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Xu B, Anderson BM, Mountford SJ, Thompson PE, Mintern JD, Edgington-Mitchell LE. Cathepsin X deficiency alters the processing and localisation of cathepsin L and impairs cleavage of a nuclear cathepsin L substrate. Biol Chem 2024; 405:351-365. [PMID: 38410910 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Proteases function within sophisticated networks. Altering the activity of one protease can have sweeping effects on other proteases, leading to changes in their activity, structure, specificity, localisation, stability, and expression. Using a suite of chemical tools, we investigated the impact of cathepsin X, a lysosomal cysteine protease, on the activity and expression of other cysteine proteases and their inhibitors in dendritic cells. Among all proteases examined, cathepsin X gene deletion specifically altered cathepsin L levels; pro-cathepsin L and its single chain accumulated while the two-chain form was unchanged. This effect was recapitulated by chemical inhibition of cathepsin X, suggesting a dependence on its catalytic activity. We demonstrated that accumulation of pro- and single chain cathepsin L was not due to a lack of direct cleavage by cathepsin X or altered glycosylation, secretion, or mRNA expression but may result from changes in lysosomal oxidative stress or pH. In the absence of active cathepsin X, nuclear cathepsin L and cleavage of the known nuclear cathepsin L substrate, Lamin B1, were diminished. Thus, cathepsin X activity selectively regulates cathepsin L, which has the potential to impact the degree of cathepsin L proteolysis, the nature of substrates that it cleaves, and the location of cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangyan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, 2281 Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Bethany M Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, 2281 Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Simon J Mountford
- Medicinal Chemistry, 2541 Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Philip E Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry, 2541 Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Justine D Mintern
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, 2281 Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Laura E Edgington-Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, 2281 Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Deng Y, Fan Y, Wu D, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Huang Z, Gao Y. Relationship between Increased Plasma Levels of Legumain and Properties of Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque. Arq Bras Cardiol 2023; 120:e20230395. [PMID: 37909538 PMCID: PMC10593388 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20230395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many clinical studies have confirmed that legumain is closely related to atherosclerosis. Unfortunately, different conclusions have been reached, and analyses and studies on atherosclerotic plaque characteristics in patients with increased plasma levels of legumain are still lacking. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the correlation between legumain and coronary atherosclerotic plaque characteristics. METHODS A total of 81 patients with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CHD), including 43 patients with unstable angina (UA) and 38 patients with stable angina (SA), were screened by coronary angiography. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) was performed to evaluate the characteristics of coronary atherosclerotic plaques, and plasma legumain levels were also measured. Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS Legumain concentration was significantly higher in the two CHD subgroups than in the control group (all p<0.001). Legumain concentrations in the UA group were significantly higher than in the SA group (p=0.001). The plaque area, remodeling index (RI), and eccentricity index (EI) in the UA group were significantly higher than those in the SA group (p<0.001, p=0.001, p=0.001, respectively). There was a significant positive correlation between legumain levels and RI and EI in both UA and SA patients (all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS High plasma levels of legumain were closely related to the occurrence and severity of CHD, and the lesions tended to be unstable. Legumain is expected to be a potential inflammatory biomarker for the diagnosis of CHD and the early identification of unstable coronary lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Deng
- Department of CardiologyTianjin Medical UniversityGeneral HospitalTianjinChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin – China
- Department of CardiologyEmergency General HospitalBeijingChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Emergency General Hospital, Beijing – China
| | - Yudong Fan
- Department of CardiologyEmergency General HospitalBeijingChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Emergency General Hospital, Beijing – China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of CardiologyEmergency General HospitalBeijingChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Emergency General Hospital, Beijing – China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- Department of CardiologyEmergency General HospitalBeijingChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Emergency General Hospital, Beijing – China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Department of CardiologyEmergency General HospitalBeijingChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Emergency General Hospital, Beijing – China
| | - Zhiping Huang
- Department of CardiologyEmergency General HospitalBeijingChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Emergency General Hospital, Beijing – China
| | - Yuxia Gao
- Department of CardiologyTianjin Medical UniversityGeneral HospitalTianjinChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin – China
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Solberg R, Lunde NN, Forbord KM, Okla M, Kassem M, Jafari A. The Mammalian Cysteine Protease Legumain in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415983. [PMID: 36555634 PMCID: PMC9788469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine protease legumain (also known as asparaginyl endopeptidase or δ-secretase) is the only known mammalian asparaginyl endopeptidase and is primarily localized to the endolysosomal system, although it is also found extracellularly as a secreted protein. Legumain is involved in the regulation of diverse biological processes and tissue homeostasis, and in the pathogenesis of various malignant and nonmalignant diseases. In addition to its proteolytic activity that leads to the degradation or activation of different substrates, legumain has also been shown to have a nonproteolytic ligase function. This review summarizes the current knowledge about legumain functions in health and disease, including kidney homeostasis, hematopoietic homeostasis, bone remodeling, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, fibrosis, aging and senescence, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In addition, this review addresses the effects of some marketed drugs on legumain. Expanding our knowledge on legumain will delineate the importance of this enzyme in regulating physiological processes and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigmor Solberg
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (A.J.); Tel.: +47-22-857-514 (R.S.); +45-35-337-423 (A.J.)
| | - Ngoc Nguyen Lunde
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Karl Martin Forbord
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Meshail Okla
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (A.J.); Tel.: +47-22-857-514 (R.S.); +45-35-337-423 (A.J.)
