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Moreira Morais J, da Silva Brito R, Saiki P, Cirqueira Dias F, de Oliveira Neto JR, da Cunha LC, Lopes Rocha T, Bailão EFLC. Ecotoxicological assessment of UV filters benzophenone-3 and TiO 2 nanoparticles, isolated and in a mixture, in developing zebrafish ( Danio rerio). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38836411 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2362809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The increasing use of UV filters, such as benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), has raised concerns regarding their ecotoxicological effects on the aquatic environment. The aim of the present study was to examine the embryo-larval toxicity attributed to BP-3 or TiO2 NPs, either alone or in a mixture, utilizing zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model after exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of these compounds. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to BP-3 (10, 100, or 1000 ng/L) or TiO2 NPs (1000 ng/L) alone or in a mixture (BP-3 10, 100, or 1000 ng/L plus 1000 ng/L of TiO2 NPs) under static conditions for 144 hr. After exposure, BP-3 levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). BP-3 levels increased in the presence of TiO2 NPs, indicating that the BP-3 degradation decreased in the presence of the NPs. In addition, in the presence of zebrafish, BP-3 levels in water decreased, indicating that zebrafish embryos and larvae might absorb BP-3. Data demonstrated that, in general, environmentally relevant concentrations of BP-3 and TiO2 NPs, either alone or in a mixture, did not significantly induce changes in heart and spontaneous contractions frequencies, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), morphological and morphometric parameters as well as mortality rates during 144 hr exposure. However, the groups exposed to TiO2 NPs alone and in a mixture with BP-3 at 10 ng/L exhibited an earlier significant hatching rate than the controls. Altogether, the data indicates that a potential ecotoxicological impact on the aquatic environment exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssyca Moreira Morais
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Central Campus, State University of Goiás, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rafaella da Silva Brito
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Saiki
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Goiás (IFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Felipe Cirqueira Dias
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Carlos da Cunha
- Center for Toxic-Pharmacological Studies and Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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2
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Kavinda MD, Choi YH, Kang CH, Lee MH, Kim GY. 2,4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone: A Promising Anti-Inflammatory Agent Targeting Toll-like Receptor 4/Myeloid Differentiation Factor 2-Mediated Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Production during Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Systemic Inflammation. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1320-1334. [PMID: 38751626 PMCID: PMC11092117 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The biochemical properties of 2,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHP) have not been extensively studied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether DHP could alleviate inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and endotoxemia. The results indicated that DHP effectively reduced mortality and morphological abnormalities, restored heart rate, and mitigated macrophage and neutrophil recruitment to inflammatory sites in LPS-microinjected zebrafish larvae. Additionally, the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-12 (IL-12), was significantly reduced in the presence of DHP. In RAW 264.7 macrophages, DHP inhibited the LPS-induced inflammatory response by downregulating pro-inflammatory mediators and decreasing the expression of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), phosphorylation of IL-1 receptor-associated protein kinase-4 (p-IRAK4), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that DHP occupies the hydrophobic pocket of myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) and blocks the dimerization of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). A molecular dynamics simulation confirmed that DHP stably bound to the hydrophobic pocket of MD2. Furthermore, the DHP treatment inhibited mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production during the LPS-induced inflammatory response in both RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish larvae, which was accompanied by stabilizing mitochondrial membrane potential. In conclusion, our study highlights the therapeutic potential of DHP in alleviating LPS-induced inflammation and endotoxemia. The findings suggest that DHP exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the TLR4/MD2 signaling pathway and reducing the level of mtROS production. These results contribute to a better understanding of the biochemical properties of DHP and support its further exploration as a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory conditions and endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department
of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Republic
of Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Kang
- Nakdonggang
National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hwa Lee
- Nakdonggang
National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department
of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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3
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Ortiz-Román MI, Casiano-Muñiz IM, Román-Velázquez FR. Toxicity of UV Filter Benzophenone-3 in Brine Shrimp Nauplii ( Artemia salina) and Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Embryos. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:537-553. [PMID: 38804285 PMCID: PMC11130858 DOI: 10.3390/jox14020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The benzophenone (BP) family, including oxybenzone (BP-3), a prevalent sunscreen ingredient and environmental contaminant, has raised concerns since the year 2005. This study investigated oxybenzone toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) eleutheroembryos and brine shrimp (Artemia salina) nauplii, focusing on the LC50 and developmental impacts. Zebrafish embryos (0.100-1.50 mg/L BP-3, 96 h) and A. salina (0.100-5.00 mg/L BP-3, 48 h) were tested with ultrasound-assisted emulsified liquid-phase microextraction (UA-ELPME) used for zebrafish tissue analysis. HPLC-DAD determined BP-3 concentrations (highest: 0.74 ± 0.13 mg/L). Although no significant zebrafish embryo mortality or hatching changes occurred, developmental effects were evident. Lethal concentrations were determined (A. salina LC50 at 24 h = 3.19 ± 2.02 mg/L; D. rerio embryos LC50 at 24 h = 4.19 ± 3.60 mg/L), with malformations indicating potential teratogenic effects. A. salina displayed intestinal tract alterations and D. rerio embryos exhibited pericardial edema and spinal deformities. These findings highlight oxybenzone's environmental risks, posing threats to species and ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa I. Ortiz-Román
