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Nascimento ATD, Mendes AX, Duchi S, Duc D, Aguilar LC, Quigley AF, Kapsa RMI, Nisbet DR, Stoddart PR, Silva SM, Moulton SE. Wired for Success: Probing the Effect of Tissue-Engineered Neural Interface Substrates on Cell Viability. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:3775-3791. [PMID: 38722625 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the electrochemical behavior of GelMA-based hydrogels and their interactions with PC12 neural cells under electrical stimulation in the presence of conducting substrates. Focusing on indium tin oxide (ITO), platinum, and gold mylar substrates supporting conductive scaffolds composed of hydrogel, graphene oxide, and gold nanorods, we explored how the substrate materials affect scaffold conductivity and cell viability. We examined the impact of an optimized electrical stimulation protocol on the PC12 cell viability. According to our findings, substrate selection significantly influences conductive hydrogel behavior, affecting cell viability and proliferation as a result. In particular, the ITO substrates were found to provide the best support for cell viability with an average of at least three times higher metabolic activity compared to platinum and gold mylar substrates over a 7 day stimulation period. The study offers new insights into substrate selection as a platform for neural cell stimulation and underscores the critical role of substrate materials in optimizing the efficacy of neural interfaces for biomedical applications. In addition to extending existing work, this study provides a robust platform for future explorations aimed at tailoring the full potential of tissue-engineered neural interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Teixeira do Nascimento
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Alexandre X Mendes
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Serena Duchi
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Daniela Duc
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Lilith C Aguilar
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
- The Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anita F Quigley
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
- School of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Robert M I Kapsa
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
- School of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - David R Nisbet
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
- The Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Melbourne Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul R Stoddart
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Saimon M Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, The Biomedical and Environmental Sensor Technology Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Simon E Moulton
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia
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Li W, Li T, Pan Y, Li S, Xu G, Zhang Z, Liang H, Yang F. Designing a Mitochondria-Targeted Theranostic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complex: Overcoming Cisplatin Resistance and Inhibiting Tumor Metastasis through Necroptosis and Immune Response. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3843-3859. [PMID: 38442035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
To develop a potential theranostic metal agent to reverse the resistance of cancer cells to cisplatin and effectively inhibit tumor growth and metastasis, we proposed to design a cyclometalated iridium (Ir) complex based on the properties of the tumor environment (TME). To the end, we designed and synthesized a series of Ir(III) 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde thiosemicarbazone complexes by modifying the hydrogen atom(s) of the N-3 position of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde thiosemicarbazone compounds and the structure of cyclometalated Ir(III) dimers and then investigated their structure-activity and structure-fluorescence relationships to obtain an Ir(III) complex (Ir5) with remarkable fluorescence and cytotoxicity to cancer cells. Ir5 not only possesses mitochondria-targeted properties but also overcomes cisplatin resistance and effectively inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Besides, we confirmed the anticancer mechanisms of Ir5 acting on different components in the TME: directly killing liver cancer cells by inducing necroptosis and activating the necroptosis-related immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Ying Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Shanhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
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Yang C, Xiao C, Zhai X, Liu J, Yu M. SGLT2 inhibitor improves kidney function and morphology by regulating renal metabolism in mice with diabetic kidney disease. J Diabetes Complications 2024; 38:108652. [PMID: 38190779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a secondary complication of diabetes mellitus and a leading cause of chronic kidney disease. AIM To investigate the impact of long-term canagliflozin treatment on DKD and elucidate its underlying mechanism. METHODS DKD model was established using high-fat diet and streptozotocin in male C57BL/6J mice (n = 30). Mice were divided into five groups and treated for 12 weeks. 1) normal control mice, 2) DKD model, 3) mice treated low-dose of canagliflozin, 4) high-dose of canagliflozin and 5) β-hydroxybutyrate. Mice kidney morphology and function were evaluated, and a metabolomics analysis was performed. RESULTS Canagliflozin treatment reduced blood creatinine and urine nitrogen levels and improved systemic insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in diabetic mice. Additionally, a decrease in histological lesions including collagen and lipid deposition in the kidneys was observed. β-hydroxybutyrate treatment did not yield a comparable outcome. The metabolomics analysis revealed that canagliflozin induced alterations in amino acid metabolism profiles in the renal tissue of diabetic mice. CONCLUSION Canagliflozin protects the kidneys of diabetic mice by increasing the levels of essential amino acids, promoting mitochondrial homeostasis, mitigating oxidative stress, and stimulating the amino acid-dependent tricarboxylic acid cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunru Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhai