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4
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Elamin T, Santos NP, Briza P, Brandstetter H, Dall E. Structural and functional studies of legumain-mycocypin complexes revealed a competitive, exosite-regulated mode of interaction. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102502. [PMID: 36116553 PMCID: PMC9579014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Under pathophysiologic conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and cancer, the endolysosomal cysteine protease legumain was found to translocate to the cytosol, the nucleus, and the extracellular space. These noncanonical localizations demand for a tight regulation of legumain activity, which is in part conferred by protein inhibitors. While there is a significant body of knowledge on the interaction of human legumain with endogenous cystatins, only little is known on its regulation by fungal mycocypins. Mycocypins are characterized by (i) versatile, plastic surface loops allowing them to inhibit different classes of enzymes and (ii) a high resistance toward extremes of pH and temperature. These properties make mycocypins attractive starting points for biotechnological and medical applications. In this study, we show that mycocypins utilize an adaptable reactive center loop to target the active site of legumain in a substrate-like manner. The interaction was further stabilized by variable, isoform-specific exosites, converting the substrate recognition into inhibition. Additionally, we found that selected mycocypins were capable of covalent complex formation with legumain by forming a disulfide bond to the active site cysteine. Furthermore, our inhibition studies with other clan CD proteases suggested that mycocypins may serve as broad-spectrum inhibitors of clan CD proteases. Our studies uncovered the potential of mycocypins as a new scaffold for drug development, providing the basis for the design of specific legumain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Elamin
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Naiá P Santos
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elfriede Dall
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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Liao J, Chen G, Liu X, Wei ZZ, Yu SP, Chen Q, Ye K. C/EBPβ/AEP signaling couples atherosclerosis to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3034-3046. [PMID: 35422468 PMCID: PMC9912845 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (ATH) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are both age-dependent inflammatory diseases, associated with infiltrated macrophages and vascular pathology and overlapping molecules. C/EBPβ, an Aβ or inflammatory cytokine-activated transcription factor, and AEP (asparagine endopeptidase) are intimately implicated in both ATH and AD; however, whether C/EBPβ/AEP signaling couples ATH to AD pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. Here we show that C/EBPβ/AEP pathway mediates ATH pathology and couples ATH to AD. Deletion of C/EBPβ or AEP from primary macrophages diminishes cholesterol load, and inactivation of this pathway reduces foam cell formation and lesions in aorta in ApoE-/- mice, fed with HFD (high-fat-diet). Knockout of ApoE from 3xTg AD mouse model augments serum LDL and increases lesion areas in the aorta. Depletion of C/EBPβ or AEP from 3xTg/ApoE-/- mice substantially attenuates these effects and elevates cerebral blood flow and vessel length, improving cognitive functions. Strikingly, knockdown of ApoE from the hippocampus of 3xTg mice decreases the cerebral blood flow and vessel length and aggravates AD pathologies, leading to cognitive deficits. Inactivation of C/EBPβ/AEP pathway alleviates these events and restores cognitive functions. Hence, our findings demonstrate that C/EBPβ/AEP signaling couples ATH to AD via mediating vascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Liao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Guiqin Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zheng Zachory Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Qianxue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Pan L, Bai P, Weng X, Liu J, Chen Y, Chen S, Ma X, Hu K, Sun A, Ge J. Legumain Is an Endogenous Modulator of Integrin αvβ3 Triggering Vascular Degeneration, Dissection, and Rupture. Circulation 2022; 145:659-674. [PMID: 35100526 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.056640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is closely related to extracellular matrix degradation and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) transformation from contractile to synthetic type. LGMN (legumain) degrades extracellular matrix components directly or by activating downstream signals. The role of LGMN in VSMC differentiation and the occurrence of TAD remains elusive. METHODS Microarray datasets concerning vascular dissection or aneurysm were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to screen differentially expressed genes. Four-week-old male Lgmn knockout mice (Lgmn-/-), macrophage-specific Lgmn knockout mice (LgmnF/F;LysMCre), and RR-11a-treated C57BL/6 mice were given BAPN (β-aminopropionitrile monofumarate; 1 g/kg/d) in drinking water for 4 weeks for TAD modeling. RNA sequencing analysis was performed to recapitulate transcriptome profile changes. Cell interaction was examined in macrophage and VSMC coculture system. The reciprocity of macrophage-derived LGMN with integrin αvβ3 in VSMCs was tested by coimmunoprecipitation assay and colocalization analyses. RESULTS Microarray datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus database indicated upregulated LGMN in aorta from patients with TAD and mice with angiotensin II-induced AAA. Elevated LGMN was evidenced in aorta and sera from patients with TAD and mice with BAPN-induced TAD. BAPN-induced TAD progression was significantly ameliorated in Lgmn-deficient or inhibited mice. Macrophage-specific deletion of Lgmn alleviated BAPN-induced extracellular matrix degradation. Unbiased profiler polymerase chain reaction array and Gene Ontology analysis displayed that LGMN regulated VSMC phenotype transformation. Macrophage-specific deletion of Lgmn ameliorated VSMC phenotypic switch in BAPN-treated mice. Macrophage-derived LGMN inhibited VSMC differentiation in vitro as assessed by macrophages and the VSMC coculture system. Macrophage-derived LGMN bound to integrin αvβ3 in VSMCs and blocked integrin αvβ3, thereby attenuating Rho GTPase activation, downregulating VSMC differentiation markers and eventually exacerbating TAD development. ROCK (Rho kinase) inhibitor Y-27632 reversed the protective role of LGMN depletion in vascular dissection. CONCLUSIONS LGMN signaling may be a novel target for the prevention and treatment of TAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Pan
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.P., S.C., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Peiyuan Bai
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Xinyu Weng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Yingjie Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (Y.C.)
| | - Siqin Chen
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.P., S.C., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Xiurui Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Aijun Sun
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.P., S.C., A.S., J.G.).,Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Junbo Ge
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.P., S.C., A.S., J.G.).,Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
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Wei W, Chen S, Huang J, Tong Y, Zhang J, Qiu X, Zhang W, Chen H, Huang R, Cai J, Tu M. Serum Legumain Is Associated with Peripheral Artery Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:5651469. [PMID: 34961842 PMCID: PMC8710170 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5651469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legumain is related to carotid atherosclerotic plaques and may be a new biomarker of carotid atherosclerosis. However, the association between legumain and peripheral artery disease (PAD) of lower extremity has been less studied. This study is aimed at exploring the potential link between legumain and PAD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 483 hospitalized T2DM patients. The serum legumain level was measured by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. PAD was evaluated by color Doppler sonography. The association between legumain and PAD was tested by logistic regression. The predictive power of legumain for PAD was evaluated with the receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS Overall, 201 (41.6%) patients suffered from PAD. Patients with PAD had significantly higher serum legumain level than those without PAD [11.9 (6.3, 17.9) μg/L vs. 7.6 (3.2, 14.2) μg/L, p < 0.001]. Logistic regression showed that a higher serum legumain level was independently associated with a greater risk of PAD in T2DM patients [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.03; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.06]. The area under the ROC curve was 0.634 (95% CI, 0.585 to 0.684). CONCLUSION High serum legumain level was significantly correlated with an increased risk of PAD in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shujin Chen
- Department of Ultrasonography, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Jianqing Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Yan Tong
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Jushun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Xiuping Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Wenrui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hangju Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Jin Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Mei Tu
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
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Legumain is a predictor of all-cause mortality and potential therapeutic target in acute myocardial infarction. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1014. [PMID: 33243972 PMCID: PMC7691341 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic impact of extracellular matrix (ECM) modulation and its regulatory mechanism post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI), require further clarification. Herein, we explore the predictive role of legumain—which showed the ability in ECM degradation—in an AMI patient cohort and investigate the underlying mechanisms. A total of 212 AMI patients and 323 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Moreover, AMI was induced in mice by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery and fibroblasts were adopted for mechanism analysis. Based on the cut-off value for the receiver-operating characteristics curve, AMI patients were stratified into low (n = 168) and high (n = 44) plasma legumain concentration (PLG) groups. However, PLG was significantly higher in AMI patients than that in the healthy controls (median 5.9 μg/L [interquartile range: 4.2–9.3 μg/L] vs. median 4.4 μg/L [interquartile range: 3.2–6.1 μg/L], P < 0.001). All-cause mortality was significantly higher in the high PLG group compared to that in the low PLG group (median follow-up period, 39.2 months; 31.8% vs. 12.5%; P = 0.002). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that high PLG was associated with increased all-cause mortality after adjusting for clinical confounders (HR = 3.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.4–7.0, P = 0.005). In accordance with the clinical observations, legumain concentration was also increased in peripheral blood, and infarcted cardiac tissue from experimental AMI mice. Pharmacological blockade of legumain with RR-11a, improved cardiac function, decreased cardiac rupture rate, and attenuated left chamber dilation and wall thinning post-AMI. Hence, plasma legumain concentration is of prognostic value in AMI patients. Moreover, legumain aggravates cardiac remodelling through promoting ECM degradation which occurs, at least partially, via activation of the MMP-2 pathway.
