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Mbaluto CM, Vergara F, van Dam NM, Martínez-Medina A. Root infection by the nematode Meloidogyne incognita modulates leaf antiherbivore defenses and plant resistance to Spodoptera exigua. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7909-7926. [PMID: 34545935 PMCID: PMC8664589 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies on plant-mediated interactions between root parasitic nematodes and aboveground herbivores are rapidly increasing. However, outcomes for the interacting organisms vary, and the mechanisms involved remain ambiguous. We hypothesized that the impact of root infection by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on the performance of the aboveground caterpillar Spodoptera exigua is modulated by the nematode's infection cycle. We challenged root-knot nematode-infected tomato plants with caterpillars when the nematode's infection cycle was at the invasion, galling, and reproduction stages. We found that M. incognita root infection enhanced S. exigua performance during the galling stage, while it did not affect the caterpillar's performance at the invasion and reproduction stages. Molecular and chemical analyses performed at the different stages of the nematode infection cycle revealed that M. incognita root infection systemically affected the jasmonic acid-, salicylic acid-, and abscisic acid-related responses, as well as the changes in the leaf metabolome triggered during S. exigua feeding. The M. incognita-induced leaf responses varied over the nematode's root infection cycle. These findings suggest that specific leaf responses triggered systemically by the nematode at its different life-cycle stages underlie the differential impact of M. incognita on plant resistance against the caterpillar S. exigua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispus M Mbaluto
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; PuschStraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena; DornburgerStraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Fredd Vergara
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; PuschStraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; PuschStraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena; DornburgerStraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; PuschStraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena; DornburgerStraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Plant-Microorganism Interaction, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
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2
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Malacrinò A, Wang M, Caul S, Karley AJ, Bennett AE. Herbivory shapes the rhizosphere bacterial microbiota in potato plants. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 13:805-811. [PMID: 34427053 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant-associated microbiomes assist their host in a variety of activities, spanning from nutrition to defence against herbivores and diseases. Previous research showed that plant-associated microbiomes shift their composition when plants are exposed to stressors, including herbivory. However, existing studies explored only single herbivore-plant combinations, whereas plants are often attacked by several different herbivores, but the effects of multiple herbivore types on the plant microbiome remain to be determined. Here, we first tested whether feeding by different herbivores (aphids, nematodes and slugs) produces a shift in the rhizosphere bacterial microbiota associated with potato plants. Then, we expanded this question asking whether the identity of the herbivore produces different effects on the rhizosphere microbial community. While we found shifts in microbial diversity and structure due to herbivory, we observed that the herbivore identity does not influence the diversity or community structure of bacteria thriving in the rhizosphere. However, a deeper analysis revealed that the herbivores differentially affected the structure of the network of microbial co-occurrences. Our results have the potential to increase our ability to predict how plant microbiomes assemble and aid our understanding of the role of plant microbiome in plant responses to biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Malacrinò
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mingyuan Wang
- Research Center of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Sandra Caul
- Department of Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Alison J Karley
- Department of Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Alison E Bennett
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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3
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Penczykowski RM, Sieg RD. Plantago spp. as Models for Studying the Ecology and Evolution of Species Interactions across Environmental Gradients. Am Nat 2021; 198:158-176. [PMID: 34143715 DOI: 10.1086/714589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA central challenge in ecology and evolutionary biology is to understand how variation in abiotic and biotic factors combine to shape the distribution, abundance, and diversity of focal species. Environmental gradients, whether natural (e.g., latitude, elevation, ocean proximity) or anthropogenic (e.g., land-use intensity, urbanization), provide compelling settings for addressing this challenge. However, not all organisms are amenable to the observational and experimental approaches required for untangling the factors that structure species along gradients. Here we highlight herbaceous plants in the genus Plantago as models for studying the ecology and evolution of species interactions along abiotic gradients. Plantago lanceolata and P. major are native to Europe and Asia but distributed globally, and they are established models for studying population ecology and interactions with herbivores, pathogens, and soil microbes. Studying restricted range congeners in comparison with those cosmopolitan species can provide insight into abiotic and biotic determinants of range size and population structure. We highlight one such species, P. rugelii, which is endemic to eastern North America. We give an overview of the literature on these focal Plantago species and explain why they are logical candidates for studies of species interactions across environmental gradients. Finally, we emphasize collaborative and community science approaches that can facilitate such research and note the amenability of Plantago for authentic research projects in science education.
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4
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Pereira RV, Filgueiras CC, Willett DS, Peñaflor MFGV. Sight unseen: Belowground feeding influences the distribution of an aboveground herbivore. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Camila C. Filgueiras
- Department of Entomology Cornell AgriTech Cornell University Cornell New York USA
| | - Denis S. Willett
- Department of Entomology Cornell AgriTech Cornell University Cornell New York USA
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5
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Neupane S, Purintun JM, Mathew FM, Varenhorst AJ, Nepal MP. Molecular Basis of Soybean Resistance to Soybean Aphids and Soybean Cyst Nematodes. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8100374. [PMID: 31561499 PMCID: PMC6843664 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Soybean aphid (SBA; Aphis glycines Matsumura) and soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichninohe) are major pests of the soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the genetic basis of limiting these pests in both model and non-model plant systems. Classical linkage mapping and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified major and minor quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in soybean. Studies on interactions of SBA and SCN effectors with host proteins have identified molecular cues in various signaling pathways, including those involved in plant disease resistance and phytohormone regulations. In this paper, we review the molecular basis of soybean resistance to SBA and SCN, and we provide a synthesis of recent studies of soybean QTLs/genes that could mitigate the effects of virulent SBA and SCN populations. We also review relevant studies of aphid–nematode interactions, particularly in the soybean–SBA–SCN system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Neupane
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Jordan M Purintun
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Febina M Mathew
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Adam J Varenhorst
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Madhav P Nepal
