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Kane EA, Yadav SVK, Fogle A, D’Souza NA, DeLisi N, Caillouët KA. Battle of the Bites: The Effect of Sewage Effluent Exposure on Mosquitofish Biocontrol of Mosquitoes in Residential Louisiana. TOXICS 2024; 12:259. [PMID: 38668483 PMCID: PMC11053664 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, are eponymous larval mosquito predators. Their ability to colonize and survive in habitats that are uninhabitable by other potential predators allows them to naturally manage larval mosquito populations in most ground pools they are present in. However, effluent from residential onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs) appears to limit the presence of fish predators. This is especially problematic in Louisiana, where regulations allow the discharge of OWTS effluent into open drainage conveyances. To determine the effect of effluent on the capacity of mosquitofish for biocontrol in contaminated areas, we assessed the body condition metrics of populations from two effluent-exposed sites and two sites not exposed to effluent, determined the lethal effect of effluent-contaminated drainage water on fish, and measured the prey consumption rates in the presence of effluent. Female fish collected from effluent-impacted sites had a reduced somatic body condition and most females examined displayed masculinized anal fins resembling the male gonopodium structure. This trait was not seen in fish collected from the control sites and has not yet been documented in association with OWTSs or in the state of Louisiana. Fish from the control sites survived at effluent-contaminated water levels < 70%, and the prey clearance rates increased with dilution. Onsite wastewater treatment system effluent has significant effects on both the short- and long-term persistence of mosquitofish, their body composition, reproductive health, and larval mosquito consumption. These effects likely release mosquito larvae from suppression and may increase the threat of mosquito-transmitted pathogens in effluent-contaminated locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Kane
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
| | - Shubham V. K. Yadav
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
| | - Adeline Fogle
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
| | - Nigel A. D’Souza
- Department of Environmental Studies & Sciences, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA 99258, USA;
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA 99258, USA
| | - Nicholas DeLisi
- St. Tammany Parish Mosquito Abatement, Slidell, LA 70460, USA (K.A.C.)
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Zhang S, Li X, Li X, Wang X, Ru S, Tian H. 17β-Trenbolone activates androgen receptor, upregulates transforming growth factor beta/bone morphogenetic protein and Wnt signaling pathways, and induces masculinization of caudal and anal fins in female guppies (Poecilia reticulata). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 263:106677. [PMID: 37677862 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Sexually mature female guppies (Poecilia reticulata) were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (20, 200, and 2000 ng/L) of 17β-trenbolone for four weeks. As evidenced by the increased caudal fin index and anal fins developing into gonopodium-like structures, exposed females displayed masculinized secondary sexual characteristics. Differential gene expression and subsequent pathway analysis of mRNA sequencing data revealed that the transcription of transforming growth factor beta/bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway and Wnt signaling pathway were upregulated following 17β-trenbolone exposure. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays showed that the bone morphogenetic protein 7 protein content was elevated after 17β-trenbolone exposure. Finally, real-time PCR revealed that 17β-trenbolone treatment significantly increased androgen receptor mRNA levels, and molecular docking showed potent interaction between 17β-trenbolone and guppy androgen receptor. Furthermore, 17β-trenbolone-induced masculinization of caudal and anal fins in female guppies, concomitant to the upregulated expression of differentially expressed genes involved in the above-mentioned two signaling pathways, was significantly inhibited by flutamide (androgen receptor antagonist). These findings demonstrated that 17β-trenbolone masculinized fins of female guppies by activating the androgen receptor. This study revealed that 17β-trenbolone could upregulate signaling pathways related to fin growth and differentiation, and eventually cause caudal and anal fin masculinization in female guppies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqiu Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong province, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong province, China
| | - Xuefu Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong province, China; College of Life Science, Langfang Normal University, Langfang 065000, Hebei province, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong province, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong province, China
| | - Hua Tian
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong province, China.
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3
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Sousa M, Rodrigues S, Pretti C, Meucci V, Battaglia F, Freitas R, Antunes SC. A forecast effects of climate change and anthropogenic compounds in Gambusia holbrooki: ecotoxicological effects of salinity and metformin. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 258:106494. [PMID: 36948067 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to global warming and extreme weather events, estuarine and coastal ecosystems are facing sudden fluctuations in salinity. These ecosystems are also threatened by organic and inorganic compounds that increase water pollution. Metformin is an antidiabetic drug commonly used by patients with type-2 diabetes, and an increase in environmental concentration has been recorded. To better understand the impacts of these two stressors on aquatic organisms, this study assessed: 1) the acute (96 h) ecotoxicological effects (antioxidant and biotransformation capacity, oxidative damage, energetic reserves, and protein content, neurotoxicity) induced by a range of metformin concentrations in Gambusia holbrooki under different salinities (17, 24, 31 expressed as Practical Salinity Units - PSU); and 2) the same endpoints after chronic exposure (28 d) under a range of metformin concentrations at a salinity of 17. The results obtained from the acute exposure showed interactions between salinity and metformin in G. holbrooki superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, body protein, and glycogen (GLY) contents. The results revealed that an increase in salinity can modulate the response of G. holbrooki to metformin. Chronically exposed organisms showed that metformin led to a significant decrease in SOD activity at most of the tested concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 10 µg/L). In addition, glutathione S-transferases increased and glutathione peroxidase activity decreased significantly at concentrations of metformin of 5 and 10 at the µg/L, respectively. Therefore, overall, metformin can lead to potential oxidative stress in G. holbrooki the highest metformin concentrations tested and the GLY content in G. holbrooki increased after exposure to metformin concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 μg/L. Published studies have already shown that metformin alone can lead to oxidative damage in aquatic species, endangering the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, additional ecotoxicological studies should be performed to characterize if other metformin concentrations combined with salinity, or other climate change-related factors, might impact non-target species. Standard toxicity bioassays may not be predictive of actual pollutants (e.g. metformin) toxicity under variable environmental conditions, and the investigation of a wider range of exposure conditions could improve the accuracy of chemical risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sousa
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Sara Rodrigues
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões | Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology of Leghorn "G. Bacci", Livorno 57128, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122, Italy
| | - Federica Battaglia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122, Italy
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal; CESAM - Centro de Estudos dos Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Sara C Antunes
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões | Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, Porto 4169-007, Portugal.
