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Seyedoshohadaei S, Torki M, Yaghoubfar A, Abdolmohammadi A. Interaction of wheat cultivar and enzyme on broiler growth, nutrient utilization, and gut microflora. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0312796. [PMID: 39509413 PMCID: PMC11542875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0312796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 10/11/2024] [Indexed: 11/15/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the impacts of four wheat cultivars and enzyme supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and ileal microbiota composition in broiler chickens. Six hundred forty-eight male broilers (1-day-old, Ross 308) were studied in a completely randomized design factorial 4 × 2 along with control (9 treatments) with 6 replications (12 birds per pen). The Diets consisted of the four varieties of wheat (Sardari, Azar2, Sirvan, and Pishgam) with and without enzyme supplementation, alongside a corn-based control diet. All diets were iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous. Daily weight gain (DWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. Broilers fed the corn-based diet displayed higher feed intake (FI) than those fed diets containing different wheat cultivars. Enzyme supplementation in wheat-based diets did not impact broiler growth performance. There was an interaction between enzyme and wheat type for protein, fat, calcium, and phosphorus digestibility. Ileal microbiota analysis revealed no significant changes in Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli populations across treatments. Conversely, Enterococcus and Bifidobacteria populations exhibited significant differences, with the Sirvan cultivar diet promoting the highest bacterial counts. It was concluded that different wheat cultivars could affect growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and ileum microbiota, and the beneficial effect of supplemental enzymes was only evident in certain variables and depended on the specific wheat variety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehran Torki
- Animal Science Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Abdolmohammadi
- Animal Science Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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2
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Mhlongo G, Mnisi CM. Dietary incorporation of brown seaweed spent oyster mushroom substrate alters growth performance, physiological responses and meat quality parameters in Boschveld roosters. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14414. [PMID: 38909163 PMCID: PMC11193798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Use of brown seaweed (Ecklonia maxima) as a nutraceutical source in indigenous chicken diets is limited by high dietary fibre levels. Inoculating seaweeds with oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) spawn (OMS) could enhance the utility of the spent mushroom substrate (SMS). This study investigated the effect of feeding incremental levels of brown seaweed SMS on growth performance, physiological responses, and meat quality parameters in Boschveld roosters. A total of 324, 4-week-old Boschveld roosters were weighed and randomly allotted to 36 pens (9 birds per pen) to produce six replicates per dietary treatment. The diets were formulated as follows: a standard grower diet (CON); and CON containing 150 g/kg of brown seaweed inoculated with OMS at 0 (SMS0), 20 (SMS20), 30 (SMS30), 40 (SMS40) and 50% (SMS50). Birds fed diet CON had the least feed intake (p < 0.05) than all the other SMS treatment levels in weeks 7, 8, 12, 14 and 15. Diet SMS40 promoted higher (p < 0.05) body weight gain (BWG) than CON in weeks 6, 7, 9 and 14. Gain-to-feed ratio linearly increased in weeks 7 [R2 = 0.288; p = 0.010], 11 [R2 = 0.581, p = 0.0001] and 14 [R2 = 0.389, p = 0.004], respectively. Quadratic responses (p < 0.05) were observed for BWG in week 5, white blood cells, heterophils, platelets, lymphocytes, monocytes, and relative spleen and large intestine weights as OMS levels increased. Linear increases were recorded for slaughter [R2 = 0.197, p = 0.017] and breast weights [R2 = 0.197, p = 0.020] as OMS levels increased. Diet SMS0 promoted higher (p < 0.05) relative caeca weights than the CON and SMS treatment groups. Neither quadratic nor linear responses (p > 0.05) were observed for breast meat quality parameters. In conclusion, feeding brown seaweed SMS improved growth performance and slaughter weight, altered some blood parameters and internal organs, without affecting breast meat quality of Boschveld roosters. Based on the quadratic response for BWG, the optimum OMS level was deduced at 20% in a brown seaweed-based Boschveld rooster diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Mhlongo
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Science, North-West University, Private Bag x2046, Mafikeng, 2745, South Africa.
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela, South Africa.
| | - Caven M Mnisi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Science, North-West University, Private Bag x2046, Mafikeng, 2745, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa
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3
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Xue Y, Sun H, Guo H, Nie C, Nan S, Lu Q, Chen C, Zhang W. Effect of the supplementation of exogenous complex non-starch polysaccharidases on the growth performance, rumen fermentation and microflora of fattening sheep. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1396993. [PMID: 38818495 PMCID: PMC11138346 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1396993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of exogenous non-starch polysaccharidases (a mixture of cellulase, xylanase, β-glucanase and mannanase) on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and rumen microflora of sheep. The animal trial was conducted using 36 5-month-old female fattening hybrid sheep (Duolang♂ × Hu♀) who were randomly assigned into four groups comprising nine sheep per treatment: CON, T1, T2, and T3, with 0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5% NSPases/kg DM of TMR, respectively. This complex enzyme product was screened for optimal ratios based on previous in vitro tests and responded positively to the in vitro fermentation of the TMR. When treated with NSPases, there was a non-linear effect of average daily gain and feed conversion rate, with the greatest improvement observed in the T2 group. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in nutrient intake or apparent digestibility among the NSPase-supplemented groups. In addition, T2 group had a significantly higher acetate to propionate ratio and pH (p < 0.05) than the other groups, and NH3-N and microbial protein concentrations showed a quadratic curve. The results revealed that both immunoglobulins and serum hormones increased linearly with addition (p < 0.05). As the T2 group showed the best growth performance, the CON and T2 groups were subjected to rumen metagenomic analysis. The results showed higher abundance of bacteria and lower abundance of Viruses in the rumen microbiota of the T2 group compared to the CON group. In addition, Uroviricota and Proteobacteria abundance was significantly lower in the T2 group than in the CON group at the phylum level (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the supplementation of high-concentrate rations with NSPases enhance immunity, reduces virus abundance in the rumen, improves rumen health, and promotes rumen fermentation. Our findings provide novel insights for improving growth performance and alleviating inflammatory responses arising from high concentrate feeding patterns in ruminants. However, the biological mechanisms cannot be elucidated by exploring the composition of rumen microbe alone, and further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Xue
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Haobin Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hongyong Guo
- Xinjiang Tianshan Junken Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Shihezi, China
| | - Cunxi Nie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Shanshan Nan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Qicheng Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Wenju Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Ibrahim D, El-sayed HI, Mahmoud ER, El-Rahman GIA, Bazeed SM, Abdelwarith AA, Elgamal A, Khalil SS, Younis EM, Kishawy ATY, Davies SJ, Metwally AE. Impacts of Solid-State Fermented Barley with Fibrolytic Exogenous Enzymes on Feed Utilization, and Antioxidant Status of Broiler Chickens. Vet Sci 2023; 10:594. [PMID: 37888546 PMCID: PMC10611247 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present and future high demand of common cereals as corn and wheat encourage the development of feed processing technology that allows for the dietary inclusion of other cereals of low nutritional value in poultry feeding. Barley grains contain anti-nutritional factors that limit their dietary inclusion in the poultry industry. The treatment of barley with solid-state fermentation and exogenous enzymes (FBEs) provides a good alternative to common cereals. In this study, barley grains were subjected to solid-state microbial fermentation using Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus subtilis and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes. This study aimed to assess the impact of FBEs on growth, feed utilization efficiency, immune modulation, antioxidant status and the expression of intestinal barrier and nutrient transporter-related genes. One-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308, n = 400) comprised four representative groups with ten replicates (10 chicks/replicate) and were fed corn-soybean meal basal diets with inclusions of FBEs at 0, 5, 10 and 15% for 38 days. Solid-state fermentation of barley grains with fibrolytic enzymes increased protein content, lowered crude fiber and reduced sugars compared to non-fermented barley gains. In consequence, the group fed FBEs10% had the superior feed utilization efficiency and body weight gain (increased by 4.7%) with higher levels of nutrient metabolizability, pancreatic digestive enzyme activities and low digesta viscosity. Notably, the group fed FBEs10% showed an increased villi height and a decreased crypt depth with a remarkable hyperactivity of duodenal glands. In addition, higher inclusion levels of FBEs boosted serum immune-related parameters and intestinal and breast muscle antioxidants status. Intestinal nutrient transporters encoding genes (GLUT-1, CAAT-1, LAT1 and PepT-1) and intestinal barriers encoding genes (MUC-2, JAM-2, occludin, claudins-1 and β-defensin 1) were upregulated with higher dietary FBEs levels. In conclusion, feeding on FBEs10% positively enhanced broiler chickens' performance, feed efficiency and antioxidant status, and boosted intestinal barrier nutrient transporters encoding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Hassainen I. El-sayed
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Elsabbagh R. Mahmoud
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ghada I. Abd El-Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Shefaa M. Bazeed
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo P.O. Box 4942301, Egypt;
| | - Abdelwahab A. Abdelwarith
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (E.M.Y.)
| | - Aya Elgamal
- Department of Animal Histology and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo P.O. Box 4942301, Egypt;
| | - Samah S. Khalil
- Department of biochemistry, drug information center, Zagazig University Hospitals, Zagazig University, Zagazig P.O. Box 44511, Egypt;
| | - Elsayed M. Younis
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (E.M.Y.)
