F. Marchegiani
- Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - F. Marcheselli
- Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - F. Piacenza
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - R. Giacconi
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - R. Recchioni
- Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - T. Casoli
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - P. Stripoli
- Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - M. Provinciali
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - G. Matacchione
- grid.7010.60000 0001 1017 3210Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - A. Giuliani
- grid.7010.60000 0001 1017 3210Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - D. Ramini
- Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - J. Sabbatinelli
- grid.411490.90000 0004 1759 6306SOD Medicina di Laboratorio, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - M. Bonafè
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Di Rosa
- Unit of Geriatric Pharmacoepidemiology and Biostatistics, IRCCS INRCA, Cosenza, Italy
| | - A. Cherubini
- Geriatria, Accettazione geriatrica e Centro di Ricerca per l’invecchiamento, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - C. Di Pentima
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, IRCCS INRCA, Via della Montagnola 81, 60127 Ancona, Italy
| | - F. Spannella
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, IRCCS INRCA, Via della Montagnola 81, 60127 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - A. R. Bonfigli
- Scientific Direction and Geriatric Unit, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - F. Olivieri
- grid.7010.60000 0001 1017 3210Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - F. Lattanzio
- Scientific Direction and Geriatric Unit, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
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8
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Li X, Ye Y, Peng K, Zeng Z, Chen L, Zeng Y. Histones: The critical players in innate immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1030610. [PMID: 36479112 PMCID: PMC9720293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1030610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved histones in different species seem to represent a very ancient and universal innate host defense system against microorganisms in the biological world. Histones are the essential part of nuclear matter and act as a control switch for DNA transcription. However, histones are also found in the cytoplasm, cell membranes, and extracellular fluid, where they function as host defenses and promote inflammatory responses. In some cases, extracellular histones can act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and bind to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), thereby triggering innate immune responses and causing initial organ damage. Histones and their fragments serve as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) to directly eliminate bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites in vitro and in vivo. Histones are also involved in phagocytes-related innate immune response as components of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), neutrophil activators, and plasminogen receptors. In addition, as a considerable part of epigenetic regulation, histone modifications play a vital role in regulating the innate immune response and expression of corresponding defense genes. Here, we review the regulatory role of histones in innate immune response, which provides a new strategy for the development of antibiotics and the use of histones as therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases, sepsis, autoimmune diseases, and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Youyuan Ye
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Kailan Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuo Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Li Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yanhua Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Yanhua Zeng, ;
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9
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Agarwal S. Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicting Case Severity in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e29760. [PMID: 36187170 PMCID: PMC9521818 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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10
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Fang M, Zhang A, Du Y, Lu W, Wang J, Minze LJ, Cox TC, Li XC, Xing J, Zhang Z. TRIM18 is a critical regulator of viral myocarditis and organ inflammation. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:55. [PMID: 35909127 PMCID: PMC9339186 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infections by viruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 could cause organ inflammations such as myocarditis, pneumonia and encephalitis. Innate immunity to viral nucleic acids mediates antiviral immunity as well as inflammatory organ injury. However, the innate immune mechanisms that control viral induced organ inflammations are unclear. Methods To understand the role of the E3 ligase TRIM18 in controlling viral myocarditis and organ inflammation, wild-type and Trim18 knockout mice were infected with coxsackievirus B3 for inducing viral myocarditis, influenza A virus PR8 strain and human adenovirus for inducing viral pneumonia, and herpes simplex virus type I for inducing herpes simplex encephalitis. Mice survivals were monitored, and heart, lung and brain were harvested for histology and immunohistochemistry analysis. Real-time PCR, co-immunoprecipitation, immunoblot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, luciferase assay, flow cytometry, over-expression and knockdown techniques were used to understand the molecular mechanisms of TRIM18 in regulating type I interferon (IFN) production after virus infection in this study. Results We find that knockdown or deletion of TRIM18 in human or mouse macrophages enhances production of type I IFN in response to double strand (ds) RNA and dsDNA or RNA and DNA virus infection. Importantly, deletion of TRIM18 protects mice from viral myocarditis, viral pneumonia, and herpes simplex encephalitis due to enhanced type I IFN production in vivo. Mechanistically, we show that TRIM18 recruits protein phosphatase 1A (PPM1A) to dephosphorylate TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which inactivates TBK1 to block TBK1 from interacting with its upstream adaptors, mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING), thereby dampening antiviral signaling during viral infections. Moreover, TRIM18 stabilizes PPM1A by inducing K63-linked ubiquitination of PPM1A. Conclusions Our results indicate that TRIM18 serves as a negative regulator of viral myocarditis, lung inflammation and brain damage by downregulating innate immune activation induced by both RNA and DNA viruses. Our data reveal that TRIM18 is a critical regulator of innate immunity in viral induced diseases, thereby identifying a potential therapeutic target for treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-022-00840-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Fang
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wenting Lu
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Junying Wang
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Laurie J Minze
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Timothy C Cox
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry & Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Xian Chang Li
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Junji Xing
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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11
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Keskinidou C, Vassiliou AG, Dimopoulou I, Kotanidou A, Orfanos SE. Mechanistic Understanding of Lung Inflammation: Recent Advances and Emerging Techniques. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3501-3546. [PMID: 35734098 PMCID: PMC9207257 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s282695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung injury characterized by an acute inflammatory response in the lung parenchyma. Hence, it is considered as the most appropriate clinical syndrome to study pathogenic mechanisms of lung inflammation. ARDS is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU), while no effective pharmacological treatment exists. It is very important therefore to fully characterize the underlying pathobiology and the related mechanisms, in order to develop novel therapeutic approaches. In vivo and in vitro models are important pre-clinical tools in biological and medical research in the mechanistic and pathological understanding of the majority of diseases. In this review, we will present data from selected experimental models of lung injury/acute lung inflammation, which have been based on clinical disorders that can lead to the development of ARDS and related inflammatory lung processes in humans, including ventilation-induced lung injury (VILI), sepsis, ischemia/reperfusion, smoke, acid aspiration, radiation, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), influenza, Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae and coronaviruses infection. Data from the corresponding clinical conditions will also be presented. The mechanisms related to lung inflammation that will be covered are oxidative stress, neutrophil extracellular traps, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, surfactant, and water and ion channels. Finally, we will present a brief overview of emerging techniques in the field of omics research that have been applied to ARDS research, encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, which may recognize factors to help stratify ICU patients at risk, predict their prognosis, and possibly, serve as more specific therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysi Keskinidou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alice G Vassiliou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Dimopoulou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Kotanidou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos E Orfanos
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
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12
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Schrottmaier WC, Schmuckenschlager A, Pirabe A, Assinger A. Platelets in Viral Infections - Brave Soldiers or Trojan Horses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856713. [PMID: 35419008 PMCID: PMC9001014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are often associated with platelet activation and haemostatic complications. In line, low platelet counts represent a hallmark for poor prognosis in many infectious diseases. The underlying cause of platelet dysfunction in viral infections is multifaceted and complex. While some viruses directly interact with platelets and/or megakaryocytes to modulate their function, also immune and inflammatory responses directly and indirectly favour platelet activation. Platelet activation results in increased platelet consumption and degradation, which contributes to thrombocytopenia in these patients. The role of platelets is often bi-phasic. Initial platelet hyper-activation is followed by a state of platelet exhaustion and/or hypo-responsiveness, which together with low platelet counts promotes bleeding events. Thereby infectious diseases not only increase the thrombotic but also the bleeding risk or both, which represents a most dreaded clinical complication. Treatment options in these patients are limited and new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to prevent adverse outcome. This review summarizes the current literature on platelet-virus interactions and their impact on viral pathologies and discusses potential intervention strategies. As pandemics and concomitant haemostatic dysregulations will remain a recurrent threat, understanding the role of platelets in viral infections represents a timely and pivotal challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waltraud C Schrottmaier
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Schmuckenschlager
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anita Pirabe
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Assinger