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4
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Lei DQ, Huang GY, Qiu SQ, Li XP, Wang CS, Fang GZ, Xie L, Ying GG. Exposure to estrone disrupts the endocrine system of western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 257:106457. [PMID: 36848693 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Estrone (E1) is one of the predominant natural estrogens detected in aquatic environments, yet little is known about its effects on the endocrine system in fish. In this study, the sex ratio, secondary sexual characteristics, gonadal histology, and transcriptional levels of genes closely related to sex differentiation and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-liver (HPGL) axis were assessed in western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) after a full life-cycle exposure to E1 (0, 25.4, 143, 740, and 4300 ng/L) for 119 days. The results showed that exposure to 4300 ng/L of E1 resulted in 100% female and inhibited the growth of females. Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of E1 (143 and 740 ng/L) led to obvious feminization of skeletons and anal fins in males. Exposure to 740 and 4300 ng/L of E1 increased the proportion of mature spermatocytes in females, and exposure to 143 and 740 ng/L decreased the proportion of mature spermatocytes in males. Moreover, the transcripts of genes related to sex differentiation and HPGL axis were changed in the E1-exposed adult fish and embryos inside females. This study has provided valuable data on the endocrine disruption effects of E1 at environmentally relevant concentrations in G. affinis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Qiao Lei
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guo-Yong Huang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Shu-Qing Qiu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Pei Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chen-Si Wang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gui-Zhen Fang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Smith RJ, Kollus KM, Propper CR. Environmentally relevant arsenic exposure affects morphological and molecular endpoints associated with reproduction in the Western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154448. [PMID: 35307416 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) exposure, even at low environmentally relevant levels, may cause detrimental health outcomes through developmental toxicity and by acting as an endocrine disrupting compound (EDC). Although several studies indicate that wildlife bioaccumulate As, few evaluate the health impact on fish species in their natural environment. In the U.S., As has a drinking water regulatory limit of 10 μg/L. In many parts of Arizona, surface water and groundwater have naturally elevated levels of As from geologic deposits and contamination is exacerbated by anthropogenic activity. In aquatic environments, the Western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, is a good bioindicator for EDC exposure because of the distinct androgen-related development of an intromittent organ, the gonapodium, in males. We evaluated morphological and reproductive outcomes in mosquitofish exposed to As. In a laboratory experiment, juvenile male mosquitofish were exposed to sodium arsenite (0 μg/L, 0.75 μg/L, 7.50 μg/L, and 75 μg/L) for 30 days, and in a field study, populations of adult male mosquitofish were collected in Arizona waterways with As levels above and below the World Health Organization's regulatory limit. In both studies, higher As exposure was significantly associated with altered hepatosomatic indices, altered fish morphology, shortened gonopodia, and lower gonopodia-somatic indices. In the field experiment, populations from surface water with higher As concentrations exhibited lower condition factors, lower gonadal-somatic indices, distinct gonopodia shapes, and altered estrogen receptor alpha and vitellogenin gene expression; androgen receptor expression was unchanged. Together, laboratory and field results suggest that As exposure at environmentally-relevant levels affects general growth and reproductive development in mosquitofish. Observed effects may further influence individual health, mobility, or reproductive function, and because G. affinis is a species known to tolerate and adapt to a wide range of environments, it serves as a local bioindicator species as well as a model organism for parallel field and laboratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley J Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Kalai M Kollus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Catherine R Propper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA.
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Tran NK, Kwan TN, Purser J, Patil JG. Masculinization of Adult Gambusia holbrooki: A Case of Recapitulation of Protogyny in a Gonochorist? BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050694. [PMID: 35625423 PMCID: PMC9138882 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Although gonochoristic fish express one sex or the other in adulthood, some adults display traits similar to those of their opposite sex, suggesting plasticity similar to hermaphrodites. To fully test this potential in the eastern mosquitofish, a gonochorist, two adult stages of females were fed 17α-Methyltestosterone incorporated feed (0–200 mg/kg diet) for 50 days. The hormone (particularly at 50 mg/kg diet) stimulated the formation of complex male copulatory structures and testicular tissue as well as upregulated expression of Anti-Müllerian Hormone gene and altered the behavior from females to males. Collectively, we infer that Gambusia holbrooki retains potential for sex reversal at adulthood, similar to what occurs naturally in hermaphroditic fish and can provide an ideal system to investigate these mechanisms in a regulated fashion. Abstract 17α-Methyltestosterone (MT) is a synthetic steroid that has been widely used to masculinize many fish species when administered early during larval development, however, reports on its efficacy on adults is limited. To this end, this study investigated the efficacy of MT in the masculinization of the eastern mosquitofish (G. holbrooki) at two adult stages (maiden and repeat gravid females). The treated females were fed control or respective MT incorporated feed (0–200 mg/kg diet) for 50 days. Effects of the hormone on secondary sexual characteristics, internal gonad morphology, expression of the Anti-Müllerian Hormone (amh) gene and sexual behavior of the treated females were investigated. The results showed that MT at the dose of 50 mg/kg feed stimulated secondary sexual character development, upregulated expression of amh, formation of testicular tissue and a shift in the behavior similar to those of normal males, prominently so in treated maiden gravid females. Post-treatment, long-term observations indicated that only two masculinized females reverted back to being females and gave birth to young. Induction of masculinizing effects in most individuals suggests that the sexual phenotype of this species appears to be highly plastic with potential to sex reverse at adulthood. This in combination with its small size and short reproductive cycle could provide an ideal system to explore the mechanisms of sequential hermaphroditism in fish and contribute to genetic control of this pest fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Kim Tran
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia; (N.K.T.); (J.P.)
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, An Giang University, 18 Ung Van Khiem Street, Long Xuyen City 880000, Vietnam
| | - Tzu Nin Kwan
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, TAS 7053, Australia;
| | - John Purser
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia; (N.K.T.); (J.P.)
| | - Jawahar G. Patil
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia; (N.K.T.); (J.P.)
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, TAS 7053, Australia;
- Inland Fisheries Services, New Norfolk, TAS 7140, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Robitaille J, Denslow ND, Escher BI, Kurita-Oyamada HG, Marlatt V, Martyniuk CJ, Navarro-Martín L, Prosser R, Sanderson T, Yargeau V, Langlois VS. Towards regulation of Endocrine Disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in water resources using bioassays - A guide to developing a testing strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112483. [PMID: 34863984 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are found in every environmental medium and are chemically diverse. Their presence in water resources can negatively impact the health of both human and wildlife. Currently, there are no mandatory screening mandates or regulations for EDC levels in complex water samples globally. Bioassays, which allow quantifying in vivo or in vitro biological effects of chemicals are used commonly to assess acute toxicity in water. The existing OECD framework to identify single-compound EDCs offers a set of bioassays that are validated for the Estrogen-, Androgen-, and Thyroid hormones, and for Steroidogenesis pathways (EATS). In this review, we discussed bioassays that could be potentially used to screen EDCs in water resources, including in vivo and in vitro bioassays using invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and/or mammalians species. Strengths and weaknesses of samples preparation for complex water samples are discussed. We also review how to calculate the Effect-Based Trigger values, which could serve as thresholds to determine if a given water sample poses a risk based on existing quality standards. This work aims to assist governments and regulatory agencies in developing a testing strategy towards regulation of EDCs in water resources worldwide. The main recommendations include 1) opting for internationally validated cell reporter in vitro bioassays to reduce animal use & cost; 2) testing for cell viability (a critical parameter) when using in vitro bioassays; and 3) evaluating the recovery of the water sample preparation method selected. This review also highlights future research avenues for the EDC screening revolution (e.g., 3D tissue culture, transgenic animals, OMICs, and Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Robitaille
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Beate I Escher
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Vicki Marlatt
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Laia Navarro-Martín
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Thomas Sanderson
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, INRS, Laval, QC, Canada
| | | | - Valerie S Langlois
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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8
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Zhong L, Liang YQ, Lu M, Pan CG, Dong Z, Zhao H, Li C, Lin Z, Yao L. Effects of dexamethasone on the morphology, gene expression and hepatic histology in adult female mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129797. [PMID: 33545586 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs), including natural hormones as well as synthetic chemicals, can pose influences on physiological performance, development and reproduction of fish. Dexamethasone (DEX) is a synthetic glucocorticoid widely used as pharmaceutical and usually exists in effluents with varying degrees of concentrations. In this study, adult female mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) were treated by DEX at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L for 60 days. Morphological parameters of anal fin and skeleton, mRNA expression abundance, and histological alterations of liver were investigated to assess effects of DEX on mosquitofish. The results showed that DEX increased number of sections of ray 3 in anal fin and decreased 16L, 15D and 16D in skeletal parameters, which indicates DEX could potentially lead to weak masculinization. Furthermore, transcriptional expression levels of ARα, ARβ, ERβ, VTGC and CYP19A genes were notably down-regulated by DEX, which will contribute to weak masculinization in females. In addition, the damage to liver tissue was also induced by DEX. Taken together, this research demonstrated that aquatic environments contaminated by DEX have negative effects on mosquitofish at a population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishan Zhong
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Yan-Qiu Liang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, 524000, PR China.