| | - Asmaa T. Y. Kishawy
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Simon J. Davies
- Aquaculture Nutrition Research Unit ANRU, Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 V8Y1 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Abdallah E. Metwally
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Souza MD, Eeckhaut V, Goossens E, Ducatelle R, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Poulsen K, Baptista AAS, Bracarense APFRL, Van Immerseel F. Guar gum as galactomannan source induces dysbiosis and reduces performance in broiler chickens and dietary β-mannanase restores the gut homeostasis. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102810. [PMID: 37343353 PMCID: PMC10404764 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Galactomannans are abundant nonstarch polysaccharides in broiler feed ingredients. In broilers, diets with high levels of galactomannans have been associated with innate immune response stimulation, poor zootechnical performance, nutrient and lipid absorption, and excessive digesta viscosity. However, data about its effects on the gut microbiome are scarce. β-Mannanases are enzymes that can hydrolyze β-mannans, resulting in better nutrient utilization. In the current study, we have evaluated the effect of guar gum, a source of galactomannans, supplemented to broiler diets, either with or without β-mannanase supplementation, on the microbiota composition, in an attempt to describe the potential role of the intestinal microbiota in β-mannanase-induced gut health and performance improvements. One-day-old broiler chickens (n = 756) were randomly divided into 3 treatments: control diet, guar gum-supplemented diet (1.7%), or guar gum-supplemented diet + β-mannanase (Hemicell 330 g/ton). The zootechnical performance, gut morphometry, ileal and cecal microbiome, and short-chain fatty acid concentrations were evaluated at different time points. The guar gum supplementation decreased the zootechnical performance, and the β-mannanase supplementation restored performance to control levels. The mannan-rich diet-induced dysbiosis, with marked effects on the cecal microbiota composition. The guar gum-supplemented diet increased the cecal abundance of the genera Lactobacillus, Roseburia, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, and Escherichia-Shigella, and decreased Intestinimonas, Alistipes, Butyricicoccus, and Faecalibacterium. In general, dietary β-mannanase supplementation restored the main microbial shifts induced by guar gum to levels of the control group. In addition, the β-mannanase supplementation reduced cecal isobutyric, isovaleric, valeric acid, and branched-chain fatty acid concentrations as compared to the guar gum-supplemented diet group, suggesting improved protein digestion and reduced cecal protein fermentation. In conclusion, a galactomannan-rich diet impairs zootechnical performance in broilers and results in a diet-induced dysbiosis. β-Mannanase supplementation restored the gut microbiota composition and zootechnical performance to control levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielen de Souza
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology (LAP), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT), Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Venessa Eeckhaut
- Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT), Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evy Goossens
- Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT), Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT), Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Ghent University Next Generation Sequencing Facility (NXTGNT), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Ana Angelita Sampaio Baptista
- Laboratory of Avian Medicine (LAM), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT), Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Fries-Craft K, Arsenault R, Bobeck E. Basal diet composition contributes to differential performance, intestinal health, and immunological responses to a microalgae-based feed ingredient in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102235. [PMID: 36371911 PMCID: PMC9661388 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel feed ingredients may improve poultry health, but functionality of these ingredients may vary across basal diet formulations. This study evaluated a proprietary algae ingredient's effects on broiler performance, intestinal health, systemic immunity, and metabolic/immune kinotypes between corn- or wheat-based diets. Ross 308 broilers were housed in 80 floor pens (14 birds/pen) and assigned to 1 of 4 corn or wheat-based diets ± 0.175% algae ingredient for 42 d. At the end of each 14 d starter, grower, and finisher period, 10 birds/treatment were euthanized for tissue collection to assess intestinal histomorphology, systemic immune cell populations by flow cytometry and kinotypes by peptide arrays. On d 28 and 29, forty-three birds/treatment underwent a 12 h feed restriction challenge followed by a fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran intestinal permeability assay. For the entire 42 d study, wheat-based diets improved feed conversion rate (FCR) by 5 points compared to corn-based diets (P < 0.0001). Performance benefits related to algae inclusion were diet dependent, with algae inclusion improving 42 d FCR by 6 points only in corn-based diets (P = 0.006). Birds fed wheat-based diets had reduced splenic monocyte/macrophage, CD1.1+, and T cell populations in the first 14 d (P < 0.0001) and reduced serum fluorescence on d 28/29 (P = 0.0002). Algae inclusion in the corn-based diet increased villus height in the duodenum on d 28 and jejunum on d 42, while reducing splenic CD3+CD8α+ cytotoxic T cells 13.4 to 27.5% compared to the corn-based control at the same timepoints (P < 0.0001). Kinome results showed a significant innate immune toll-like receptor (TLR) response via MyD88 at d 14 in the small intestine of birds fed corn-based diets with algae that shifted to a more growth factor and adaptive immune-oriented response by d 42. Concurrent with immune changes, signaling changes indicative of lipid metabolism in the small intestine, ceca, and liver were seen in birds fed the corn-based diet with algae. The observed differential responses to basal diet composition and algae inclusion emphasize the need to comparatively evaluate feed ingredients in various diet formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Fries-Craft
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - R.J. Arsenault
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - E.A. Bobeck
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA,Corresponding author:
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Gorenz B, Iseri V, Rubach J, Dilger RN. Xylanase supplementation of pelleted wheat-based diets increases growth efficiency and apparent metabolizable energy and decreases viscosity of intestinal contents in broilers. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102220. [PMID: 36283142 PMCID: PMC9593177 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to test graded supplementation of a thermostable xylanase in pelleted, wheat-based diets fed to broiler chickens over a 28-d period. A total of 600 Ross 708 male broilers were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments: positive control (PC), negative control (NC; 125 kcal of AME/kg diet reduction relative to PC), and NC supplemented with 10, 15, or 30 g/ton of xylanase. Wheat-soybean meal-based diets were pelleted and fed in 2 feeding phases (14-d each). Study outcomes included growth performance, AME, and ileal digesta viscosity with 20 battery cages of 6 birds per treatment. Data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA along with estimation of Pearson correlation coefficients. Whereas no difference between NC and PC was observed for BW gain, NC birds exhibited increased (P < 0.05) feed intake during each feeding phase and overall, which caused improvements (P < 0.05) in feed conversion ratio (FCR) for PC vs. NC birds. The analyzed AME of PC birds was 112 kcal/kg of diet greater (P < 0.05) than for NC birds, though no differences in digesta viscosity were observed. Xylanase supplementation of the NC diet at 15 or 30 g/ton elicited overall improvements (P < 0.05) in BW gain beyond the PC, while the 30 g/ton level equalized feed intake with the PC. Regardless of level, xylanase supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the FCR relative to the NC, thereby equalizing the response with the PC. Similarly, supplementation with any xylanase level increased (P < 0.05) AME over the NC, making all treatments synonymous with the PC. Digesta viscosity of all xylanase-supplemented treatments was decreased relative to both the NC and PC treatments. Overall, this study provided clear evidence that addition of a thermostable xylanase to pelleted wheat-based diets elicited improvements in growth performance of broilers concomitant with a reduction in digesta viscosity and elevation of analyzed dietary AME content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Gorenz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Jon Rubach
- Kemin Industries, Inc., Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Ryan N. Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Corresponding author:
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Tari LM, Perera N, Zaefarian F, Abdollahi MR, Cowieson AJ, Ravindran V. Influence of barley inclusion method and protease supplementation on growth performance, nutrient utilisation, and gastrointestinal tract development in broiler starters. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 8:61-70. [PMID: 34977376 PMCID: PMC8669254 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the method of barley inclusion (fine, coarse and whole barley) in a wheat-based diet and protease supplementation (0 and 0.20 g/kg) on growth performance, nutrient utilisation and gastrointestinal tract development of broilers (d 1 to 21) was evaluated in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. Whole barley (WB) grains were ground in a hammer mill to pass through the screen sizes of 2.5 and 8.0 mm to achieve fine (FB) and coarse (CB) barley particle sizes, respectively. A total of 288, one-day-old male broilers were allotted to 36 cages (6 cages/treatment; 8 birds/cage). There was no significant (P > 0.05) interaction between barley inclusion method and protease for any growth performance or nutrient utilisation parameters. Birds fed diets containing CB and WB showed higher (P < 0.05) weight gain, and digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, calcium, gross energy, and ileal digestible energy compared to those fed FB diets. Compared to the birds fed FB diets, feed per gain was lower (P < 0.05) in birds fed diets made of WB. Fat digestibility of the birds fed CB was higher (P < 0.05) than those fed FB and WB birds. Compared to FB and CB diets, inclusion of WB resulted in heavier (P < 0.05) gizzards but reduced (P < 0.05) gizzard pH. Supplemental protease, however, had no effects (P > 0.05) on growth performance and nutrient utilisation, most likely due to the well balanced digestible amino acids and high inherent digestibility of protein in the basal diet, and/or the presence of exogenous carbohydrase and phytase. In conclusion, the present results showed that the inclusion of coarsely ground and whole barley in a wheat-based diet can enhance nutrient and energy utilisation and is beneficial to the growth performance of young broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindon M. Tari
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Nipuna Perera
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Faegheh Zaefarian
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - M. Reza Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Velmurugu Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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Peng S, Wang X, Wang Y, Lv T, Zhao H, Wang Y, Zhu S, Qiu H, Zeng J, Dai Q, Lin Q. Effects of Dietary Bacillus and Non-starch Polysaccharase on the Intestinal Microbiota and the Associated Changes on the Growth Performance, Intestinal Morphology, and Serum Antioxidant Profiles in Ducks. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:786121. [PMID: 34956153 PMCID: PMC8692731 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.786121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the desirable results of using probiotics and enzyme preparations as feed supplements in poultry health, here, the effects of Bacillus and Non-starch Polysaccharase (NSPase) on the growth performance, serum antioxidant profiles, and gut microbial communities of early stage ducks is investigated. A total of 400 Zhijiang ducks (of similar body weight and 1 day age) was selected and randomly divided into four groups. The feeding period was 28 days. Each group contained 10 replicates of 10 birds. Control group (I) was fed with basal diet, while treatment groups II to IV were fed, respectively, with 150 mg/kg NSPases, 25 mg/kg Bacillus probiotics, and 150 mg/kg NSPases + 25 mg/kg Bacillus probiotics in their basal diet. The results demonstrated that dietary Bacillus (25 mg/kg) increased average final weight, average daily gain (ADG), and decreased the malonaldehyde (MDA) in birds (P < 0.05). Dietary Bacillus (25 mg/kg) and NSPases + Bacillus (150 mg/kg + 25 mg/kg) presented much higher glutathione (GSH) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in birds (P < 0.05). Additionally, as revealed by β-diversity indices and analysis of similarities, dietary NSPases + Bacillus could affect the ileum microbial abundances and diversities at the genera level (P < 0.05), but it had no effect on the caecal microbiota. Also, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that dietary Bacillus and NSPases + Bacillus increased the populations of Ruminococcaceae genera in the cecum (P < 0.05), and S24-7_group and Lactobacillus genera in the ileum (P < 0.05). However, dietary NSPases and Bacillus alone and in combination could significantly decrease the content of Bacteroides in the ileum (P < 0.05). According to Spearman correlation analysis, 7 ilea bacterial microbiomes (S24-7 group, Lactobacillus, Subgroup 2, Subgroup 1, Kitasatospora, Candidatus Solibacter, and Akkermansia) were positively correlated with SOD (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Bacillus (25 mg/kg) and NSPases (150 mg/kg) included in the diet could efficiently enhance the growth performance by altered gut microbiota composition at the genera level and antioxidant indices of ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Peng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China.,Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yuyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Tuo Lv
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Haohan Zhao
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yanzhou Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Siyuan Zhu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Huajiao Qiu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Jianguo Zeng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuzhong Dai
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China.,Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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10
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Aguihe PC, Kehinde AS, Halidu SK, Joshua DA, Samuel KU, Komolafe PL, Ilaboya II. Performance and egg qualities of laying japanese quails fed yam peel meal based diets with enzymes complex+yeast supplementation. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v44i1.53335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10-week experiment was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of enzyme complex + yeast (Maxigrain®, MXG®) supplementation of sun-dried yam peel meal (YPM) based diet of laying Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) on performance and egg quality. A total of 240, seven-weeks old quails were distributed in a completely randomize design with four dietary treatments and five replicates of 12 quails each. Diet 1 served as the control diet without YPM while diet 2, 3, and 4 contained 25, 50, and 75% YPM with MXG® supplementation (1g per kg), respectively. MXG® supplementation in YPM diets improved (p < 0.05) egg mass and feed conversion per egg. Increasing levels of YPM with MXG® supplementation did not show any effect (p > 0.05) on internal and external egg quality attributes except for eggshell weight and thickness which was higher (p < 0.05) in quails fed 75% YPM diet. It was concluded, therefore, that the utilization of YPM as an alternative dietary ingredient with MXG® supplementation can be tolerated in the diets of laying Japanese quails up to 75% inclusion level without any negative effect on productive and egg quality performance.