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jieying Liu
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
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Bishayee K, Lee SH, Park YS. The Illustration of Altered Glucose Dependency in Drug-Resistant Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13928. [PMID: 37762231 PMCID: PMC10530558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A chemotherapeutic approach is crucial in malignancy management, which is often challenging due to the development of chemoresistance. Over time, chemo-resistant cancer cells rapidly repopulate and metastasize, increasing the recurrence rate in cancer patients. Targeting these destined cancer cells is more troublesome for clinicians, as they share biology and molecular cross-talks with normal cells. However, the recent insights into the metabolic profiles of chemo-resistant cancer cells surprisingly illustrated the activation of distinct pathways compared with chemo-sensitive or primary cancer cells. These distinct metabolic dynamics are vital and contribute to the shift from chemo-sensitivity to chemo-resistance in cancer. This review will discuss the important metabolic alterations in cancer cells that lead to drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kausik Bishayee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea;
| | | | - Yong Soo Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea;
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Chen G, Wu K, Li H, Xia D, He T. Role of hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment and targeted therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:961637. [PMID: 36212414 PMCID: PMC9545774 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.961637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME), which is characterized by hypoxia, widely exists in solid tumors. As a current research hotspot in the TME, hypoxia is expected to become a key element to break through the bottleneck of tumor treatment. More and more research results show that a variety of biological behaviors of tumor cells are affected by many factors in TME which are closely related to hypoxia. In order to inhibiting the immune response in TME, hypoxia plays an important role in tumor cell metabolism and anti-apoptosis. Therefore, exploring the molecular mechanism of hypoxia mediated malignant tumor behavior and therapeutic targets is expected to provide new ideas for anti-tumor therapy. In this review, we discussed the effects of hypoxia on tumor behavior and its interaction with TME from the perspectives of immune cells, cell metabolism, oxidative stress and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), and listed the therapeutic targets or signal pathways found so far. Finally, we summarize the current therapies targeting hypoxia, such as glycolysis inhibitors, anti-angiogenesis drugs, HIF inhibitors, hypoxia-activated prodrugs, and hyperbaric medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoqi Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiwen Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Li
- Deparment of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiang Su University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Demeng Xia
- Luodian Clinical Drug Research Center, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Demeng Xia, ; Tianlin He,
| | - Tianlin He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Demeng Xia, ; Tianlin He,
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Gallez B. The Role of Imaging Biomarkers to Guide Pharmacological Interventions Targeting Tumor Hypoxia. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:853568. [PMID: 35910347 PMCID: PMC9335493 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.853568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors that contributes to angiogenesis, invasiveness, metastasis, altered metabolism and genomic instability. As hypoxia is a major actor in tumor progression and resistance to radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy, multiple approaches have emerged to target tumor hypoxia. It includes among others pharmacological interventions designed to alleviate tumor hypoxia at the time of radiation therapy, prodrugs that are selectively activated in hypoxic cells or inhibitors of molecular targets involved in hypoxic cell survival (i.e., hypoxia inducible factors HIFs, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, unfolded protein response). While numerous strategies were successful in pre-clinical models, their translation in the clinical practice has been disappointing so far. This therapeutic failure often results from the absence of appropriate stratification of patients that could benefit from targeted interventions. Companion diagnostics may help at different levels of the research and development, and in matching a patient to a specific intervention targeting hypoxia. In this review, we discuss the relative merits of the existing hypoxia biomarkers, their current status and the challenges for their future validation as companion diagnostics adapted to the nature of the intervention.