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, PR 00681, USA;
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4
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García-Márquez MG, Rodríguez-Castañeda JC, Agawin NSR. Effects of the sunscreen ultraviolet filter oxybenzone (benzophenone-3) on the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile and its associated N 2 fixers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170751. [PMID: 38336058 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Oxybenzone/benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is one of the most detrimental organic ultraviolet filters for marine biota, leading to legislative measures banning its presence in commercial sunscreen formulations of several countries. It remains poorly explored how this contaminant is currently threatening the persistence of critical ecosystems for conservation in the Mediterranean, such as Posidonia oceanica meadows, but it is essential for promoting sustainable coastal tourism. Our investigation aimed to determine the effects of BP-3 on P. oceanica under a short-term laboratory setup, recreating summer conditions while testing three environmentally relevant concentrations for Mallorca, Spain (minimum: 53.6 ng L-1, maximum: 557.5 ng L-1 and increased: 1115 ng L-1) and a control (0 ng L-1). Primary productivity was unaffected by the treatments, however, a reduction in leaf chlorophyll content and nitrogen fixation activity associated with rhizomes was evidenced under BP-3 addition. This may be related with oxidative damage, as reactive oxygen species production and catalase activity in P. oceanica leaves were the highest even at minimum BP-3 concentrations. Alkaline phosphatase rates showed inverted trends between old leaves and rhizomes, being enhanced in the former under BP-3 addition and reduced in the latter. These results are of great relevance for the future management of P. oceanica meadows, elucidating that even minimum concentrations of BP-3 reported in coastal waters of Mallorca can induce elevated levels of oxidative stress in the seagrass, that lead to impairments in its photosynthetic pigments production and supply of essential nutrients through belowground tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nona S R Agawin
- Marine Ecology and Systematics (MarES), Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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5
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Wang Y, Shang Y, Liu X, Chen X, Xu G, Lu G. Toxicity comparison of benzophenone-3 and its metabolite benzophenone-8 in different tissues of zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 268:106852. [PMID: 38310667 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is a commonly used ultraviolet absorber that has the potential to accumulate in organisms, leading to toxicity. Benzophenone-8 (BP-8) is one of the major metabolites of BP-3. In this study, zebrafish were exposed to different concentrations of BP-3 and BP-8 (1 μg/L, 30 μg/L, and 300 μg/L) to investigate their accumulation and toxic effects in various tissues, including zebrafish brain, gut, and liver. The analysis focused on neurotoxicity, oxidative damage, inflammation, and gene expressions. The results showed that both BP-3 and BP-8 accumulated in the tissues, with the highest concentration observed in the gut, followed by the liver and brain. BP-8 exhibited a stronger ability to accumulate. In the brain, exposure to 1 μg/L of BP-3 and BP-8 promoted cortisol production, while higher exposures (30 μg/L and 300 μg/L) inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity and suppressed cortisol production. In the gut, both BP-3 and BP-8 exposures disrupted oxidative stress, inflammatory immunity, and apoptosis functions. In the liver, BP-3 and BP-8 affected hepatic metabolism, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory immunity. Comparing gene expression in the brain, gut, and liver, it was found that BP-3 and BP-8 had a lower effect on gene expression in the brain, while the effect on the gut and liver was significantly higher. BP-8 generally had a higher effect than BP-3, which aligns with the observed accumulation pattern. These findings provide valuable insights for the risk assessment of BP-3 and BP-8 in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Yujia Shang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Guanhua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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6
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Doust SN, Haghshenas SA, Bishop EE, Risk MJ, Downs CA. Fine-scale geographic risk assessment of oxybenzone sunscreen pollution within Hanauma Bay using hydrodynamic characterization and modeling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167614. [PMID: 37804976 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Hanauma Bay's coral reef system is threatened by sunscreen pollution. Understanding the hydrodynamic nature of the bay is crucial for understanding the transport and fate of pollutants within the bay. This study conducted a comprehensive hydrodynamic analysis, revealing significant aspects of current patterns and their influence on sunscreen pollutant behavior. The analysis demonstrated the formation of flows that drive currents parallel to the shoreline, resulting in increased pollutant retention time over sensitive reef areas. Direct flushing currents were identified as playing a role in reducing pollution buildup. Particle dynamics analysis highlighted the importance of considering temporal dynamics and their implications for pollutant pathways, particularly through the swash zone during high tide phases. The study identified primary current patterns near the reef area and emphasized the circular behavior within the water body, affecting corals' susceptibility to bleaching in the southwestern part of Hanauma bay. To understand where oxybenzone concentrations were a threat to wildlife, we created a geographic model that integrated ecological risk assessment with hydrodynamic behavior in a given system, which we designate the Risk Quotient Plume - the geographic area where the concentration is above the threat level for a chemical. The study found high oxybenzone concentrations throughout the bay, threatening coral, fish, and algae populations. Oxybenzone's distribution indicated a serious threat to the entire back reef habitat and a hinderance to coral restoration efforts. The study also emphasizes the need to consider the hydrodynamic behavior of pollutants and their interaction with microplastics in the bay. Overall, the findings provide insights into hydrodynamics and pollutant dispersion in Hanauma Bay, supporting effective pollution management and conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadan Nasseri Doust
- Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, North Kargar Ave., Tehran 1439951113, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - S Abbas Haghshenas
- Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, North Kargar Ave., Tehran 1439951113, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Elizabeth E Bishop
- Friends of Hanauma Bay, P.O. Box 25761, Honolulu, HI 96825-07610, United States of America
| | - Michael J Risk
- School of Geography and Geology, McMaster University, N0G 1R0, Canada
| | - C A Downs
- Haereticus Environmental Laboratory, P.O. Box 92, Clifford, VA 24533, United States of America.