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11
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Lin Y, Olukosi OA. Qualitative and quantitative profiles of jejunal oligosaccharides and cecal short-chain fatty acids in broiler chickens receiving different dietary levels of fiber, protein and exogenous enzymes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:5190-5201. [PMID: 33608932 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary supplemental carbohydrases are able to degrade non-starch polysaccharides and generate oligosaccharides in the gastrointestinal tract. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary fiber and protein levels on growth performance, nutrient utilization, digesta oligosaccharides profile and cecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profile in broilers receiving diets supplemented with xylanase or protease individually or in combination. RESULTS Enzyme supplementation had no effect on growth performance. There was significant (P < 0.05) fiber × protein × xylanase interaction for ileal nitrogen digestibility and significant (P < 0.01) protein × xylanase × protease interaction for nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy. Birds fed high-fiber diets had higher (P < 0.05) jejunal oligosaccharides and cecal SCFA concentrations. Xylanase and protease combination produced the greatest pentose (Pent) levels in low fiber-adequate protein diets but lowest levels in highfiber-low protein diets. There was significant (P < 0.05) fiber × xylanase × protease interaction explained by the digesta concentrations of (Pent)3 , (Pent)4 and (Pent)5 being greatest (P < 0.5) in protease-only supplemented high-fiber diets but lowest in protease-only supplemented low-fiber diets. CONCLUSION These results suggest that, of all the factors investigated, dietary fiber level had the greatest effect on modulating digesta concentration of oligosaccharides and cecal SCFA. Evidence points to the fact that there is considerable capacity for generating pentose oligosaccharides in the digestive tract of broilers receiving diets rich in fibrous feedstuffs, and that this may have a beneficial effect on microbial profile in the digestive tract. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lin
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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12
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Bautil A, Buyse J, Goos P, Bedford MR, Courtin CM. Feed endoxylanase type and dose affect arabinoxylan hydrolysis and fermentation in ageing broilers. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:787-800. [PMID: 34466683 PMCID: PMC8384776 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the general use of endoxylanases in poultry feed to improve broiler performance, the abundance of different endoxylanase products and the variable response to their application in the field prevent a clear understanding of endoxylanase functionality in vivo. To gain insight into this functionality, we investigated the impact of endoxylanase type (Belfeed from Bacillus subtilis versus Econase XT from Nonomuraea flexuosa) and dose (10, 100, 1,000 mg/kg) in combination with broiler age on arabinoxylan (AX) hydrolysis and fermentation in broilers (Ross 308) fed a wheat-soy based diet. In a digestibility trial and a performance trial, a total of 1,057 one-day-old chicks received the control diet or 1 of the 6 endoxylanase supplemented wheat-soy based diets with, respectively, 5 replicate cages and 8 replicate pens per dietary treatment per trial. The AX content and structure, the AX digestibility values and the short-chain fatty acids produced were analysed at the level of the ileum, caeca and excreta at d 11 and 36. Endoxylanase supplementation resulted in a more extensive solubilisation of wheat AX and a reduction in the intestinal viscosity compared to the control (P < 0.05). A high endoxylanase dose was, however, required to obtain increased hydrolysis of the dietary AX along the gastrointestinal tract against the control (P < 0.001). Depending on the type of endoxylanase, a pool of AX with distinct physicochemical properties was created. The B. subtilis endoxylanase created a large pool of soluble AX in the ileum, thereby increasing ileal viscosity compared to broilers fed an endoxylanase from N. flexuosa (P < 0.001). The N. flexuosa endoxylanase mainly triggered caecal AX fermentation in young broilers, by delivering easily fermentable AX substrates with a low degree of polymerisation (P = 0.03). The effects were particularly present in young broilers (d 11). From this study, it is clear that the type and dose of endoxylanase added to wheat-soy based diets determine the nature of AX substrates formed. These, in turn, affect the intestinal viscosity and the interplay between the dietary AX compounds and microbiota, hence dictating AX digestion at young broiler ages and performance outcomes towards slaughter age.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Bautil
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Buyse
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Goos
- MeBioS Division, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Christophe M. Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Gilani S, Gracia M, Barnard L, Dersjant-Li Y, Millán C, Gibbs K. Effects of a xylanase and beta-glucanase enzyme combination on growth performance of broilers fed maize-soybean meal-based diets. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL NUTRITION 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/jaan2021.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The following study evaluated effects of a xylanase and beta-glucanase combination on growth performance of broilers fed energy reduced versus nutritionally adequate maize-soybean meal-based diets. A total of 648, one-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) were assigned to floor-pens (24 birds/pen, nine pens/treatment, three treatments) in a randomised block design. Treatments included: (1) a nutritionally adequate positive control diet (PC); (2) a negative control (NC) diet in which energy, crude protein and digestible amino acids were reduced by 3.4% (-105 kcal apparent metabolisable energy), 2.3% and 1.2 to 3.0% vs PC, respectively; and (3) NC plus a xylanase and beta-glucanase combination that supplied 1,220 U xylanase and 152 U beta-glucanase per kilogram of final feed. All diets contained a background of 500 FTU/kg phytase and were offered to birds ad libitum. Birds fed NC showed reduced average daily gain (ADG) by -6.1% (P<0.05); increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) by 9.2 points (P<0.05), and overall (d 1-35) body weight corrected FCR which was increased by 9.4 points (P<0.05) vs the PC group. Enzyme supplementation increased final BW (+4.2%, P<0.05), ADG (+5.4%, P<0.05) and tended to reduce FCR (+7.5 points, P=0.054) from d 22-35 vs NC, without affecting average daily feed intake. Improvements in performance due to the enzyme combination were equivalent to performance on the PC diet in all cases. The results suggested that significant improvements in growth performance of broilers fed maize-soybean meal-based diets which had been reduced in energy and nutrients can be realised by supplementation with xylanase in combination with beta-glucanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Gilani
- Danisco Animal Nutrition (IFF), Willem Einthovenstraat 4, 2342 BH Oegstgeest, the Netherlands
| | - M.I. Gracia
- IMASDE Agroalimentaria, S.L. C/ Nápoles 3, 28224 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Barnard
- Danisco Animal Nutrition (IFF), Willem Einthovenstraat 4, 2342 BH Oegstgeest, the Netherlands
| | - Y. Dersjant-Li
- Danisco Animal Nutrition (IFF), Willem Einthovenstraat 4, 2342 BH Oegstgeest, the Netherlands
| | - C. Millán
- IMASDE Agroalimentaria, S.L. C/ Nápoles 3, 28224 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - K. Gibbs
- Danisco Animal Nutrition (IFF), Willem Einthovenstraat 4, 2342 BH Oegstgeest, the Netherlands
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14
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Ibrahim D, Moustafa A, Shahin SE, Sherief WRIA, Abdallah K, Farag MFM, Nassan MA, Ibrahim SM. Impact of Fermented or Enzymatically Fermented Dried Olive Pomace on Growth, Expression of Digestive Enzyme and Glucose Transporter Genes, Oxidative Stability of Frozen Meat, and Economic Efficiency of Broiler Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:644325. [PMID: 34124216 PMCID: PMC8193359 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.644325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of dried olive pomace as complementary energy sources in poultry feed is still limited due to its low protein and high fiber contents. Bioconversion of olive pomace through solid-state fermentation with or without exogenous enzymes is considered as a trial for improving its nutritional value. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fermented olive pomace with or without enzymatic treatment on the growth, modulations of genes encoding digestive enzymes and glucose transporters, meat oxidative stability, and economic efficiency of broiler chickens. A total of 1400 day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to seven dietary treatments with 10 replicates of 20 birds/replicate. Treatments included control (basal corn-soybean diet) and other six treatments in which basal diet was replaced by three levels (7.5, 15, and 30%) of fermented olive pomace (FOPI) or enzymatically fermented olive pomace (FOPII) for 42 days. The highest body weight gain was observed in groups fed 7.5 and 15% FOPII (increased by 6.6 and 12.5%, respectively, when compared with the control group). Also, feeding on 7.5 and 15% FOPII yielded a better feed conversion ratio and improved the digestibility of crude protein, fat, and crude fiber. The expression of the SGLT-1 gene was upregulated in groups fed FOPI and FOPII when compared with the control group. Moreover, the expression of the GLUT2 gene was elevated in groups fed 7.5 and 15% FOPII. By increasing the levels of FOPI and FOPII in diets, the expression of genes encoding pancreatic AMY2A, PNLIP, and CCK was upregulated (p < 0.05) when compared with the control. Fat percentage and cholesterol content in breast meat were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) by nearly 13.7 and 16.7% in groups fed FOPI and FOPII at the levels of 15 and 30%. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in breast meat were significantly increased in groups fed 15 and 30% FOPI and FOPII when compared with the control group and even after a long period of frozen storage. After 180 days of frozen storage, the inclusion of high levels of FOP significantly increased (p < 0.05) the levels of glutathione peroxide and total superoxide dismutase and meat ability to scavenge free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. Furthermore, the highest net profit and profitability ratio and the lowest cost feed/kg body gain were achieved in groups fed 7.5 and 15% of FOPII, respectively. The results of this study indicated that dietary inclusion of 15% FOPII could enhance the growth performance and economic efficiency of broiler chickens. Moreover, a higher inclusion level of FOPI or FOPII could enhance the quality and increase the oxidative stability of frozen meat and extend the storage time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amira Moustafa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sara E Shahin