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7
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Tomar N, Zhang X, Kandel SM, Sadri S, Yang C, Liang M, Audi SH, Cowley AW, Dash RK. Substrate-dependent differential regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics in the heart and kidney cortex and outer medulla. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148518. [PMID: 34864090 PMCID: PMC8957717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics and efficiency of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) can depend on the choice of respiratory substrates. Furthermore, potential differences in this substrate dependency among different tissues are not well-understood. Here, we determined the effects of different substrates on the kinetics and efficiency of OxPhos in isolated mitochondria from the heart and kidney cortex and outer medulla (OM) of Sprague-Dawley rats. The substrates were pyruvate+malate, glutamate+malate, palmitoyl-carnitine+malate, alpha-ketoglutarate+malate, and succinate±rotenone at saturating concentrations. The kinetics of OxPhos were interrogated by measuring mitochondrial bioenergetics under different ADP perturbations. Results show that the kinetics and efficiency of OxPhos are highly dependent on the substrates used, and this dependency is distinctly different between heart and kidney. Heart mitochondria showed higher respiratory rates and OxPhos efficiencies for all substrates in comparison to kidney mitochondria. Cortex mitochondria respiratory rates were higher than OM mitochondria, but OM mitochondria OxPhos efficiencies were higher than cortex mitochondria. State 3 respiration was low in heart mitochondria with succinate but increased significantly in the presence of rotenone, unlike kidney mitochondria. Similar differences were observed in mitochondrial membrane potential. Differences in H2O2 emission in the presence of succinate±rotenone were observed in heart mitochondria and to a lesser extent in OM mitochondria, but not in cortex mitochondria. Bioenergetics and H2O2 emission data with succinate±rotenone indicate that oxaloacetate accumulation and reverse electron transfer may play a more prominent regulatory role in heart mitochondria than kidney mitochondria. These studies provide novel quantitative data demonstrating that the choice of respiratory substrates affects mitochondrial responses in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Tomar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI-53226, United States of America
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI-53226, United States of America
| | - Sunil M Kandel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI-53226, United States of America
| | - Shima Sadri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI-53226, United States of America
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI-53226, United States of America
| | - Mingyu Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI-53226, United States of America; Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI-53226, United States of America
| | - Said H Audi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee WI-53223, United States of America
| | - Allen W Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI-53226, United States of America; Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI-53226, United States of America.
| | - Ranjan K Dash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI-53226, United States of America; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI-53226, United States of America; Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI-53226, United States of America.
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Busche M, Rabl D, Fischer J, Schmees C, Mayr T, Gebhardt R, Stelzle M. Continous, non-invasive monitoring of oxygen consumption in a parallelized microfluidic in vitro system provides novel insight into the response to nutrients and drugs of primary human hepatocytes. EXCLI JOURNAL 2022; 21:144-161. [PMID: 35145369 PMCID: PMC8822303 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-4351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen plays a fundamental role in cellular energy metabolism, differentiation and cell biology in general. Consequently, in vitro oxygen sensing can be used to assess cell vitality and detect specific mechanisms of toxicity. In 2D in vitro models currently used, the oxygen supply provided by diffusion is generally too low, especially for cells having a high oxygen demand. In organ-on-chip systems, a more physiologic oxygen supply can be generated by establishing unidirectional perfusion. We established oxygen sensors in an easy-to-use and parallelized organ-on-chip system. We demonstrated the applicability of this system by analyzing the influence of fructose (40 mM, 80 mM), ammonium chloride (100 mM) and Na-diclofenac (50 µM, 150 µM, 450 µM, 1500 µM) on primary human hepatocytes (PHH). Fructose treatment for two hours showed an immediate drop of oxygen consumption (OC) with subsequent increase to nearly initial levels. Treatment with 80 mM glucose, 20 mM lactate or 20 mM glycerol did not result in any changes in OC which demonstrates a specific effect of fructose. Application of ammonium chloride for two hours did not show any immediate effects on OC, but qualitatively changed the cellular response to FCCP treatment. Na-diclofenac treatment for 24 hours led to a decrease of the maximal respiration and reserve capacity. We also demonstrated the stability of our system by repeatedly treating cells with 40 mM fructose, which led to similar cell responses on the same day as well as on subsequent days. In conclusion, our system enables in depth analysis of cellular respiration after substrate treatment in an unidirectional perfused organ-on-chip system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Busche
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Marius Busche, NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany; Tel.: +49 7121 51530-0, E-mail:
| | - Dominik Rabl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Christian Schmees
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria,PyroScience AT GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Rudolf-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany,InViSys-Tübingen GbR, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Stelzle
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