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7
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Jordão AC, Dos Santos GS, Teixeira TR, Gluzezak AJP, de Souza Azevedo CB, de Castro Pereira K, Tonani L, Gaspar LR, von Zeska Kress MR, Colepicolo P, Debonsi HM. Assessment of the photoprotective potential and structural characterization of secondary metabolites of Antarctic fungus Arthrinium sp. Arch Microbiol 2023; 206:35. [PMID: 38141073 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03756-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Interest in Antarctic fungi has grown due to their resilience in harsh environments, suggesting the presence of valuable compounds from its organisms, such as those presenting photoprotective potential, since this environment suffers the most dangerous UV exposure in the world. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the photoprotective potential of compounds from sustainable marine sources, specifically seaweed-derived fungi from Antarctic continent. These studies led to discovery of photoprotective and antioxidant properties of metabolites from Arthrinium sp., an endophytic fungus from Antarctic brown algae Phaeurus antarcticus. From crude extract, fractions A-I were obtained and compounds 1-6 isolated from E and F fractions, namely 3-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (1), (-)-orthosporin (2), norlichexanthone (3), anomalin B (4), anomalin A (5), and agonodepside B (6). Compounds 1, 2, and 6 were not previously reported in Arthrinium. Fraction F demonstrated excellent absorbance in both UVA and UVB regions, while compound 6 exhibited lower UVB absorbance, possibly due to synergistic effects. Fraction F and compound 6 displayed photostability and were non-phototoxic to HaCaT cells. They also exhibited antioxidant activity by reducing intracellular ROS production induced by UVA in keratinocyte monolayers and reconstructed human skin models (resulting in 34.6% and 30.2% fluorescence reduction) and did not show irritation potential in HET-CAM assay. Thus, both are promising candidates for use in sunscreens. It is noted that Fraction F does not require further purification, making it advantageous, although clinical studies are necessary to confirm its potential applicability for sunscreen formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Jordão
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Souza Dos Santos
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Thaiz Rodrigues Teixeira
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Disease, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University California San Diego, California, CA, USA
| | - Ana Júlia Pasuch Gluzezak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Bechuate de Souza Azevedo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina de Castro Pereira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ludmilla Tonani
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lorena Rigo Gaspar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Regina von Zeska Kress
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Pio Colepicolo
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hosana Maria Debonsi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Zuo Y, Chen C, Liu F, Hu H, Wen C, Dong S, Liao X, Cao Z, Shi X, Zhong Z, Chen J, Lu H. Benzophenone induces cardiac developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos by upregulating Wnt signaling. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140283. [PMID: 37775055 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone (BP) is found in many popular consumer products, such as cosmetics. BP potential toxicity to humans and aquatic organisms has emerged as an increased concern. In current study, we utilized a zebrafish model to assess BP-induced developmental cardiotoxicity. Following BP exposure, zebrafish embryos exhibited developmental toxicity, including increased mortality, reduced hatchability, delayed yolk sac absorption, and shortened body length. Besides, BP exposure induced cardiac defects in zebrafish embryos, comprising pericardial edema, reduced myocardial contractility and rhythm disturbances, and altered expression levels of cardiac developmental marker genes. Mechanistically, BP exposure disturbed the redox state and increased the level of apoptosis in zebrafish cardiomyocytes. Transcriptional expression levels of Wnt signaling genes, involving lef1, axin2, and β-catenin, were upregulated after BP treatment. Inhibition of Wnt signaling with IWR-1 could rescue the BP-induced cardiotoxicity in zebrafish. In summary, BP exposure causes cardiotoxicity via upregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Zuo
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200331, China
| | - Fasheng Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Center for Clinical Medicine Research of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongmei Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200331, China
| | - Chao Wen
- Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Center for Clinical Medicine Research of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Si Dong
- Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Center for Clinical Medicine Research of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinjun Liao
- Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Center for Clinical Medicine Research of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zigang Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Center for Clinical Medicine Research of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyun Shi
- Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Center for Clinical Medicine Research of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zilin Zhong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200331, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200331, China.
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Center for Clinical Medicine Research of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China.