| | - Mixue Lu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Chang-Gui Pan
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Zhongdian Dong
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, 524000, PR China
| | - Chengyong Li
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Zhong Lin
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Li Yao
- Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center), Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, PR China
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9
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Fang GZ, Huang GY, Ying GG, Qiu SQ, Shi WJ, Xie L, Yang YY, Ma DD. Endocrine disrupting effects of binary mixtures of 17β-estradiol and testosterone in adult female western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111566. [PMID: 33396095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Androgens and estrogens often co-exist in aquatic environments and pose potential risks to fish populations. However, little is known about the endocrine disrupting effects of the mixture of androgens and estrogens in fish. In this study, transcriptional level of target genes related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-liver (HPGL) axis, sex hormone level, VTG protein concentration, histology and secondary sex characteristic were assessed in the ovaries and livers of adult female western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) exposed to 17β-estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), and mixtures of E2 and T for 91 days. The results showed that the transcriptional expression of cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1a (Cyp19a1a) was suppressed in the 200 ng/L T treatment and the 50 ng/L E2 + 200 ng/L T treatment in the ovaries. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (Star) and Cyp11a1 showed a similar expression pattern in the T treatment to its corresponding T + E2 mixtures. In the ovaries, the concentrations of 17β-estradiol and testosterone were decreased in most treatments compared with the solvent control. VTG protein was induced in all steroid treatment. However, exposure to T or E2 + T mixture did not cause the abnormal cells of the ovaries and livers and an extension of the anal fins in female G. affinis. This study demonstrates that chronic exposure to E2, T and their mixtures affects the transcripts of genes in the HPGL axis, steroid hormone level and VTG protein concentration in the ovaries and livers, but fails to cause the histopathological effect of the ovaries and livers and alter the morphology of the anal fins in G. affinis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Zhen Fang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guo-Yong Huang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shu-Qing Qiu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Jun Shi
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dong-Dong Ma
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
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10
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Young BJ, Cristos DS, Crespo DC, Somoza GM, Carriquiriborde P. Effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol on sex ratio, gonadal histology and perianal hyperpigmentation of Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Pisces, Poeciliidae) during a full-lifecycle exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 205:111176. [PMID: 32846301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) on sex ratio, gonopodium morphology, and gonadal histology of C. decemmaculatus were assessed by a full-lifecycle exposure experiment. Newborn fish were waterborne exposed to 30, 100, and 300 ng EE2/L for 90 d, using 50 fish per treatment. Additionally, in December of 2016, a field survey was conducted on a C. decemmaculatus population inhabiting the Girado Creek downstream of the Chascomus city wastewater effluent discharge. After 90 d of exposure, EE2 was able to histologically skew the sex ratio toward females and inhibit the full gonopodium development since the lowest tested concentration (LOEC = 30 ng/L). At higher concentrations, EE2 was toxic, inducing mortality in a concentration-dependent fashion (90 d-LC50 = 109.9 ng/L) and altering the gonadal histoarchitecture, causing neither testes nor ovaries discernible histologically (LOEC = 100 ng/L). In addition, a novel response, perianal hyperpigmentation, was discovered been induced by the EE2 exposure in a concentration-dependent fashion (90 d-EC50 = 39.3 ng/L). A higher proportion of females and perianal hyperpigmentation were observed in wild fish collected from the Girado Creek. The major reached conclusions are: i) EE2 induce different effects on the sexual traits of C. decemmaculatus when exposed from early-life or adult stages. ii) The most sensitive effects observed in the laboratory occur in a creek receiving wastewater effluent. iii) The perianal hyperpigmentation comes-up as a promising biomarker of exposure to estrogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Jonathan Young
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Diego Sebastián Cristos
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos (ITA), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Diana Cristina Crespo
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | | | - Pedro Carriquiriborde
- Centro de Investigaciones Del Medioambiente (Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.
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11
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Shao F, Ludwig A, Mao Y, Liu N, Peng Z. Chromosome-level genome assembly of the female western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). Gigascience 2020; 9:giaa092. [PMID: 32852039 PMCID: PMC7450667 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) is a sexually dimorphic poeciliid fish known for its worldwide biological invasion and therefore an important research model for studying invasion biology. This organism may also be used as a suitable model to explore sex chromosome evolution and reproductive development in terms of differentiation of ZW sex chromosomes, ovoviviparity, and specialization of reproductive organs. However, there is a lack of high-quality genomic data for the female G. affinis; hence, this study aimed to generate a chromosome-level genome assembly for it. RESULTS The chromosome-level genome assembly was constructed using Oxford nanopore sequencing, BioNano, and Hi-C technology. G. affinis genomic DNA sequences containing 217 contigs with an N50 length of 12.9 Mb and 125 scaffolds with an N50 length of 26.5 Mb were obtained by Oxford nanopore and BioNano, respectively, and the 113 scaffolds (90.4% of scaffolds containing 97.9% nucleotide bases) were assembled into 24 chromosomes (pseudo-chromosomes) by Hi-C. The Z and W chromosomes of G. affinis were identified by comparative genomic analysis of female and male G. affinis, and the mechanism of differentiation of the Z and W chromosomes was explored. Combined with transcriptome data from 6 tissues, a total of 23,997 protein-coding genes were predicted and 23,737 (98.9%) genes were functionally annotated. CONCLUSIONS The high-quality female G. affinis reference genome provides a valuable omics resource for future studies of comparative genomics and functional genomics to explore the evolution of Z and W chromosomes and the reproductive developmental biology of G. affinis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University School of Life Sciences, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Mao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University School of Life Sciences, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ni Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University School of Life Sciences, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zuogang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University School of Life Sciences, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
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12
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Patil JG, Norazmi-Lokman NH, Kwan TN. Reproductive viability of paradoxically masculinised Gambusia holbrooki generated following diethylstilbestrol (DES) treatment. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 248-249:110468. [PMID: 32710933 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal sex reversal can produce monosex fish stocks and provide insights into their gamity and reproductive physiology. However, paradoxical effects have been reported in several fish species that remain largely ignored as anomalies, particularly those of masculinisation. As a first step, this study examined reproductive viability of paradoxically masculinised Gambusia holbrooki produced following oral administration (20-100 mg/kg feed) of a feminizing hormone diethylstilbestrol (DES). Contrary to expectation, all treatment groups produced 100% male populations. Survival, mating behaviour, gamete production, breeding output as well as expression of anti-Mullerian hormone (amh), ovarian (cyp19a1a) and brain (cyp19a1b) aromatase of masculinised fish were also examined. Survival (≤ 54.1 ± 7.3%) at termination of DES treatment was significantly lower compared with controls (88.6 ± 4.3%) but remained unaffected post treatment. Gonopodium thrusting frequency (33 ± 9.8 per 10 min) was not significantly different to untreated males just as sperm abundance (3.9 ± 1.5 × 108/male) and their motility (88.6 ± 29.1%). Importantly, paradoxically masculinised fish mated with virgin females and produced clutch sizes (22 ± 4) and progeny survival (87.0 ± %) that were comparable to that of untreated males. Masculinised testes showed high amh and low cyp19a1a expression, a pattern resembling those of untreated males. Production of paradoxically sex-reversed males with a capability to produce viable offspring has not been reported previously in this or other fish species. The outcomes support a feed-back regulation of oestrogenic pathways in this viviparous fish and could be useful for ecological applications such as controlling invasive fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawahar G Patil