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Ren YC, Zhao Q, He Y, Li B, Wu Z, Dai J, Wen L, Wang X, Hu G. Legumain promotes fibrogenesis in chronic pancreatitis via activation of transforming growth factor β1. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:863-874. [PMID: 32415356 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a major risk factor for pancreatic cancer; however, little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the development of CP. Legumain (Lgmn) has been linked to some chronic inflammatory diseases. The present study investigated the role of legumain in pancreatic fibrogenesis. We induced CP in wild type C57BL6 (WT), Lgmn-deficient (Lgmn-/-), Lgmnflox/flox and Lgmnflox/flox × LysMCre mice by intraperitoneal injection of caerulein for 4 weeks. Pancreata were collected and analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and histology. Pancreatic stellate cells and macrophages were isolated and studied using immunofluorescence, gelatin zymography, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effects of inhibition of legumain were investigated in vivo by administration of the specific legumain inhibitor, RR-11a. Legumain was found to be upregulated in the serum and pancreatic tissues of mice with caerulein-induced CP. Mice with global and macrophage-specific legumain deficiency exhibited significantly reduced development of pancreatic fibrosis compared with control mice, based on pancreas size, histology, and expression of fibrosis-associated genes. Our results indicate that legumain promotes activation of pancreatic stellate cells and increases synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins via activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2), which hydrolyzes the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) precursor to form active TGF-β1. Administration of RR-11a markedly attenuated pancreatic fibrosis in mice with CP. Deficiency or inhibition of legumain significantly reduces the severity of pancreatic fibrosis by suppressing activation of the TGF-β1 precursor. Our results highlight the potential of legumain as a novel therapeutic target for CP. KEY MESSAGES: • Legumain expression was markedly upregulated in CP mice. • Deletion of legumain attenuated pancreatic fibrosis in CP mice. • Legumain promotes fibrosis via MMP-2 activation, which hydrolyzed the TGF-β1 precursor to the active form. • Legumain is a potential therapeutic target for the management of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chun Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Qiuyan Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zengkai Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Juanjuan Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xingpeng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Guoyong Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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10
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de Jager SC, Hoefer IE. Legumain in cardiovascular disease: Culprit or ally? Atherosclerosis 2020; 296:66-67. [PMID: 32014264 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia C de Jager
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Imo E Hoefer
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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11
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Tang Q, Wang W, Zhang L, Liu Y. Cloning, purification and biochemical characterization of recombinant Cathepsin L from Takifugu rubripes and its role in taste formation. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-019-00122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Lunde NN, Gregersen I, Ueland T, Shetelig C, Holm S, Kong XY, Michelsen AE, Otterdal K, Yndestad A, Broch K, Gullestad L, Nyman TA, Bendz B, Eritsland J, Hoffmann P, Skagen K, Gonçalves I, Nilsson J, Grenegård M, Poreba M, Drag M, Seljeflot I, Sporsheim B, Espevik T, Skjelland M, Johansen HT, Solberg R, Aukrust P, Björkbacka H, Andersen GØ, Halvorsen B. Legumain is upregulated in acute cardiovascular events and associated with improved outcome - potentially related to anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages. Atherosclerosis 2019; 296:74-82. [PMID: 31870625 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We have previously found increased levels of the cysteine protease legumain in plasma and plaques from patients with carotid atherosclerosis. This study further investigated legumain during acute cardiovascular events. METHODS Circulating levels of legumain from patients and legumain released from platelets were assessed by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay. Quantitative PCR and immunoblotting were used to study expression, while localization was visualized by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In the SUMMIT Malmö cohort (n = 339 with or without type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease [CVD], and 64 healthy controls), the levels of circulating legumain were associated with the presence of CVD in non-diabetics, with no relation to outcome. In symptomatic carotid plaques and in samples from both coronary and intracerebral thrombi obtained during acute cardiovascular events, legumain was co-localized with macrophages in the same regions as platelets. In vitro, legumain was shown to be present in and released from platelets upon activation. In addition, THP-1 macrophages exposed to releasate from activated platelets showed increased legumain expression. Interestingly, primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with recombinant legumain promoted anti-inflammatory responses. Finally, in a STEMI population (POSTEMI; n = 272), patients had significantly higher circulating legumain before and immediately after percutaneous coronary intervention compared with healthy controls (n = 67), and high levels were associated with improved outcome. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate for the first time that legumain is upregulated during acute cardiovascular events and is associated with improved outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Nguyen Lunde
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ida Gregersen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christian Shetelig
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xiang Yi Kong
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annika E Michelsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Otterdal
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Yndestad
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaspar Broch
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway and Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Gullestad
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway and Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Bendz
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Eritsland
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pavel Hoffmann
- Section of Interventional Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karolina Skagen
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Malmö Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Malmö Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Marcin Poreba
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Drag
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Sporsheim
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mona Skjelland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Thidemann Johansen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rigmor Solberg
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Malmö Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Geir Øystein Andersen
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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13
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Umei TC, Kishimoto Y, Aoyama M, Saita E, Niki H, Ikegami Y, Ohmori R, Kondo K, Momiyama Y. High Plasma Levels of Legumain in Patients with Complex Coronary Lesions. J Atheroscler Thromb 2019; 27:711-717. [PMID: 31735728 PMCID: PMC7406406 DOI: 10.5551/jat.52027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The degradation of the vascular extracellular matrix is important for atherosclerosis. The cysteine protease legumain was shown to be upregulated in atherosclerotic plaques, especially unstable plaques. However, no study has reported blood legumain levels in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: We investigated plasma legumain and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in 372 patients undergoing elective coronary angiography. Results: CAD was found in 225 patients. Compared with patients without CAD, those with CAD had higher CRP levels (median 0.60 [0.32, 1.53] vs. 0.46 [0.22, 0.89] mg/L, P < 0.001), but no difference was found in legumain levels between patients with and without CAD (median 5.08 [3.87, 6.82] vs. 4.99 [3.84, 6.88] ng/mL). A stepwise increase in CRP was found depending on the number of > 50% stenotic vessels: 0.55 mg/L in 1-vessel, 0.71 mg/L in 2-vessel, and 0.86 mg/L in 3-vessel diseases (P < 0.001). However, legumain did not differ among 1-, 2-, and 3-vessel diseases (5.20, 4.93, and 5.01 ng/mL, respectively). Of 225 patients with CAD, 40 (18%) had complex lesions. No difference was found in CRP levels between patients with CAD with and without complex lesions (0.60 [0.34, 1.53] vs. 0.60 [0.32, 1.51] mg/L). Notably, legumain levels were higher in patients with CAD with complex lesions than without such lesions (6.05 [4.64, 8.64] vs. 4.93 [3.76, 6.52] ng/mL, P < 0.01). In multivariate analysis, legumain levels were not a factor for CAD, but were a factor for complex lesions. The odds ratio for complex lesions was 2.45 (95% CI = 1.26–4.79) for legumain > 5.5 ng/mL. Conclusion: Plasma legumain levels were associated with the presence of complex coronary lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko C Umei
- Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center
| | - Yoshimi Kishimoto
- Endowed Research Department "Food for Health", Ochanomizu University