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da Cunha Barros DG, Dos Santos Gonçalves do Nascimento GC, Okon C, Rocha MB, Santo DE, de Lima Feitoza L, Junior OV, da Silva Gonzalez R, de Souza DC, Peron AP. Benzophenone-3 sunscreen causes phytotoxicity and cytogenotoxicity in higher plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:112788-112798. [PMID: 37840079 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The benzophenone-3 (BP-3) sunscreen is recurrently released into the environment from different sources, however, evaluations of its adverse effects on plants do not exist in the literature. In this study, BP-3 was evaluated, at concentrations 2; 20, and 200 µg/L, regarding phytotoxicity, based on germination and root elongation in seeds, in Lactuca sativa L., Cucumis sativus L. and Allium cepa L., and phytotoxicity, cytogenotoxicity and oxidative stress in A. cepa bulb roots. The BP-3 concentrations, except for the 200 µg/L concentration in L. sativa, caused no significant reduction in seed germination. All concentrations tested significantly reduced the elongation of roots from seeds and roots from bulbs. The 20 and 200 µg/L concentrations caused oxidation in cells, disturbances in the cell cycle, and alterations in prophase and metaphase, as well as the induction of micronuclei, in A. cepa root meristems. Furthermore, the three concentrations induced a high number of prophases in root tips. Such disorders were caused by excess H2O2 and superoxide produced in cells due to exposure to BP-3, which triggered significant phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in root meristems. Thus, the recurrent contamination of agricultural and non-agricultural soils with BP-3, even at a concentration of 2 µg/L, represents an environmental risk for plants. These results point to the impending need to set limits for the disposal of this sunscreen into the environment since BP-3 has been used in industry for several decades.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caio Okon
- Chemical Engineering Course, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campo Mourão, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mylena Bathke Rocha
- Chemical Engineering Course, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campo Mourão, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Diego Espirito Santo
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Osvaldo Valarini Junior
- Academic Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campo Mourão, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Regiane da Silva Gonzalez
- Academic Department of Chemistry, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campo Mourão, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina de Souza
- Graduate Program in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Peron
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Technological Innovations, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Via Rosalina Maria Dos Santos, 1233. Campo Mourão, Curitiba, Paraná, Zip Code 87.301-899, Brazil.
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10
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Moreno-Ortiz G, Aguilar L, Caamal-Monsreal C, Noreña-Barroso E, Rosas C, Rodríguez-Fuentes G. Benzophenone-3 does not Cause Oxidative Stress or B-esterase Inhibition During Embryo Development of Octopus maya (Voss and Solís Ramírez, 1966). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 111:60. [PMID: 37903889 PMCID: PMC10615918 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is an active ingredient in sunscreen lotions and personal-care products that protects against the damaging effects of ultraviolet rays. Given its worldwide dissemination, it has been linked with harmful effects on aquatic biota; however, its impact is not fully understood calling for further studies. To understand the impacts on an important economically and ecologically species, we evaluated the toxicity of BP-3 during the embryonic development of Octopus maya. Embryos were exposed to increasing concentrations of up to 500 µg BP-3/L until hatching. Antioxidant enzyme activities, oxidative-stress indicators, and B-esterases activities were measured at different developmental phases (organogenesis, activation, and growth). There were no significant differences between treatments, suggesting the lack of production of toxic metabolites that may be related to a protective chorion, an underdeveloped detoxification system, and the experimental conditions that limited phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gissela Moreno-Ortiz
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, México
| | - Letícia Aguilar
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Yucatán, México
| | - Claudia Caamal-Monsreal
- Unidad Disciplinaria de Docencia e investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Yucatán, México
| | - Elsa Noreña-Barroso
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Yucatán, México
| | - Carlos Rosas
- Unidad Disciplinaria de Docencia e investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Yucatán, México
| | - Gabriela Rodríguez-Fuentes
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Yucatán, México.