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, IMAS, University of Tasmania, Australia; Inland Fisheries Service Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Nor Hakim Norazmi-Lokman
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, IMAS, University of Tasmania, Australia; Faculty of Fisheries and Food Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Tzu Nin Kwan
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, IMAS, University of Tasmania, Australia
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13
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Huang GY, Shi WJ, Fang GZ, Liang YQ, Liu YS, Liu SS, Hu LX, Chen HX, Xie L, Ying GG. Endocrine disruption in western mosquitofish from open and closed aquatic ecosystems polluted by swine farm wastewaters. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105552. [PMID: 32059144 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Swine farm wastewaters (SFWs) are generally discharged either directly into nearby rivers or into fish ponds as a source of fertilizer/food for aquaculture in China. SFWs contain various contaminants including steroid hormones. However, there is an extreme paucity of data on their effects in fish populations. Here we investigated the endocrine disrupting effects of SFWs in G. affinis from 2 rivers (7 sites) and 2 fish ponds (2 sites) receiving SFWs and a reference site in Guangdong Province, China. In this study, a total number of 3078 adult western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) were collected and the sex ratio was determined. In addition, secondary sexual characteristics were examined and the transcriptional levels of target genes were analyzed. The results showed the mosquitofish populations had a significant increase in male-to-female ratio from 7 sites (including 2 fish ponds) among the 9 sampling sites. The hemal spines of females were masculinized at most sites while the hemal spines of males were feminized at approximately half of the sites (including 2 fish ponds). Significant reduction in vitellogenin (Vtg) mRNA expression was observed in females from 2 sites (including RS7) while elevated Vtg mRNA expression was noticed in males from 2 sites along the rivers (including RS7). Redundancy analysis showed that androgens in the water samples were closely related with male-to-female ratio in the mosquitofish populations and the masculinized hemal spines of females. The findings from this study demonstrated that discharge of SFWs could result in occurrence of both masculinized females and feminized males in mosquitofish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yong Huang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Jun Shi
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gui-Zhen Fang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Liang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hong-Xing Chen
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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14
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Huang GY, Liu YS, Liang YQ, Shi WJ, Yang YY, Liu SS, Hu LX, Chen HX, Xie L, Ying GG. Endocrine disrupting effects in western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis in two rivers impacted by untreated rural domestic wastewaters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:61-70. [PMID: 31129332 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Domestic wastewaters are an important source of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the receiving aquatic environment. Most rural domestic wastewaters (RDWs) in China have been directly discharged into the aquatic environment without any treatment. Here we studied the effects of RDWs on the western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) from two rural rivers receiving untreated RDWs. Mosquitofish samples were collected at 5 sampling sites along two rivers during dry and wet seasons. Sex ratios, secondary sex characteristics and transcriptional levels of target genes related to the endocrine system in adult females and males were determined. In parallel, various pollutants including steroid hormones, phenolic compounds, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals were measured in the water samples at all sites. The results showed that the androgenic effects in the fish were evidenced by significant increase in male to female ratio in fish populations at two sampling sites and by the presence of modified hemal spines in females at four sampling sites when compared to the reference site. The males from the two rivers had increased Vtg mRNA expressions with a maximal 6.2-fold increase relative to the reference site and a delayed development of hemal spines. The redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that some physiological parameters were related to steroid hormones, phenolic compounds and PAHs. The findings from this study suggest that RDWs can lead to masculinization in females and feminization in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yong Huang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Liang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Wen-Jun Shi
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hong-Xing Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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15
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Hou L, Chen S, Liu J, Guo J, Chen Z, Zhu Q, Zhang W, Xu G, Liang Y, Wu R, Fang X, Zhang C, Xing K. Transcriptomic and physiological changes in western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) after exposure to norgestrel. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:579-586. [PMID: 30654292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Norgestrel (NGT) is a synthetic progestin used in human and veterinary medicine. Adult female mosquitofish were exposed to NGT for 42 d at 377 ng L-1. The fin morphology and the liver transcriptome were assessed. NGT exposure increased ray 4:6 length ratio. As compared to the control, NGT treatment affected the expression of 11,772 annotated transcripts in female mosquitofish. Specifically, we found 5780 were repressed while 5992 were significantly induced. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that 53 KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways and 158 GO terms were significantly over expressed. Genes showing the largest magnitude of expression changes were related to fin development, androgen biosynthesis, and lipid and fatty acid metabolisms, suggesting the involvement of these biological processes in response to NGT exposure in G. affinis. This first comprehensive study on the transcriptomic alterations by NGT in G. affinis not only provides valuable information on the development of molecular markers but also opens new avenues for studies on the molecular mechanisms of effects of NGT in particular and possibly other progestins in G. affinis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Shanduo Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jingwen Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- NanWu Middle School, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | | | - Wei Zhang
- Guangzhou Tieyi Middle School, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - GuoLiang Xu
- Rural Non-point Source Pollution Comprehensive Management Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Ye Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Rongrong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xuwen Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Ke Xing
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China.
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16
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Ligocki IY, Munson A, Farrar V, Viernes R, Sih A, Connon RE, Calisi RM. Environmentally relevant concentrations of bifenthrin affect the expression of estrogen and glucocorticoid receptors in brains of female western mosquitofish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 209:121-131. [PMID: 30769158 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, pyrethroid pesticides have been deemed a safer alternative to previously used pesticides. While some evidence supports this assumption in mammals and birds, exposure to certain pyrethroids can affect concentrations of hormones vital to reproduction in fish. Thus, we hypothesized that pyrethroid exposure impacts fish reproductive behavior and the expression of genes associated with reproduction. We tested our hypothesis by examining effects of the widely used pyrethroid pesticide, bifenthrin, on the reproductive behaviors of the broadly distributed livebearing western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. We exposed sexually mature female fish to one of five environmentally relevant concentrations of bifenthrin and conducted behavioral assays to assess reproductive, social, and space use behaviors before and after exposure. We did not detect changes in behaviors measured in response to bifenthrin. However, exposure was associated with increased expression of an estrogen receptor gene (ER-α) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in brain tissue at bifenthrin concentrations at concentrations of 5.90 and 24.82 ng/L, and 5.90 and 12.21 ng/L, respectively. Our study supports the perspective that the use of multiple endpoints through integrative approaches is essential for understanding the cumulative impact of pollutants. Integrating physiological, morphological, and behavioral investigations of nonlethal concentrations of pollutants like bifenthrin may heighten our potential to predict their impact on individuals, populations, and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Y Ligocki
- Dept. of Evolution, Ecology, and Org. Biology, The Ohio State University, 43210, United States; Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, United States.