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Veterinary Economics and Farm Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Wafaa R I A Sherief
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Animal Breeding, and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Karima Abdallah
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F M Farag
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Nassan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory sciences, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seham M Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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15
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Sanchez J, Barbut S, Patterson R, Kiarie EG. Impact of fiber on growth, plasma, gastrointestinal and excreta attributes in broiler chickens and turkey poults fed corn- or wheat-based diets with or without multienzyme supplement. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101219. [PMID: 34166870 PMCID: PMC8240021 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of fiber on growth performance, gizzard attributes, ileal digesta viscosity, plasma uric acid (PUA) and excreta characteristics were investigated in broiler chickens (experiment 1) and turkey poults (experiment 2) fed corn or wheat-based diets with or without multienzyme supplement (MES). Fibrous diets were created by adding 10% corn distillers dried grains with solubles or wheat middlings in corn or wheat-based diets, respectively. The MES had main activities of xylanase and β-glucanase. A total of 960-d old Ross x Ross 708 male chicks and 720-d old male Hybrid toms were allocated to eight grain, fiber and MES combinations to give 6 replicates per combination. In each experiment, birds had free access to feed and water for 28 days. Excreta samples were collected for 3-d prior to the end and on d 28, body weight and feed intake were recorded, birds bled and subsequently necropsied for gastrointestinal samples. There was an interaction (P ≤ 0.036) between grain, fiber and MES in broilers final body weight (FBW) and BW gain (BWG). In this context, high fiber corn diets reduced FBW and BWG and supplementation of MES improved these parameters. Broilers fed corn had a higher (P < 0.05) FBW (1,462 vs. 1,424 g) and BWG (1,416 vs. 1,378 g) than birds fed wheat diets. Broilers fed corn-based diets without fiber diets had a higher ileal viscosity and excreta moisture compared to birds fed wheat-based and high fiber diets. Broilers fed low fiber wheat diets without MES had higher (P < 0.05) PUA concentration compared to birds fed low fiber corn diets without MES. Poults fed wheat diets had a higher (P < 0.05) FBW (1,441 vs. 1,408 g) and BWG (1,376 vs. 1,343 g) than poults fed corn diet. The MES supplementation in corn-based diets rich in fiber increased (P = 0.03) gizzard weight in poults. In conclusion, there were varied growth and physiological responses in broilers and turkey suggesting the need for refining enzyme application for different poultry species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sanchez
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - S Barbut
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - R Patterson
- Canadian Bio-Systems Inc., Calgary, AL T2C 0J7, Canada
| | - E G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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16
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Ko H, Kang HK, Moturi J, Ingale SL, Kim J. Supplementation of enzyme cocktail in chickens diet is an effective approach to increase the utilization of nutrient in wheat-based diets. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:69-76. [PMID: 33987585 PMCID: PMC7882836 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing enzyme
cocktail on growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, and monosaccharide
concentration in ileum and ceca of broiler chickens fed wheat-based diets. A
total of 600 male broilers (42.26 ± 1.76 g, 0 day old) were used for 35
days of feeding trial consisting of 2 phases (starter phase from d 0 to 21 and
finisher phase from d 21 to 35). Four dietary treatments were prepared based on
wheat diets containing four levels of enzyme cocktail supplementation at 0, 0.2,
0.3, and 20 g/kg. Overall, dietary enzyme cocktail supplementation decreased
feed conversion ratio (linear p = 0.007; quadratic
p = 0.013) and improved (linear p
< 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude
protein, and soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides. The apparent
total tract digestibility of DM and gross energy were increased (linear
p < 0.01) with increasing supplementation levels of
the dietary enzyme cocktail. The concentrations of arabinose, xylose, mannose,
and glucose in ileal digesta were linearly increased (p
< 0.01) with increasing enzyme cocktail supplementation levels. In
addition, the quadratic effect was observed (quadratic p
= 0.046) in mannose concentration of ileal digesta. The concentration of
arabinose, xylose, mannose, and galactose in cecal digesta was increased (linear
p < 0.05) with increasing dietary enzyme cocktail
supplementation levels. The supplementation of enzyme cocktail efficiently
increased the utilization of nutrients in broiler and there was no adverse
effects of high dosage supplementation level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanseo Ko
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.,Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Hwan Ku Kang
- Poultry Science Devision, Livestock Reseach Development, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Pyeongchang 25342, Korea
| | - Joseph Moturi
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.,Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | | | - Jinsoo Kim
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.,Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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17
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Khalil M, Abdollahi M, Zaefarian F, Ravindran V. Influence of feed form on the apparent metabolisable energy of feed ingredients for broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Cho HM, Hong JS, Kim YB, Nawarathne SR, Choi I, Yi YJ, Wu D, Lee H, Han SE, Nam KT, Seoung EI, Heo JM. Responses in growth performance and nutrient digestibility to a multi-protease supplementation in amino acid-deficient broiler diets. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:840-853. [PMID: 33987564 PMCID: PMC7721581 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.6.840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of a multi-protease on
production indicators of broiler chickens fed a crude protein and amino acid
deficient-diets for 35 days immediately after hatch. A total of 448 one-day-old
Ross 308 male broiler chicks were allocated in a completely randomized design
into one of eight dietary treatments (positive control [PC], negative control
[NC: minus 0.5% from PC, and minus 2% of lysine, methionine, threonine and
methionine plus cysteine], extreme negative control [ENC: minus 1% from PC,
minus 4% of lysine, methionine, threonine and methionine plus cysteine], and
plus multi-protease 150 or 300 g per ton [e. g., PC-150]; PC, PC-150, NC,
NC-150, NC-300, ENC, ENC-150, ENC-300) to give eight replicates with seven birds
in a battery cage. Body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake,
feed conversion ratio, and mortality were measured every week. Carcass traits,
proximate analysis of breast meat, and ileum digestibility were analyzed on day
21 and 35. Feeding a multi-protease (i.e., more than 150 g/ton) for 35 days
immediately after hatching improved feed efficiency and ileum digestibility
(i.e., dry matter, crude protein, and energy) compared to their counterparts
(i.e., diets without multi-protease: PC, NC, and ENC). In conclusion, our
results indicated that broiler chickens fed nutrients deficient-diet (i.e.,
crude protein and amino acids) supplemented a multi-protease had an ability to
compensate and (or) improve their growth performance commensurate with increased
ileal digestibility for 35 days immediately after hatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Min Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jun Sun Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Yu Bin Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Shan Randima Nawarathne
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Inchul Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Young-Joo Yi
- Department of Agricultural Education, College of Education, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Di Wu
- Kemin Industries, Inc., 12 Senoko Drive 758200, Singapore
| | - Hans Lee
- Kemin Industries, Inc., 12 Senoko Drive 758200, Singapore
| | - Seung Eun Han
- Kemin Industries, Inc., 12 Senoko Drive 758200, Singapore
| | - Ki Taeg Nam
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Eun Il Seoung
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Jung Min Heo
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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19
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Impact of Rye Inclusion in Diets for Broilers on Performance, Litter Quality, Foot Pad Health, Digesta Viscosity, Organ Traits and Intestinal Morphology. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12187753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rye could offer diverse benefits in terms of sustainability if it could replace parts of the main cereals, corn and wheat, in broiler diets. A total of 256 broilers, Ross 308, were randomly allocated into 32 pens. From day 14 till day 42, the birds were divided into four feeding groups (eight replicates each). The control group received a conventional finisher diet “control”, whereas in the other groups, a pelleted supplementary feed was offered (SFI to corn and SFII to rye), to which crushed corn (SFI-Corn) or squashed rye (SFII-Rye) was added. The fourth group received a mixture of 50% SFI-Corn and 50% SFII-Rye. The cereal level was increased weekly (5%, 10%, 20%, 30%) at the expense of the supplementary feeds. No significant effects were observed for body weight at d 42 and excreta viscosity between all groups. Overall, foot pad health was excellent. Compared to the control group, birds fed SFI-Corn displayed a significant increase in gizzard relative weight, whereas, in contrast to all other groups, ileal villus height was significantly lower. In conclusion, feeding SFI-Corn or SFII-Rye diets had no negative influences on performance, litter quality and digesta viscosity, whereas SFI-Corn partially affected ileal morphology.