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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van Dam NM, Wondafrash M, Mathur V, Tytgat TOG. Differences in Hormonal Signaling Triggered by Two Root-Feeding Nematode Species Result in Contrasting Effects on Aphid Population Growth. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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7
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Huang W, Robert CAM, Hervé MR, Hu L, Bont Z, Erb M. A mechanism for sequence specificity in plant-mediated interactions between herbivores. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:169-179. [PMID: 27898177 PMCID: PMC6079637 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore communities are shaped by indirect plant-mediated interactions whose outcomes are strongly dependent on the sequence of herbivore arrival. However, the mechanisms underlying sequence specificity are poorly understood. We examined the mechanisms that govern sequence-specific effects of the interaction between two specialist maize herbivores, the leaf feeder Spodoptera frugiperda and the root feeder Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. In the field, S. frugiperda reduces D. v. virgifera abundance, but only when it arrives on the plant first. In behavioral experiments, D. v. virgifera larvae continued feeding on plants that they had infested before leaf infestation, but refused to initiate feeding on plants that were infested by S. frugiperda before their arrival. Changes in root-emitted volatiles were sufficient to elicit this sequence-specific behavior. Root volatile and headspace mixing experiments showed that early-arriving D. v. virgifera larvae suppressed S. frugiperda-induced volatile repellents, which led to the maintenance of host attractiveness to D. v. virgifera. Our study provides a physiological and behavioral mechanism for sequence specificity in plant-mediated interactions and suggests that physiological canalization of behaviorally active metabolites can drive sequence specificity and result in strongly diverging herbivore distribution patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernAltenbergrain 21Bern3013Switzerland
| | | | - Maxime R. Hervé
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernAltenbergrain 21Bern3013Switzerland
- INRAUMR1349 IGEPPLe RheuF‐35653France
| | - Lingfei Hu
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernAltenbergrain 21Bern3013Switzerland
| | - Zoe Bont
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernAltenbergrain 21Bern3013Switzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernAltenbergrain 21Bern3013Switzerland
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8
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Kafle D, Hänel A, Lortzing T, Steppuhn A, Wurst S. Sequential above- and belowground herbivory modifies plant responses depending on herbivore identity. BMC Ecol 2017; 17:5. [PMID: 28178961 PMCID: PMC5299658 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-017-0115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbivore-induced changes in plant traits can cause indirect interactions between spatially and/or temporally separated herbivores that share the same host plant. Feeding modes of the herbivores is one of the major factors that influence the outcome of such interactions. Here, we tested whether the effects of transient aboveground herbivory for seven days by herbivores of different feeding guilds on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) alters their interaction with spatially as well as temporally separated belowground herbivores. RESULTS The transient aboveground herbivory by both chewing caterpillars (Spodoptera exigua) and sucking aphids (Myzus persicae) had significant impacts on plant traits such as plant growth, resource allocation and phytohormone contents. While the changes in plant traits did not affect the overall performance of the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in terms of total number of galls, we found that the consequences of aboveground herbivory for the plants can be altered by the subsequent nematode herbivory. For example, plants that had hosted aphids showed compensatory growth when they were later challenged by nematodes, which was not apparent in plants that had hosted only aphids. In contrast, plants that had been fed by S. exigua larvae did not show such compensatory growth even when challenged by nematodes. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the earlier aboveground herbivory can modify plant responses to subsequent herbivores, and such modifications may depend upon identity and/or feeding modes of the aboveground herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kafle
- Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Hänel
- Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Lortzing
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Wurst
- Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Borgström P, Strengbom J, Marini L, Viketoft M, Bommarco R. Above- and belowground insect herbivory modifies the response of a grassland plant community to nitrogen eutrophication. Ecology 2017; 98:545-554. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Borgström
- Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU); Ulls väg 16 75651 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Joachim Strengbom
- Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU); Ulls väg 16 75651 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Marini
- DAFNAE; University of Padova; Viale dell'Università 16 35020 Legnaro Padua Italy
| | - Maria Viketoft
- Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU); Ulls väg 16 75651 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Riccardo Bommarco
- Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU); Ulls väg 16 75651 Uppsala Sweden
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10
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Hoysted GA, Lilley CJ, Field KJ, Dickinson M, Hartley SE, Urwin PE. A Plant-Feeding Nematode Indirectly Increases the Fitness of an Aphid. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1897. [PMID: 29209337 PMCID: PMC5701616 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants suffer multiple, simultaneous assaults from above and below ground. In the laboratory, pests and/or pathogen attack are commonly studied on an individual basis. The molecular response of the plant to attack from multiple organisms and the interaction of different defense pathways is unclear. The inducible systemic responses of the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) host plant were analyzed to characterize the plant-mediated indirect interactions between a sedentary, endoparasitic nematode (Globodera pallida), and a phloem-sucking herbivore (Myzus persicae). The reproductive success of M. persicae was greater on potato plants pre-infected with G. pallida compared to control plants. Salicylic acid (SA) increased systemically in the leaves of potato plants following nematode and aphid infection singly with a corresponding increase in expression of SA-mediated marker genes. An increase in jasmonic acid associated with aphid infection was suppressed when plants were co-infected with nematodes. Our data suggests a positive, asymmetric interaction between a sedentary endoparasitic nematode and a sap-sucking insect. The systemic response of the potato plant following infection with G. pallida indirectly influences the performance of M. persicae. This work reveals additional secondary benefits of controlling individual crop pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A. Hoysted
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katie J. Field
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sue E. Hartley
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Peter E. Urwin
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Peter E. Urwin,