| | - Amelia Munson
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Victoria Farrar
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Rechelle Viernes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Andrew Sih
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Richard E Connon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Rebecca M Calisi
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, United States
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17
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Shi WJ, Hu LX, Huang GY, Liu YS, Zhang JN, Xie L, Ying GG. Dydrogesterone affects the transcription of genes in GnRH and steroidogenesis pathways and increases the frequency of atretic follicles in zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:725-732. [PMID: 30391894 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dydrogesterone (DDG) is a synthetic progestin broadly used in human and veterinary medicine and has been widely detected in aquatic environments. However, its potential effects on aquatic organisms are little documented. Here we investigate the short-term effects of DDG on the transcriptional and histological responses in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Adult zebrafish were exposed to 32.0, 305 and 2490 ng L-1 of DDG for 14 days. Real time quantitative PCR analysis showed that DDG significantly increased transcripts of most genes involved in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pathway in the brain of female. In contrast, apparent down-regulation of these gene transcriptions was observed in the brain of males. The transcription of cyp19a1a in the ovary had a 2.3 fold increase at 2490 ng L-1 of DDG and the transcription of hsd17b2 at 305 and 2490 ng L-1 in the testis was enhanced by approximately 2.0 fold and 2.4 fold, respectively. Histopathological analysis revealed exposure to 2490 ng L-1 DDG significantly increased the percentage of atretic follicles in the ovary. The results of this study suggest that DDG has potential endocrine disrupting effects and affects the ovarian development in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Shi
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guo-Yong Huang
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin-Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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18
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Vidal N, Loureiro M, Hued AC, Eguren G, de Mello FT. Female masculinization and reproductive success in Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Jenyns, 1842) (Cyprinodontiforme: Poeciliidae) under anthropogenic impact. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:1331-1340. [PMID: 30244326 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1985-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms are exposed to a myriad of chemical compounds, with particular concerns focused on endocrine disruptors. Growing scientific evidence indicates that these compounds interfere with normal endocrine function and could affect the reproductive system of humans and wildlife. We analyzed the proportion of masculinized females, defined by elongation and fusion of the anal fin rays, and the extent of masculinization, masculinization index, defined by anal fin length divided by the standard length, of Cnesterodon decemmaculatus resident to areas of agricultural and urban-industrial activities in the Arroyo Colorado basin. Additionally, a bioassay was carried out to assess the potential effects of masculinization on reproductive success, measured as the number of viable progenies, using pregnant females from the site downstream of the urban-industrial zone. Masculinized females were observed in all sampling sites, particularly downstream of the urban-industrial area, where over 80% of females presented abnormal sexual characteristics and the highest masculinization index was registered. In the laboratory, masculinized adult females showed male mating behavior, and survival of their progeny was lower than those of normal females. To our knowledge, this is the first report of endocrine disruption in field-collected C. decemmaculatus, and the first evaluation of the reproductive success of masculinized females. Finally, our results support C. decemmaculatus as an excellent sentinel species due to its wide distribution, easy culture in laboratory conditions, and its potential capability to respond to sources of pollution, particularly endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Vidal
- Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Ambiental, CURE, Universidad de la República, Tacuarembó entre Saravia y Bvar. Artigas, Maldonado, CP, 20000, Uruguay.
- Departamento de Ecología & Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, CP, 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Marcelo Loureiro
- Departamento de Ecología & Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, CP, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Andrea Cecilia Hued
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, Córdoba, CP, 5000, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Eguren
- Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, CP, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Franco Teixeira de Mello
- Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Ambiental, CURE, Universidad de la República, Tacuarembó entre Saravia y Bvar. Artigas, Maldonado, CP, 20000, Uruguay.
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Ogino Y, Tohyama S, Kohno S, Toyota K, Yamada G, Yatsu R, Kobayashi T, Tatarazako N, Sato T, Matsubara H, Lange A, Tyler CR, Katsu Y, Iguchi T, Miyagawa S. Functional distinctions associated with the diversity of sex steroid hormone receptors ESR and AR. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 184:38-46. [PMID: 29885351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones including estrogens and androgens play fundamental roles in regulating reproductive activities and they act through estrogen and androgen receptors (ESR and AR). These steroid receptors have evolved from a common ancestor in association with several gene duplications. In most vertebrates, this has resulted in two ESR subtypes (ESR1 and ESR2) and one AR, whereas in teleost fish there are at least three ESRs (ESR1, ESR2a and ESR2b) and two ARs (ARα and ARβ) due to a lineage-specific whole genome duplication. Functional distinctions have been suggested among these receptors, but to date their roles have only been characterized in a limited number of species. Sexual differentiation and the development of reproductive organs are indispensable for all animal species and in vertebrates these events depend on the action of sex steroid hormones. Here we review the recent progress in understanding of the functions of the ESRs and ARs in the development and expression of sexually dimorphic characteristics associated with steroid hormone signaling in vertebrates, with representative fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Ogino
- Attached Promotive Centre for International Education and Research of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Saki Tohyama
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Satomi Kohno
- Department of Biology, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN 56301, USA
| | - Kenji Toyota
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan; Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Gen Yamada
- Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Ryohei Yatsu
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Tohru Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | | | - Tomomi Sato
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Hajime Matsubara
- Department of Aquatic Biology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - Anke Lange
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Yoshinao Katsu
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Miyagawa
- Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan.
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Ankley GT, Coady KK, Gross M, Holbech H, Levine SL, Maack G, Williams M. A critical review of the environmental occurrence and potential effects in aquatic vertebrates of the potent androgen receptor agonist 17β-trenbolone. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2064-2078. [PMID: 29701261 PMCID: PMC6129983 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Trenbolone acetate is widely used in some parts of the world for its desirable anabolic effects on livestock. Several metabolites of the acetate, including 17β-trenbolone, have been detected at low nanograms per liter concentrations in surface waters associated with animal feedlots. The 17β-trenbolone isomer can affect androgen receptor signaling pathways in various vertebrate species at comparatively low concentrations/doses. The present article provides a comprehensive review and synthesis of the existing literature concerning exposure to and biological effects of 17β-trenbolone, with an emphasis on potential risks to aquatic animals. In vitro studies indicate that, although 17β-trenbolone can activate several nuclear hormone receptors, its highest affinity is for the androgen receptor in all vertebrate taxa examined, including fish. Exposure of fish to nanograms per liter water concentrations of 17β-trenbolone can cause changes in endocrine function in the short term, and adverse apical effects in longer exposures during development and reproduction. Impacts on endocrine function typically are indicative of inappropriate androgen receptor signaling, such as changes in sex steroid metabolism, impacts on gonadal stage, and masculinization of females. Exposure of fish to 17β-trenbolone during sexual differentiation in early development can greatly skew sex ratios, whereas adult exposures can adversely impact fertility and fecundity. To fully assess ecosystem-level risks, additional research is warranted to address uncertainties as to the degree/breadth of environmental exposures and potential population-level effects of 17β-trenbolone in sensitive species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2064-2078. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T. Ankley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office or Research and Development, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Katherine K. Coady
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, Midland, MI, USA
| | | | - Henrik Holbech
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | | | - Gerd Maack
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau-Roβlau, Germany
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21
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Hou L, Xu H, Ying G, Yang Y, Shu H, Zhao J, Cheng X. Physiological responses and gene expression changes in the western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) exposed to progesterone at environmentally relevant concentrations. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 192:69-77. [PMID: 28934642 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone (P4) is a natural and synthetic steroid, widely distributed in the aquatic environments. It can lead to adverse effects on the endocrine system in aquatic organisms. This study investigated the toxicological effects of exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations (4, 44, and 410ng/L) of progesterone for 42 d on adult female mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. We performed morphological and histological analyses on gonads, anal fins, liver, and gills after the exposure of mosquito fish to P4. The expression levels of genes (vtg, er, and ar isoforms) related to fish reproduction and detoxification (cyp1a) in the liver were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that the progesterone exposure induced slight masculinization in female mosquitofish, influenced the oocyte maturation as revealed by histology of the ovaries, and caused severe damages to the liver and gills of adult female mosquitofish. It also suppressed the mRNAs expression of vtg, er, cyp1a, and significantly enhanced the expression of ar mRNA in the liver. This study reveals the molecular and physiological effects of progesterone at environmentally relevant concentrations, which might further be translated to alterations in the reproduction of mosquitofish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China.