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Zhang J, Wang J, Gong Y, Gu Y, Xiang Q, Tang LL. Interleukin-6 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor as predictors of the prognosis of influenza-associated pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:343. [PMID: 35382755 PMCID: PMC8983324 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumonia is a common complication of influenza and closely related to mortality in influenza patients. The present study examines cytokines as predictors of the prognosis of influenza-associated pneumonia. Methods This study included 101 inpatients with influenza (64 pneumonia and 37 non-pneumonia patients). 48 cytokines were detected in the serum samples of the patients and the clinical characteristics were analyzed. The correlation between them was analyzed to identify predictive biomarkers for the prognosis of influenza-associated pneumonia. Results Seventeen patients had poor prognosis and developed pneumonia. Among patients with influenza-associated pneumonia, the levels of 8 cytokines were significantly higher in those who had a poor prognosis: interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-3, Interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha and Hepatocyte growth factor. Correlation analysis showed that the IL-6, G-CSF, M-CSF, IFN-γ, and MCP-1 levels had positive correlations with the severity of pneumonia. IL-6 and G-CSF showed a strong and positive correlation with poor prognosis in influenza-associated pneumonia patients. The combined effect of the two cytokines resulted in the largest area (0.926) under the receiver-operating characteristic curve. Conclusion The results indicate that the probability of poor prognosis in influenza patients with pneumonia is significantly increased. IL-6, G-CSF, M-CSF, IFN-γ, and MCP-1 levels had a positive correlation with the severity of pneumonia. Importantly, IL-6 and G-CSF were identified as significant predictors of the severity of influenza-associated pneumonia. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07321-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Gong
- Zhejiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudan Gu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Qiangqiang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University, Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China. .,Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University, Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Ruan T, Sun Y, Zhang J, Sun J, Liu W, Prinz RA, Peng D, Liu X, Xu X. H5N1 infection impairs the alveolar epithelial barrier through intercellular junction proteins via Itch-mediated proteasomal degradation. Commun Biol 2022; 5:186. [PMID: 35233032 PMCID: PMC8888635 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The H5N1 subtype of the avian influenza virus causes sporadic but fatal infections in humans. H5N1 virus infection leads to the disruption of the alveolar epithelial barrier, a pathologic change that often progresses into acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pneumonia. The mechanisms underlying this remain poorly understood. Here we report that H5N1 viruses downregulate the expression of intercellular junction proteins (E-cadherin, occludin, claudin-1, and ZO-1) in several cell lines and the lungs of H5N1 virus-infected mice. H5N1 virus infection activates TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), which then activates p38 and ERK to induce E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch expression and to promote occludin ubiquitination and degradation. Inhibition of the TAK1-Itch pathway restores the intercellular junction structure and function in vitro and in the lungs of H5N1 virus-infected mice. Our study suggests that H5N1 virus infection impairs the alveolar epithelial barrier by downregulating the expression of intercellular junction proteins at the posttranslational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ruan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuling Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jingting Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Richard A Prinz
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Daxin Peng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiulong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.
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15
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Ostermeier B, Soriano-Sarabia N, Maggirwar SB. Platelet-Released Factors: Their Role in Viral Disease and Applications for Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2321. [PMID: 35216433 PMCID: PMC8876984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets, which are small anuclear cell fragments, play important roles in thrombosis and hemostasis, but also actively release factors that can both suppress and induce viral infections. Platelet-released factors include sCD40L, microvesicles (MVs), and alpha granules that have the capacity to exert either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects depending on the virus. These factors are prime targets for use in extracellular vesicle (EV)-based therapy due to their ability to reduce viral infections and exert anti-inflammatory effects. While there are some studies regarding platelet microvesicle-based (PMV-based) therapy, there is still much to learn about PMVs before such therapy can be used. This review provides the background necessary to understand the roles of platelet-released factors, how these factors might be useful in PMV-based therapy, and a critical discussion of current knowledge of platelets and their role in viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sanjay B. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (B.O.); (N.S.-S.)
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16
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Schultz BM, Acevedo OA, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM. Role of Extracellular Trap Release During Bacterial and Viral Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:798853. [PMID: 35154050 PMCID: PMC8825568 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.798853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate immune cells that play an essential role during the clearance of pathogens that can release chromatin structures coated by several cytoplasmatic and granular antibacterial proteins, called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). These supra-molecular structures are produced to kill or immobilize several types of microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses. The contribution of the NET release process (or NETosis) to acute inflammation or the prevention of pathogen spreading depends on the specific microorganism involved in triggering this response. Furthermore, studies highlight the role of innate cells different from neutrophils in triggering the release of extracellular traps during bacterial infection. This review summarizes the contribution of NETs during bacterial and viral infections, explaining the molecular mechanisms involved in their formation and the relationship with different components of such pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M Schultz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Orlando A Acevedo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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17
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Zhang Y, Wang Q, Mackay CR, Ng LG, Kwok I. Neutrophil subsets and their differential roles in viral respiratory diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 111:1159-1173. [PMID: 35040189 PMCID: PMC9015493 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr1221-345r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play significant roles in immune homeostasis and as neutralizers of microbial infections. Recent evidence further suggests heterogeneity of neutrophil developmental and activation states that exert specialized effector functions during inflammatory disease conditions. Neutrophils can play multiple roles during viral infections, secreting inflammatory mediators and cytokines that contribute significantly to host defense and pathogenicity. However, their roles in viral immunity are not well understood. In this review, we present an overview of neutrophil heterogeneity and its impact on the course and severity of viral respiratory infectious diseases. We focus on the evidence demonstrating the crucial roles neutrophils play in the immune response toward respiratory infections, using influenza as a model. We further extend the understanding of neutrophil function with the studies pertaining to COVID‐19 disease and its neutrophil‐associated pathologies. Finally, we discuss the relevance of these results for future therapeutic options through targeting and regulating neutrophil‐specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Zhang
- Department of Research, National Skin Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Quanbo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Charles R Mackay
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore.,State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
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18
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Caillon A, Trimaille A, Favre J, Jesel L, Morel O, Kauffenstein G. Role of neutrophils, platelets, and extracellular vesicles and their interactions in COVID-19-associated thrombopathy. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:17-31. [PMID: 34672094 PMCID: PMC8646423 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic extended all around the world causing millions of deaths. In addition to acute respiratory distress syndrome, many patients with severe COVID-19 develop thromboembolic complications associated to multiorgan failure and death. Here, we review evidence for the contribution of neutrophils, platelets, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) to the thromboinflammatory process in COVID-19. We discuss how the immune system, influenced by pro-inflammatory molecules, EVs, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), can be caught out in patients with severe outcomes. We highlight how the deficient regulation of the innate immune system favors platelet activation and induces a vicious cycle amplifying an immunothrombogenic environment associated with platelet/NET interactions. In light of these considerations, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies underlining the modulation of purinergic signaling as an interesting target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Caillon
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Antonin Trimaille
- UMR INSERM 1260, CRBS, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie Favre
- INSERM, UMR S 1121, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRBS, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Jesel
- UMR INSERM 1260, CRBS, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Morel
- UMR INSERM 1260, CRBS, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
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19
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Elliott W, Guda MR, Asuthkar S, Teluguakula N, Prasad DVR, Tsung AJ, Velpula KK. PAD Inhibitors as a Potential Treatment for SARS-CoV-2 Immunothrombosis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121867. [PMID: 34944683 PMCID: PMC8698348 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019, the virus's dynamicity has resulted in the evolution of various variants, including the delta variant and the more novel mu variant. With a multitude of mutant strains posing as challenges to vaccine efficacy, it is critical that researchers embrace the development of pharmacotherapeutics specific to SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology. Neutrophil extracellular traps and their constituents, including citrullinated histones, display a linear connection with thrombotic manifestations in COVID-19 patients. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a group of enzymes involved in the modification of histone arginine residues by citrullination, allowing for the formation of NETs. PAD inhibitors, specifically PAD-4 inhibitors, offer extensive pharmacotherapeutic potential across a broad range of inflammatory diseases such as COVID-19, through mediating NETs formation. Although numerous PAD-4 inhibitors exist, current literature has not explored the depth of utilizing these inhibitors clinically to treat thrombotic complications in COVID-19 patients. This review article offers the clinical significance of PAD-4 inhibitors in reducing thrombotic complications across various inflammatory disorders like COVID-19 and suggests that these inhibitors may be valuable in treating the origin of SARS-CoV-2 immunothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willie Elliott
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA; (W.E.J.); (M.R.G.); (S.A.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Maheedhara R. Guda
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA; (W.E.J.); (M.R.G.); (S.A.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Swapna Asuthkar
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA; (W.E.J.); (M.R.G.); (S.A.); (A.J.T.)