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Wang L, Wang J, Liu W, Gan Y, Wu Y. Biomass Allocation, Compensatory Growth and Internal C/N Balance ofLolium perennein Response to Defoliation and Light Treatments. POLISH JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.3161/15052249pje2016.64.4.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Li X, Guo W, Siemann E, Wen Y, Huang W, Ding J. Plant genotypes affect aboveground and belowground herbivore interactions by changing chemical defense. Oecologia 2016; 182:1107-1115. [PMID: 27623939 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Spatially separated aboveground (AG) and belowground (BG) herbivores are closely linked through shared host plants, and both patterns of AG-BG interactions and plant responses may vary among plant genotypes. We subjected invasive (USA) and native (China) genotypes of tallow tree (Triadica sebifera) to herbivory by the AG specialist leaf-rolling weevil Heterapoderopsis bicallosicollis and/or the root-feeding larvae of flea beetle Bikasha collaris. We measured leaf damage and leaves rolled by weevils, quantified beetle survival, and analyzed flavonoid and tannin concentrations in leaves and roots. AG and BG herbivores formed negative feedbacks on both native and invasive genotypes. Leaf damage by weevils and the number of beetle larvae emerging as adults were higher on invasive genotypes. Beetles reduced weevil damage and weevils reduced beetle larval emergence more strongly for invasive genotypes. Invasive genotypes had lower leaf and root tannins than native genotypes. BG beetles decreased leaf tannins of native genotypes but increased root tannins of invasive genotypes. AG herbivory increased root flavonoids of invasive genotypes while BG herbivory decreased leaf flavonoids. Invasive genotypes had lower AG and BG herbivore resistance, and negative AG-BG herbivore feedbacks were much stronger for invasive genotypes. Lower tannin concentrations explained overall better AG and BG herbivore performances on invasive genotypes. However, changes in tannins and flavonoids affected AG and BG herbivores differently. These results suggest that divergent selection on chemical production in invasive plants may be critical in regulating herbivore performances and novel AG and BG herbivore communities in new environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Plant and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Wenfeng Guo
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Evan Siemann
- Biosciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yuanguang Wen
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Plant and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jianqing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Plant and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
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Maboreke HR, Feldhahn L, Bönn M, Tarkka MT, Buscot F, Herrmann S, Menzel R, Ruess L. Transcriptome analysis in oak uncovers a strong impact of endogenous rhythmic growth on the interaction with plant-parasitic nematodes. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:627. [PMID: 27520023 PMCID: PMC4982138 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2992-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), an important forest tree in temperate ecosystems, displays an endogenous rhythmic growth pattern, characterized by alternating shoot and root growth flushes paralleled by oscillations in carbon allocation to below- and aboveground tissues. However, these common plant traits so far have largely been neglected as a determining factor for the outcome of plant biotic interactions. This study investigates the response of oak to migratory root-parasitic nematodes in relation to rhythmic growth, and how this plant-nematode interaction is modulated by an ectomycorrhizal symbiont. Oaks roots were inoculated with the nematode Pratylenchus penetrans solely and in combination with the fungus Piloderma croceum, and the systemic impact on oak plants was assessed by RNA transcriptomic profiles in leaves. RESULTS The response of oaks to the plant-parasitic nematode was strongest during shoot flush, with a 16-fold increase in the number of differentially expressed genes as compared to root flush. Multi-layered defence mechanisms were induced at shoot flush, comprising upregulation of reactive oxygen species formation, hormone signalling (e.g. jasmonic acid synthesis), and proteins involved in the shikimate pathway. In contrast during root flush production of glycerolipids involved in signalling cascades was repressed, suggesting that P. penetrans actively suppressed host defence. With the presence of the mycorrhizal symbiont, the gene expression pattern was vice versa with a distinctly stronger effect of P. penetrans at root flush, including attenuated defence, cell and carbon metabolism, likely a response to the enhanced carbon sink strength in roots induced by the presence of both, nematode and fungus. Meanwhile at shoot flush, when nutrients are retained in aboveground tissue, oak defence reactions, such as altered photosynthesis and sugar pathways, diminished. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight that gene response patterns of plants to biotic interactions, both negative (i.e. plant-parasitic nematodes) and beneficial (i.e. mycorrhiza), are largely modulated by endogenous rhythmic growth, and that such plant traits should be considered as an important driver of these relationships in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel R. Maboreke
- Institute of Biology, Ecology Group, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lasse Feldhahn
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Markus Bönn
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Mika T. Tarkka
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Francois Buscot
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvie Herrmann
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralph Menzel
- Institute of Biology, Ecology Group, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Liliane Ruess
- Institute of Biology, Ecology Group, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Hol WHG, Raaijmakers CE, Mons I, Meyer KM, van Dam NM. Root-Lesion Nematodes Suppress Cabbage Aphid Population Development by Reducing Aphid Daily Reproduction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:111. [PMID: 26904074 PMCID: PMC4748742 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Empirical studies have shown that belowground feeding herbivores can affect the performance of aboveground herbivores in different ways. Often the critical life-history parameters underlying the observed performance effects remain unexplored. In order to better understand the cause for the observed effects on aboveground herbivores, these ecological mechanisms must be better understood. In this study we combined empirical experiments with a modeling approach to analyze the effect of two root feeding endoparasitic nematodes with different feeding strategies on the population growth of the aboveground feeding specialist aphid Brevicoryne brassicae on Brassica nigra. The aim was to test whether emerging differences in life history characteristics (days until reproduction, daily reproduction) would be sufficient to explain observed differences in aphid population development on plants with and without two species of nematodes. Aphid numbers were lower on plants with Pratylenchus penetrans in comparison to aphid numbers on plants with Meloidogyne spp. A dedicated experiment showed that aphid daily reproduction was lower on plants with P. penetrans (3.08 offspring female(-1) day(-1)) in comparison to both uninfested plants and plants with Meloidogyne spp. (3.50 offspring female(-1) day(-1)). The species-specific reduction of aphid reproduction appeared independent of changes in amino acids, soluble sugars or the glucosinolate sinigrin in the phloem. An individual-based model revealed that relatively small differences in reproduction rate per female were sufficient to yield a similar difference in aphid populations as was found in the empirical experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. H. G. Hol
- Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ciska E. Raaijmakers
- Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ilse Mons
- Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Katrin M. Meyer
- Department of Ecosystem Modelling, University of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University JenaJena Germany
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute of Water and Wetland Research, Radboud UniversityNijmegen Netherlands
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15
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Kammerhofer N, Egger B, Dobrev P, Vankova R, Hofmann J, Schausberger P, Wieczorek K. Systemic above- and belowground cross talk: hormone-based responses triggered by Heterodera schachtii and shoot herbivores in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:7005-17. [PMID: 26324462 PMCID: PMC4765779 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Above- and belowground plant parts are simultaneously attacked by different pests and pathogens. The host mediates these interactions and physiologically reacts, e.g. with local and systemic alterations of endogenous hormone levels coupled with coordinated transcriptional changes. This in turn affects attractiveness and susceptibility of the plant to subsequent attackers. Here, the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is used to study stress hormone-based systemic responses triggered by simultaneous root parasitism by the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii and shoot herbivory by the thrips Frankliniella occidentalis and the spider mite Tetranychus urticae. First, HPLC/MS and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR are used to show that nematode parasitism strongly affects stress hormone levels and expression of hormone marker genes in shoots. Previous nematode infection is then demonstrated to affect the behavioural and life history performance of both arthropods. While thrips explicitly avoid nematode-infected plants, spider mites prefer them. In addition, the life history performance of T. urticae is significantly enhanced by nematode infection. Finally, systemic changes triggered by shoot-feeding F. occidentalis but not T. urticae are shown to make the roots more attractive for H. schachtii. This work emphasises the importance of above- and belowground signalling and contributes to a better understanding of plant systemic defence mechanisms against plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kammerhofer