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11
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Shetty N, Schalka S, Lim HW, Mohammad TF. The effects of UV filters on health and the environment. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2463-2471. [PMID: 37344707 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00446-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Sunscreens are an important means of protection against sunburns, dyspigmentation, photoaging, and photocarcinogenesis. Sunscreens come in a variety of formulations that can protect against ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, both UVB and ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation (broad-spectrum sunscreens), and UVB, UVA, and visible light (tinted broad-spectrum sunscreens). In the USA, there is currently a paucity of FDA-approved broad-spectrum filters on the market. Studies have identified the presence of multiple UV filters in water sources globally. Many laboratory studies have implicated the potential impact of UV filters on coral reef bleaching, the food chain, and human health. However, many of these studies are performed at concentrations that are much higher than those present in the natural environment. With increasing discussion surrounding the role of organic and inorganic UV filters as potential environmental pollutants over the past decade, approval of additional broad-spectrum filters would be an important means of alleviating the use of more controversial filters. The aim of this article is to review the effects of UV filters on health and the environment and explore potential adjunctive agents for photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayha Shetty
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, 3031 W. Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Sérgio Schalka
- Medcin Skin Research Center and Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute of São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, 3031 W. Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Tasneem F Mohammad
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, 3031 W. Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
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12
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Wang Y, Jiang S, Chen X, Liu X, Li N, Nie Y, Lu G. Comparison of developmental toxicity of benzophenone-3 and its metabolite benzophenone-8 in zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 258:106515. [PMID: 37011548 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) as one of frequently used organic UV filters has been considered an emerging pollutant due to its toxicities. Benzophenone-8 (BP-8) is one of the main metabolites of BP-3 in organisms. Current reports show that BP-8 may be more toxic than BP-3. However, difference of their toxicities on embryonic development has rarely been reported. In this study, zebrafish embryos were chosen as the target organism to explore the developmental toxicities of BP-3 and BP-8. Non-targeted metabolomic analysis was performed to compare their modes of action. Results showed that BP-8 exposures led to higher bioaccumulation and lower hatching rate of zebrafish larvae than BP-3. Both BP-8 and BP-3 exposures caused behavioral abnormalities of zebrafish larvae, but no significant difference was found between them. At the metabolome level, 1 μg/L BP-3 and 1 μg/L BP-8 exposures altered neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway and FoxO signaling pathway, respectively, which might be involved in the abnormal behaviors in zebrafish larvae. For higher exposure groups (30 and 300 μg/L), both BP-3 and BP-8 exposures changed metabolism of cofactors and vitamins of zebrafish larvae. Exposure of BP-3 altered the metabolism by pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis pathway, while BP-8 exposure changed riboflavin metabolism and folate biosynthesis. The above results indicated different modes of action of BP-3 and BP-8 in zebrafish embryonic development. This study sheds new light to biological hazards of BP-3 due to its metabolism in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Shengnan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Yang Nie
- Hangzhou Hydrology and Water Resources Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310016, PR China.
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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13
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Ma J, Yang B, Hu X, Gao Y, Qin C. The binding mechanism of benzophenone-type UV filters and human serum albumin: The role of site, number, and type of functional group substitutions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 324:121342. [PMID: 36828352 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-type UV filters (BPs) are common in natural aquatic environments. They can cause endocrine disruption or other adverse effects once they enter the human body via the food chain or drinking water. The primary cause of BPs accumulation and toxicity is the transport of BPs into the human body. Functional group substitutions can have a significant impact on the interactions of BPs and transporters, resulting in a variety of impact effects. Therefore, we explored the interaction between human serum albumin (HSA, a typical transporter) and ten typical BPs [benzophenone (BP1), 2-hydroxybenzophenone (BP2), 4-hydroxybenzophenone (BP3), 2,2'-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP4), 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP5), 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP6), 2,4,4'-trihydroxybenzophenone (BP7), 2,2',4,4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (BP8), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP9), and 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP10)] to study the role of functional group substitutions in binding. The results showed that BPs could bind to HSA at site 2, with binding constants ranging from 2.01 × 103 to 4.57 × 105 L/mol. Compared to BP1, hydroxyl and methoxy substitutions enhanced the BPs-HSA binding. The combined effect of the number and site of hydroxyl substitution at BPs determined the binding strength between BPs and HSA. It was more accessible to bind HSA when BPs were substituted with para-hydroxyl (4-hydroxyl) groups than with ortho-hydroxyl (2-hydroxyl) groups. Moreover, the additional para-methoxy (4-methoxy) group increased the BP-HSA binding strength by approximately 47 times under the same hydroxyl substitution conditions. Theoretical calculations revealed that functional group substitutions increased the intermolecular binding force by increasing the negative electrostatic potential surface area of BPs, which significantly increased the electrostatic and dispersion forces between the BPs and HSA. This BPs-HSA binding decreased the α-helix of HSA and influenced the ratio of other secondary structures, including β-sheet, β-turn, and random coil of HSA. This study provides a theoretical and experimental foundation for understanding the human health risks associated with BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Ma
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Bing Yang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Hu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Chao Qin
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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14
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Scheele A, Sutter K, Karatum O, Danley-Thomson AA, Redfern LK. Environmental impacts of the ultraviolet filter oxybenzone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160966. [PMID: 36535482 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic UV filters are emerging contaminants with increasing evidence of their negative impact on environmental health and water quality. One of the most common and environmentally relevant organic UV filters is oxybenzone (OBZ). While much of the initial focus has been on investigating the interaction of OBZ with coral reefs, there have been several recent studies that indicate that organic UV filters are affecting other environmental endpoints, including marine animals, algae, and plants. OBZ has been found to bioaccumulate in marine animals such as fish and mussels and then potentially acting as an endocrine disruptor. In plants, exposure to OBZ has been associated with decreased photosynthesis, inhibited seed germination, and impaired plant growth. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the environmental impacts of OBZ and suggest potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Scheele
- Department of Bioengineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Sutter
- Department of Bioengineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, United States of America
| | - Osman Karatum
- Department of Bioengineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, United States of America
| | - Ashley A Danley-Thomson
- Department of Bioengineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, United States of America
| | - Lauren K Redfern
- Department of Bioengineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, United States of America.