| | - Guangguo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hu Shu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jianliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
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Young BJ, López GC, Cristos DS, Crespo DC, Somoza GM, Carriquiriborde P. Intersex and liver alterations induced by long-term sublethal exposure to 17α-ethinylestradiol in adult male Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Pisces: Poeciliidae). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:1738-1745. [PMID: 27381300 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the responses of the gonopodium morphology and the gonadal and liver histology of adult male Cnesterodon decemmaculatus to sublethal long-term exposure concentrations of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). Two experiments were conducted exposing the fish to waterborne concentrations of EE2 ranging from 20 ng/L to 200 ng/L for 8 wk, 12 wk, and 16 wk. Intersex gonads were observed after 8 wk and 16 wk in fish exposed to 200 ng EE2/L and 100 ng EE2/L, respectively. Oocytes' development from testis germ cells and replacement of the efferent duct periodic acid-Schiff-positive secretion surrounding spermatozeugmata by parenchymal tissue and duct structure alterations were the major observed changes in the gonads. In contrast, no response was observed in the gonopodium morphology. Liver histology was also altered, showing increasing steatosis, single-cell necrosis to generalized necrosis, and disruption of acinar organization from 100 ng EE2/L to 200 ng EE2/L. In summary, the present results showed that although EE2 was not able to alter the morphology of a developed gonopodium, it was capable of inducing development of testicular oocytes in adult male C. decemmaculatus at environmentally relevant concentrations. Thus, externally normal but intersex C. decemmaculatus males would be expected in the wastewater-receiving streams that the species inhabits. According to the literature, the present study would be the first indicating estrogen-induced intersex in adult male poeciliid. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1738-1745. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Jonathan Young
- Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Carina López
- Laboratorio de Ictiofisiología y Acuicultura, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Sebastián Cristos
- Laboratorio de Contaminantes Químicos, Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diana Cristina Crespo
- Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Manuel Somoza
- Laboratorio de Ictiofisiología y Acuicultura, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro Carriquiriborde
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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23
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Vázquez-Euán R, Escalante-Herrera KS, Rodríguez-Fuentes G. Partial Gene Sequencing of CYP1A, Vitellogenin, and Metallothionein in Mosquitofish Gambusia yucatana and Gambusia sexradiata. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 98:41-45. [PMID: 27913826 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1994-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ground characteristics in the Yucatan Peninsula make recovery and treatment of wastewater very expensive. This situation has contributed to an increase of pollutants in the aquifer. Unfortunately, studies related to the effects of those pollutants in native organisms are scarce. The aim of this work was to obtain partial sequences of widely known genes used as biomarkers of pollutant effect in Gambusia yucatana and Gambusia sexradiata. The studied genes were: cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A); vitellogenin (VTG); metallothionein (MT), and two housekeeping genes, 18S and β-actin. From reported sequences of Gambusia affinis, primers were designed and amplification was done in the local Gambusia species exposed for 48 h to gasoline (100 µL/L, stirred for 24 h pre-exposure). Preliminary results revealed partial sequences of all genes with an approximate average length of 200 bp. BLAST analysis of found sequences indicated a minimum of 97% identity with reported sequences for G. affinis or Gambusia holbrooki showing great similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Vázquez-Euán
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, 97356, Sisal, YUC, Mexico
- CONACYT-Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, SON, Mexico
| | - Karla S Escalante-Herrera
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, 97356, Sisal, YUC, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Rodríguez-Fuentes
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, 97356, Sisal, YUC, Mexico.
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24
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Brockmeier EK, Scott PD, Denslow ND, Leusch FDL. Transcriptomic and physiological changes in Eastern Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) after exposure to progestins and anti-progestagens. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 179:8-17. [PMID: 27541482 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine active compounds (EACs) remain an important group of chemicals that require additional evaluation to determine their environmental impacts. While estrogens and androgens were previously demonstrated to impact organisms during environmental exposures, progestagens have recently been shown to have strong impacts on aquatic organisms. To gain an understanding of the impacts of these types of chemicals on aquatic species, experiments evaluating the mechanisms of action of progestagen exposure were conducted with the Eastern Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). The objective of this study was to conduct hepatic microarray analysis of male and female G. holbrooki exposed to progestins and anti-progestagens. In addition, we evaluated the ability of levonorgestrel, a synthetic progesterone (progestin), to induce anal fin elongation and to determine how anal fin growth is modulated during co-exposures with progesterone and androgen receptor antagonists. Gene expression analyses were conducted on male and female G. holbrooki exposed for 48h to the agonist levonorgestrel, the antagonist mifepristone, or a mixture of the two chemicals. Microarray analysis revealed that mifepristone does not act as an anti-progestagen in G. holbrooki in liver tissues, and that levonorgestrel elicits strong effects on the processes of embryo development and lipid transport. Levonorgestrel was also demonstrated to induce male secondary sexual characteristic formation in females, and co-exposure of either an androgen or levonorgestrel in the presence of the anti-androgen flutamide prevented anal fin elongation. These results provide indications as to the potential impacts of progestins, including non-target effects such as secondary sexual characteristic formation, and demonstrate the importance of this class of chemicals on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica K Brockmeier
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, PO Box 110885, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Philip D Scott
- Smart Water Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, PO Box 110885, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Smart Water Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia
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25
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Johnston TK, Perkins E, Ferguson DC, Cropek DM. Tissue explant coculture model of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-liver axis of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) as a predictive tool for endocrine disruption. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:2530-2541. [PMID: 26931821 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) can impact the reproductive system by interfering with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Although in vitro testing methods have been developed to screen chemicals for endocrine disruption, extrapolation of in vitro responses to in vivo action shows inconsistent accuracy. The authors describe a tissue coculture of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) HPG axis and liver (HPG-L) as a tissue explant model that mimics in vivo results. Brain (hypothalamus), pituitary, gonad, and liver tissue explants from adult fish were examined for function both individually and in coculture to determine combinations and conditions that could replicate in vivo behavior. Only cocultures had the ability to respond to an EDC, trenbolone, similarly to in vivo studies, based on estradiol, testosterone, and vitellogenin production trends, where lower exposure doses suppressed hormone production but higher doses increased production, resulting in distinctive U-shaped curves. These data suggest that a coculture system with all components of the HPG-L axis can be used as a link between in vitro and in vivo studies to predict endocrine system disruption in whole organisms. This tissue-based HPG-L system acts as a flexible deconstructed version of the in vivo system for better control and examination of the minute changes in system operation and response on EDC exposure with options to isolate, interrogate, and recombine desired components. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2530-2541. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa K Johnston
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, Illinois
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Edward Perkins
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Duncan C Ferguson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Donald M Cropek
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, Illinois.