| | | | | | - Andrew J. Tsung
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA; (W.E.J.); (M.R.G.); (S.A.); (A.J.T.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
- Illinois Neurological Institute, Peoria, IL 61603, USA
| | - Kiran K. Velpula
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA; (W.E.J.); (M.R.G.); (S.A.); (A.J.T.)
- Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa 516003, India;
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
- Correspondence:
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20
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Prasad M, Leon M, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Viral Endothelial Dysfunction: A Unifying Mechanism for COVID-19. Mayo Clin Proc 2021; 96:3099-3108. [PMID: 34863398 PMCID: PMC8373818 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible virus with significant global impact, morbidity, and mortality. The SARS-CoV-2 virus may result in widespread organ manifestations including acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute renal failure, thromboembolism, and myocarditis. Virus-induced endothelial injury may cause endothelial activation, increased permeability, inflammation, and immune response and cytokine storm. Endothelial dysfunction is a systemic disorder that is a precursor of atherosclerotic vascular disease that is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and is highly prevalent in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular and peripheral disease. Several studies have associated various viral infections including SARS-CoV-2 infection with inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and subsequent innate immune response and cytokine storm. Noninvasive monitoring of endothelial function and identification of high-risk patients who may require specific therapies may have the potential to improve morbidity and mortality associated with subsequent inflammation, cytokine storm, and multiorgan involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Prasad
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York City, NY; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Martin Leon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York City, NY
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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21
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Álvarez de Haro N, Van AP, Robb CT, Rossi AG, Desbois AP. Release of chromatin extracellular traps by phagocytes of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar (Linnaeus, 1758). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:209-219. [PMID: 34438058 PMCID: PMC8653909 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils release chromatin extracellular traps (ETs) as part of the fish innate immune response to counter the threats posed by microbial pathogens. However, relatively little attention has been paid to this phenomenon in many commercially farmed species, despite the importance of understanding host-pathogen interactions and the potential to influence ET release to reduce disease outbreaks. The aim of this present study was to investigate the release of ETs by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) immune cells. Extracellular structures resembling ETs of different morphology were observed by fluorescence microscopy in neutrophil suspensions in vitro, as these structures stained positively with Sytox Green and were digestible with DNase I. Immunofluorescence studies confirmed the ET structures to be decorated with histones H1 and H2A and neutrophil elastase, which are characteristic for ETs in mammals and other organisms. Although the ETs were released spontaneously, release in neutrophil suspensions was stimulated most significantly with 5 μg/ml calcium ionophore (CaI) for 1 h, whilst the fish pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida (isolates 30411 and Hooke) also exerted a stimulatory effect. Microscopic observations revealed bacteria in association with ETs, and fewer bacterial colonies of A. salmonicida Hooke were recovered at 3 h after co-incubation with neutrophils that had been induced to release ETs. Interestingly, spontaneous release of ETs was inversely associated with fish mass (p < 0.05), a surrogate for age. Moreover, suspensions enriched for macrophages and stimulated with 5 μg/ml CaI released ET-like structures that occasionally led to the formation of large clumps of cells. A deeper understanding for the roles and functions of ETs within innate immunity of fish hosts, and their interaction with microbial pathogens, may open new avenues towards protecting cultured stocks against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neila Álvarez de Haro
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Andre P Van
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Calum T Robb
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Desbois
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.
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22
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Patients with COVID-19: in the dark-NETs of neutrophils. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:3125-3139. [PMID: 34031543 PMCID: PMC8142290 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection poses a major threat to the lungs and multiple other organs, occasionally causing death. Until effective vaccines are developed to curb the pandemic, it is paramount to define the mechanisms and develop protective therapies to prevent organ dysfunction in patients with COVID-19. Individuals that develop severe manifestations have signs of dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses. Emerging evidence implicates neutrophils and the disbalance between neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and degradation plays a central role in the pathophysiology of inflammation, coagulopathy, organ damage, and immunothrombosis that characterize severe cases of COVID-19. Here, we discuss the evidence supporting a role for NETs in COVID-19 manifestations and present putative mechanisms, by which NETs promote tissue injury and immunothrombosis. We present therapeutic strategies, which have been successful in the treatment of immunο-inflammatory disorders and which target dysregulated NET formation or degradation, as potential approaches that may benefit patients with severe COVID-19.