| | - Masayuki Aoyama
- Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center
| | - Emi Saita
- Endowed Research Department "Food for Health", Ochanomizu University
| | - Hanako Niki
- Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center
| | - Yukinori Ikegami
- Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center
| | - Reiko Ohmori
- Faculty of Regional Design, Utsunomiya University
| | - Kazuo Kondo
- Endowed Research Department "Food for Health", Ochanomizu University.,Institute of Life Innovation Studies, Toyo University
| | - Yukihiko Momiyama
- Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center
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14
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Lunde NN, Bosnjak T, Solberg R, Johansen HT. Mammalian legumain – A lysosomal cysteine protease with extracellular functions? Biochimie 2019; 166:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Legumain Promotes Atherosclerotic Vascular Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092195. [PMID: 31060209 PMCID: PMC6539540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumain, a recently discovered cysteine protease, is increased in both carotid plaques and plasma of patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Legumain increases the migration of human monocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). However, the causal relationship between legumain and atherosclerosis formation is not clear. We assessed the expression of legumain in aortic atheromatous plaques and after wire-injury-induced femoral artery neointimal thickening and investigated the effect of chronic legumain infusion on atherogenesis in Apoe-/- mice. We also investigated the associated cellular and molecular mechanisms in vitro, by assessing the effects of legumain on inflammatory responses in HUVECs and THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages; macrophage foam cell formation; and migration, proliferation, and extracellular matrix protein expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). Legumain was expressed at high levels in atheromatous plaques and wire injury-induced neointimal lesions in Apoe-/- mice. Legumain was also expressed abundantly in THP-1 monocytes, THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages, HASMCs, and HUVECs. Legumain suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced mRNA expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1), but potentiated the expression of interleukin-6 (IL6) and E-selectin (SELE) in HUVECs. Legumain enhanced the inflammatory M1 phenotype and oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced foam cell formation in macrophages. Legumain did not alter the proliferation or apoptosis of HASMCs, but it increased their migration. Moreover, legumain increased the expression of collagen-3, fibronectin, and elastin, but not collagen-1, in HASMCs. Chronic infusion of legumain into Apoe-/- mice potentiated the development of atherosclerotic lesions, accompanied by vascular remodeling, an increase in the number of macrophages and ASMCs, and increased collagen-3 expression in plaques. Our study provides the first evidence that legumain contributes to the induction of atherosclerotic vascular remodeling.
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16
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Freeley S, Cardone J, Günther SC, West EE, Reinheckel T, Watts C, Kemper C, Kolev MV. Asparaginyl Endopeptidase (Legumain) Supports Human Th1 Induction via Cathepsin L-Mediated Intracellular C3 Activation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2449. [PMID: 30405635 PMCID: PMC6207624 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autocrine activation of the complement receptors C3aR and CD46 by complement activation components C3a and C3b produced through C3 cleavage by the protease cathepsin L (CTSL) during T cell stimulation is a requirement for IFN-γ production and Th1 induction in human CD4+ T cells. Thus, lack of autocrine CD46 activation, such as in CD46-deficient patients, is associated with defective Th1 responses and recurrent infections. We have identified LGMN [the gene coding for legumain, also known as asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP)] as one of the key genes induced by CD46 co-stimulation during human CD4+ T cell activation. AEP processes and activates a range of proteins, among those α1-thymosin and CTSL, which both drive intrinsically Th1 activity-but has so far not been described to be functionally active in human T cells. Here we found that pharmacological inhibition of AEP during activation of human CD4+ T cells reduced CTSL activation and the CTSL-mediated generation of intracellular C3a. This translated into a specific reduction of IFN-γ production without affecting cell proliferation or survival. In line with these findings, CD4+ T cells isolated from Lgmn -/- mice also displayed a specific defect in IFN-γ secretion and Th1 induction. Furthermore, we did not observe a role for AEP-driven autocrine α1-thymosin activation in T cell-derived IFN-γ production. These data suggest that AEP is an "upstream" activator of the CTSL-C3-IFN-γ axis in human CD4+ T cells and hence an important supporter of human Th1 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Freeley
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Cardone
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sira C Günther
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Institut für Medizinische Virologie, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erin E West
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Colin Watts
- Division of Cell Signaling & Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Kemper
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martin V Kolev
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
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17
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Huisman M, Kodanko JP, Arora K, Herroon M, Alnaed M, Endicott J, Podgorski I, Kodanko JJ. Affinity-Enhanced Luminescent Re(I)- and Ru(II)-Based Inhibitors of the Cysteine Protease Cathepsin L. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:7881-7891. [PMID: 29882662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two new Re(I)- and Ru(II)-based inhibitors were synthesized with the formulas [Re(phen)(CO)3(1)](OTf) (7; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, OTf = trifluoromethanesulfonate) and [Ru(bpy)2(2)](Cl)2 (8; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), where 1 and 2 are the analogues of CLIK-148, an epoxysuccinyl-based cysteine cathepsin L inhibitor (CTSL). Compounds 7 and 8 were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis; 7 and 8 both show exceptionally long excited state lifetimes. Re(I)-based complex 7 inhibits CTSL in the low nanomolar range, affording a greater than 16-fold enhancement of potency relative to the free inhibitor 1 with a second-order rate constant of 211000 ± 42000 M-1 s-1. Irreversible ligation of 7 to papain, a model of CTSL, was analyzed with mass spectroscopy, and the major peak shown at 24283 au corresponds to that of papain-1-Re(CO)3(phen). Compound 7 was well tolerated by DU-145 prostate cancer cells, with toxicity evident only at high concentrations. Treatment of DU-145 cells with 7 followed by imaging via confocal microscopy showed substantial intracellular fluorescence that can be blocked by the known CTSL inhibitor CLIK-148, consistent with the ability of 7 to label CTSL in living cells. Overall this study reveals that a Re(I) complex can be attached to an enzyme inhibitor and enhance potency and selectivity for a medicinally important target, while at the same time allowing new avenues for tracking and quantification due to long excited state lifetimes and non-native element composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Huisman
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Jacob P Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Karan Arora
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Mackenzie Herroon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Marim Alnaed
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - John Endicott
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States.,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States.,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
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18
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Liu CL, Guo J, Zhang X, Sukhova GK, Libby P, Shi GP. Cysteine protease cathepsins in cardiovascular disease: from basic research to clinical trials. Nat Rev Cardiol 2018; 15:351-370. [DOI: 10.1038/s41569-018-0002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Sun W, Lin Y, Chen L, Ma R, Cao J, Yao J, Chen K, Wan J. Legumain suppresses OxLDL-induced macrophage apoptosis through enhancement of the autophagy pathway. Gene 2018; 652:16-24. [PMID: 29414692 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autophagy plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of plaques formation and progression of atherosclerosis (AS). The cysteine protease legumain is known to participate in atherogenesis, but its function and underlying mechanism in AS macrophages remain unclear. METHODS The expressions of legumain in plaques isolated from AS patients and in macrophages stimulated with oxLDL were examined. Moreover, we effectively altered legumain expression in macrophages to characterize the effect of legumain on oxLDL-induced macrophage apoptosis. The expression of apoptotic and autophagic factors was analysed. RESULTS Legumain was present in plaques, and its expression was upregulated in macrophages treated with oxLDL. Suppressing legumain significantly increased oxLDL-induced macrophage apoptosis and the expression of caspase 3, caspase 9 and Bax. However, legumain overexpression decreased macrophage apoptosis upon oxLDL exposure and the levels of caspase 3, caspase 9 and Bax. In addition, recombinant legumain protein suppressed macrophage apoptosis. Biochemical experiments revealed that legumain deficiency decreased the levels of Beclin1 and LC3, whereas increased legumain expression increased the levels of Beclin1 and LC3 significantly. CONCLUSION Legumain regulates oxLDL-induced macrophage apoptosis by enhancing the autophagy pathway, which may also influence the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Liling Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Longyan First Hospital affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fujian 364000, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaihong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Longyan First Hospital affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fujian 364000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieqing Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China.