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, UFT Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Barbara Egger
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, UFT Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Julia Hofmann
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, UFT Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Peter Schausberger
- Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Krzysztof Wieczorek
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, UFT Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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16
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Morris EK, Caruso T, Buscot F, Fischer M, Hancock C, Maier TS, Meiners T, Müller C, Obermaier E, Prati D, Socher SA, Sonnemann I, Wäschke N, Wubet T, Wurst S, Rillig MC. Choosing and using diversity indices: insights for ecological applications from the German Biodiversity Exploratories. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:3514-24. [PMID: 25478144 PMCID: PMC4224527 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity, a multidimensional property of natural systems, is difficult to quantify partly because of the multitude of indices proposed for this purpose. Indices aim to describe general properties of communities that allow us to compare different regions, taxa, and trophic levels. Therefore, they are of fundamental importance for environmental monitoring and conservation, although there is no consensus about which indices are more appropriate and informative. We tested several common diversity indices in a range of simple to complex statistical analyses in order to determine whether some were better suited for certain analyses than others. We used data collected around the focal plant Plantago lanceolata on 60 temperate grassland plots embedded in an agricultural landscape to explore relationships between the common diversity indices of species richness (S), Shannon's diversity (H'), Simpson's diversity (D1), Simpson's dominance (D2), Simpson's evenness (E), and Berger-Parker dominance (BP). We calculated each of these indices for herbaceous plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, aboveground arthropods, belowground insect larvae, and P. lanceolata molecular and chemical diversity. Including these trait-based measures of diversity allowed us to test whether or not they behaved similarly to the better studied species diversity. We used path analysis to determine whether compound indices detected more relationships between diversities of different organisms and traits than more basic indices. In the path models, more paths were significant when using H', even though all models except that with E were equally reliable. This demonstrates that while common diversity indices may appear interchangeable in simple analyses, when considering complex interactions, the choice of index can profoundly alter the interpretation of results. Data mining in order to identify the index producing the most significant results should be avoided, but simultaneously considering analyses using multiple indices can provide greater insight into the interactions in a system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kathryn Morris
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität BerlinAltensteinstr 6, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Department of Biology, Xavier University3800 Victory Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45207
| | - Tancredi Caruso
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - François Buscot
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental ResearchTheodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, Halle/Saale, 06120, Germany
- Institute of Biology, University of LeipzigJohannisallee 21-23, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of BernAltenbergrain 21, Bern, 3013, Switzerland
| | - Christine Hancock
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of WürzburgAm Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Tanja S Maier
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Torsten Meiners
- Institute of Biology, Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität BerlinHarderslebener Strasse 9, Berlin, 12163, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Obermaier
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of WürzburgAm Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Daniel Prati
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of BernAltenbergrain 21, Bern, 3013, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie A Socher
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of BernAltenbergrain 21, Bern, 3013, Switzerland
| | - Ilja Sonnemann
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität BerlinAltensteinstr 6, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Nicole Wäschke
- Institute of Biology, Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität BerlinHarderslebener Strasse 9, Berlin, 12163, Germany
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental ResearchTheodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, Halle/Saale, 06120, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Susanne Wurst
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität BerlinAltensteinstr 6, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität BerlinAltensteinstr 6, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB)Altensteinstr 6, Berlin, 14195, Germany
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17
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Kafle D, Krähmer A, Naumann A, Wurst S. Genetic Variation of the Host Plant Species Matters for Interactions with Above- and Belowground Herbivores. INSECTS 2014; 5:651-67. [PMID: 26462832 PMCID: PMC4592585 DOI: 10.3390/insects5030651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plants are challenged by both above- and belowground herbivores which may indirectly interact with each other via herbivore-induced changes in plant traits; however, little is known about how genetic variation of the host plant shapes such interactions. We used two genotypes (M4 and E9) of Solanum dulcamara (Solanaceae) with or without previous experience of aboveground herbivory by Spodoptera exigua (Noctuidae) to quantify its effects on subsequent root herbivory by Agriotes spp. (Elateridae). In the genotype M4, due to the aboveground herbivory, shoot and root biomass was significantly decreased, roots had a lower C/N ratio and contained significantly higher levels of proteins, while the genotype E9 was not affected. However, aboveground herbivory had no effects on weight gain or mortality of the belowground herbivores. Root herbivory by Agriotes increased the nitrogen concentration in the roots of M4 plants leading to a higher weight gain of conspecific larvae. Also, in feeding bioassays, Agriotes larvae tended to prefer roots of M4 over E9, irrespective of the aboveground herbivore treatment. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) documented differences in metabolic profiles of the two plant genotypes and of the roots of M4 plants after aboveground herbivory. Together, these results demonstrate that previous aboveground herbivory can have genotype-specific effects on quantitative and qualitative root traits. This may have consequences for belowground interactions, although generalist root herbivores might not be affected when the root biomass offered is still sufficient for growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kafle
- Collaborative Research Center (CRC) 973, Institute of Biology, Functional Biodiversity, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Andrea Krähmer
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Annette Naumann
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Susanne Wurst
- Collaborative Research Center (CRC) 973, Institute of Biology, Functional Biodiversity, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, Berlin 14195, Germany.