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Deng J, Peng C, Hou L, Wu Y, Liu W, Fang G, Jiang H, Qin S, Yang F, Huang G, Gou Y. Dithiocarbazate-copper complex loaded thermosensitive hydrogel for lung cancer therapy via tumor in situ sustained-release. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi01383e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The Pluronic F127 thermosensitive hydrogels containing copper complex 3 were constructed, which could delay A549 tumor xenograft growth effectively with lower systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunGang Deng
- The Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Chang Peng
- The Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - LiXia Hou
- The Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - YouRu Wu
- The Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - GuiHua Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - HaoWen Jiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - ShanFu Qin
- Hechi University, Hechi 546300, Guangxi, China
| | - Feng Yang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - GuoJin Huang
- The Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Yi Gou
- The Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China
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Kim D, Kim EH, Bae ON. Comparative study of two isothiazolinone biocides, 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) and 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT), on barrier function and mitochondrial bioenergetics using murine brain endothelial cell line (bEND.3). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:932-943. [PMID: 34315345 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1955786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Isothiazolinone (IT) biocides are potent antibacterial substances used as preservatives and disinfectants. These biocides exert differing biocidal effects and display environmental stability based upon chemical structure. In agreement with our recent study reporting that 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT) induced dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the potential adverse health effects of two IT biocides 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) and 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT) were compared using brain endothelial cells (ECs) derived from murine brain endothelial cell line (bEND.3). BIT possesses an unchlorinated IT ring structure and used as a preservative in cleaning products. DCOIT contains a chlorinated IT ring structure and employed as an antifouling agent in paints. Data demonstrated that DCOIT altered cellular metabolism at a lower concentration than BIT. Both BIT and DCOIT increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation at the mitochondrial and cellular levels. However, the effect of DCOIT on glutathione (GSH) levels appeared to be greater than BIT. While mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was decreased in both BIT- and DCOIT-exposed cells, direct disturbance in mitochondrial bioenergetic flux was only observed in BIT-treated ECs. Taken together, IT biocides produced toxicity in brain EC and barrier dysfunction, but at different concentration ranges suggesting distinct differing mechanisms related to chemical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
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Vishnu N, Hamilton A, Bagge A, Wernersson A, Cowan E, Barnard H, Sancak Y, Kamer KJ, Spégel P, Fex M, Tengholm A, Mootha VK, Nicholls DG, Mulder H. Mitochondrial clearance of calcium facilitated by MICU2 controls insulin secretion. Mol Metab 2021; 51:101239. [PMID: 33932586 PMCID: PMC8163986 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transport of Ca2+ into pancreatic β cell mitochondria facilitates nutrient-mediated insulin secretion. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Recent establishment of the molecular identity of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) and associated proteins allows modification of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport in intact cells. We examined the consequences of deficiency of the accessory protein MICU2 in rat and human insulin-secreting cells and mouse islets. METHODS siRNA silencing of Micu2 in the INS-1 832/13 and EndoC-βH1 cell lines was performed; Micu2-/- mice were also studied. Insulin secretion and mechanistic analyses utilizing live confocal imaging to assess mitochondrial function and intracellular Ca2+ dynamics were performed. RESULTS Silencing of Micu2 abrogated GSIS in the INS-1 832/13 and EndoC-βH1 cells. The Micu2-/- mice also displayed attenuated GSIS. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake declined in MICU2-deficient INS-1 832/13 and EndoC-βH1 cells in response to high glucose and high K+. MICU2 silencing in INS-1 832/13 cells, presumably through its effects on mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, perturbed mitochondrial function illustrated by absent mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization and lowering of the ATP/ADP ratio in response to elevated glucose. Despite the loss of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, cytosolic Ca2+ was lower in siMICU2-treated INS-1 832/13 cells in response to high K+. It was hypothesized that Ca2+ accumulated in the submembrane compartment in MICU2-deficient cells, resulting in desensitization of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, lowering total cytosolic Ca2+. Upon high K+ stimulation, MICU2-silenced cells showed higher and prolonged increases in submembrane Ca2+ levels. CONCLUSIONS MICU2 plays a critical role in β cell mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. β cell mitochondria sequestered Ca2+ from the submembrane compartment, preventing desensitization of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and facilitating GSIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Vishnu
- Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
| | - A Hamilton
- Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
| | - A Bagge
- Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
| | - A Wernersson
- Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
| | - E Cowan
- Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
| | - H Barnard
- Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
| | - Y Sancak
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - K J Kamer
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - P Spégel
- Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
| | - M Fex
- Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
| | - A Tengholm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
| | - V K Mootha
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - D G Nicholls
- Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - H Mulder
- Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden.