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Jafari A, Qanie D, Andersen TL, Zhang Y, Chen L, Postert B, Parsons S, Ditzel N, Khosla S, Johansen HT, Kjærsgaard-Andersen P, Delaisse JM, Abdallah BM, Hesselson D, Solberg R, Kassem M. Legumain Regulates Differentiation Fate of Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells and Is Altered in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:373-386. [PMID: 28162997 PMCID: PMC5312427 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted factors are a key component of stem cell niche and their dysregulation compromises stem cell function. Legumain is a secreted cysteine protease involved in diverse biological processes. Here, we demonstrate that legumain regulates lineage commitment of human bone marrow stromal cells and that its expression level and cellular localization are altered in postmenopausal osteoporotic patients. As shown by genetic and pharmacological manipulation, legumain inhibited osteoblast (OB) differentiation and in vivo bone formation through degradation of the bone matrix protein fibronectin. In addition, genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of legumain activity led to precocious OB differentiation and increased vertebral mineralization in zebrafish. Finally, we show that localized increased expression of legumain in bone marrow adipocytes was inversely correlated with adjacent trabecular bone mass in a cohort of patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Our data suggest that altered proteolytic activity of legumain in the bone microenvironment contributes to decreased bone mass in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Legumain determines differentiation fate of BMSCs in vitro and in vivo Legumain regulates BMSC proliferation independent of its enzymatic activity Inhibition of legumain leads to precocious bone formation in zebrafish Legumain is overexpressed in bone marrow adipocytes of osteoporotic patients
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Jafari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 25, 1st Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Diyako Qanie
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 25, 1st Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Andersen
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Vejle/ Lillebaelt Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, 7100, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Li Chen
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 25, 1st Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Benno Postert
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Stuart Parsons
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Nicholas Ditzel
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 25, 1st Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | - Jean-Marie Delaisse
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Vejle/ Lillebaelt Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, 7100, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Basem M Abdallah
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 25, 1st Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf 6996, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel Hesselson
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Rigmor Solberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0363 Oslo, Norway
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 25, 1st Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia.
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Clinical relevance of biomarkers for the identification of patients with carotid atherosclerotic plaque: Potential role and limitations of cysteine protease legumain. Atherosclerosis 2017; 257:248-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Lunde NN, Holm S, Dahl TB, Elyouncha I, Sporsheim B, Gregersen I, Abbas A, Skjelland M, Espevik T, Solberg R, Johansen HT, Halvorsen B. Increased levels of legumain in plasma and plaques from patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2016; 257:216-223. [PMID: 27940038 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The cysteine protease legumain has been shown to be up-regulated in unstable atherosclerotic plaques. This study aims to further elucidate legumain in atherosclerosis, by examining legumain in plasma and carotid plaques from patients with carotid stenosis. Furthermore, legumain secretion from monocyte-derived macrophages treated with atherogenic lipids during macrophage polarization was studied. METHODS Plasma levels of legumain from patients with carotid stenosis (n = 254), healthy controls (n = 91), and secreted from monocyte-derived macrophages were assessed by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay. Quantitative PCR and immunoblotting of legumain were performed on isolated plaques and legumain localization was visualized by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence microscopy. Monocyte-derived macrophages polarized to M1 or M2 macrophages were treated with VLDL, oxLDL or cholesterol crystals (CC) and the level of legumain analysed. RESULTS Patients with carotid stenosis had significantly higher levels of plasma legumain compared with healthy controls (median 2.0 versus 1.5 ng/ml, respectively; p = 0.003), although there was no correlation between the level of legumain and the degree of stenosis, and legumain was not an independent factor to identify patients with carotid plaques. Moreover, patients with symptoms the last 2 months had higher expressions of mature legumain, cystatin C and E/M, and the macrophage markers CD80 (M1) and CD163 (M2). Legumain co-localized with both M1 and M2 macrophages within plaques, whereas legumain mRNA expression was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) in plaques compared to non-atherosclerotic arteries (controls). Furthermore, in vitro studies showed significantly increased secretion of legumain from pro-inflammatory M1 compared to pro-resolving M2 macrophages (p = 0.014), and particularly in M1 treated with CC. In plaques, legumain was localized to structures resembling foam cells. CONCLUSIONS Legumain is increased in both plasma and plaques of patients with carotid stenosis and might be a new and early biomarker of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Nguyen Lunde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Tuva B Dahl
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inass Elyouncha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Sporsheim
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ida Gregersen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Azhar Abbas
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Østfold Hospital Trust, Kalnes, Norway
| | - Mona Skjelland
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rigmor Solberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second leading type of cancer in women living in less developed countries. The pathological and molecular mechanisms of cervical cancer are not comprehensively known. Though legumain has been found to be highly expressed in various types of solid tumors, its expression and biological function in cervical cancer remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate legumain expression and functions in cervical cancer. We found that legumain was highly expressed in cervical cancer cells. When knocked down, legumain expression in HeLa and SiHa cells significantly reduced its migration and invasion abilities compared with control cells. Furthermore, legumain silencing suppressed the activation of matrix metalloproteases (MMP2 and MMP3) in cervical cancer cells. This study indicates that legumain might play an important role in cervical cancer cell migration and invasion. Legumain might be a potential therapeutic target for cervical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Meng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical Center, Shenyang, China
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Counter Selection Substrate Library Strategy for Developing Specific Protease Substrates and Probes. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1023-35. [PMID: 27478158 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Legumain (AEP) is a lysosomal cysteine protease that was first characterized in leguminous seeds and later discovered in higher eukaryotes. AEP upregulation is linked to a number of diseases including inflammation, arteriosclerosis, and tumorigenesis. Thus this protease is an excellent molecular target for the development of new chemical markers. We deployed a hybrid combinatorial substrate library (HyCoSuL) approach to obtain P1-Asp fluorogenic substrates and biotin-labeled inhibitors that targeted legumain. Since this approach led to probes that were also recognized by caspases, we introduced a Counter Selection Substrate Library (CoSeSuL) approach that biases the peptidic scaffold against caspases, thus delivering highly selective legumain probes. The selectivity of these tools was validated using M38L and HEK293 cells. We also propose that the CoSeSuL methodology can be considered as a general principle in the design of selective probes for other protease families where selectivity is difficult to achieve by conventional sequence-based profiling.