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18
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Kutyniok M, Persicke M, Müller C. Effects of Root Herbivory by Nematodes on the Performance and Preference of a Leaf-Infesting Generalist Aphid Depend on Nitrate Fertilization. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:118-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Wang M, Biere A, Van der Putten WH, Bezemer TM. Sequential effects of root and foliar herbivory on aboveground and belowground induced plant defense responses and insect performance. Oecologia 2014; 175:187-98. [PMID: 24448700 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-2885-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants are often simultaneously or sequentially attacked by multiple herbivores and changes in host plants induced by one herbivore can influence the performance of other herbivores. We examined how sequential feeding on the plant Plantago lanceolata by the aboveground herbivore Spodoptera exigua and the belowground herbivore Agriotes lineatus influences plant defense and the performance of both insects. Belowground herbivory caused a reduction in the food consumption by the aboveground herbivore independent of whether it was initiated before, at the same time, or after that of the aboveground herbivore. By contrast, aboveground herbivory did not significantly affect belowground herbivore performance, but significantly reduced the performance of later arriving aboveground conspecifics. Interestingly, belowground herbivores negated negative effects of aboveground herbivores on consumption efficiency of their later arriving conspecifics, but only if the belowground herbivores were introduced simultaneously with the early arriving aboveground herbivores. Aboveground-belowground interactions could only partly be explained by induced changes in an important class of defense compounds, iridoid glycosides (IGs). Belowground herbivory caused a reduction in IGs in roots without affecting shoot levels, while aboveground herbivory increased IG levels in roots in the short term (4 days) but only in the shoots in the longer term (17 days). We conclude that the sequence of aboveground and belowground herbivory is important in interactions between aboveground and belowground herbivores and that knowledge on the timing of exposure is essential to predict outcomes of aboveground-belowground interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Wang
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
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20
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Schittko C, Wurst S. Above- and belowground effects of plant-soil feedback from exotic Solidago canadensis on native Tanacetum vulgare. Biol Invasions 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-013-0584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Incorporation of an introduced weed into the diet of a native butterfly: consequences for preference, performance and chemical defense. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:1313-21. [PMID: 24142264 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of exotic plants, animals, and pathogens into non-native ecosystems can have profound effects on native organisms. Plantago lanceolata, narrow-leaf or ribwort plantain (Plantaginaceae), is a weed that was introduced to North America from Eurasia approximately 200 years ago and that has been incorporated into the diet of a variety of native North American herbivores. Plantain contains two iridoid glycosides, aucubin and catalpol, that can be toxic or deterrent to non-specialized herbivores or herbivores that have recently incorporated this species into their diet. Anartia jatrophae (Nymphalidae), the white peacock, feeds on plants in five families including the Plantaginaceae, and was recently observed feeding on plantain; however, the effects of feeding on this novel host plant are unknown. In this study, we performed a series of experiments to assess larval preference and performance on the introduced P. lanceolata and on a native host plant that does not contain iridoid glycosides, water hyssop, Bacopa monnieri (Plantaginaceae). We also tested whether or not white peacocks were able to sequester iridoid glycosides and compared this ability with an iridoid specialist, the buckeye, Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae). White peacocks successfully developed to the adult stage on plantain; larvae grew more slowly but pupae were heavier when compared with larvae and pupae reared on the native host plant. Larvae showed induced feeding preferences for the host plant on which they were reared. Furthermore, larvae sequestered small amounts of iridoids that were also retained in pupae and adults. These results suggest that incorporation of the introduced weed, plantain, into the diet of the white peacock may have important consequences for larval performance and preference, as well as for interactions with natural enemies.
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22
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Pankoke H, Buschmann T, Müller C. Role of plant β-glucosidases in the dual defense system of iridoid glycosides and their hydrolyzing enzymes in Plantago lanceolata and Plantago major. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 94:99-107. [PMID: 23773298 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The typical defense compounds of Plantaginaceae are the iridoid glycosides, which retard growth and/or enhance mortality of non-adapted herbivores. In plants, glycosidic defense compounds and hydrolytic enzymes often form a dual defense system, in which the glycosides are activated by the enzymes to exert biological effects. Yet, little is known about the activating enzymes in iridoid glycoside-containing plants. To examine the role of plant-derived β-glucosidases in the dual defense system of two common plantain species, Plantago lanceolata and Plantago major, we determined the concentration of iridoid glycosides as well as the β-glucosidase activity in leaves of different age. To investigate the presence of other leaf metabolites potentially involved in plant defense, we used a metabolic fingerprinting approach with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. According to the optimal defense hypothesis, more valuable parts such as young leaves should be better protected than less valuable parts. Therefore, we expected that both, the concentrations of defense compounds as well as the β-glucosidase activity, should be highest in younger leaves and decrease with increasing leaf age. Both species possessed β-glucosidase activity, which hydrolyzed aucubin, one of the two most abundant iridoid glycosides in both plant species, with high activity. In line with the optimal defense hypothesis, the β-glucosidase activity in both Plantago species as well as the concentration of defense-related metabolites such as iridoid glycosides correlated negatively to leaf age. When leaf extracts were incubated with bovine serum albumin and aucubin, SDS-PAGE revealed a protein-denaturing effect of the leaf extracts of both plantain species, suggesting that iridoid glycosides and plant β-glucosidase interact in a dual defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Pankoke
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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23
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Hol WHG, De Boer W, Termorshuizen AJ, Meyer KM, Schneider JHM, Van Der Putten WH, Van Dam NM. Heterodera schachtii nematodes interfere with aphid-plant relations on Brassica oleracea. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:1193-203. [PMID: 24014097 PMCID: PMC3790247 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0338-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aboveground and belowground herbivore species modify plant defense responses differently. Simultaneous attack can lead to non-additive effects on primary and secondary metabolite composition in roots and shoots. We previously found that aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) population growth on Brassica oleracea was reduced on plants that were infested with nematodes (Heterodera schachtii) prior (4 weeks) to aphid infestation. Here, we examined how infection with root-feeding nematodes affected primary and secondary metabolites in the host plant and whether this could explain the increase in aphid doubling time from 3.8 to 6.7 days. We hypothesized that the effects of herbivores on plant metabolites would depend on the presence of the other herbivore and that nematode-induced changes in primary metabolites would correlate with reduced aphid performance. Total glucosinolate concentration in the leaves was not affected by nematode presence, but the composition of glucosinolates shifted, as gluconapin concentrations were reduced, while gluconapoleiferin concentrations increased in plants exposed to nematodes. Aphid presence increased 4-methoxyglucobrassicin concentrations in leaves, which correlated positively with the number of aphids per plant. Nematodes decreased amino acid and sugar concentrations in the phloem. Aphid population doubling time correlated negatively with amino acids and glucosinolate levels in leaves, whereas these correlations were non-significant when nematodes were present. In conclusion, the effects of an herbivore on plant metabolites were independent of the presence of another herbivore. Nematode presence reduced aphid population growth and disturbed feeding relations between plants and aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Gera Hol
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
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24