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12
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Cheng A, Jiang Y, Wang T, Yu F, Ishrat I, Zhang D, Ji X, Chen M, Xiao W, Li Q, Zhang K, Niu G, Shi J, Pan Y, Yang Z, Guo J. Energy restriction causes metaphase delay and chromosome mis-segregation in cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:1195-1208. [PMID: 34048314 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1930679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP metabolism during mitosis needs to be coordinated with numerous energy-demanding activities, especially in cancer cells whose metabolic pathways are reprogramed to sustain rapid proliferation in a nutrient-deficient environment. Although strategies targeting the energy metabolic pathways have shown therapeutic efficacy in preclinical cancer models, how normal cells and cancer cells differentially respond to energy shortage is unclear. In this study, using time-lapse microscopy, we found that cancer cells displayed unique mitotic phenotypes in a dose-dependent manner upon decreasing ATP (i.e. energy) supply. When reduction in ATP concentration was moderate, chromosome movements in mitosis were barely affected, while the metaphase-anaphase transition was significantly prolonged due to reduced tension between the sister-kinetochores, which delayed the satisfaction of the spindle assembly checkpoint. Further reduction in ATP concentration led to a decreased level of Aurora-B at the centromere, resulting in increased chromosome mis-segregation after metaphase delay. In contrast to cancer cells, ATP restriction in non-transformed cells induced cell cycle arrest in interphase, rather than causing mitotic defects. In addition, data mining of cancer patient database showed a correlation between signatures of energy production and chromosomal instability possibly resulted from mitotic defects. Together, these results reveal that energy restriction induces differential responses in normal and cancer cells, with chromosome mis-segregation only observed in cancer cells. This points to targeting energy metabolism as a potentially cancer-selective therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoxing Cheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ya Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Fazhi Yu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Iqra Ishrat
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dongming Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyang Ji
- Joint Turing-Darwin Laboratory of Phil Rivers Technology Ltd. And Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Computational Biology, Phil Rivers Technology Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Minhua Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Kaiguang Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Gang Niu
- Joint Turing-Darwin Laboratory of Phil Rivers Technology Ltd. And Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Computational Biology, Phil Rivers Technology Ltd, Beijing, China.,West Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jue Shi
- Center for Quantitative Systems Biology, Department of Physics and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yueyin Pan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenye Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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13
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Kim D, Kim EH, Choi S, Lim KM, Tie L, Majid A, Bae ON. A Commonly Used Biocide 2-N-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-oneInduces Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction via Cellular Thiol Modification and Mitochondrial Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052563. [PMID: 33806369 PMCID: PMC7975974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Isothiazolinone (IT) biocides are potent antibacterial substances commonly used as preservatives or disinfectants, and 2-n-Octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT; octhilinone) is a common IT biocide that is present in leather products, glue, paints, and cleaning products. Although humans are exposed to OIT through personal and industrial use, the potentially deleterious effects of OIT on human health are still unknown. To investigate the effects of