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Yamane T, Yamamoto Y, Nakano Y, Nakagaki T, Ohkubo I, Ariga H. Expression and protease activity of mouse legumain are regulated by the oncogene/transcription co-activator, DJ-1 through p53 and cleavage of annexin A2 is increased in DJ-1-knockout cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:472-7. [PMID: 26462467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Legumain (EC 3.4.22.34) is an asparaginyl endopeptidase. Strong legumain activity was observed in the mouse kidney, and legumain was highly expressed in tumors. We previously reported that bovine kidney annexin A2 was co-purified with legumain and that legumain cleaved the N-terminal region of annexin A2 at an Asn residue in vitro and in vivo. Recently, we found that transcription of the legumain gene is regulated by the p53 tumor suppressor in HCT116 cells. We and others reported that DJ-1/PARK7, a cancer- and Parkinson's disease-associated protein, works as a coactivator to various transcription factors, including the androgen receptor, p53, PSF, Nrf2, SREBP and RREB1. In this study, we found that expression levels of legumain mRNA and protein and legumain activity were increased in DJ-1-knockout cells. Furthermore, we found that DJ-1 binds to the p53-binding site on intron 1 of the mouse legumain gene in wild-type cells and that cleavage of annexin A2 was increased in DJ-1-knockout cells. These results suggest that legumain expression and activation and cleavage of annexin A2 are regulated by DJ-1 through p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamane
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Yoshio Yamamoto
- Department of Ecology and Molecular Biology, Mie University, Iga, Mie 518-0131, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Nakano
- Center for Research and Development Bioresources, Research Organization for University-Community Collaborations, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Takenori Nakagaki
- Institute of Food Sciences, Nakagaki Consulting Engineer and Co., Ltd, Nishi-ku, Sakai 593-8328, Japan
| | - Iwao Ohkubo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Nursing and Nutrition, Tenshi College, Higashi-ku, Sapporo 065-0013, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Ariga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Xu J, Lu X, Shi GP. Vasa vasorum in atherosclerosis and clinical significance. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11574-608. [PMID: 26006236 PMCID: PMC4463718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to several acute cardiovascular complications with poor prognosis. For decades, the role of the adventitial vasa vasorum (VV) in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis has received broad attention. The presence of VV neovascularization precedes the apparent symptoms of clinical atherosclerosis. VV also mediates inflammatory cell infiltration, intimal thickening, intraplaque hemorrhage, and subsequent atherothrombosis that results in stroke or myocardial infarction. Intraplaque neovessels originating from VV can be immature and hence susceptible to leakage, and are thus regarded as the leading cause of intraplaque hemorrhage. Evidence supports VV as a new surrogate target of atherosclerosis evaluation and treatment. This review provides an overview into the relationship between VV and atherosclerosis, including the anatomy and function of VV, the stimuli of VV neovascularization, and the available underlying mechanisms that lead to poor prognosis. We also summarize translational researches on VV imaging modalities and potential therapies that target VV neovascularization or its stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Xu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhujiang Hospital and Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Xiaotong Lu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhujiang Hospital and Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhujiang Hospital and Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Smith RL, Åstrand OAH, Nguyen LM, Elvestrand T, Hagelin G, Solberg R, Johansen HT, Rongved P. Synthesis of a novel legumain-cleavable colchicine prodrug with cell-specific toxicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3309-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lin Y, Qiu Y, Xu C, Liu Q, Peng B, Kaufmann GF, Chen X, Lan B, Wei C, Lu D, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Lu Z, Jiang B, Edgington TS, Guo F. Functional role of asparaginyl endopeptidase ubiquitination by TRAF6 in tumor invasion and metastasis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju012. [PMID: 24610907 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) has been implicated in human cancer development. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying AEP regulation, including the role of pro-AEP activation, remain elusive. METHODS We investigated the regulation of AEP by TRAF6 and its effects on tumor progression and metastasis in cancer cell lines, murine models, and specimens from patients using biochemical analyses, confocal microscopy, immunoelectron microscopy, and migration-invasion assays. The sera of healthy donors and breast cancer patients were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and a tissue array of 314 breast cancer specimens was assessed for AEP and TRAF6 by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the effects of AEP inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies on pulmonary metastasis were evaluated in murine models. The statistical significance between groups was determined using two-tailed Student t tests. RESULTS We demonstrate that TRAF6 ubiquitinates the proform of AEP through K63-linked polyubiquitin, reversible by USP17, and forms a complex with HSP90α to subsequently promote pro-AEP intracellular stability as well as secretion. Disrupting the interaction between pro-AEP and TRAF6 or inhibiting HSP90α reduced pro-AEP secretion and consequently reduced tumor metastasis. Higher circulating AEP levels were detected in the sera of breast cancer patients, and AEP inhibitors or neutralizing antibodies remarkably decreased tumor metastasis in murine models. Notably, TRAF6 and AEP were overexpressed in human breast neoplasms and correlated with poor prognosis. Patients with low AEP/TRAF6 expression survived for a mean of 111 months (95% confidence interval [CI] = 108 to 115 months), whereas those with high AEP/TRAF6 expression survived for a mean of only 61 months (95% CI = 42 to 79 months; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Our study elucidates a novel mechanism of AEP regulation and an alternative oncogenic pathway for TRAF6 in breast cancer, which suggests that AEP and TRAF6 protein levels may have prognostic implications in breast cancer patients. Thus, AEP may serve as a biomarker as well as new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Lin
- Affiliations of authors: Laboratory of Targeted Tumor Therapy, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (QL, BP, CW, YZ, FG) Institute of Health Sciences (YL, XC, BL, FG) Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital (YQ,YL) Shanghai First People's Hospital (YG) and Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital (CX), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, China; Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (GFK, TSE); Sorrento Thearpeutics, Inc, San Diego, CA (GFK); Department of Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (ZL); Cancer Research Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China (DL); Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China (BJ)