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23
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Monson EA, Trenerry AM, Laws JL, Mackenzie JM, Helbig KJ. Lipid droplets and lipid mediators in viral infection and immunity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuaa066. [PMID: 33512504 PMCID: PMC8371277 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) contribute to key pathways important for the physiology and pathophysiology of cells. In a homeostatic view, LDs regulate the storage of neutral lipids, protein sequestration, removal of toxic lipids and cellular communication; however, recent advancements in the field show these organelles as essential for various cellular stress response mechanisms, including inflammation and immunity, with LDs acting as hubs that integrate metabolic and inflammatory processes. The accumulation of LDs has become a hallmark of infection, and is often thought to be virally driven; however, recent evidence is pointing to a role for the upregulation of LDs in the production of a successful immune response to viral infection. The fatty acids housed in LDs are also gaining interest due to the role that these lipid species play during viral infection, and their link to the synthesis of bioactive lipid mediators that have been found to have a very complex role in viral infection. This review explores the role of LDs and their subsequent lipid mediators during viral infections and poses a paradigm shift in thinking in the field, whereby LDs may play pivotal roles in protecting the host against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebony A Monson
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, 3083
| | - Alice M Trenerry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia, 3000
| | - Jay L Laws
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, 3083
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia, 3000
| | - Karla J Helbig
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, 3083
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24
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Johansson C, Kirsebom FCM. Neutrophils in respiratory viral infections. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:815-827. [PMID: 33758367 PMCID: PMC7985581 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Viral respiratory infections are a common cause of severe disease, especially in infants, people who are immunocompromised, and in the elderly. Neutrophils, an important innate immune cell, infiltrate the lungs rapidly after an inflammatory insult. The most well-characterized effector mechanisms by which neutrophils contribute to host defense are largely extracellular and the involvement of neutrophils in protection from numerous bacterial and fungal infections is well established. However, the role of neutrophils in responses to viruses, which replicate intracellularly, has been less studied. It remains unclear whether and, by which underlying immunological mechanisms, neutrophils contribute to viral control or confer protection against an intracellular pathogen. Furthermore, neutrophils need to be tightly regulated to avoid bystander damage to host tissues. This is especially relevant in the lung where damage to delicate alveolar structures can compromise gas exchange with life-threatening consequences. It is inherently less clear how neutrophils can contribute to host immunity to viruses without causing immunopathology and/or exacerbating disease severity. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current understanding of how neutrophils in the lung direct immune responses to viruses, control viral replication and spread, and cause pathology during respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Johansson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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25
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Ouwendijk WJD, Raadsen MP, van Kampen JJA, Verdijk RM, von der Thusen JH, Guo L, Hoek RAS, van den Akker JPC, Endeman H, Langerak T, Molenkamp R, Gommers D, Koopmans MPG, van Gorp ECM, Verjans GMGM, Haagmans BL. High Levels of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Persist in the Lower Respiratory Tract of Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:1512-1521. [PMID: 33507309 PMCID: PMC7928833 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lihui Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immune Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier A S Hoek
- Department Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Henrik Endeman
- Department of Adult Intensive Care, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Langerak
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam,the Netherlands
| | | | - Diederik Gommers
- Department of Adult Intensive Care, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam,the Netherlands
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26
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Teluguakula N. Neutrophils Set Extracellular Traps to Injure Lungs in Coronavirus Disease 2019. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:1503-1505. [PMID: 33503244 PMCID: PMC7928807 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 induced lower respiratory tract (LRT) disease can deteriorate to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Because the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is implicated in ARDS pathogenesis, we investigated the presence of NETs and correlates of pathogenesis in blood and LRT samples of critically ill COVID-19 patients. Plasma NET levels peaked early after ICU admission and correlated with SARS-CoV-2 RNA load in sputum and levels of neutrophil-recruiting chemokines and inflammatory markers in plasma. Baseline plasma NET quantity correlated with disease severity, but was not associated with soluble markers of thrombosis nor with development of thrombosis. High NET levels were present in LRT samples and persisted during the course of COVID-19, consistent with the detection of NETs in bronchi and alveolar spaces in lung tissue from fatal COVID-19 patients. Thus, NETs are produced and retained in the LRT of critical COVID-19 patients and could contribute to SARS-CoV-2-induced ARDS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasaraju Teluguakula
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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27
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Parasite histones are toxic to brain endothelium and link blood barrier breakdown and thrombosis in cerebral malaria. Blood Adv 2021; 4:2851-2864. [PMID: 32579667 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019001258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular thrombosis and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown are key components of cerebral malaria (CM) pathogenesis in African children and are implicated in fatal brain swelling. How Plasmodium falciparum infection causes this endothelial disruption and why this occurs, particularly in the brain, is not fully understood. In this study, we have demonstrated that circulating extracellular histones, equally of host and parasite origin, are significantly elevated in CM patients. Higher histone levels are associated with brain swelling on magnetic resonance imaging. On postmortem brain sections of CM patients, we found that histones are colocalized with P falciparum-infected erythrocytes sequestered inside small blood vessels, suggesting that histones might be expelled locally during parasite schizont rupture. Histone staining on the luminal vascular surface colocalized with thrombosis and leakage, indicating a possible link between endothelial surface accumulation of histones and coagulation activation and BBB breakdown. Supporting this, patient sera or purified P falciparum histones caused disruption of barrier function and were toxic to cultured human brain endothelial cells, which were abrogated with antihistone antibody and nonanticoagulant heparin. Overall, our data support a role for histones of parasite and host origin in thrombosis, BBB breakdown, and brain swelling in CM, processes implicated in the causal pathway to death. Neutralizing histones with agents such as nonanticoagulant heparin warrant exploration to prevent brain swelling in the development or progression of CM and thereby to improve outcomes.
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28
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Ruan T, Sun J, Liu W, Prinz RA, Peng D, Liu X, Xu X. H1N1 Influenza Virus Cross-Activates Gli1 to Disrupt the Intercellular Junctions of Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107801. [PMID: 32610119 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) primarily infects the airway and alveolar epithelial cells and disrupts the intercellular junctions, leading to increased paracellular permeability. Although this pathological change plays a critical role in lung tissue injury and secondary infection, the molecular mechanism of IAV-induced damage to the alveolar barrier remains obscure. Here, we report that Gli1, a transcription factor in the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, is cross-activated by the MAP and PI3 kinase pathways in H1N1 virus (PR8)-infected A549 cells and in the lungs of H1N1 virus-infected mice. Gli1 activation induces Snail expression, which downregulates the expression of intercellular junction proteins, including E-cadherin, ZO-1, and Occludin, and increases paracellular permeability. Inhibition of the Shh pathway restores the levels of Snail and intercellular junction proteins in H1N1-infected cells. Our study suggests that Gli1 activation plays an important role in disrupting the intercellular junctions and in promoting the pathogenesis of H1N1 virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ruan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC
| | - Richard A Prinz
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Daxin Peng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PRC; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PRC; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC
| | - Xiulong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC; Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC.
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29
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PEGylated nanoparticle albumin-bound steroidal ginsenoside derivatives ameliorate SARS-CoV-2-mediated hyper-inflammatory responses. Biomaterials 2021; 273:120827. [PMID: 33910079 PMCID: PMC8046382 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on a global scale urges prompt and effective countermeasures. Recently, a study has reported that coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, is associated with a decrease in albumin level, an increase in NETosis, blood coagulation, and cytokine level. Here, we present drug-loaded albumin nanoparticles as a therapeutic agent to resolve the clinical outcomes observed in severe SARS-CoV-2 patients. PEGylated nanoparticle albumin-bound (PNAB) was used to promote prolonged bioactivity of steroidal ginsenoside saponins, PNAB-Rg6 and PNAB-Rgx365. Our data indicate that the application of PNAB-steroidal ginsenoside can effectively reduce histone H4 and NETosis-related factors in the plasma, and alleviate SREBP2-mediated systemic inflammation in the PBMCs of SARS-CoV-2 ICU patients. The engineered blood vessel model confirmed that these drugs are effective in suppressing blood clot formation and vascular inflammation. Moreover, the animal model experiment showed that these drugs are effective in promoting the survival rate by alleviating tissue damage and cytokine storm. Altogether, our findings suggest that these PNAB-steroidal ginsenoside drugs have potential applications in the treatment of symptoms associated with severe SARS-CoV-2 patients, such as coagulation and cytokine storm.