OIT on the vascular system, which is continuously exposed to xenobiotics through systemic circulation, we treated brain endothelial cells with OIT. OIT treatment significantly activated caspase-3-mediated apoptosis and reduced the bioenergetic function of mitochondria in a bEnd.3 cell-based in vitro blood–brain barrier (BBB) model. Interestingly, OIT significantly altered the thiol redox status, as evidenced by reduced glutathione levels and protein S-nitrosylation. The endothelial barrier function of bEnd.3 cells was significantly impaired by OIT treatment. OIT affected mitochondrial dynamics through mitophagy and altered mitochondrial morphology in bEnd.3 cells. N-acetyl cysteine significantly reversed the effects of OIT on the metabolic capacity and endothelial function of bEnd.3 cells. Taken together, we demonstrated that the alteration of the thiol redox status and mitochondrial damage contributed to OIT-induced BBB dysfunction, and we hope that our findings will improve our understanding of the potential hazardous health effects of IT biocides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (D.K.); (E.-H.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Eun-Hye Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (D.K.); (E.-H.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Sungbin Choi
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (D.K.); (E.-H.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Lu Tie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (D.K.); (E.-H.K.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-400-5805
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14
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Abstract
Although normal cells depend on exogenous lipids to function and survive, excessive amount of body fat has been associated with increased risk for certain human cancers. Cancer cells can redirect metabolic pathways to meet energy demands through the regulation of fatty acid metabolism. The importance of de novo fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation in cancer cells suggests fatty acid metabolism may be targeted for anticancer treatment through the use of pharmacological blockade to limit cell proliferation, growth, and transformation. However, our current knowledge about fatty acid metabolism in cancer cells remains limited, and the investigations of such processes and related pathways are certainly warranted to reveal the clinical relevance of fatty acid metabolism in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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15
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Bioenergetic effects of hydrogen sulfide suppress soluble Flt-1 and soluble endoglin in cystathionine gamma-lyase compromised endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15810. [PMID: 32978411 PMCID: PMC7519095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of preeclampsia, a life-threatening complication of pregnancy characterised by hypertension and elevated soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1 (sFlt-1). Dysregulation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) by inhibition of cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) increases sFlt-1 and soluble endoglin (sEng) release. We explored whether compromise in CSE/H2S pathway is linked to dysregulation of the mitochondrial bioenergetics and oxidative status. We investigated whether these effects were linked to CSE-induced sFlt-1 and sEng production in endothelial cells. Here, we demonstrate that CSE/H2S pathway sustain endothelial mitochondrial bioenergetics and loss of CSE increases the production of mitochondrial-specific superoxide. As a compensatory effect, low CSE environment enhances the reliance on glycolysis. The mitochondrial-targeted H2S donor, AP39, suppressed the antiangiogenic response and restored the mitochondrial bioenergetics in endothelial cells. AP39 revealed that upregulation of sFlt-1, but not sEng, is independent of the mitochondrial H2S metabolising enzyme, SQR. These data provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms for antiangiogenic upregulation in a mitochondrial-driven environment. Targeting H2S to the mitochondria may be of therapeutic benefit in the prevention of endothelial dysfunction associated with preeclampsia.