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The extrinsic coagulation cascade and tissue factor pathway inhibitor in macrophages: a potential therapeutic opportunity for atherosclerotic thrombosis. Thromb Res 2014; 133:657-66. [PMID: 24485401 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The coagulation protease cascade plays the central requisite role in initiation of arterial atherothrombosis. However, the relative participation of the extrinsic as compared to the intrinsic pathway is incompletely resolved. We have investigated in vivo the relative importance of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways to define which is more essential to atherothrombosis and therefore the preferable prophylactic therapeutic target. We further addressed which type of plaque associated macrophage population is associated with the thrombotic propensity of atherosclerotic plaques. METHODS Both photochemical injury and ferric chloride vascular injury models demonstrated arterial thrombosis formation in ApoE deficient mice. We found that direct interference with the extrinsic pathway, but not the intrinsic pathway, markedly diminished the rate of thrombus formation and occlusion of atherosclerotic carotid arteries following experimental challenge. To explore which plaque macrophage subtype may participate in plaque thrombosis in regard to expression tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), bone marrow derived macrophages of both M and GM phenotypes expressed tissue factor (TF), but the level of TFPI was much greater in M- type macrophages, which exhibited diminished thrombogenic activity, compared to type GM-macrophages. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our works support the hypothesis that the TF-initiated and direct extrinsic pathway provides the more significant contribution to arterial plaque thrombogenesis. Activation of the TF driven extrinsic pathway can be influenced by differing colony-stimulating factor influenced macrophage TFPI-1 expression. These results advance our understanding of atherothrombosis and identify potential therapeutic targets associated with the extrinsic pathway and with macrophages populating arterial atherosclerotic plaques.
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Cation exchange versus multimodal cation exchange resins for antibody capture from CHO supernatants: Identification of contaminating Host Cell Proteins by mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 942-943:126-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Transcriptional regulation of the legumain gene by p53 in HCT116 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:613-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Niu D, Jin K, Wang L, Feng B, Li J. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of four cathepsin L genes in the razor clam, Sinonovacula constricta. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:581-588. [PMID: 23765116 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin L (CTSL) is a lysosomal cysteine protease involved in immune responses in vertebrates. However, few studies exist regarding the role of cathepsin L in bivalves. In this study, we isolated and characterized four cathepsin L genes from the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta, referred to as CTSL1, CTSL2, CTSL3 and CTSL4. These four genes contained typical papain-like cysteine protease structure and enzyme activity sites with ERWNIN-like and GNFD-like motifs in the proregion domain and an oxyanion hole (Gln) and a catalytic triad (Cys, His and Asn) in the mature domain. Expression analysis of the four transcripts revealed a tissue-specific pattern with high expression of CTSL1 and CTSL3 in liver and gonad tissues and high expression of CTSL2 and CTSL4 in liver and gill tissues. During the developmental stages, the four transcripts showed the highest expression in the juvenile stage; however, CTSL3 had a much higher expression level than the other three transcripts during embryogenesis. The four transcripts showed significant changes in expression as early as 4 h or 8 h after infection with Vibrio anguillarum. The fact that bacterial infection can induce expression of the four CTSL transcripts suggests that these transcripts are important components of the innate immunity system of the clam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai 201306, China
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Swisher LZ, Syed LU, Prior AM, Madiyar FR, Carlson KR, Nguyen TA, Hua DH, Li J. Electrochemical Protease Biosensor Based on Enhanced AC Voltammetry Using Carbon Nanofiber Nanoelectrode Arrays. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2013; 117:4268-4277. [PMID: 23814632 PMCID: PMC3694732 DOI: 10.1021/jp312031u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report an electrochemical method for measuring the activity of proteases using nanoelectrode arrays (NEAs) fabricated with vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs). The VACNFs of ~150 nm in diameter and 3 to 5 μm in length were grown on conductive substrates and encapsulated in SiO2 matrix. After polishing and plasma etching, controlled VACNF tips are exposed to form an embedded VACNF NEA. Two types of tetrapeptides specific to cancer-mediated proteases legumain and cathepsin B are covalently attached to the exposed VACNF tip, with a ferrocene (Fc) moiety linked at the distal end. The redox signal of Fc can be measured with AC voltammetry (ACV) at ~1 kHz frequency on VACNF NEAs, showing distinct properties from macroscopic glassy carbon electrodes due to VACNF's unique interior structure. The enhanced ACV properties enable the kinetic measurements of proteolytic cleavage of the surface-attached tetrapeptides by proteases, further validated with a fluorescence assay. The data can be analyzed with a heterogeneous Michaelis-Menten model, giving "specificity constant" kcat /Km as (4.3 ± 0.8) × 104 M-1s-1 for cathepsin B and (1.13 ± 0.38) × 104 M-1s-1 for legumain. This method could be developed as portable multiplex electronic techniques for rapid cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxi Z. Swisher
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Lateef U. Syed
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Allan M. Prior
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Foram R. Madiyar
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Kyle R. Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Thu A. Nguyen
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Duy H. Hua
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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Knockdown of legumain inhibits cleavage of annexin A2 in the mouse kidney. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 430:482-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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35
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Edgington LE, Verdoes M, Ortega A, Withana NP, Lee J, Syed S, Bachmann MH, Blum G, Bogyo M. Functional imaging of legumain in cancer using a new quenched activity-based probe. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 135:174-82. [PMID: 23215039 DOI: 10.1021/ja307083b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Legumain is a lysosomal cysteine protease whose biological function remains poorly defined. Legumain activity is up-regulated in most human cancers and inflammatory diseases most likely as the result of high expression in populations of activated macrophages. Within the tumor microenvironment, legumain activity is thought to promote tumorigenesis. To obtain a greater understanding of the role of legumain activity during cancer progression and inflammation, we developed an activity-based probe that becomes fluorescent only upon binding active legumain. This probe is highly selective for legumain, even in the context of whole cells and tissues, and is also a more effective label of legumain than previously reported probes. Here we present the synthesis and application of our probe to the analysis of legumain activity in primary macrophages and in two mouse models of cancer. We find that legumain activity is highly correlated with macrophage activation and furthermore that it is an ideal marker for primary tumor inflammation and early stage metastatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Edgington
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305-5324, United States