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15
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Chibwe L, De Silva AO, Spencer C, Teixera CF, Williamson M, Wang X, Muir DCG. Target and Nontarget Screening of Organic Chemicals and Metals in Recycled Plastic Materials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3380-3390. [PMID: 36787488 PMCID: PMC9979653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Increased demand for recycling plastic has prompted concerns regarding potential introduction of hazardous chemicals into recycled goods. We present a broad screening of chemicals in 21 plastic flake and pellet samples from Canadian recycling companies. From target analysis, the organophosphorus ester flame retardants and plasticizers exhibited the highest detection frequencies (DFs) (5-100%) and concentrations (<DL-4,700 ng/g), followed by brominated/chlorinated flame retardants (<DL-2,150 ng/g, 5-76% DFs). The perfluoroalkyl acids were least detected at the lowest concentrations (<0.01-0.70 ng/g, 5-19% DFs). Using nontargeted analysis, 217 chemicals were identified as Level 1 (authentic standard) or 2 (library match), with estimated individual concentrations up to 1030 ng/g (highest: 2-hexyl hydroxy benzoate, 100% DF). Total (Σ60) element concentrations were between 0.005 and 2,980 mg/kg, with highest concentrations for calcium (2,980 mg/kg), sodium (617 mg/kg), and iron (156 mg/kg). Collectively >280 chemicals were detected in recycled plastic pellets and flakes, suggesting potential incorporation into recycled goods. Individual concentrations indicate unintentional trace contamination following European Union threshold limits for recycled granules (500 mg/kg) and waste plastic flakes (1,000 mg/kg), although do not reflect toxicological thresholds, if any. Our study highlights that while recycling addresses sustainability goals, additional screening of goods and products made from recycled plastics is needed to fully document potentially hazardous chemicals and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Chibwe
- Aquatic
Contaminants Research Division, Environment
Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
- Institute
for Environmental Change and Society, University
of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Amila O. De Silva
- Aquatic
Contaminants Research Division, Environment
Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Christine Spencer
- Aquatic
Contaminants Research Division, Environment
Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Camilla F. Teixera
- Aquatic
Contaminants Research Division, Environment
Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Mary Williamson
- Aquatic
Contaminants Research Division, Environment
Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Xiaowa Wang
- Aquatic
Contaminants Research Division, Environment
Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Derek C. G. Muir
- Aquatic
Contaminants Research Division, Environment
Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
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16
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Wang X, Zhang J, Lu C, Liu Y, Yang X, Hou K, Du Z, Li B, Juhasz A, Zhu L. Development toxicity and cytotoxicity of pyroxsulam on embryos and adults of zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 319:121040. [PMID: 36632968 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pyroxsulam is a typical triazolopyrimidine sulfonamide herbicide, which plays a vital role in weed control for wheat production. Previous studies on pyroxsulam have mainly focused on weed resistance, control effects, and soil microorganisms, however, research on aquatic ecotoxicity is lacking. This study evaluated the toxicity of pyroxsulam in zebrafish embryos (120 h) and adults (14 and 28 d). Chronic exposure to pyroxsulam (0.2, 2, and 10 μg L-1) reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in embryos but increased ROS content in adults. Pyroxsulam caused lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in embryos and adults. The expression of p53, bcl-2/bax, and caspase 3/8/9 indicated that pyroxsulam inhibited apoptosis in embryos but induced apoptosis in adults. By calculating integrated biomarker response, apoptosis was more readily affected than oxidative damage in embryos and adults. The toxicity of pyroxsulam increased with increasing concentration, however, with increasing exposure time, the toxicity of pyroxsulam to adults decreased. Pyroxsulam exerted toxic effects on zebrafish at different life stages (embryos and adults), and different stages had different toxicity. These results indicate that in future studies on the toxicity of pyroxsulam to zebrafish, different life stages (embryos and adults) need to be studied. The present study evaluated the toxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of pyroxsulam to zebrafish embryos and adults, providing worthy data for assessing its effects on aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Chengbo Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Xiao Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Kaixuan Hou
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Albert Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China.
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17
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Benzophenones in the Environment: Occurrence, Fate and Sample Preparation in the Analysis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031229. [PMID: 36770896 PMCID: PMC9920342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of emerging contaminants in the environment is an issue of great concern. Notably, for some of them, no established regulation exists. Benzophenones are listed as emerging contaminants, which have been identified in the environment as well as in human fluids, such as urine, placenta, and breast milk. Their accumulation and stability in the environment, combined with the revealed adverse effects on ecosystems including endocrine, reproductive, and other disorders, have triggered significant interest for research. Benzophenones should be extracted from environmental samples and determined for environmental-monitoring purposes to assess their presence and possible dangers. Numerous sample preparation methods for benzophenones in environmental matrices and industrial effluents have been proposed and their detection in more complex matrices, such as fish and sludges, has also been reported. These methods range from classical to more state-of-the-art methods, such as solid-phase extraction, dispersive SPE, LLE, SBSE, etc., and the analysis is mostly completed with liquid chromatography, using several detection modes. This review critically outlines sample preparation methods that have been proposed to date, for the extraction of benzophenones from simple and complex environmental matrices and for cleaning up sample extracts to eliminate potential interfering components that coexist therein. Moreover, it provides a brief overview of their occurrence, fate, and toxicity.