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20
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Kolawole O, Graham A, Donaldson C, Owens B, Abia WA, Meneely J, Alcorn MJ, Connolly L, Elliott CT. Low Doses of Mycotoxin Mixtures below EU Regulatory Limits Can Negatively Affect the Performance of Broiler Chickens: A Longitudinal Study. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E433. [PMID: 32630277 PMCID: PMC7404967 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported a wide range of severe health effects as well as clinical signs, when livestock animals are exposed to high concentration of mycotoxins. However, little is known regarding health effects of mycotoxins at low levels. Thus, a long-term feeding trial (between May 2017 and December 2019) was used to evaluate the effect of low doses of mycotoxin mixtures on performance of broiler chickens fed a naturally contaminated diet. In total, 18 successive broiler performance trials were carried out during the study period, with approximately 2200 one-day-old Ross-308 chicks used for each trial. Feed samples given to birds were collected at the beginning of each trial and analysed for multi-mycotoxins using a validated LC-MS/MS method. Furthermore, parameters including feed intake, body weight and feed efficiency were recorded on a weekly basis. In total, 24 mycotoxins were detected in samples analysed with deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FBs), apicidin, enniatins (ENNs), emodin and beauvericin (BEV), the most prevalent mycotoxins. Furthermore, significantly higher levels (however below EU guidance values) of DON, ZEN, FBs, BEV, ENNs and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) were detected in 6 of the 18 performance trials. A strong positive relationship was observed between broilers feed efficiency and DON (R2 = 0.85), FBs (R2 = 0.53), DAS (R2 = 0.86), ZEN (R2 = 0.92), ENNs (R2 = 0.60) and BEV (R2 = 0.73). Moreover, a three-way interaction regression model revealed that mixtures of ZEN, DON and FBs (p = 0.01, R2 = 0.84) and ZEN, DON and DAS (p = 0.001, R2 = 0.91) had a statistically significant interaction effect on the birds' feed efficiency. As farm animals are often exposed to low doses of mycotoxin mixtures (especially fusarium mycotoxins), a cumulative risk assessment in terms of measuring and mitigating against the economic, welfare and health impacts is needed for this group of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatobi Kolawole
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (O.K.); (W.A.A.); (J.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Abigail Graham
- Devenish Nutrition Limited, Lagan House, 19 Clarendon Road, Belfast BT1 3BG, UK; (A.G.); (C.D.); (B.O.); (M.J.A.)
| | - Caroline Donaldson
- Devenish Nutrition Limited, Lagan House, 19 Clarendon Road, Belfast BT1 3BG, UK; (A.G.); (C.D.); (B.O.); (M.J.A.)
| | - Bronagh Owens
- Devenish Nutrition Limited, Lagan House, 19 Clarendon Road, Belfast BT1 3BG, UK; (A.G.); (C.D.); (B.O.); (M.J.A.)
| | - Wilfred A. Abia
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (O.K.); (W.A.A.); (J.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Julie Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (O.K.); (W.A.A.); (J.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Michael J. Alcorn
- Devenish Nutrition Limited, Lagan House, 19 Clarendon Road, Belfast BT1 3BG, UK; (A.G.); (C.D.); (B.O.); (M.J.A.)
| | - Lisa Connolly
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (O.K.); (W.A.A.); (J.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Christopher T. Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (O.K.); (W.A.A.); (J.M.); (L.C.)
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Wang J, Liu Y, Yang Y, Bao C, Cao Y. High-level expression of an acidic thermostable xylanase in Pichia pastoris and its application in weaned piglets. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5645401. [PMID: 31778535 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An acidic thermostable xylanase (AT-xynA) which was stable at low pH and high temperature was considered to have great potential in animal feed. For large-scale production, AT-xynA activity was enhanced about 1-fold in Pichia pastoris by constructing a double-copy expression strain in this study. Furthermore, impacts of different AT-xynA levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, short-chain fatty acids, and bacterial community in weaned piglets were determined. Compared with the control group, ADFI and ADG were higher for the pigs fed 4,000 or 6,000 U/kg AT-xynA (P < 0.05). AT-xynA supplementation also significantly increased the digestibility of OM, GE, and DM (P < 0.05). AT-xynA supplementation increased the concentrations of acetate in ileal (P < 0.01) and cecal digesta (P < 0.05). Isobutyrate (P < 0.05) and valerate (P < 0.05) concentrations in colonic digesta also significantly increased compared with the control group. AT-xynA supplementation increased the abundance of Lactobacillus in the ileal, cecal, and colonic digesta of weaned piglets (P < 0.05). AT-xynA alleviated anti-nutritional effects of nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) by preventing the growth of Pateurella and Leptotrichia in the ileum (P < 0.05). AT-xynA increased the abundance of NSP-degrading bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae, Prevotella in the cecum and colon (P < 0.05). In summary, AT-xynA addition could improve the growth performance of weaned piglets by altering gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengling Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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22
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Standardized ileal digestible amino acid and metabolizable energy content of wheat from different origins and the effect of exogenous xylanase on their determination in broilers. Poult Sci 2019; 99:992-1000. [PMID: 32036991 PMCID: PMC7587688 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible amino acids (SID AA) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) contents of 6 wheats from different origins in China and incidentally to investigate the effects of exogenous xylanase addition on SID AA and AMEn determination in broiler chicks. A total of 480 chicks were divided into 48 cages of 10 birds each balanced for body weight and fed 8 types of diets in a completely randomized design (6 replicated cages per diet) from 21 to 26 d of age. The individual wheat constituted the only source of crude protein in a semi-purified experimental diet. A nitrogen-free diet was designed to estimate basal endogenous AA loss and determine the SID AA. Titanium oxide (0.3%) was used as an indigestibility marker, and nutrient digestibility and retention were determined by the substitution method. From day 24 to 26, excreta samples were collected for AMEn determination. On day 26, the birds were euthanized, and ileum contents were obtained for AA digestibility determination. Wheat from Gansu had greater (P < 0.05) SID AA contents except Lys, Thr, Phe, and Cys, with a higher (P < 0.001) AMEn (11.83 MJ/kg) than the other wheats. The SID content of mean indispensable amino acids and dispensable amino acids were 87.35% and 88.17%, respectively, and the average AMEn value of 6 wheats was 11.14 MJ/kg. Compared with the diet without xylanase, the added xylanase resulted in higher (P < 0.05) SID contents of Met, Lys, Trp, Arg, Ile, Leu, Val, Gly, Asp, Glu, Pro, and Ala; the SID AA values were raised by 1.96% (mean of all AA); and the AMEn content was significantly increased (+0.87 MJ/kg) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, origins of wheats have significant effects on SID AA and AMEn values which were positively correlated with crude protein content of wheat; exogenous xylanase addition to a wheat-based poultry diet could significantly improve SID AA and AMEn contents for broilers.
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23
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Nutrient and energy balance, and amino acid digestibility in weaned piglets fed wheat bran and an exogenous enzyme combination. Animal 2019; 14:499-507. [PMID: 31597587 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119002052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The digestive system of the weaned piglets can be affected by the type of ingredients present in the diet, and a high fibre content in diets can limit the use of other nutrients and energy. The study was conducted to determine the effects of multicarbohydrase (MC) and phytase (Phy) supplementation on the nutritive value of wheat bran (WB) in weaned piglets. Multicarbohydrase preparation had 700 U α-galactosidase, 2200 U galactomannanase, 3000 U xylanase and 22 000 U β-glucanase per kilogram of diet, and Phy had 500 phytase units - FTU/kg of diet. Twenty-five weaned piglets (6.1 ± 0.63 kg) at 21 days old were fed five diets in a completely randomised experimental design with a 2 × 2 + 1 (0 and 200 mg/kg MC; 0 and 50 mg/kg Phy; and basal diet - BD) factorial arrangement used to determine treatment effects. An additional group of piglets was fed a corn-basal diet during apparent digestibility of nutrients, and fed a 5% casein-corn starch basal diet during apparent and standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acid evaluations. Piglets were individually caged until 38 days old, when Ileal digesta was collected at slaughter. Test diets were made by mixing the basal diets and WB 7 : 3 (w/w), with or without MC, Phy or the combination. There was an interaction trend (P = 0.07) between MC and Phy in the balance of ash, digestible energy (DE) and metabolisable energy (ME). Effects of MC (P < 0.01) on DM, N retention, DE and ME, as well as an effect of Phy (P < 0.05) on ash, DE and ME and a trend in protein digestibility (P = 0.07) also was observed. The enzyme combination showed effect (P < 0.05) on SID of Lys, Pro and Ser; as a trend (P < 0.07) on His, Thr and Val. Isolated, MC also suggested improving (P < 0.07) on SID of His, Lys, Ala (P < 0.05), while Phy improved (P < 0.06) SID of Leu, Lys, Met (P < 0.01), Thr, Val, Ala (P < 0.01), Pro and Ser (P < 0.05). The MC carbohydrate complex was characterised as a viable alternative to increase the apparent nutrients digestibility and SID of amino acids when WB was used in the diet of young pigs and, when combined with Phy, suggested an additive effect on the apparent use of energy.