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Plant-mediated interactions between shoot-feeding aphids and root-feeding nematodes depend on nitrate fertilization. Oecologia 2013; 173:1367-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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25
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Erwin AC, Geber MA, Agrawal AA. Specific impacts of two root herbivores and soil nutrients on plant performance and insect-insect interactions. OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Schallhart N, Tusch MJ, Wallinger C, Staudacher K, Traugott M. Effects of plant identity and diversity on the dietary choice of a soil-living insect herbivore. Ecology 2013; 93:2650-7. [PMID: 23431595 DOI: 10.1890/11-2067.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant identity and diversity influence herbivore communities in many different ways. While it is well known how they affect the feeding preferences of aboveground herbivores, this information is lacking for soil ecosystems, where examining plant-herbivore trophic interactions is difficult. We performed a mesocosm experiment assessing how plant identity and diversity affect the food choice of Agriotes larvae, which are soil-living generalist herbivores. We offered four plant species, (maize, a grass, a legume, and a forb) at varying combinations and diversity levels to these larvae, and analyzed their feeding behavior using stable isotopes. We hypothesized that (1) their food choice is driven by preference for certain plant species rather than by root abundance and that (2) the preference for specific plants changes with increasing plant diversity. We found that larvae preferred the grass and legume but avoided maize and the forb. Whether a plant was preferred or avoided was independent of diversity, but the extent of avoidance or preference changed with increasing plant diversity. Our findings reveal that the dietary choice of soil-living generalist herbivores is determined by plant-specific traits rather than root abundance. Our data also suggest that soil herbivore feeding preferences are modulated by plant diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Schallhart
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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27
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Sonnemann I, Hempel S, Beutel M, Hanauer N, Reidinger S, Wurst S. The root herbivore history of the soil affects the productivity of a grassland plant community and determines plant response to new root herbivore attack. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56524. [PMID: 23441201 PMCID: PMC3575479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect root herbivores can alter plant community structure by affecting the competitive ability of single plants. However, their effects can be modified by the soil environment. Root herbivory itself may induce changes in the soil biota community, and it has recently been shown that these changes can affect plant growth in a subsequent season or plant generation. However, so far it is not known whether these root herbivore history effects (i) are detectable at the plant community level and/or (ii) also determine plant species and plant community responses to new root herbivore attack. The present greenhouse study determined root herbivore history effects of click beetle larvae (Elateridae, Coleoptera, genus Agriotes) in a model grassland plant community consisting of six common species (Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata, Taraxacum officinale, Holcus lanatus, Poa pratensis, Trifolium repens). Root herbivore history effects were generated in a first phase of the experiment by growing the plant community in soil with or without Agriotes larvae, and investigated in a second phase by growing it again in the soils that were either Agriotes trained or not. The root herbivore history of the soil affected plant community productivity (but not composition), with communities growing in root herbivore trained soil producing more biomass than those growing in untrained soil. Additionally, it influenced the response of certain plant species to new root herbivore attack. Effects may partly be explained by herbivore-induced shifts in the community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The root herbivore history of the soil proved to be a stronger driver of plant growth on the community level than an actual root herbivore attack which did not affect plant community parameters. History effects have to be taken into account when predicting the impact of root herbivores on grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Sonnemann
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Testing the paradox of enrichment along a land use gradient in a multitrophic aboveground and belowground community. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49034. [PMID: 23145055 PMCID: PMC3493510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the light of ongoing land use changes, it is important to understand how multitrophic communities perform at different land use intensities. The paradox of enrichment predicts that fertilization leads to destabilization and extinction of predator-prey systems. We tested this prediction for a land use intensity gradient from natural to highly fertilized agricultural ecosystems. We included multiple aboveground and belowground trophic levels and land use-dependent searching efficiencies of insects. To overcome logistic constraints of field experiments, we used a successfully validated simulation model to investigate plant responses to removal of herbivores and their enemies. Consistent with our predictions, instability measured by herbivore-induced plant mortality increased with increasing land use intensity. Simultaneously, the balance between herbivores and natural enemies turned increasingly towards herbivore dominance and natural enemy failure. Under natural conditions, there were more frequently significant effects of belowground herbivores and their natural enemies on plant performance, whereas there were more aboveground effects in agroecosystems. This result was partly due to the “boom-bust” behavior of the shoot herbivore population. Plant responses to herbivore or natural enemy removal were much more abrupt than the imposed smooth land use intensity gradient. This may be due to the presence of multiple trophic levels aboveground and belowground. Our model suggests that destabilization and extinction are more likely to occur in agroecosystems than in natural communities, but the shape of the relationship is nonlinear under the influence of multiple trophic interactions.
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29
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Sonnemann I, Baumhaker H, Wurst S. Species specific responses of common grassland plants to a generalist root herbivore (Agriotes spp. larvae). Basic Appl Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Kutyniok M, Müller C. Crosstalk between above- and belowground herbivores is mediated by minute metabolic responses of the host Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:6199-210. [PMID: 23045608 PMCID: PMC3481212 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are frequently under attack by multiple herbivores and can be infested at their shoots as well as their roots. As a consequence, plant metabolites are readily induced, mediated by phytohormones such as salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. Thereby, cross-talk between signal transduction pathways may occur if different herbivores attack the plant simultaneously. In turn, modifications in the plant metabolic pattern can affect herbivores infesting local and systemic tissue. Here, an integrative approach combining metabolomics and performance experiments was used to study the induction of plant metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana by the specialist aphid Brevicoryne brassicae feeding on shoots and the generalist nematode Heterodera schachtii infesting root tissue. In contrast to most other studies, low infestation rates typical for the decisive early stages of infestation were used. Moreover, the consequences of induction responses on plant-mediated indirect interactions between these herbivores were investigated. In aphid-treated plants, several metabolites including glucosinolates, important defence compounds of Brassicaceae, were reduced in the shoot, but only minute changes took part in the systemic root tissue. Primary metabolites as well as phytohormones were not altered 3 days post infestation. In contrast, nematodes did not evoke significant metabolic alterations locally or systemically. In accordance, nematode presence did not affect aphid population growth, whereas aphids mediated a considerably reduced nematode infestation. These results demonstrate that plants respond in a very fine-tuned way to different challenges. Although they show only minute systemic responses to low herbivore stress, these changes can have pronounced effects on plant-mediated interactions between herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene Kutyniok
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, CeBiTec, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, CeBiTec, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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31