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18
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Gautam K, Seth M, Dwivedi S, Jain V, Vamadevan B, Singh D, Roy SK, Downs CA, Anbumani S. Soil degradation kinetics of oxybenzone (Benzophenone-3) and toxicopathological assessment in the earthworm, Eisenia fetida. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113689. [PMID: 35718163 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A preponderance of recent evidence indicates that oxybenzone and other personal-care product chemicals threaten the biota inhabiting various ecological niches. What is understudied is the ecotoxicological impact of oxybenzone, a UV filter in sunscreens and anti-aging products, to terrestrial/soil organisms that are keystone species in these habitats. In the present study, acute exposure (14-day) to oxybenzone resulted in earthworm mortality (LC50 of 364 mg/kg) and growth rate inhibition. Environmentally relevant concentration of oxybenzone (3.64, 7.28 and 36.4 mg/kg) at exposures of 7-day, 14-day, 28-day induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity followed by perturbations in reproduction processes and changes in vital organs. Decreased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity were statistically lower than controls (p < 0.05) on day 14 for all three concentrations, while glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activity was significantly elevated from controls on days 7 and 14. On day 28, SOD and CAT activities were either not significantly different from the control or were higher, demonstrating a temporal multiphasic response of anti-oxidant enzymes. GST activity on day 28 was significantly reduced compared to controls. Acetylcholinesterase levels across the three-time points exhibited a complicated behaviour, with every exposure concentration being significantly different from the control. Chronic exposure negatively influences earthworm health status with elevated biomarker values analysed using IBRv2 index. This, in turn, impacted higher levels of hierarchical organization, significantly impairing reproduction and organismal homeostasis at the histological level and manifesting as decreasing cocoon formation and successful hatching events. Thus, the overall findings demonstrate that oxybenzone is toxic to Eisenia fetida at low-level, long-term exposure. Based on the concentration verification analysis and application of the EPA PestDF tool, oxybenzone undergoes single first-order kinetics degradation in OECD soil with DT50 and DT90 as 8.7-28.9 days, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Gautam
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Monika Seth
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shreya Dwivedi
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Veena Jain
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Beena Vamadevan
- Central Pathology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dhirendra Singh
- Central Pathology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Somendu K Roy
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - C A Downs
- Haereticus Environmental Laboratory, Clifford, VA, 24522, USA
| | - Sadasivam Anbumani
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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19
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Volk KR, Casabianca LB. Quantum mechanical study of interactions between sunscreen ingredients and nucleotide bases. J Mol Model 2022; 28:243. [PMID: 35925497 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the popular sunscreen ingredients oxybenzone and homosalate and DNA bases have been studied using density functional theory and ab initio methods. Low-energy structures for each sunscreen ingredient interacting with each nucleotide base in either a pi-stacked or hydrogen-bonded fashion were found. The binding energies are comparable to those for the Watson-Crick-Franklin Ade-Thy and Cyt-Gua pairs. Pi-stacked and hydrogen-bonded structures are comparable in energy, with hydrogen-bonded structures having a more negative counterpoise-corrected binding energy, while the final pi-stacked structures are lower in energy. This is due to a geometrical rearrangement required to form the hydrogen bonds that raise the total energy of the complex. It was also found that when using the M06-2X density functional, the STO-3G basis set favors hydrogen bonding, but 6-31G(d) and 6-31 + G(s) basis sets predict similar binding geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Volk
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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20
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Vuckovic D, Tinoco AI, Ling L, Renicke C, Pringle JR, Mitch WA. Conversion of oxybenzone sunscreen to phototoxic glucoside conjugates by sea anemones and corals. Science 2022; 376:644-648. [PMID: 35511969 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The reported toxicity of oxybenzone-based sunscreens to corals has raised concerns about the impacts of ecotourist-shed sunscreens on corals already weakened by global stressors. However, oxybenzone's toxicity mechanism(s) are not understood, hampering development of safer sunscreens. We found that oxybenzone caused high mortality of a sea anemone under simulated sunlight including ultraviolet (UV) radiation (290 to 370 nanometers). Although oxybenzone itself protected against UV-induced photo-oxidation, both the anemone and a mushroom coral formed oxybenzone-glucoside conjugates that were strong photo-oxidants. Algal symbionts sequestered these conjugates, and mortality correlated with conjugate concentrations in animal cytoplasm. Higher mortality in anemones that lacked symbionts suggests an enhanced risk from oxybenzone to corals bleached by rising temperatures. Because many commercial sunscreens contain structurally related chemicals, understanding metabolite phototoxicity should facilitate the development of coral-safe products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djordje Vuckovic
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amanda I Tinoco
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lorraine Ling
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christian Renicke
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John R Pringle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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21
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Wang N, He L, Sun X, Li X, Li M. The transformation of Benzophenone-3 in natural waters and AOPs: The roles of reactive oxygen species and potential environmental risks of products. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:127941. [PMID: 34865893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is a widespread emerging organic pollutant. However, little is known about the synergistic effect of various reactive oxygen species (ROS) in natural waters and wastewater treatment plants on its transformation. In this study, the indirect photochemical behavior of BP-3 in the natural aquatic environments and the degradation process in the AOPs system were investigated by theoretical chemistry calculations. Besides the potential eco-toxicity effects, health effects, and bioaccumulation of the transformation products were assessed by computational toxicology. Results of transformation mechanism and kinetics showed that OH· and 1O2 are the keys to the transformation of BP-3, whereas the role of HO2· and O3 can be ignored. AOPs based on OH· and 1O2 could lead to the rapid transformation of BP-3, while the transformation of BP-3 in natural waters is slow, and even environmental persistence can be observed. However, dissolved organic matter (DOM) promotes the indirect phototransformation of BP-3 in natural waters. A variety of transformation products are generated under the synergistic effects of ROS, H2O, and 3O2. Assessments of environmental risks indicated that the potential eco-toxicity and health effects of the main products are significantly lower than that of the parent BP-3. More importantly, low bioaccumulation of transformation products would not enlarge their eco-toxicity and health effects. This study not only gives valuable insights into the indirect phototransformation of BP-3 in natural waters but also provides theoretical support for the feasibility of BP-3 degradation in industrial wastewater by AOPs based on OH· and 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lin He
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, China.