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Deshors M, Guais O, Neugnot-Roux V, Cameleyre X, Fillaudeau L, Francois JM. Combined in situ Physical and ex-situ Biochemical Approaches to Investigate in vitro Deconstruction of Destarched Wheat Bran by Enzymes Cocktail Used in Animal Nutrition. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:158. [PMID: 31297370 PMCID: PMC6607472 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat bran is a foodstuff containing more than 40% of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) that are hardly digestible by monogastric animals. Therefore, cocktails enriched of hydrolytic enzymes (termed NSPases) are commonly provided as feed additives in animal nutrition. However, how these enzymes cocktails contribute to NSPs deconstruction remains largely unknown. This question was addressed by employing an original methodology that makes use of a multi-instrumented bioreactor that allows to dynamically monitor enzymes in action and to extract in-situ physical and ex-situ biochemical data from this monitoring. We report here that the deconstruction of destarched wheat bran by an industrial enzymes cocktail termed Rovabio® was entailed by two concurrent events: a particles fragmentation that caused in <2 h a 70% drop of the suspension viscosity and a solubilization that released <30 % of the wheat bran NSPs. Upon longer exposure, the fragmentation of particles continued at a very slow rate without any further solubilization. Contrary to this cocktail, xylanase C alone caused a moderate 25% drop of viscosity and a very weak fragmentation. However, the amount of xylose and arabinose from solubilized sugars after 6 h treatment with this enzyme was similar to that obtained after 2 h with Rovabio®. Altogether, this multi-scale analysis supported the synergistic action of enzymes mixture to readily solubilize complex polysaccharides, and revealed that in spite of the richness and diversity of hydrolytic enzymes in the cocktail, the deconstruction of NSPs in wheat bran was largely incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Deshors
- LISBP, UMR INSA-CNRS 5504 & INRA 792, Toulouse, France.,Cinabio-Adisseo France S.A.S., Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Luc Fillaudeau
- LISBP, UMR INSA-CNRS 5504 & INRA 792, Toulouse, France.,Fédération de Recherche FERMAT (Fluides, Energie, Réacteurs, Matériaux et Transferts), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, INSA, UPS, Toulouse, France
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25
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Bederska-Łojewska D, Arczewska-Włosek A, Świątkiewicz S, Orczewska-Dudek S, Schwarz T, Puchała M, Krawczyk J, Boros D, Fraś A, Micek P, Rajtar P. The effect of different dietary levels of hybrid rye and xylanase addition on the performance and egg quality in laying hens. Br Poult Sci 2019; 60:423-430. [PMID: 30958027 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1605149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. In this study, 240 ISA Brown hens were fed diets containing different levels of hybrid rye, and the influence of xylanase addition on laying performance and egg quality was evaluated. 2. Birds were allocated to 10 treatment groups with 12 replicates (cages) of two hens and were fed, from week 26 to 50, isocaloric and isonitrogenous experimental diets. A 5 × 2 experimental arrangement was applied, using diets with increasing level of rye (0%, 10%, 15%, 20% or 25%) with or without xylanase supplementation (200 mg/kg of feed; Ronozyme WX (CT) with minimum xylanase activity of 1,000 FXU/g). 3. Increasing dietary level of rye did not affect daily mass of eggs, mean egg weight or feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05). Laying rate decreased in all groups fed with rye. Egg and eggshell quality indices were unaffected by dietary rye grain (P > 0.05); however, rye inclusion significantly decreased yolk colour on the DSM scale (P < 0.05). In comparison with the control group, high dietary levels of rye (25%) significantly increased viscosity of small intestine content (P < 0.05). Diet supplementation with xylanase had no significant effect on egg production indices and egg quality (except for yolk colour) but decreased the viscosity of intestinal content in laying hens fed high levels of rye (P < 0.05). 4. The results of this experiment suggest that rye may be incorporated to a level of 25% in the diet of laying hens without any strong negative effect on egg performance, while xylanase added to high-rye grain reduced the viscosity of intestinal content; however, it did not positively affect the laying performance or egg quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bederska-Łojewska
- a Department of Nutrition Physiology , National Research Institute of Animal Production , Kraków , Poland
| | - A Arczewska-Włosek
- a Department of Nutrition Physiology , National Research Institute of Animal Production , Kraków , Poland
| | - S Świątkiewicz
- a Department of Nutrition Physiology , National Research Institute of Animal Production , Kraków , Poland
| | - S Orczewska-Dudek
- a Department of Nutrition Physiology , National Research Institute of Animal Production , Kraków , Poland
| | - T Schwarz
- b Department of Swine and Small Ruminant Breeding, Faculty of Animal Science , University of Agriculture in Kraków , Kraków , Poland
| | - M Puchała
- c Sheep and Goat Breeding , National Research Institute of Animal Production , Kraków , Poland
| | - J Krawczyk
- d Poultry Breeding , National Research Institute of Animal Production , Kraków , Poland
| | - D Boros
- e Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Plant Materials , Institute of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization , Radzików , Poland
| | - A Fraś
- e Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Plant Materials , Institute of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization , Radzików , Poland
| | - P Micek
- f Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Animal Sciences , University of Agriculture in Kraków , Krakow , Poland
| | - P Rajtar
- f Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Animal Sciences , University of Agriculture in Kraków , Krakow , Poland
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26
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Olukosi O, Bedford M. Comparative effects of wheat varieties and xylanase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient utilization, net energy, and whole-body energy and nutrient partitioning in broilers at different ages. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2179-2188. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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27
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Craig AD, Bedford MR, Hastie P, Khattak F, Olukosi OA. The effect of carbohydrases or prebiotic oligosaccharides on growth performance, nutrient utilisation and development of small intestine and immune organs in broilers fed nutrient-adequate diets based on either wheat or barley. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:3246-3254. [PMID: 30549054 PMCID: PMC6492135 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-starch polysaccharides are large complex molecules and are found in cereal grains. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of carbohydrase enzymes or prebiotic oligosaccharides on growth performance, nutrient utilisation and weight of organs associated with the immune system in broilers fed wheat- or barley-based diets. RESULTS In wheat-based diets, feed intake was lower (P < 0.05) following xylo-oligosaccharide supplementation, whereas in barley-based diets feed intake was greater (P < 0.05) following β-glucanase supplementation. Gross energy digestibility was improved (P < 0.01) when either level of xylanase was added to wheat diets. Ileal digestible energy was greater (P < 0.01) in wheat diets including an additive compared with the control diet. In wheat diets, bursa weight was lower (P < 0.05) following xylo-oligosaccharide supplementation compared with the control treatment. CONCLUSIONS The current study showed that supplemented carbohydrases or prebiotic oligosaccharides could alter the development of immune organs or small intestine without any significant effect on growth performance in broilers receiving nutrient-adequate diets. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison D Craig
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Scotland's Rural CollegeEdinburghEH9 3JGUK
- McCall Building, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | - Peter Hastie
- McCall Building, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Farina Khattak
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Scotland's Rural CollegeEdinburghEH9 3JGUK
| | - Oluyinka A Olukosi
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Scotland's Rural CollegeEdinburghEH9 3JGUK
- Department of Poultry ScienceUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
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Broiler gut microbiota and expressions of gut barrier genes affected by cereal type and phytogenic inclusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5:22-31. [PMID: 30899806 PMCID: PMC6407073 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study assessed the effects of cereal type and the inclusion level of a phytogenic feed additive (PFA) on broiler ileal and cecal gut microbiota composition, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and gene expression of toll like receptors (TLR), tight junction proteins, mucin 2 (MUC2) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). Depending on cereal type (i.e. maize or wheat) and PFA inclusion level (i.e. 0, 100 and 150 mg/kg diet), 450 one-day-old male broilers were allocated in 6 treatments according to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with 5 replicates of 15 broilers each, for 42 d. Significant interactions (P ≤ 0.05) between cereal type and PFA were shown for cecal digesta Bacteroides and Clostridium cluster XIVa, ileal digesta propionic and branched VFA, ileal sIgA gene expression, as well as cecal digesta branched and other VFA molar ratios. Cereal type affected the cecal microbiota composition. In particular, wheat-fed broilers had higher levels of mucosa-associated Lactobacillus (P CT = 0.007) and digesta Bifidobacterium (P CT < 0.001), as well as lower levels of total bacteria (P CT = 0.004) and Clostridia clusters I, IV and XIVa (P CT ≤ 0.05), compared with maize-fed ones. In addition, cereal type gave differences in fermentation intensity (P CT = 0.021) and in certain individual VFA molar ratios. Wheat-fed broilers had higher (P ≤ 0.05) ileal zonula occluden 2 (ZO-2) and lower ileal and cecal TLR2 and sIgA levels, compared with maize-fed broilers. On the other hand, PFA inclusion at 150 mg/kg had a stimulating effect on microbial fermentation at ileum and a retarding effect in ceca with additional variable VFA molar patterns. In addition, PFA inclusion at 100 mg/kg increased the ileal mucosa expression of claudin 5 (CLDN5) (P PFA = 0.023) and MUC2 (P PFA = 0.001) genes, and at 150 mg/kg decreased cecal TLR2 (P PFA = 0.022) gene expression compared with the un-supplemented controls. In conclusion, cereal type and PFA affected in combination and independently broiler gut microbiota composition and metabolic activity as well as the expression of critical gut barrier genes including TLR2. Further exploitation of these properties in cases of stressor challenges is warranted.