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Robert CAM, Erb M, Duployer M, Zwahlen C, Doyen GR, Turlings TCJ. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles mediate host selection by a root herbivore. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 194:1061-1069. [PMID: 22486361 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In response to herbivore attack, plants mobilize chemical defenses and release distinct bouquets of volatiles. Aboveground herbivores are known to use changes in leaf volatile patterns to make foraging decisions, but it remains unclear whether belowground herbivores also use volatiles to select suitable host plants. We therefore investigated how above- and belowground infestation affects the performance of the root feeder Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, and whether the larvae of this specialized beetle are able to use volatile cues to assess from a distance whether a potential host plant is already under herbivore attack. Diabrotica virgifera larvae showed stronger growth on roots previously attacked by conspecific larvae, but performed more poorly on roots of plants whose leaves had been attacked by larvae of the moth Spodoptera littoralis. Fittingly, D. virgifera larvae were attracted to plants that were infested with conspecifics, whereas they avoided plants that were attacked by S. littoralis. We identified (E)-β-caryophyllene, which is induced by D. virgifera, and ethylene, which is suppressed by S. littoralis, as two signals used by D. virgifera larvae to locate plants that are most suitable for their development. Our study demonstrates that soil-dwelling insects can use herbivore-induced changes in root volatile emissions to identify suitable host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle A M Robert
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Marianne Duployer
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Zwahlen
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gwladys R Doyen
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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32
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Soler R, Van der Putten WH, Harvey JA, Vet LEM, Dicke M, Bezemer TM. Root herbivore effects on aboveground multitrophic interactions: patterns, processes and mechanisms. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:755-67. [PMID: 22467133 PMCID: PMC3375011 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In terrestrial food webs, the study of multitrophic interactions traditionally has focused on organisms that share a common domain, mainly above ground. In the last two decades, it has become clear that to further understand multitrophic interactions, the barrier between the belowground and aboveground domains has to be crossed. Belowground organisms that are intimately associated with the roots of terrestrial plants can influence the levels of primary and secondary chemistry and biomass of aboveground plant parts. These changes, in turn, influence the growth, development, and survival of aboveground insect herbivores. The discovery that soil organisms, which are usually out of sight and out of mind, can affect plant-herbivore interactions aboveground raised the question if and how higher trophic level organisms, such as carnivores, could be influenced. At present, the study of above-belowground interactions is evolving from interactions between organisms directly associated with the plant roots and shoots (e.g., root feeders - plant - foliar herbivores) to interactions involving members of higher trophic levels (e.g., parasitoids), as well as non-herbivorous organisms (e.g., decomposers, symbiotic plant mutualists, and pollinators). This multitrophic approach linking above- and belowground food webs aims at addressing interactions between plants, herbivores, and carnivores in a more realistic community setting. The ultimate goal is to understand the ecology and evolution of species in communities and, ultimately how community interactions contribute to the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we summarize studies on the effects of root feeders on aboveground insect herbivores and parasitoids and discuss if there are common trends. We discuss the mechanisms that have been reported to mediate these effects, from changes in concentrations of plant nutritional quality and secondary chemistry to defense signaling. Finally, we discuss how the traditional framework of fixed paired combinations of root- and shoot-related organisms feeding on a common plant can be transformed into a more dynamic and realistic framework that incorporates community variation in species, densities, space and time, in order to gain further insight in this exciting and rapidly developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxina Soler
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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33
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Sources of variation in plant responses to belowground insect herbivory: a meta-analysis. Oecologia 2011; 169:441-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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34
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Hong SC, MacGuidwin A, Gratton C. Soybean aphid and soybean cyst nematode interactions in the field and effects on soybean yield. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 104:1568-74. [PMID: 22066186 DOI: 10.1603/ec11084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
How above- and belowground plant pests interact with each other and how these interactions affect productivity is a relatively understudied aspect of crop production. Soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, a root parasite of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., is the most threatening pathogen in soybean production and soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, an aboveground phloem-feeding insect that appeared in North America in 2000, is the key aboveground herbivore of soybean in the midwestern United States. Now, both soybean aphid and soybean cyst nematode co-occur in soybean-growing areas in the Upper Midwest. The objectives of this study were to examine aphid colonization patterns and population growth on soybean across a natural gradient of nematode density (range, approximately 900 and 27,000 eggs per 100 cm3 soil), and to investigate the effect of this pest complex on soybean productivity. Alate (winged) soybean aphid colonization of soybean was negatively correlated to soybean cyst nematode egg density (r = -0.363, P = 0.0095) at the end of July, at the onset of peak alate colonization. However, both a manipulative cage study and openly colonized plants showed that soybean cyst nematode density below ground was unrelated to variation in aphid population growth (r approximately -0.01). Based on regression analyses, soybean aphids and cyst nematodes had independent effects on soybean yield through effects on different yield components. High soybean cyst nematode density was associated with a decline in soybean yield (kg ha(-1)), whereas increasing soybean aphid density (both alate and apterous) significantly decreased seed weight (g 100 seeds(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Hong
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; 237 Russell Labs, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
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35
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Quintero C, Bowers MD. Changes in plant chemical defenses and nutritional quality as a function of ontogeny in Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae). Oecologia 2011; 168:471-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Plant induced defenses depend more on plant age than previous history of damage: implications for plant-herbivore interactions. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:992-1001. [PMID: 21858639 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-0007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Herbivore-induced plant responses can significantly change as a function of plant developmental stage and previous history of damage. Yet, empirical tests that assess the combined role of multiple damage events and age-dependent constraints on the ability of plants to induce defenses within and among tissues are scarce. This question is of particular interest for annual and/or short-lived perennial plant species, whose responses to single or multiple damage events over a growing season are likely to interact with ontogenetic constraints in affecting a plant's ability to respond to herbivory. Using Plantago lanceolata and one of its specialist herbivores, Junonia coenia, we examined the effect of plant ontogeny (juvenile vs. mature developmental stages) and history of damage (single and multiple damage events early and/or late in the season) on plant responses to leaf damage. Plant responses to herbivory were assessed as induced chemical defenses (iridoid glycosides) and compensatory regrowth, in both above- and below-ground tissues. We found that constitutive concentration of iridoid glycosides markedly increased as plants matured, but plant ability to induce chemical defenses was limited to juvenile, but not mature, plant stages. In addition, induced defenses observed 7 d following herbivory in juvenile plants disappeared 5 wk after the first herbivory event, and mature plants that varied considerably in the frequency and intensity of damage received over 5 wk, did not differ significantly in their levels of chemical defenses. Also, only small changes in compensatory regrowth were detected. Finally, we did not observe changes in below-ground tissues' defenses or biomass a week following 50% removal of leaf tissues at either age class or history of damage. Together, these results suggest that in P. lanceolata and perhaps other systems, ontogenetic trajectories in plant growth and defenses leading to strong age-dependent induced responses may prevail over herbivore-induced indirect interactions.