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30
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Ashar HK, Pulavendran S, Rudd JM, Maram P, Achanta M, Chow VTK, Malayer JR, Snider TA, Teluguakula N. Administration of a CXC Chemokine Receptor 2 (CXCR2) Antagonist, SCH527123, Together with Oseltamivir Suppresses NETosis and Protects Mice from Lethal Influenza and Piglets from Swine-Influenza Infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:669-685. [PMID: 33453177 PMCID: PMC8027923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excessive neutrophil influx, their released neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and extracellular histones are associated with disease severity in influenza-infected patients. Neutrophil chemokine receptor CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is a critical target for suppressing neutrophilic inflammation. Herein, temporal dynamics of neutrophil activity and NETosis were investigated to determine the optimal timing of treatment with the CXCR2 antagonist, SCH527123 (2-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-[2-([(R)-1-(5-methyl-furan-2-yl)-propyl]amino)-3,4-dioxo-cyclobut-1-enylamino]-benzamide), and its efficacy together with antiviral agent, oseltamivir, was tested in murine and piglet influenza-pneumonia models. SCH527123 plus oseltamivir markedly improved survival of mice infected with lethal influenza, and diminished lung pathology in swine-influenza-infected piglets. Mechanistically, addition of SCH527123 in the combination treatment attenuated neutrophil influx, NETosis, in both mice and piglets. Furthermore, neutrophils isolated from influenza-infected mice showed greater susceptibility to NETotic death when stimulated with a CXCR2 ligand, IL-8. In addition, CXCR2 stimulation induced nuclear translocation of neutrophil elastase, and enhanced citrullination of histones that triggers chromatin decondensation during NET formation. Studies on temporal dynamics of neutrophils and NETs during influenza thus provide important insights into the optimal timing of CXCR2 antagonist treatment for attenuating neutrophil-mediated lung pathology. These findings reveal that pharmacologic treatment with CXCR2 antagonist together with an antiviral agent could significantly ameliorate morbidity and mortality in virulent and sublethal influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshini K Ashar
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Sivasami Pulavendran
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Jennifer M Rudd
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Prasanthi Maram
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Mallika Achanta
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Vincent T K Chow
- National University Health System Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerry R Malayer
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Timothy A Snider
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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31
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Hsieh IN, White M, Hoeksema M, Deluna X, Hartshorn K. Histone H4 potentiates neutrophil inflammatory responses to influenza A virus: Down-modulation by H4 binding to C-reactive protein and Surfactant protein D. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247605. [PMID: 33635872 PMCID: PMC7909658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils participate in the early phase of the innate response to uncomplicated influenza A virus (IAV) infection but also are a major component in later stages of severe IAV or COVID 19 infection where neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and associated cell free histones are highly pro-inflammatory. It is likely that IAV interacts with histones during infection. We show that histone H4 binds to IAV and aggregates viral particles. In addition, histone H4 markedly potentiates IAV induced neutrophil respiratory burst responses. Prior studies have shown reactive oxidants to be detrimental during severe IAV infection. C reactive protein (CRP) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) rise during IAV infection. We now show that both of these innate immune proteins bind to histone H4 and significantly down regulate respiratory burst and other responses to histone H4. Isolated constructs composed only of the neck and carbohydrate recognition domain of SP-D also bind to histone H4 and partially limit neutrophil responses to it. These studies indicate that complexes formed of histones and IAV are a potent neutrophil activating stimulus. This finding could account for excess inflammation during IAV or other severe viral infections. The ability of CRP and SP-D to bind to histone H4 may be part of a protective response against excessive inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ni Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mitchell White
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Xavier Deluna
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kevan Hartshorn
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Godement M, Zhu J, Cerf C, Vieillard-Baron A, Maillon A, Zuber B, Bardet V, Geri G. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in SARS-CoV2 Related Pneumonia in ICU Patients: The NETCOV2 Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:615984. [PMID: 33708778 PMCID: PMC7940514 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.615984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a poorly understood disease involving a high inflammatory status. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been described as a new pathway to contain infectious diseases but can also participate in the imbalance of the inflammatory and the coagulation systems. NETs could be a therapeutic target in COVID-19 patients. Methods: Consecutive patients with SARS-CoV2 related pneumonia admitted to the intensive care unit were included in a prospective bicentric study. Neutrophil extracellular trap concentrations were quantified in whole blood samples at day-1 and day-3 by flow cytometry. The primary outcome was the association between the blood NET quantification at ICU admission and the number of days with refractory hypoxemia defined by a PaO2/FIO2 ratio ≤100 mmHg. Results: Among 181 patients admitted to the ICUs for acute respiratory failure related to SARS-CoV2 pneumonia, 58 were included in the analysis. Patients were 62 [54, 69] years old in median, mostly male (75.9%). The median number of days with severe hypoxemia was 4 [2, 6] days and day-28 mortality was 27.6% (n = 16). The blood level of NETs significantly decreased between day-1 and day-3 in patients who survived (59.5 [30.5, 116.6] to 47 [33.2, 62.4] p = 0.006; 8.6 [3.4, 18.0] to 4 [1.4, 10.7] p = 0.001 and 7.4 [4.0, 16.7] to 2.6 [1.0, 8.3] p = 0.001 for MPO+, Cit-H3+, and MPO+ Cit-H3+ NETs, respectively) while it remained stable in patients who died (38.4 [26.0, 54.8] to 44.5 [36.4, 77.7] p = 0.542; 4.9 [1.3, 13.0] to 5.5 [2.8, 6.9] p = 0.839 and 4 [1.3, 13.6] to 2.7 [1.4, 4.5] p = 0.421 for MPO+, Cit-H3+, and MPO+ Cit-H3+ NETs, respectively). In multivariable negative binomial regression, the blood level of MPO+ NETs was negatively associated with the number of days with severe hypoxemia within 7 days (0.84 [0.73, 0.97]), while neither Cit-H3+ NETs nor double-positive NETs were significantly associated with the primary outcome. Conclusion: The whole blood level of NETs at day-1 was negatively associated with the number of days with severe hypoxemia in patients admitted to the intensive care unit for SARS-CoV2 related pneumonia. The lack of decrease of the blood level of NETs between day-1 and day-3 discriminated patients who died within day-28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Godement
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,Paris Saclay University, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Jaja Zhu
- Paris Saclay University, Saint-Aubin, France.,Biological Hematology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Charles Cerf
- Medico-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Foch Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Vieillard-Baron
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,Paris Saclay University, Saint-Aubin, France.,INSERM UMR 1018, Clinical Epidemiology Team, CESP, Paris, France.,FHU SEPSIS (Saclay Endeavour to PersonnaliSe Interventions for Sepsis), Paris Saclay University, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Agathe Maillon
- Paris Saclay University, Saint-Aubin, France.,Biological Hematology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Zuber
- Medico-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Foch Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Bardet
- Paris Saclay University, Saint-Aubin, France.,Biological Hematology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,FHU SEPSIS (Saclay Endeavour to PersonnaliSe Interventions for Sepsis), Paris Saclay University, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Guillaume Geri
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,Paris Saclay University, Saint-Aubin, France.,INSERM UMR 1018, Clinical Epidemiology Team, CESP, Paris, France.,FHU SEPSIS (Saclay Endeavour to PersonnaliSe Interventions for Sepsis), Paris Saclay University, Saint-Aubin, France
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33
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Abstract
Platelets play an essential role in maintaining vascular integrity after injury. In addition, platelets contribute to the immune response to pathogens. For instance, they express receptors that mediate binding of viruses, and toll-like receptors that activate the cell in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Platelets can be beneficial and/or detrimental during viral infections. They reduce blood-borne viruses by engulfing the free virus and presenting the virus to neutrophils. However, platelets can also enhance inflammation and tissue injury during viral infections. Here, we discuss the roles of platelets in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Antoniak
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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34
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Latreille E, Lee WL. Interactions of Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 with the Lung Endothelium: Similarities, Differences, and Implications for Therapy. Viruses 2021; 13:161. [PMID: 33499234 PMCID: PMC7911974 DOI: 10.3390/v13020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses such as influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are a constant threat to public health given their ability to cause global pandemics. Infection with either virus may lead to aberrant host responses, such as excessive immune cell recruitment and activation, dysregulated inflammation, and coagulopathy. These may contribute to the development of lung edema and respiratory failure. An increasing amount of evidence suggests that lung endothelial cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of both viruses. In this review, we discuss how infection with influenza or SARS-CoV-2 may induce endothelial dysfunction. We compare the effects of infection of these two viruses, how they may contribute to pathogenesis, and discuss the implications for potential treatment. Understanding the differences between the effects of these two viruses on lung endothelial cells will provide important insight to guide the development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse Latreille
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Warren L. Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care and the Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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35
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Magnani HN. Rationale for the Role of Heparin and Related GAG Antithrombotics in COVID-19 Infection. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2021; 27:1076029620977702. [PMID: 33539214 PMCID: PMC7868468 DOI: 10.1177/1076029620977702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has focused attention on prevention, restriction and treatment methods that are acceptable worldwide. This means that they should be simple and inexpensive. This review examines the possible role of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) antithrombotics in the treatment of COVID-19. The pathophysiology of this disease reveals a complex interplay between the hemostatic and immune systems that can be readily disrupted by SARS-CoV-2. Some of the GAG antithrombotics also possess immune-modulatory actions and since they are relatively inexpensive they could play an important role in the management of COVID-19 and its complications.