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Colbert JD, Matthews SP, Kos J, Watts C. Internalization of exogenous cystatin F supresses cysteine proteases and induces the accumulation of single-chain cathepsin L by multiple mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:42082-42090. [PMID: 21956111 PMCID: PMC3234946 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.253914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystatin F is an unusual member of the cystatin family of protease inhibitors, which is made as an inactive dimer and becomes activated by proteolysis in the endo/lysosome pathway of the immune cells that produce it. However a proportion is secreted and can be taken up and activated by other cells. We show here that cystatin F acquired in this way induces a dramatic accumulation of the single-chain form of cathepsin L (CatL). Cystatin F was observed in the same cellular compartments as CatL and was tightly complexed with CatL as determined by co-precipitation studies. The observed accumulation of single-chain CatL was partly due to cystatin F-mediated inhibition of the putative single-chain to two-chain CatL convertase AEP/legumain and partly to general suppression of cathepsin activity. Thus, cystatin F stabilizes CatL leading to the dramatic accumulation of an inactive complex composed either of the single-chain or two-chain form depending on the capacity of cystatin F to inhibit AEP. Cross-transfer of cystatin F from one cell to another may therefore attenuate potentially harmful effects of excessive CatL activity while paradoxically, inducing accumulation of CatL protein. Finally, we confirmed earlier data (Beers, C., Honey, K., Fink, S., Forbush, K., and Rudensky, A. (2003) J. Exp. Med. 197, 169-179) showing a loss of CatL activity, but not of CatL protein, in macrophages activated with IFNγ. However, we found equivalent loss of CatL activity in wild type and cystatin F-null macrophages suggesting that an inhibitory activity other than cystatin F quenches CatL activity in activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff D Colbert
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P Matthews
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Janko Kos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Colin Watts
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom.
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Mahmood DFD, Jguirim-Souissi I, Khadija EH, Blondeau N, Diderot V, Amrani S, Slimane MN, Syrovets T, Simmet T, Rouis M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma induces apoptosis and inhibits autophagy of human monocyte-derived macrophages via induction of cathepsin L: potential role in atherosclerosis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:28858-28866. [PMID: 21700710 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.273292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. These cells express cathepsin L (CatL), a cysteine protease that has been implicated in atherogenesis and the associated arterial remodeling. In addition, macrophages highly express peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, a transcription factor that regulates numerous genes important for lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, for glucose homeostasis, and inflammation. Hence, PPARγ might affect macrophage function in the context of chronic inflammation such as atherogenesis. In the present study, we examined the effect of PPARγ activation on the expression of CatL in human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM). Activation of PPARγ by the specific agonist GW929 concentration-dependently increased the levels of CatL mRNA and protein in HMDM. By promoter analysis, we identified a functional PPAR response element-like sequence that positively regulates CatL expression. In addition, we found that PPARγ-induced CatL promotes the degradation of Bcl2 without affecting Bax protein levels. Consistently, degradation of Bcl2 could be prevented by a specific CatL inhibitor, confirming the causative role of CatL. PPARγ-induced CatL was found to decrease autophagy through reduction of beclin 1 and LC3 protein levels. The reduction of these proteins involved in autophagic cell death was antagonized either by the CatL inhibitor or by CatL knockdown. In conclusion, our data show that PPARγ can specifically induce CatL, a proatherogenic protease, in HMDM. In turn, CatL inhibits autophagy and induces apoptosis. Thus, the proatherogenic effect of CatL could be neutralized by apoptosis, a beneficial phenomenon, at least in the early stages of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dler Faieeq Darweesh Mahmood
- Unité de Recherche, Vieillissement, Stress et Inflammation, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, Cedex 5, France
| | - Imene Jguirim-Souissi
- Unité de Recherche, Vieillissement, Stress et Inflammation, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, Cedex 5, France
| | - El-Hadri Khadija
- Unité de Recherche, Vieillissement, Stress et Inflammation, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, Cedex 5, France
| | - Nicolas Blondeau
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 6097, CNRS/Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Vimala Diderot
- Unité de Recherche, Vieillissement, Stress et Inflammation, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, Cedex 5, France
| | - Souliman Amrani
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences de Oujda, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | | | - Tatiana Syrovets
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Simmet
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Mustapha Rouis
- Unité de Recherche, Vieillissement, Stress et Inflammation, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, Cedex 5, France,.
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Mirzaii-Dizgah I, Riahi E. Serum and saliva levels of cathepsin L in patients with acute coronary syndrome. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011; 12:114-119. [PMID: 22186754 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the major cause of death nearly all over the world, and accurate and rapid diagnosis of CAD is of major medical and economic importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum and saliva levels of cathepsin L in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). MATERIALS AND METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 39 patients with ACS and 28 with controls were recruited to the study, and cathepsin L levels were measured in serum, resting saliva, and stimulated saliva obtained 12 and 24 h after the onset of ACS by ELISA method. Statistical analyses of Fisher's exact test, the Student's t-test or Kruskal-Wallis test were performed. RESULTS Stimulated saliva cathepsin L levels in patients with ACS 12 hours but not 24 hours after admission showed significant decrease compared with that in control subjects. However, there were no significant differences in serum and unstimulated saliva cathepsin L levels between groups. CONCLUSION Serum and saliva levels of cathepsin L remain unchanged in patients with ACS and hence may not be a promising factor in CAD risk assessment. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE It seems that serum and saliva cathepsin L may not be a good biomarker for CHD. ABBREVIATIONS CAD: Coronary artery disease, ACS: Acute coronary syndrome, CHD: Coronary heart disease, EU: Emergency unit, MI: Myocardial infarction. KEYWORDS Cathepsin L, Acute coronary syndrome, Resting saliva, Stimulated saliva. How to cite this article: Mirzaii-Dizgah I, Riahi E. Serum and Saliva Levels of Cathepsin L in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(2):114-119.
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Miller G, Matthews SP, Reinheckel T, Fleming S, Watts C. Asparagine endopeptidase is required for normal kidney physiology and homeostasis. FASEB J 2011; 25:1606-17. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-172312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gail Miller
- Division of Cell Biology and ImmunologyCollege of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Stephen P. Matthews
- Division of Cell Biology and ImmunologyCollege of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin und ZellforschungAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Stewart Fleming
- Department of Molecular PathologyNinewells HospitalUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Colin Watts
- Division of Cell Biology and ImmunologyCollege of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
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