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
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26
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Frankel TE, Meyer MT, Orlando EF. Aqueous exposure to the progestin, levonorgestrel, alters anal fin development and reproductive behavior in the eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 234:161-9. [PMID: 26795917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous progestogens are important regulators of vertebrate reproduction. Synthetic progestins are components of human contraceptive and hormone replacement pharmaceuticals. Both progestogens and progestins enter the environment through a number of sources, and have been shown to cause profound effects on reproductive health in various aquatic vertebrates. Progestins are designed to bind human progesterone receptors, but they also have been shown to strongly activate androgen receptors in fish. Levonorgestrel (LNG) activates fish androgen receptors and induces development of male secondary sex characteristics in females of other species. Although behavior has been postulated to be a sensitive early indicator of exposure to certain environmental contaminants, no such research on the reproductive behavior of gestagen-exposed fish has been conducted to date. The goal of our study was to examine the exposure effects of a human contraceptive progestin, LNG, on the reproductive development and behavior of the viviparous eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). Internal fertilization is a requisite characteristic of viviparous species, and is enabled by an androgen driven elongation of the anal fin into the male gonopodium (i.e., phallus). In this study, we exposed adult mosquitofish to ethanol (EtOH control), 10ng/L, and 100ng/L LNG for 8d using a static replacement exposure design. After 8d, a subset of males and females from each treatment were examined for differences in the 4:6 anal fin ratio. In addition, paired social interaction trials were performed using individual control males and control females or females treated 10ng/L or 100ng/L LNG. Female mosquitofish exposed to LNG were masculinized as evidenced by the elongation of the anal fin rays, a feature normal to males and abnormal to females. LNG caused significant increases in the 4:6 anal fin ratios of female mosquitofish in both the 10ng/L and 100ng/L treatments, although these differences were not significant between the two treatments. LNG caused significant increases in the 4:6 anal fin ratio of males exposed to 100ng/L, with no effects observed in the 10ng/L treatment. In addition, the reproductive behavior of control males paired with female mosquitofish exposed to 100ng/L LNG was also altered, for these males spent more time exhibiting no reproductive behavior, had decreased attending behavior, and a lower number of gonopodial thrusts compared to control males paired to control female mosquitofish. Given the rapid effects on both anal fin morphology and behavior observed in this study, the mosquitofish is an excellent sentinel species for the detection of exposure to LNG and likely other 19-nortestosterone derived contraceptive progestins in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler E Frankel
- University of Maryland, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, College Park 20742, USA.
| | - Michael T Meyer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory, 4821 Quail Crest Place, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
| | - Edward F Orlando
- University of Maryland, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, College Park 20742, USA
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27
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Pinto DP, Chivittz CC, Ferreira RS, Sopezki MS, Zanette J. Beta-naphthoflavone-inducedCYP1A expression in the guppy Jenynsia multidentata: Time-dependent response, anesthetic MS-222 effect and fin analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 113:38-44. [PMID: 25483370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) expression in fish is used as a biomarker of exposure to organic contaminants, such PAHs, PCBs and dioxins, in the aquatic environment. South American guppy fish Jenynsia multidentata were exposed to the prototypical aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist beta-naphthoflavone (BNF; 1μM) and the fins were biopsied to characterize different aspects of CYP1A induction. RTq-PCR was used to quantify CYP1A mRNA levels in fish tissues. CYP1A induction in the gill, liver and anal fin (gonopodium) occurred within the first hour of waterborne exposure to BNF and persisted throughout 2, 4, 8, 24, 48 and 96h compared to controls (DMSO vehicle; p<0.05). The organ-specific temporal pattern of induction was marked by mRNA levels consistently augment as duration of exposure increases and tend to a sustained induction from 24h to 96h for gill and liver (∼15-fold and ∼50-fold over control, respectively). In gonopodium, there was a maximum CYP1A mRNA level at 4h (∼34-fold over control). Basal CYP1A mRNA levels and its induction following BNF exposure were not affected by administration of a chemical anesthetic (fish immersion in 100mgl(-1) MS-222 for 2-5min) in the gill, liver, gonopodium, dorsal or tail fin (p<0.05). In an ex vivo assay, in which small pieces of biopsied fins were exposed to BNF for 4h, high CYP1A induction was observed in the tail and gonopodium (∼49-fold and ∼69-fold, respectively) but not in the dorsal fin compared to controls. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that a 1h waterborne exposure to an AHR agonist is sufficient to cause CYP1A induction in fish organs and fins. The present study added new information to the field regarding the use of MS-222 as an anesthetic on fish and the analysis of biopsied fins as an alternative non-lethalex vivo assay for evaluating the CYP1A biomarker in fish. This observation could be useful for planning fish toxicological bioassays and biomonitoring studies on the aquatic environments in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora P Pinto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Cíntia C Chivittz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Roger S Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Mauricio S Sopezki
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Juliano Zanette
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil.
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Liang YQ, Huang GY, Ying GG, Liu SS, Jiang YX, Liu S. Progesterone and norgestrel alter transcriptional expression of genes along the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish embryos-larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 167:101-7. [PMID: 25277675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of progestins on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in the early stage of zebrafish. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to progesterone (P4) or norgestrel (NGT) at 5, 50 and 100 ng L(-1) for 144 h post fertilization (hpf), and the transcriptional levels of target genes along the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis were determined daily. The results showed that P4 had only minor effects on the mRNA expression of thyroglobulin (Tg), iodothyronine deiodinase type Ι (Dio1) and thyroid hormone receptor β (Thrb) genes. Similarly, the effects of NGT on transcripts of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (Trh), Dio1, iodothyronine deiodinase type II (Dio2) and thyroid hormone receptor α (Thra) genes were generally low. In addition, NGT resulted in some alterations of Tg and Thrb transcripts at different time points. However, a strong induction of Nis mRNA by P4 and NGT was observed in zebrafish embryos-larvae. The overall results showed that besides Nis no effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis are observed following exposure to P4 and NGT, which imply that both P4 and NGT have potential effects on the thyroid endocrine system by inducing transcript of Nis gene during the early stage of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guo-Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yu-Xia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
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Liang YQ, Huang GY, Ying GG, Liu SS, Jiang YX, Liu S, Peng FJ. A time-course transcriptional kinetics of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes in zebrafish eleutheroembryos after exposure to norgestrel. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:112-119. [PMID: 25319565 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of norgestrel on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes in zebrafish eleutheroembryos. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations of norgestrel (0 ng L(-1) , 5 ng L(-1) , 50 ng L(-1) , and 100 ng L(-1) ) for 144 h post fertilization (hpf), and the transcriptional profiles of the HPG and HPA axes were examined every day. Norgestrel modulated the expression of Pgr and Vtg1 messenger (m)RNAs mainly at 96 hpf for all treatment groups. In addition, norgestrel strongly altered the expression of Cyp11a1 mRNA above 5 ng L(-1) (significant upregulation from 48 hpf to 120 hpf and significant downregulation for 144 hpf). Norgestrel treatment could significantly induce expression of Cyp19a1a, Cyp11b, Gnrh2, Gnrh3, and Lhb mRNAs but inhibit transcripts of Hsd11b2 and Crh genes above 5 ng L(-1) at different time points. The transcriptional expression levels of Esr1, Ar, Star, Hsd17b3, Fshb, and Pomc were also mediated by 5 ng L(-1) norgestrel or higher during different exposure periods. Taken together, the overall results imply that the transcriptional changes in zebrafish eleutheroembryos may pose a potential effect on embryonic development, in particular in the brain and gonadogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Brockmeier EK, Jayasinghe BS, Pine WE, Wilkinson KA, Denslow ND. Exposure to paper mill effluent at a site in North Central Florida elicits molecular-level changes in gene expression indicative of progesterone and androgen exposure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106644. [PMID: 25198161 PMCID: PMC4157789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are chemicals that negatively impact endocrine system function, with effluent from paper mills one example of this class of chemicals. In Florida, female Eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) have been observed with male secondary sexual characteristics at three paper mill-impacted sites, indicative of EDC exposure, and are still found at one site on the Fenholloway River. The potential impacts that paper mill effluent exposure has on the G. holbrooki endocrine system and the stream ecosystem are unknown. The objective of this study was to use gene expression analysis to determine if exposure to an androgen receptor agonist was occurring and to couple this analysis with in vitro assays to evaluate the presence of androgen and progesterone receptor active chemicals in the Fenholloway River. Focused gene expression analyses of masculinized G. holbrooki from downstream of the Fenholloway River paper mill were indicative of androgen exposure, while genes related to reproduction indicated potential progesterone exposure. Hepatic microarray analysis revealed an increase in the expression of metabolic genes in Fenholloway River fish, with similarities in genes and biological processes compared to G. holbrooki exposed to androgens. Water samples collected downstream of the paper mill and at a reference site indicated that progesterone and androgen receptor active chemicals were present at both sites, which corroborates previous chemical analyses. Results indicate that G. holbrooki downstream of the Fenholloway River paper mill are impacted by a mixture of both androgens and progesterones. This research provides data on the mechanisms of how paper mill effluents in Florida are acting as endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica K. Brockmeier