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36
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Ouwendijk WJ, van den Ham HJ, Delany MW, van Kampen JJ, van Nierop GP, Mehraban T, Zaaraoui-Boutahar F, van IJcken WF, van den Brand JM, de Vries RD, Andeweg AC, Verjans GM. Alveolar barrier disruption in varicella pneumonia is associated with neutrophil extracellular trap formation. JCI Insight 2020; 5:138900. [PMID: 33021967 PMCID: PMC7710321 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection in adults is often complicated by severe pneumonia, which is difficult to treat and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Here, the simian varicella virus (SVV) nonhuman primate (NHP) model was used to investigate the pathogenesis of varicella pneumonia. SVV infection resulted in transient fever, viremia, and robust virus replication in alveolar pneumocytes and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue. Clearance of infectious virus from lungs coincided with robust innate immune responses, leading to recruitment of inflammatory cells, mainly neutrophils and lymphocytes, and finally severe acute lung injury. SVV infection caused neutrophil activation and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in vitro and in vivo. Notably, NETs were also detected in lung and blood specimens of varicella pneumonia patients. Lung pathology in the SVV NHP model was associated with dysregulated expression of alveolar epithelial cell tight junction proteins (claudin-2, claudin-10, and claudin-18) and alveolar endothelial adherens junction protein VE-cadherin. Importantly, factors released by activated neutrophils, including NETs, were sufficient to reduce claudin-18 and VE-cadherin expression in NHP lung slice cultures. Collectively, the data indicate that alveolar barrier disruption in varicella pneumonia is associated with NET formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henk-Jan van den Ham
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,ENPICOM BV, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Mark W Delany
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tamana Mehraban
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Judith Ma van den Brand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arno C Andeweg
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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37
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Differential type I interferon response and primary airway neutrophil extracellular trap release in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19049. [PMID: 33149247 PMCID: PMC7642368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a heterogeneous condition characterized by the recruitment of large numbers of neutrophils into the lungs. Neutrophils isolated from the blood of adults with ARDS have elevated expression of interferon (IFN) stimulated genes (ISGs) associated with decreased capacity of neutrophils to kill Staphylococcus aureus and worse clinical outcomes. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are elevated in adults with ARDS. Whether pediatric ARDS (PARDS) is similarly associated with altered neutrophil expression of ISGs and neutrophil extracellular trap release is not known. Tracheal aspirate fluid and cells were collected within 72 h from seventy-seven intubated children. Primary airway neutrophils were analyzed for differential ISG expression by PCR, STAT1 phosphorylation and markers of degranulation and activation by flow cytometry. Airway fluid was analyzed for the release of NETs by myeloperoxidase-DNA complexes using an ELISA. Higher STAT1 phosphorylation, markers of neutrophil degranulation, activation and NET release were found in children with versus without PARDS. Higher NETs were detected in the airways of children with ventilator-free days less than 20 days. Increased airway cell IFN signaling, neutrophil activation, and NET production is associated with PARDS. Higher levels of airway NETs are associated with fewer ventilator-free days.
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38
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Hartshorn KL. Innate Immunity and Influenza A Virus Pathogenesis: Lessons for COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:563850. [PMID: 33194802 PMCID: PMC7642997 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.563850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is abundant evidence that the innate immune response to influenza A virus (IAV) is highly complex and plays a key role in protection against IAV induced infection and illness. Unfortunately it also clear that aspects of innate immunity can lead to severe morbidity or mortality from IAV, including inflammatory lung injury, bacterial superinfection, and exacerbation of reactive airways disease. We review broadly the virus and host factors that result in adverse outcomes from IAV and show evidence that inflammatory responses can become damaging even apart from changes in viral replication per se, with special focus on the positive and adverse effects of neutrophils and monocytes. We then evaluate in detail the role of soluble innate inhibitors including surfactant protein D and antimicrobial peptides that have a potential dual capacity for down-regulating viral replication and also inhibiting excessive inflammatory responses and how these innate host factors could possibly be harnessed to treat IAV infection. Where appropriate we draw comparisons and contrasts the SARS-CoV viruses and IAV in an effort to point out where the extensive knowledge existing regarding severe IAV infection could help guide research into severe COVID 19 illness or vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevan L Hartshorn
- Section of Hematology Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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39
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Radermecker C, Detrembleur N, Guiot J, Cavalier E, Henket M, d'Emal C, Vanwinge C, Cataldo D, Oury C, Delvenne P, Marichal T. Neutrophil extracellular traps infiltrate the lung airway, interstitial, and vascular compartments in severe COVID-19. J Exp Med 2020; 217:152084. [PMID: 32926097 PMCID: PMC7488867 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is causing a deadly and pandemic disease called coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). While SARS-CoV-2-triggered hyperinflammatory tissue-damaging and immunothrombotic responses are thought to be major causes of respiratory failure and death, how they relate to lung immunopathological changes remains unclear. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can contribute to inflammation-associated lung damage, thrombosis, and fibrosis. However, whether NETs infiltrate particular compartments in severe COVID-19 lungs remains to be clarified. Here we analyzed postmortem lung specimens from four patients who succumbed to COVID-19 and four patients who died from a COVID-19-unrelated cause. We report the presence of NETs in the lungs of each COVID-19 patient. NETs were found in the airway compartment and neutrophil-rich inflammatory areas of the interstitium, while NET-prone primed neutrophils were present in arteriolar microthrombi. Our results support the hypothesis that NETs may represent drivers of severe pulmonary complications of COVID-19 and suggest that NET-targeting approaches could be considered for the treatment of uncontrolled tissue-damaging and thrombotic responses in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coraline Radermecker
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA) Institute, Liege University, Liege, Belgium.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
| | - Nancy Detrembleur
- Department of Pathology, Clinique Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) University Hospital, Liege University, Liege, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA) Institute, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
| | - Julien Guiot
- Pneumology department, Clinique Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) Liège, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA) Institute, Liege University, Liege, Belgium.,Laboratory of Pneumology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA) Institute, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Medical Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines Institute, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
| | - Monique Henket
- Pneumology department, Clinique Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) Liège, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA) Institute, Liege University, Liege, Belgium.,Laboratory of Pneumology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA) Institute, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
| | - Céline d'Emal
- Laboratory of Cardiology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA) Institute, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
| | - Céline Vanwinge
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA) Institute, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
| | - Didier Cataldo
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA) Institute, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
| | - Cécile Oury
- Laboratory of Cardiology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA) Institute, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delvenne
- Department of Pathology, Clinique Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) University Hospital, Liege University, Liege, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA) Institute, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA) Institute, Liege University, Liege, Belgium.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liege University, Liege, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Wallonia, Belgium
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40
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Yang SC, Tsai YF, Pan YL, Hwang TL. Understanding the role of neutrophils in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Biomed J 2020; 44:439-446. [PMID: 33087299 PMCID: PMC7481802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is difficult to treat and is associated with a high mortality rate. The most severe form of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) also leads to life-threatening ARDS. Neutrophil counts are positively correlated with disease severity in ARDS. Neutrophil activation not only plays a significant role in immune defense against infections, but also causes tissue damage and leads to inflammatory diseases. Activated neutrophils rapidly migrate to inflamed lung tissue, releasing toxic granular contents and generating neutrophil extracellular traps. In the last few decades, it has become apparent that neutrophils occupy a central role in ARDS pathology. In this review, we summarize the neutrophil inflammatory responses and their relationships to ARDS. According to the current literature, understanding the function of neutrophils may be helpful in the treatment of ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Chin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Fong Tsai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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41
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Narasaraju T. Histopathologic Changes and SARS-CoV-2 Immunostaining in the Lung of a Patient With COVID-19. Ann Intern Med 2020; 173:323-324. [PMID: 32805179 DOI: 10.7326/l20-0894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Teluguakula Narasaraju
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma (T.N.)