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22
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Downs CA, Bishop E, Diaz-Cruz MS, Haghshenas SA, Stien D, Rodrigues AMS, Woodley CM, Sunyer-Caldú A, Doust SN, Espero W, Ward G, Farhangmehr A, Tabatabaee Samimi SM, Risk MJ, Lebaron P, DiNardo JC. Oxybenzone contamination from sunscreen pollution and its ecological threat to Hanauma Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132880. [PMID: 34780745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hanauma Bay is a 101-acre bay created by the partial collapse of a volcanic cone and once supported a vibrant coral reef system. It is the most popular swimming area in the Hawaiian Islands and has been reported to have averaged between 2.8 and 3.5 million visitors a year between the 1980s and the 2010s, with visitors averaging between 3000-4000 a day and peaking around 10,000-13,000 per day. Concentrations of oxybenzone and other common UV filters were measured in subsurface water samples and in sands from the beach-shower areas in Hanauma Bay. Results demonstrate that beach showers also can be a source of sunscreen environmental contamination. Hydrodynamic modeling indicates that oxybenzone contamination within Hanauma Bay's waters could be retained between 14 and 50 h from a single release event period. Focusing on only oxybenzone, two different Hazard and Risk Assessment analyses were conducted to determine the danger of oxybenzone to Hanauma Bay's coral reef system. Results indicate that oxybenzone contamination poses a significant threat to the wildlife of Hanauma Bay. To recover Hanauma Bay's natural resources to a healthy condition and to satisfactorily conserve its coral reef and sea grass habitats, effective tourism management policies need to be implemented that mitigate the threat of sunscreen pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Downs
- Haereticus Environmental Laboratory, P.O. Box 92, Clifford, VA, 2453, USA; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, USR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-mer, France.
| | - Elizabeth Bishop
- Friends of Hanauma Bay, P.O. Box 25761, Honolulu, HI, 96825-07610, USA
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center. Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Didier Stien
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, USR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Alice M S Rodrigues
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, USR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Cheryl M Woodley
- U.S. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Coral Disease & Health Program, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Ft. Johnson Rd. Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Adrià Sunyer-Caldú
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center. Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - William Espero
- Hawaii State Senate, Senate District 19, Hawaii State Capitol, 415 S. Beretania St. Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Gene Ward
- Hawaii State Legislature, House District 17, Hawaii State Capitol, 415 S. Beretania St. Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | | | | | - Michael J Risk
- Department of Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Philippe Lebaron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, USR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-mer, France
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23
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Do Single-Component and Mixtures Selected Organic UV Filters Induce Embryotoxic Effects in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)? WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13162203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UVs are important ingredients in common cosmetic products (e.g., sunscreens, hairsprays, soap). After their use, they can enter the aquatic ecosystem and negatively affect non-target aquatic organisms. The aim of our study was to evaluate acute embryotoxicity of selected organic UVs 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA), ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), octocrylene (OC), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) and benzophenone-3 (BP-3). The chemicals were tested both as a single substance and their mixtures. The types of mixtures were chosen as follows: the combination of OC and 4-MBC; the combination of PBSA, EHMC and BP-3 and the combination of all five UV filters. The embryotoxicity was evaluated using a modified method of the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity Test-OECD guideline 236 and zebrafish (Danio rerio) was selected as a suitable fish model organism. The toxic effects were studied by assessing mortality, hatching and the occurrence of malformations at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post fertilization. The obtained results indicate that especially the mixture of OC and 4-MBC presents a potential risk of embryotoxicity for zebrafish due to a significant increase in mortality, which was 41.7% in the experimental group exposed to 10 μg/L at 96 h post fertilization. Based on our results, the most effected sub-lethal endpoints were hatching and malformation (e.g., edema of pericard, bent spine, yolk edema), but with no statistically significant effect. These results differ within groups with single UVs and with their mixtures, suggesting the interaction of these substances when they are exposed together.
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