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EB); (ND)
| | - B. Sumith Jayasinghe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - William E. Pine
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Krystan A. Wilkinson
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Chicago Zoological Society, c/o Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nancy D. Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EB); (ND)
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Ogino Y, Hirakawa I, Inohaya K, Sumiya E, Miyagawa S, Denslow N, Yamada G, Tatarazako N, Iguchi T. Bmp7 and Lef1 are the downstream effectors of androgen signaling in androgen-induced sex characteristics development in medaka. Endocrinology 2014; 155:449-62. [PMID: 24248458 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgens play key roles in the morphological specification of male type sex attractive and reproductive organs, whereas little is known about the developmental mechanisms of such secondary sex characters. Medaka offers a clue about sexual differentiation. They show a prominent masculine sexual character for appendage development, the formation of papillary processes in the anal fin, which has been induced in females by exogenous androgen exposure. This current study shows that the development of papillary processes is promoted by androgen-dependent augmentation of bone morphogenic protein 7 (Bmp7) and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1 (Lef1). Androgen receptor (AR) subtypes, ARα and ARβ, are expressed in the distal region of outgrowing bone nodules of developing papillary processes. Development of papillary processes concomitant with the induction of Bmp7 and Lef1 in the distal bone nodules by exposure to methyltestosterone was significantly suppressed by an antiandrogen, flutamide, in female medaka. When Bmp signaling was inhibited in methyltestosterone-exposed females by its inhibitor, dorsomorphin, Lef1 expression was suppressed accompanied by reduced proliferation in the distal bone nodules and retarded bone deposition. These observations indicate that androgen-dependent expressions of Bmp7 and Lef1 are required for the bone nodule outgrowth leading to the formation of these secondary sex characteristics in medaka. The formation of androgen-induced papillary processes may provide insights into the mechanisms regulating the specification of sexual features in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Ogino
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O., I.H., E.S., S.M., T.I.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, and Department of Basic Biology (Y.O., I.H., E.S., S.M., T.I.), Faculty of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Biological Information (K.I.), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences (N.D.), Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; Department of Developmental Genetics (G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and National Institute for Environmental Studies (N.T.), Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
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Impacts of endocrine disrupting chemicals on reproduction in wildlife. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 753:55-70. [PMID: 25091906 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0820-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The European Environment Agency (The Weybridge + 15 (1996-2011) report. EEA Technical report, vol 2. Copenhagen, 2012) and the United Nations Environment programme together with the World Health Organisation (State of the science of endocrine disrupting chemicals-2012. Geneva, Switzerland) both recently published major and highly authoritative reviews of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the natural environment and their effects on reproduction and health in both humans and wildlife. One surprising conclusion to emerge from these reviews was that there are relatively few well documented reports of endocrine disruption (ED) in wild mammals, mainly because much of the available evidence is correlative and does not conclusively demonstrate that the chemicals in question cause the physiological and phenotypic problems attributed to them. However, based on strong evidence from studies of wild birds, reptiles, invertebrates, and laboratory animals, it is difficult to imagine that wild mammals would be the exception. This chapter is therefore included to emphasize the point that the role of reproductive science within wildlife conservation is much broader than a narrow focus on artificial breeding technologies.
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Brockmeier EK, Yu F, Amador DM, Bargar TA, Denslow ND. Custom microarray construction and analysis for determining potential biomarkers of subchronic androgen exposure in the Eastern Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). BMC Genomics 2013; 14:660. [PMID: 24074126 PMCID: PMC3852779 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) has the potential to become a bioindicator organism of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) due to its androgen-driven secondary sexual characteristics. However, the lack of molecular information on G. holbrooki hinders its use as a bioindicator coupled with biomarker data. While traditional gene-by-gene approaches provide insight for biomarker development, a holistic analysis would provide more rapid and expansive determination of potential biomarkers. The objective of this study was to develop and utilize a mosquitofish microarray to determine potential biomarkers of subchronic androgen exposure. To achieve this objective, two specific aims were developed: 1) Sequence a G. holbrooki cDNA library, and 2) Use microarray analysis to determine genes that are differentially regulated by subchronic androgen exposure in hepatic tissues of 17β-trenbolone (TB) exposed adult female G. holbrooki. RESULTS A normalized library of multiple organs of male and female G. holbrooki was prepared and sequenced by the Illumina GA IIx and Roche 454 XLR70. Over 30,000 genes with e-value ≤ 10⁻⁴ were annotated and 14,758 of these genes were selected for inclusion on the microarray. Hepatic microarray analysis of adult female G. holbrooki exposed to the vehicle control or 1 μg/L of TB (a potent anabolic androgen) revealed 229 genes upregulated and 279 downregulated by TB (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.05, FDR α = 0.05, fold change > 1.5 and < -1.5). Fifteen gene ontology biological processes were enriched by TB exposure (Fisher's Exact Test, p < 0.05). The expression levels of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 and zona pellucida glycoprotein 2 were validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (Student's t-test, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Coupling microarray data with phenotypic changes driven by androgen exposure in mosquitofish is key for developing this organism into a bioindicator for EDCs. Future studies using this array will enhance knowledge of the biology and toxicological response of this species. This work provides a foundation of molecular knowledge and tools that can be used to delve further into understanding the biology of G. holbrooki and how this organism can be used as a bioindicator organism for endocrine disrupting pollutants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica K Brockmeier
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Road, P,O, Box 110885, 32611 Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Saaristo M, Tomkins P, Allinson M, Allinson G, Wong BBM. An androgenic agricultural contaminant impairs female reproductive behaviour in a freshwater fish. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62782. [PMID: 23671634 PMCID: PMC3643955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a large group of environmental pollutants that can interfere with the endocrine system function of organisms at very low levels. One compound of great concern is trenbolone, which is widely used as a growth promoter in the cattle industry in many parts of the world. The aim of this study was to test how short-term (21-day) exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration of 17β-trenbolone (measured concentration 6 ng/L) affects reproductive behaviour and fin morphology in the eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). The mosquitofish is a sexually dimorphic livebearer with males inseminating females using their modified anal fin, the gonopodium, as an intromittent organ. Although the species has a coercive mating system, females are able to exert some control over the success of male mating attempts by selectively associating with, or avoiding, certain males over others. We found that females exposed to trenbolone approached males less and spent more time swimming away from males than non-exposed (control) females. By contrast, we found no difference in the behaviour of exposed and non-exposed males. Furthermore, exposure did not affect the anal fin morphology of males or females. This is the first study to demonstrate that exposure to an androgenic EDC can impair female (but not male) behaviour. Our study illustrates how anthropogenic contaminants can have sex-specific effects, and highlights the need to examine the behavioural responses of environmental contaminants in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Saaristo
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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