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42
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Hsieh IN, Deluna X, White MR, Hartshorn KL. Histone H4 directly stimulates neutrophil activation through membrane permeabilization. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:763-775. [PMID: 32803840 PMCID: PMC7461478 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0620-342r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular histones have been implicated as a cause of tissue inflammatory injury in a variety of disorders including sepsis, lung, and liver diseases. However, little is known about their interactions with neutrophils and how this might contribute to injury. Here, it is shown that histone H4 acts as neutrophil activator by inducing hydrogen peroxide production, degranulation, cell adhesion, and IL‐8 generation. Histone H4 caused permeabilization of the neutrophil membrane (a phenomenon described in other cell types) leading to accelerated cell death. H4 caused sustained rise in neutrophil intracellular calcium that is necessary for respiratory burst activation and degranulation. Convincing evidence was not found for TLRs or ATP receptors in H4 mediated activation. However, pertussis toxin and wortmannin (inhibitors of G protein and PI3K) inhibited H4‐induced hydrogen peroxide production and degranulation. These studies suggest that release of histone H4 in sites of infection or inflammation may potentiate neutrophil activation and promote additional inflammatory responses. These studies may provide a better basis for developing novel therapeutic strategies to block neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) and H4‐related pathology in sepsis and various forms of lung injury including that induced by viruses like influenza or SAR‐CoV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ni Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xavier Deluna
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mitchell R White
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevan L Hartshorn
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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43
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Meini S, Zanichelli A, Sbrojavacca R, Iuri F, Roberts AT, Suffritti C, Tascini C. Understanding the Pathophysiology of COVID-19: Could the Contact System Be the Key? Front Immunol 2020; 11:2014. [PMID: 32849666 PMCID: PMC7432138 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To date the pathophysiology of COVID-19 remains unclear: this represents a factor determining the current lack of effective treatments. In this paper, we hypothesized a complex host response to SARS-CoV-2, with the Contact System (CS) playing a pivotal role in innate immune response. CS is linked with different proteolytic defense systems operating in human vasculature: the Kallikrein–Kinin (KKS), the Coagulation/Fibrinolysis and the Renin–Angiotensin (RAS) Systems. We investigated the role of the mediators involved. CS consists of Factor XII (FXII) and plasma prekallikrein (complexed to high-molecular-weight kininogen-HK). Autoactivation of FXII by contact with SARS-CoV-2 could lead to activation of intrinsic coagulation, with fibrin formation (microthrombosis), and fibrinolysis, resulting in increased D-dimer levels. Activation of kallikrein by activated FXII leads to production of bradykinin (BK) from HK. BK binds to B2-receptors, mediating vascular permeability, vasodilation and edema. B1-receptors, binding the metabolite [des-Arg9]-BK (DABK), are up-regulated during infections and mediate lung inflammatory responses. BK could play a relevant role in COVID-19 as already described for other viral models. Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme (ACE) 2 displays lung protective effects: it inactivates DABK and converts Angiotensin II (Ang II) into Angiotensin-(1-7) and Angiotensin I into Angiotensin-(1-9). SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2 for cell entry, downregulating it: an impaired DABK inactivation could lead to an enhanced activity of B1-receptors, and the accumulation of Ang II, through a negative feedback loop, may result in decreased ACE activity, with consequent increase of BK. Therapies targeting the CS, the KKS and action of BK could be effective for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Meini
- Internal Medicine Unit, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Zanichelli
- General Medicine Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Ospedale Luigi Sacco-Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Sbrojavacca
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Santa Maria Misericordia Hospital, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Federico Iuri
- Department of Emergency, Santa Maria Misericordia Hospital, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Suffritti
- General Medicine Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Ospedale Luigi Sacco-Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Tascini
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Santa Maria Misericordia Hospital, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
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44
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Dib PRB, Quirino-Teixeira AC, Merij LB, Pinheiro MBM, Rozini SV, Andrade FB, Hottz ED. Innate immune receptors in platelets and platelet-leukocyte interactions. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1157-1182. [PMID: 32779243 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0620-701r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are chief cells in hemostasis. Apart from their hemostatic roles, platelets are major inflammatory effector cells that can influence both innate and adaptive immune responses. Activated platelets have thromboinflammatory functions linking hemostatic and immune responses in several physiological and pathological conditions. Among many ways in which platelets exert these functions, platelet expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including TLR, Nod-like receptor, and C-type lectin receptor families, plays major roles in sensing and responding to pathogen-associated or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs, respectively). In this review, an increasing body of evidence is compiled showing the participation of platelet innate immune receptors, including PRRs, in infectious diseases, sterile inflammation, and cancer. How platelet recognition of endogenous DAMPs participates in sterile inflammatory diseases and thrombosis is discussed. In addition, platelet recognition of both PAMPs and DAMPs initiates platelet-mediated inflammation and vascular thrombosis in infectious diseases, including viral, bacterial, and parasite infections. The study also focuses on the involvement of innate immune receptors in platelet activation during cancer, and their contribution to tumor microenvironment development and metastasis. Finally, how innate immune receptors participate in platelet communication with leukocytes, modulating leukocyte-mediated inflammation and immune functions, is highlighted. These cell communication processes, including platelet-induced release of neutrophil extracellular traps, platelet Ag presentation to T-cells and platelet modulation of monocyte cytokine secretion are discussed in the context of infectious and sterile diseases of major concern in human health, including cardiovascular diseases, dengue, HIV infection, sepsis, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ribeiro Braga Dib
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,Laboratory of Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Obesity, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Anna Cecíllia Quirino-Teixeira
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Laura Botelho Merij
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Mariana Brandi Mendonça Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Stephane Vicente Rozini
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Brandi Andrade
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Eugenio Damaceno Hottz
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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45
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Porembskaya O, Toropova Y, Tomson V, Lobastov K, Laberko L, Kravchuk V, Saiganov S, Brill A. Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis: A Diagnosis That Strives for Its Independence. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145086. [PMID: 32708482 PMCID: PMC7404175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to a widespread theory, thrombotic masses are not formed in the pulmonary artery (PA) but result from migration of blood clots from the venous system. This concept has prevailed in clinical practice for more than a century. However, a new technologic era has brought forth more diagnostic possibilities, and it has been shown that thrombotic masses in the PA could, in many cases, be found without any obvious source of emboli. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, sickle cell anemia, emergency and elective surgery, viral pneumonia, and other conditions could be complicated by PA thrombosis development without concomitant deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Different pathologies have different causes for local PA thrombotic process. As evidenced by experimental results and clinical observations, endothelial and platelet activation are the crucial mechanisms of this process. Endothelial dysfunction can impair antithrombotic function of the arterial wall through downregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) or via stimulation of adhesion receptor expression. Hypoxia, proinflammatory cytokines, or genetic mutations may underlie the procoagulant phenotype of the PA endothelium. Both endotheliocytes and platelets could be activated by protease mediated receptor (PAR)- and receptors for advanced glycation end (RAGE)-dependent mechanisms. Hypoxia, in particular induced by high altitudes, could play a role in thrombotic complications as a trigger of platelet activity. In this review, we discuss potential mechanisms of PA thrombosis in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Porembskaya
- Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, Saint Petersburg 191015, Russia; (V.K.); (S.S.)