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37
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Kaplan I, Sardanelli S, Rehill BJ, Denno RF. Toward a mechanistic understanding of competition in vascular-feeding herbivores: an empirical test of the sink competition hypothesis. Oecologia 2011; 166:627-36. [PMID: 21181415 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that competitive interactions among herbivores are mostly indirect and mediated by plant responses to herbivory. Most studies, however, emphasize chewing insects and secondary chemistry, thus ignoring the diverse group of vascular-parasites that may be more likely to compete through induced changes in phytonutrients. Using an aboveground phloem-feeding aphid (Myzus persicae) and a belowground gall-forming nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on tobacco plants, we assessed the importance of competition via induced host-plant sinks. In a series of experimental trials, nematode root herbivory caused 55 and 72% declines in the growth and fecundity of aphids, respectively. Aphids, on the other hand, did not impact nematode performance. Therefore, we predicted that nematodes out-compete M. persicae by attenuating the magnitude of aphid-induced sinks. Through a combination of invertase enzyme measurements and stable isotope ((13)C and (15)N) enrichment, we found evidence that both herbivores act as mobilizing sinks. Aphids attracted photoassimilates to feeding aggregations on leaves and nematode galls accumulated resources in the roots. Levels of invertase enzymes, for example, were more than fourfold higher in nematode galls than in surrounding root tissue. Yet we found no evidence supporting a sink competition model for aphid-nematode interactions. The strength of aphid-induced leaf sinks was entirely unaffected by nematode presence, and vice versa. Thus, induced host-plant sinks appear to be a common strategy employed by vascular parasites to manipulate the physiology of their host, but multi-sink competition may be limited to herbivores that co-occur on the same tissue type and/or plants under growth-limited abiotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kaplan
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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38
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Sylvain ZA, Wall DH. Linking soil biodiversity and vegetation: implications for a changing planet. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:517-527. [PMID: 21613143 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Soil biota are intimately tied to plant communities through herbivory and symbiosis and indirectly by the decomposition of dead organic plant material. Through both roots and aboveground organic material (e.g., leaves and wood), plants provide substantial inputs of organic matter to soil systems. Plants are the basis for most biotic soil food webs that comprise an enormous diversity of species whose multiple interactions function to help regulate nutrient cycling, which in turn influences plant growth. Many factors govern the biogeography of soil biota, including the physical and chemical properties of soil, climate, the composition and type of vegetation, and interactions with other soil biota. Despite awareness of factors influencing soil communities, no single factor allows predictions of soil animal diversity or distribution. However, research is showing that plants can have unique soil biotic communities. Degradation of soil, which removes predators and biotic regulation that occurs in less managed ecosystems, can result in increased pathogens and pests that affect humans, other animals and plants. Global changes such as land use, desertification, and soil pollution all have been shown to alter soil animal diversity and abundance. Because of our dependence on soils and plant production, studies linking soil biotic communities to primary productivity are needed to assure long-term soil sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Sylvain
- Department of Biology and Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1499, USA.
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39
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Hong SC, Donaldson J, Gratton C. Soybean cyst nematode effects on soybean aphid preference and performance in the laboratory. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 39:1561-9. [PMID: 22546453 DOI: 10.1603/en10091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Herbivores on plants frequently interact via shared resources. Studies that have examined performance of herbivores in the presence of other herbivores, however, have often focused on above-ground feeding guilds and relatively less research has examined interactions between below- and above-ground consumers. We examine how soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Matsumura) an above-ground phloem-feeding herbivore, interacts with a below-ground plant parasite, soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines (Ichinohe) through their shared host plant, soybean (Glycine max L). Laboratory experiments evaluated the preference of alate (flight-capable) soybean aphids toward plants either infected with soybean cyst nematode or uninfected controls in a simple choice arena. Alate soybean aphids preferred uninfected soybean over soybean cyst nematode-infected plants: 48 h after the releases of alate aphids in the center of the arena, 67% more aphids were found on control soybean compared with nematode infected plants. No-choice feeding assays were also conducted using clip cages and apterous (flight-incapable) aphids to investigate effect of soybean cyst nematode infection of soybean on aphid performance. These studies had mixed results: in one set of experiments overall aphid population growth at 7 d was not statistically different between control and soybean cyst nematode-infected plants. A different experiment using a life-table analysis found that apterous aphids feeding on soybean cyst nematode-infected plants had significantly greater finite rate of increase (λ), intrinsic rate of increase (r(m)), and net reproductive rate (R(o)) compared with aphids reared on uninfected (control) soybean plants. We conclude that the below-ground herbivore, soybean cyst nematode, primarily influences soybean aphid behavior rather than performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Hong
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin/Madison, 237 Russell Labs, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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40
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Meyer KM, Vos M, Mooij WM, Gera Hol WH, Termorshuizen AJ, Vet LEM, van der Putten WH. Quantifying the impact of above- and belowground higher trophic levels on plant and herbivore performance by modeling1. OIKOS 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Wurst S, van Beersum S, Wagenaar R, Bakx-Schotman T, Drigo B, Janzik I, Lanoue A, van der Putten WH. Plant defence against nematodes is not mediated by changes in the soil microbial community. Funct Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Hempel S, Stein C, Unsicker SB, Renker C, Auge H, Weisser WW, Buscot F. Specific bottom-up effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi across a plant-herbivore-parasitoid system. Oecologia 2009; 160:267-77. [PMID: 19219458 PMCID: PMC2757589 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
The majority of plants are involved in symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and these associations are known to have a strong influence on the performance of both plants and insect herbivores. Little is known about the impact of AMF on complex trophic chains, although such effects are conceivable. In a greenhouse study we examined the effects of two AMF species, Glomus intraradices and G. mosseae on trophic interactions between the grass Phleum pratense, the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi, and the parasitic wasp Aphidius rhopalosiphi. Inoculation with AMF in our study system generally enhanced plant biomass (+5.2%) and decreased aphid population growth (-47%), but there were no fungal species-specific effects. When plants were infested with G. intraradices, the rate of parasitism in aphids increased by 140% relative to the G. mosseae and control treatment. When plants were associated with AMF, the developmental time of the parasitoids decreased by 4.3% and weight at eclosion increased by 23.8%. There were no clear effects of AMF on the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in plant foliage. Our study demonstrates that the effects of AMF go beyond a simple amelioration of the plants' nutritional status and involve rather more complex species-specific cascading effects of AMF in the food chain that have a strong impact not only on the performance of plants but also on higher trophic levels, such as herbivores and parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hempel
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Claudia Stein
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Sybille B. Unsicker
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Renker
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Naturhistorisches Museum Mainz, Reichklarastraße 10, 55116 Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Auge
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Institute for Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - François Buscot
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
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43
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Chemical defense, mycorrhizal colonization and growth responses in Plantago lanceolata L. Oecologia 2009; 160:433-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Staley JT, Mortimer SR, Morecroft MD. Drought impacts on above–belowground interactions: Do effects differ between annual and perennial host species? Basic Appl Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Wurst S, Van Dam NM, Monroy F, Biere A, Van der Putten WH. Intraspecific Variation in Plant Defense Alters Effects of Root Herbivores on Leaf Chemistry and Aboveground Herbivore Damage. J Chem Ecol 2008; 34:1360-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-008-9537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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