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Wang A, Hogan NS. Performance effects of feed-borne Fusarium mycotoxins on broiler chickens: Influences of timing and duration of exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5:32-40. [PMID: 30899807 PMCID: PMC6407085 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In commercial practice, broiler chickens may be exposed to Fusarium mycotoxins either during specific growth stages or throughout the entire production cycle. A 34-day feeding trial was conducted to identify sensitive periods for mycotoxin effects during the growth cycle of broiler chickens. A total of 420 newly-hatched Ross 308 male broilers were randomly assigned to 60 cages with 7 birds/cage. Sources of clean wheat (<0.5 mg/kg deoxynivalenol [DON]) and Fusarium-contaminated wheat (11.4 mg/kg DON) were used to formulate the starter diets (0.41 and 6.62 mg/kg DON) provided from 1 to 21 d of age and the grower diets (0.54 and 7.90 mg/kg DON) provided from 22 to 34 d. Control and DON diets were provided to broilers according to treatments (control, DON 1 to 14 d, DON 15 to 21 d, DON 22 to 34 d and DON 1 to 34 d). Birds were monitored daily for morbidity or mortality. Broiler growth performance (body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio) was measured weekly. Segments of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected at 21 and 34 d and morphometric parameters (villus height, crypt depth, villus width, muscularis thickness and villi:crypt ratio) were measured. Birds fed the DON starter diet during the first 14 d did not exhibit any changes in growth performance; however, growth performance was suppressed in birds fed DON-contaminated diets during the grower period (22 to 34 d). At 34 d, birds that received the DON grower diet (DON 22 to 34 d and DON 1 to 34 d) were lighter (1,433 vs. 1,695 g) than birds fed the control diet. Feed to gain ratio was higher in birds fed the DON grower diet from 22 to 28 d (1.77 vs. 1.56) and 28 to 34 d (2.24 vs. 1.85) compared with corresponding controls. These results suggest that providing older broiler chicks (22 to 34 d) feed contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins (specifically DON) may result in production losses. Histopathological analysis of the ileum region revealed that birds provided the DON diets throughout the entire trial (1 to 34 d) had shorter villi (506 vs. 680 μm) and shallower crypt (85 vs. 115 μm) than control birds. Taken together, these results indicate that DON-induced growth suppression may be a result of adverse effects on intestinal morphology during later growth phases of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anhao Wang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Natacha S Hogan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada.,Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
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30
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Nourmohammadi R, Khosravinia H, Afzali N. Effects of feed form and xylanase supplementation on metabolizable energy partitioning in broiler chicken fed wheat-based diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1593-1600. [PMID: 30151983 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feed form and xylanase supplementation on the growth performance, energetic efficiencies, energy partitioning, and nitrogen (N) balance of Ross 308 male broilers fed wheat-based diets. The experiment was conducted as a 2 × 2 × 5 factorial arrangement with 2 levels of feed forms (mash or pellets) and xylanase (0 or 500 mg/kg), and five feeding levels (ad libitum, 85%, 70%, 55%, and 40% of ad libitum intake). Each of the 20 dietary treatments was fed to 5 replicate pens (5 birds/pen) from 22 to 42 days of age. A significant interaction between feed form and xylanase on was observed for average daily feed intake and heat production (p < 0.01). Pelleting and dietary supplementation with xylanase increased average daily gain and feed conversion ratio but decreased (p < 0.05) average daily feed intake. Broilers fed xylanase-supplemented diet ingested and pelleted diet retained more than in those fed the mash form or the diet without xylanase. Xylanase and pellets decreased (p < 0.01) heat production and metabolizable energy intake (MEI), but increased retained energy (p < 0.05). The birds fed xylanase also needed less MEI per gram of N retained than those fed the diets without enzyme (p < 0.01). Estimation of both metabolizable and net energy requirements for maintenance as a function of BW0.75 showed that requirements for broilers fed pelleted diet and xylanase-supplemented diet were lower than in those fed mash form or the diet without xylanase (p < 0.01). The higher energetic efficiencies for retention were estimated in the birds offered pelleted and xylanase-supplemented diets compared with the values determined for those fed the diet with mash form or the diet without xylanase (p < 0.05). The efficiency of energy utilization for protein for birds fed xylanase-supplemented diets was higher (p < 0.01) than those fed diets without xylanase, and fat deposition for broilers fed the pelleted diet was greater than those fed the mash diet (p < 0.01). Because MEI for maintenance requirements represents a large portion of the MEI, the results from this experiment could be considered in calculation of energy requirements for finishing broilers fed wheat-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nazar Afzali
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
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Gallardo C, Dadalt JC, Trindade Neto MA. Nitrogen retention, energy, and amino acid digestibility of wheat bran, without or with multicarbohydrase and phytase supplementation, fed to broiler chickens. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:2371-2379. [PMID: 29746701 PMCID: PMC6095285 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to determine the effects of multicarbohydrase (MC) preparation (700 U α-galactosidase, 2,200 U galactomannanase, 3,000 U xylanase, and 22,000 U β-glucanase per kg of diet) and phytase (Phy, 500 FTU per kg of diet) supplementation on the nutritive value of wheat bran (WB) in broiler chicks. Trial 1 determined retention of nutrients and apparent metabolizable energy corrected by nitrogen (AMEn). One reference diet (RD) protein-free (85% corn based) was fortified to determine the WB nutrient retention coefficient. Trial 2 determined standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA, when pancreas and liver were weighed. An additional group of bird was fed with an RD with 5% casein-corn starch diet, fortified with vitamins and minerals to quantify the endogenous fraction and determine SID of AA. For each trial, the test diets were made by mixing RD and WB 7:3 (wt/wt) and fed without or with MC or Phy or combination. Male broilers (Cobb 500), 245 d old, were allocated to five treatments to give seven replicates (seven birds/cage). The birds were fed a commercial diet from day 0 to10 followed by Trial 1 diets from day 11 to 18 and finally Trial 2 diets from day 19 to 21. Excreta samples were collected on days 15-18 and all birds were slaughtered on day 21 for ileal digesta. There was an interaction (P < 0.05) between MC and Phy on retention of DM, N, P, and AMEn. An interaction (P < 0.05) was also observed on SID of Arg, His, Leu, Lys, Phe, Thr, Val, Asp, Cys, Glu, and Ser. Responses of MC plus Phy supplementation were higher (P < 0.05) on overall SID of AA by 6.05% (75.18 to 94.26%), compared with responses for MC (2.35%; 72.04 to 88.97) or Phy (3.46%; 73.27 to 92.13). Liver and pancreas weights were affected (P < 0.05) by the single MC supplementation. The MC and Phy combination may be an effective strategy to improve AA utilization of WB in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Gallardo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Sao Paulo 13635-015, Brazil
| | - Julio Cezar Dadalt
- Department of Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Sao Paulo 13635-015, Brazil
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Kiarie E, Walsh MC, Romero LF, Arent S, Ravindran V. Nutrient and fiber utilization responses of supplemental xylanase in broiler chickens fed wheat based diets are independent of the adaptation period to test diets. Poult Sci 2018; 96:3239-3245. [PMID: 28419372 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of adaptation (AD) to xylanase-supplemented diets on nutrient and fiber utilization in 21-d-old broilers were investigated. Six treatments, arranged in two levels of AD (starting at d 0 or d 14 of age) and three levels of xylanase (0 or 2,500 or 5,000 xylanase units/kg feed) were used. All diets had 500 phytase U/kg and 0.3% TiO2 as indigestible marker. A total of 384 d old male broiler (Ross 308) chicks were divided into two groups. The first group was assigned on weight basis to 24 cages (8 chicks per cage) and randomly allocated to the diets from d 0. Birds in the second group were reared on a commercial starter diet in the same room for 13 d. On d 14, the birds were individually weighed, assigned on weight basis to 24 cages (8 chicks per cage), and randomly allocated to the diets. Birds had free access to experimental diets and water. Excreta samples were collected from d 18 to 21. On d 21, all birds were euthanized to access ileal digesta. There was no interaction (P > 0.05) between AD and xylanase on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent retention (AR) of components. The main effect of AD was such that the birds exposed to diets for 7 d (d 14 to 21) had higher (P < 0.01) AID of energy than those exposed for 21 d (d 0 to 21). In contrast, birds exposed to diets for 21 d had higher (P < 0.05) AMEn and AR of neutral detergent fiber. Xylanase improvements (P < 0.01) in the AID of energy and AMEn were dose dependent and coincided with linear improvements (P < 0.05) in the AID of nitrogen, fat, and starch. In conclusion, xylanase improvements on retention of fiber and nutrients were independent of AD (7 or 21 d) suggesting that the xylanase effects are not transitional. Greater retention of fiber with longer AD is suggestive of possible microbial adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G.