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Correspondence: (O.P.); (A.B.); Tel.: +7-92-1310-6629 (O.P.); Tel.: +44-12-1415-8679 (A.B.)
| | - Yana Toropova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Center, Saint Petersburg 197341, Russia;
| | | | - Kirill Lobastov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia; (K.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Leonid Laberko
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia; (K.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Viacheslav Kravchuk
- Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, Saint Petersburg 191015, Russia; (V.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Sergey Saiganov
- Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, Saint Petersburg 191015, Russia; (V.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Alexander Brill
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK
- Department of Pathophysiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia
- Correspondence: (O.P.); (A.B.); Tel.: +7-92-1310-6629 (O.P.); Tel.: +44-12-1415-8679 (A.B.)
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46
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Gao M, Wan X, Ma M, Pan B, Gendoo Y, Chen D, Shao W, Cao C. Kidney injury induced by elevated histones in community-acquired pneumonia. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 471:155-163. [PMID: 32519229 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that extracellular histones could damage organs, but the role of extracellular histones in pneumonia patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) is unknown. This study aims to investigate the impact of extracellular histones on patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) developed AKI. Blood samples were obtained within 24 h after admission to hospital from patients who were diagnosed with CAP. According to the discharge diagnosis, the patients were divided into 2 groups (Non-AKI and AKI). In vitro, A549 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and conditioned media were collected. HK2 cells were exposed to the conditioned media or not. Cells proliferation and apoptosis of HK2 were determined. Clinically, Log2 Histones (OR 3.068; 95% CI 1.544-6.097, P = 0.001) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (OR 0.945; 95% CI 0.914-0.978, P = 0.001) were predictors of AKI in CAP patients. Compared to the lower histones group, patients in the higher histones group were more likely to be admitted to ICU, receive mechanical ventilation, and have a longer length of in-hospital stay. In vitro, A549 cells injured by LPS released extracellular histones, in conditioned media which significantly promoted HK2 cells apoptosis. Extracellular histones was a high risk factor for developing AKI in CAP patients and a predictor of worse short-term outcomes. We also showed that extracellular histones in conditioned media damaged HK2 cells.Trial registration number: KY20181102-03; Date of registration: 20181102.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 109 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Wan
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengqing Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 109 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Binbin Pan
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yasser Gendoo
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Shao
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 109 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changchun Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 109 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
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47
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Narasaraju T, Tang BM, Herrmann M, Muller S, Chow VTK, Radic M. Neutrophilia and NETopathy as Key Pathologic Drivers of Progressive Lung Impairment in Patients With COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:870. [PMID: 32581816 PMCID: PMC7291833 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new therapeutic strategies to contain the spread of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to curtail its most severe complications. Severely ill patients experience pathologic manifestations of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and clinical reports demonstrate striking neutrophilia, elevated levels of multiple cytokines, and an exaggerated inflammatory response in fatal COVID-19. Mechanical respirator devices are the most widely applied therapy for ARDS in COVID-19, yet mechanical ventilation achieves strikingly poor survival. Many patients, who recover, experience impaired cognition or physical disability. In this review, we argue the need to develop therapies aimed at inhibiting neutrophil recruitment, activation, degranulation, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) release. Moreover, we suggest that currently available pharmacologic approaches should be tested as treatments for ARDS in COVID-19. In our view, targeting host-mediated immunopathology holds promise to alleviate progressive pathologic complications of ARDS and reduce morbidities and mortalities in severely ill patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teluguakula Narasaraju
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Benjamin M. Tang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sylviane Muller
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Illkirch, France
- Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Institut de science et d'ingénierie supramoléculaire, and University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent T. K. Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Infectious Diseases Program, School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marko Radic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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48
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Zuo Y, Yalavarthi S, Shi H, Gockman K, Zuo M, Madison JA, Blair C, Weber A, Barnes BJ, Egeblad M, Woods RJ, Kanthi Y, Knight JS. Neutrophil extracellular traps in COVID-19. JCI Insight 2020; 5:138999. [PMID: 32329756 PMCID: PMC7308057 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 714] [Impact Index Per Article: 178.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), viral pneumonia progresses to respiratory failure. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are extracellular webs of chromatin, microbicidal proteins, and oxidant enzymes that are released by neutrophils to contain infections. However, when not properly regulated, NETs have the potential to propagate inflammation and microvascular thrombosis - including in the lungs of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. We now report that sera from patients with COVID-19 have elevated levels of cell-free DNA, myeloperoxidase-DNA (MPO-DNA), and citrullinated histone H3 (Cit-H3); the latter 2 are specific markers of NETs. Highlighting the potential clinical relevance of these findings, cell-free DNA strongly correlated with acute-phase reactants, including C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and lactate dehydrogenase, as well as absolute neutrophil count. MPO-DNA associated with both cell-free DNA and absolute neutrophil count, while Cit-H3 correlated with platelet levels. Importantly, both cell-free DNA and MPO-DNA were higher in hospitalized patients receiving mechanical ventilation as compared with hospitalized patients breathing room air. Finally, sera from individuals with COVID-19 triggered NET release from control neutrophils in vitro. Future studies should investigate the predictive power of circulating NETs in longitudinal cohorts and determine the extent to which NETs may be novel therapeutic targets in severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zuo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Srilakshmi Yalavarthi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hui Shi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kelsey Gockman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Melanie Zuo
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine and
| | - Jacqueline A. Madison
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher Blair
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew Weber
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Betsy J. Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Pediatrics, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Mikala Egeblad
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Robert J. Woods
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yogendra Kanthi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Cardiology, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason S. Knight
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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49
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Short KR, Kuiken T, Van Riel D. Role of Endothelial Cells in the Pathogenesis of Influenza in Humans. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:1859-1860. [PMID: 31283821 PMCID: PMC6804332 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Debby Van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Pulavendran S, Prasanthi M, Ramachandran A, Grant R, Snider TA, Chow VTK, Malayer JR, Teluguakula N. Production of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Francisella tularemia. Front Immunol 2020; 11:679. [PMID: 32391009 PMCID: PMC7193117 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis(Ft) is a highly virulent, intracellular Gram-negative bacterial pathogen. Acute Ft infection by aerosol route causes pneumonic tularemia, characterized by nodular hemorrhagic lesions, neutrophil-predominant influx, necrotic debris, fibrin deposition, and severe alveolitis. Ft suppresses activity of neutrophils by impairing their respiratory burst and phagocytic activity. However, the fate of the massive numbers of neutrophils recruited to the infection site is unclear. Here, we show that Ft infection resulted in prominent induction of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) within damaged lungs of mice infected with the live attenuated vaccine strain of Ft(Ft-LVS), as well as in the lungs of domestic cats and rabbits naturally infected with Ft. Further, Ft-LVS infection increased lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, which mediates histone protein degradation during NETosis and anchors chromatin scaffolds in NETs. In addition, Ft infection also induced expression of peptidylarginine deiminase 4, an enzyme that causes citrullination of histones during formation of NETs. The released NETs were found largely attached to the alveolar epithelium, and disrupted the thin alveolar epithelial barrier. Furthermore, Ft infection induced a concentration-dependent release of NETs from neutrophils in vitro. Pharmacological blocking of MPO reduced Ft-induced NETs release, whereas addition of H2O2 (a substrate of MPO) significantly augmented NETs release, thus indicating a critical role of MPO in Ft-induced NETs. Although immunofluorescence and electron microscopy revealed that NETs could efficiently trap Ft bacteria, NETs failed to exert bactericidal effects. Taken together, these findings suggest that NETs exacerbate tissue damage in pulmonary Ft infection, and that targeting NETosis may offer novel therapeutic interventions in alleviating Ft-induced tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasami Pulavendran
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Maram Prasanthi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Akhilesh Ramachandran
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Rezabek Grant
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Timothy A. Snider
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Vincent T. K. Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerry R. Malayer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Narasaraju Teluguakula
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, OK, United States
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