| | - M C Walsh
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences-Danisco Animal Nutrition, Marlborough, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SN8 1XN
| | - L F Romero
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences-Danisco Animal Nutrition, Marlborough, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SN8 1XN
| | - S Arent
- DuPont Nutrition Biosciences-Enzyme Research & Development, Brabrand, Arhus, Denmark, DK-8220
| | - V Ravindran
- Institute for Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand 4442
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Abdollahi M, Zaefarian F, Ravindran V. Feed intake response of broilers: Impact of feed processing. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pineda-Quiroga C, Camarinha-Silva A, Atxaerandio R, Ruiz R, García-Rodríguez A. Changes in broiler performance, duodenal histomorphometry, and caeca microbiota composition in response to wheat-barley based diets supplemented with non-antibiotic additives. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lee S, Apajalahti J, Vienola K, González-Ortiz G, Fontes C, Bedford M. Age and dietary xylanase supplementation affects ileal sugar residues and short chain fatty acid concentration in the ileum and caecum of broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Amerah AM, Romero LF, Awati A, Ravindran V. Effect of exogenous xylanase, amylase, and protease as single or combined activities on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of broilers fed corn/soy diets. Poult Sci 2017; 96:807-816. [PMID: 27591284 PMCID: PMC5850305 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two trials (a 42-d performance and a 21-d cohort digestibility) were conducted to evaluate the performance and nutrient digestibility of broilers fed corn diets supplemented with exogenous xylanase, amylase, and protease as single or combined activities. A nutritionally adequate, positive control (PC) diet was formulated. The negative control (NC) diet was formulated to be lower in metabolizable energy (∼86 kcal/kg diet) and digestible amino acids (1 to 2%) compared to PC. The other 4 treatments were based on the NC and they were either supplemented with xylanase (X), amylase (A), protease (P), or a combination of X, A, and P (XAP; to provide 2,000 U of X, 200 U of A, and 4,000 U of P/kg diet). All diets were marginal in AvP and Ca and contained a background of phytase (1,000 FTU/kg). In each trial, male broiler (Ross 308) chicks were allocated to the 5 treatments (10 replicates of 20 birds/pen and 9 replicates of 8 birds/cage for the performance and digestibility trials, respectively). In the digestibility trial, ileal digesta was collected on d21 for the determination of nutrient utilization. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and means were separated by Tukey's HSD test. Only the XAP improved (P < 0.05) AMEn compared to NC. X, A or XAP improved (P < 0.05) N digestibility and apparent ileal digestible energy (AIDE). Both P and XAP improved N retention. The relative improvement in energy digestibility due to enzyme supplementation was greater at the ileal level than that measured in the excreta. The measured changes on AIDE due to supplemental enzymes were much higher than the sum of calculated contributions from starch, fat, and protein. Supplementation of all enzymes reduced (P < 0.05) ileal flow of soluble rhamnose and mannose relative to NC. In the performance trial, both X and XAP improved (P < 0.05) weight gain (WG) and only XAP improved (P < 0.05) FCR compared to NC during the starter phase (1-21d). Over the entire period (1–42d), WG and FI were not influenced (P > 0.05) by dietary treatments. Both X and XAP had lower (P < 0.05) FCR compared to NC (1.540 and 1.509 vs 1.567, respectively). However, birds fed diet supplemented with XAP had an improved (P < 0.05) FCR compared to birds fed single activities and had similar (P > 0.05) FCR compared to PC. In conclusion, these results suggest a synergistic effect between X, A and P on broiler performance and nutrient digestibility. In the current study, AIDE measurements appeared to overestimate the enzyme response. Calculation of the energy contribution by supplemental enzymes using the improvements in the digestibility of the undigested fraction of starch, fat and protein may be a more accurate measurement for the enzyme response than the absolute response in AIDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Amerah
- Danisco Animal Nutrition, DuPont Industrial Bioscience, Marlborough, SN8 1XN, UK
| | - L F Romero
- Danisco Animal Nutrition, DuPont Industrial Bioscience, Marlborough, SN8 1XN, UK
| | - A Awati
- Danisco Animal Nutrition, DuPont Industrial Bioscience, Marlborough, SN8 1XN, UK
| | - V Ravindran
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Gonzalez-Ortiz G, Sola-Oriol D, Martinez-Mora M, Perez J, Bedford M. Response of broiler chickens fed wheat-based diets to xylanase supplementation. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2776-2785. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Ghayour-Najafabadi P, Khosravinia H, Gheisari A, Azarfar A, Khanahmadi M. Productive performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphometry in broiler chickens fed corn or wheat-based diets supplemented with bacterial- or fungal-originated xylanase. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2017.1328990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abbasali Gheisari
- Animal Science Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arash Azarfar
- Department of Animal Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Morteza Khanahmadi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Branch of Central Region of Iran Biotechnology, Isfahan, Iran
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Ravn JL, Thøgersen JC, Eklöf J, Pettersson D, Ducatelle R, van Immerseel F, Pedersen NR. GH11 xylanase increases prebiotic oligosaccharides from wheat bran favouring butyrate-producing bacteria in vitro. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Taheri HR, Shirzadegan K. Multiple-enzyme supplementation on digestive traits, carcass characteristics, blood lipid parameters and growth performance of broilers fed a wheat-based diet. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 30:1285-1291. [PMID: 27703132 PMCID: PMC5582285 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A trial was conducted from 11 to 42 d post-hatch to investigate the effectiveness of the supplementation of a multiple-enzyme preparation (Natuzyme Plus) in a wheat-based diet on digesta viscosity, pH and microbial population, villus morphology, feed passage time, nutrient retention, carcass characteristics, blood lipid parameters and growth performance of broiler chickens. METHODS Three hundreds 10-d-old male Ross 308 chicks were allocated to three diets with five replicates of 20 birds per replicate. Dietary treatments were i) a wheat-based diet (W), ii) W+Natuzyme Plus (WN; 500 mg/kg of the diet), and iii) a corn-based diet (C). RESULTS Birds fed on the C diet had higher average daily gain (ADG, p<0.01), villus height (VH, p<0.01), total tract apparent retention (TTAR) of nitrogen (NT, p<0.01) and ether extract (EE, p<0.01), nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn, p<0.05), relative weight (RW, % of body weight) of carcass (p<0.05), blood concentration of triglyceride (TG, on d 40 [p<0.01]), total cholesterol (TC, on d 22 [p<0.05]) and low density lipoprotein (LDL, on d 22 [p<0.01] and 40 [p<0.05]), and also lower feed conversion ratio (FCR, p<0.01), digesta viscosity (p<0.01), count of coliforms (p<0.01) and Escherichia coli (p<0.01) and epithelium thickness (ET, p<0.05) than those fed on the W diet. ADG, FCR, VH, ET, TTAR of NT and EE, RW of carcass, blood concentration of TG (on d 40), TC (on d 22) and LDL (on d 22 and 40) values of the WN diet did not show a significant (p>0.05) difference compared to those of the C diet. Compared to those of the W diet, the WN diet showed the higher count of Lactobacilli and lower count of coliforms (p<0.01) and digesta viscosity (p<0.01). CONCLUSION In general, the results of this study showed that Natuzyme Plus supplementation in a wheat-based diet can be appropriate to achieve a comparable growth performance in broiler chickens to those given the C diet probably through improving digesta viscosity, VH, ET, TTAR of NT and EE, AMEn, count of Lactobacilli and coliforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Taheri
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-38791, Iran
| | - Kayvan Shirzadegan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-38791, Iran
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Ravn JL, Martens HJ, Pettersson D, Pedersen NR. A commercial GH 11 xylanase mediates xylan solubilisation and degradation in wheat, rye and barley as demonstrated by microscopy techniques and wet chemistry methods. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rezaeipour V, Hasanpour M, Janitabar M, Abdullahpour R. Effects of two native Iranian wheat cultivars, processing method, and enzyme supplementation on performance, carcass, intestinal morphology, and microbiota activity in broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2016.1221350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Rezaeipour
- Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasanpour
- Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
| | - Marzeieh Janitabar
- Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
| | - Rohullah Abdullahpour
- Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
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An Experimental Study of Briquetting Process of Torrefied Rubber Seed Kernel and Palm Oil Shell. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1679734. [PMID: 27419127 PMCID: PMC4932184 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1679734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Torrefaction process of biomass material is essential in converting them into biofuel with improved calorific value and physical strength. However, the production of torrefied biomass is loose, powdery, and nonuniform. One method of upgrading this material to improve their handling and combustion properties is by densification into briquettes of higher density than the original bulk density of the material. The effects of critical parameters of briquetting process that includes the type of biomass material used for torrefaction and briquetting, densification temperature, and composition of binder for torrefied biomass are studied and characterized. Starch is used as a binder in the study. The results showed that the briquette of torrefied rubber seed kernel (RSK) is better than torrefied palm oil shell (POS) in both calorific value and compressive strength. The best quality of briquettes is yielded from torrefied RSK at the ambient temperature of briquetting process with the composition of 60% water and 5% binder. The maximum compressive load for the briquettes of torrefied RSK is 141 N and the calorific value is 16 MJ/kg. Based on the economic evaluation analysis, the return of investment (ROI) for the mass production of both RSK and POS briquettes is estimated in 2-year period and the annual profit after payback was approximately 107,428.6 USD.
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Yasar S, Boselli E, Tosun R, Cicekler M. Viscous gel-forming gums (VGUMS) of cereal grains: Rheology and viscosity-based enzyme activity quantification. J Cereal Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yang YY, Fan YF, Cao YH, Guo PP, Dong B, Ma YX. Effects of exogenous phytase and xylanase, individually or in combination, and pelleting on nutrient digestibility, available energy content of wheat and performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 30:57-63. [PMID: 27004820 PMCID: PMC5205592 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of adding exogenous phytase and xylanase, individually or in combination, as well as pelleting on nutrient digestibility, available energy content of wheat and the performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets. METHODS In Experiment 1, forty-eight barrows with an initial body weight of 35.9±0.6 kg were randomly assigned to a 2×4 factorial experiment with the main effects being feed form (pellet vs meal) and enzyme supplementation (none, 10,000 U/kg phytase, 4,000 U/kg xylanase or 10,000 U/kg phytase plus 4,000 U/kg xylanase). The basal diet contained 97.8% wheat. Pigs were placed in metabolic cages for a 7-d adaptation period followed by a 5-d total collection of feces and urine. Nutrient digestibility and available energy content were determined. Experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate the effects of pelleting and enzymes on performance of wheat for growing pigs. In this experiment, 180 growing pigs (35.2±9.0 kg BW) were allocated to 1 of 6 treatments according to a 2×3 factorial treatment arrangement with the main effects being feed form (meal vs pellet) and enzyme supplementation (0, 2,500 or 5,000 U/kg xylanase). RESULTS In Experiment 1, there were no interactions between feed form and enzyme supplementation. Pelleting reduced the digestibility of acid detergent fiber (ADF) by 6.4 percentage units (p<0.01), increased the digestibility of energy by 0.6 percentage units (p<0.05), and tended to improve the digestibility of crude protein by 0.5 percentage units (p = 0.07) compared with diets in mash form. The addition of phytase improved the digestibility of phosphorus (p<0.01) and calcium (p<0.01) by 6.9 and 7.6 percentage units respectively compared with control group. Adding xylanase tended to increase the digestibility of crude protein by 1.0 percentage units (p = 0.09) and increased the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (p<0.01) compared with control group. Supplementation of the xylanase-phytase combination improved the digestibility of phosphorus (p<0.01) but impaired NDF digestibility (p<0.05) compared with adding xylanase alone. In Experiment 2, adding xylanase increased average daily gain (p<0.01) and linearly improved the feed:gain ratio (p<0.01) compared with control group. CONCLUSION Pelleting improved energy digestibility but decreased ADF digestibility. Adding xylanase increased crude protein digestibility and pig performance. Phytase increased the apparent total tract digestibility of phosphorus and calcium. The combination of phytase-xylanase supplementation impaired the effects of xylanase on NDF digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y F Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y H Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - P P Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - B Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y X Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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