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16
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Zhao QY, Ge LH, Zhang K, Chen HF, Zhan XX, Yang Y, Dang QL, Zheng Y, Zhou HB, Lyu JX, Fang HZ. Assessment of mitochondrial function in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease using obese mouse models. Zool Res 2020; 41:539-551. [PMID: 32786176 PMCID: PMC7475011 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is characterized by deregulated hepatic lipid metabolism; however, the association between MAFLD development and mitochondrial dysfunction has yet to be confirmed. Herein, we employed high-resolution respirometry, blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-based in-gel activity measurement and immunoblot analysis to assess mitochondrial function in obesity-induced mouse models with varying degrees of MAFLD. Results showed a slight but significant decrease in hepatic mitochondrial respiration in some MAFLD mice compared to mice fed a standard diet. However, the activities and levels of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes remained unchanged during obesity-induced MAFLD progression. These results suggest that mitochondrial function, particularly oxidative phosphorylation, was mildly affected during obesity-induced MAFLD development. Moreover, transcriptome profiling of mouse and human liver tissues with varying degrees of MAFLD revealed that the decreased activation of mitochondria-related pathways was only associated with MAFLD of a high histological grade, whereas the major regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis were not altered in mice or humans during MAFLD development. Collectively, our results suggest that impaired hepatic mitochondrial function is not closely associated with obesity-induced MAFLD. Therefore, therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondria for the treatment of MAFLD should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong-Ya Zhao
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Ling-Hong Ge
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hai-Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qing-Lin Dang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Huai-Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jian-Xin Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China. E-mail:
| | - He-Zhi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China. E-mail:
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17
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Møller SH, Mellergaard M, Madsen M, Bermejo AV, Jepsen SD, Hansen MH, Høgh RI, Aldana BI, Desler C, Rasmussen LJ, Sustarsic EG, Gerhart-Hines Z, Daskalaki E, Wheelock CE, Hiron TK, Lin D, O'Callaghan CA, Wandall HH, Andresen L, Skov S. Cytoplasmic Citrate Flux Modulates the Immune Stimulatory NKG2D Ligand MICA in Cancer Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1968. [PMID: 32849657 PMCID: PMC7431954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune surveillance of cancer cells is facilitated by the Natural Killer Group 2D (NKG2D) receptor expressed by different lymphocyte subsets. It recognizes NKG2D ligands that are rarely expressed on healthy cells, but upregulated by tumorigenesis, presenting a target for immunological clearance. The molecular mechanisms responsible for NKG2D ligand regulation remain complex. Here we report that cancer cell metabolism supports constitutive surface expression of the NKG2D ligand MHC class I chain-related proteins A (MICA). Knockout of the N-glycosylation gene N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (MGAT5) in HEK293 cells induced altered metabolism and continuous high MICA surface expression. MGAT5 knockout cells were used to examine the association of cell metabolism and MICA expression through genetic, pharmacological and metabolic assays. Findings were verified in cancer cell lines. Cells with constitutive high MICA expression showed enhanced spare respiratory capacity and elevated mitochondrial efflux of citrate, determined by extracellular flux analysis and metabolomics. MICA expression was reduced by inhibitors of mitochondrial function, FCCP and etomoxir e.g., and depended on conversion of citrate to acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate by ATP citrate lyase, which was also observed in several cancer cell types. Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) analysis revealed that upregulated MICA transcription was associated with an open chromatin structure at the MICA transcription start site. We identify mitochondria and cytoplasmic citrate as key regulators of constitutive MICA expression and we propose that metabolic reprogramming of certain cancer cells facilitates MICA expression and NKG2D-mediated immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie H Møller
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Maiken Mellergaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Madsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Amaia V Bermejo
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stine D Jepsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Marie H Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Rikke I Høgh
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Blanca I Aldana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Desler
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Juel Rasmussen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elahu G Sustarsic
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zachary Gerhart-Hines
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Evangelia Daskalaki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas K Hiron
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Da Lin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Andresen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Søren Skov
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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18
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Matés JM, Campos-Sandoval JA, de Los Santos-Jiménez J, Márquez J. Glutaminases regulate glutathione and oxidative stress in cancer. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2603-2623. [PMID: 32681190 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapies against cancer have improved both survival and quality of life of patients. However, metabolic rewiring evokes cellular mechanisms that reduce therapeutic mightiness. Resistant cells generate more glutathione, elicit nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) activation, and overexpress many anti-oxidative genes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and thioredoxin reductase, providing stronger antioxidant capacity to survive in a more oxidative environment due to the sharp rise in oxidative metabolism and reactive oxygen species generation. These changes dramatically alter tumour microenvironment and cellular metabolism itself. A rational design of therapeutic combination strategies is needed to flatten cellular homeostasis and accomplish a drop in cancer development. Context-dependent glutaminase isoenzymes show oncogenic and tumour suppressor properties, being mainly associated to MYC and p53, respectively. Glutaminases catalyze glutaminolysis in mitochondria, regulating oxidative phosphorylation, redox status and cell metabolism for tumour growth. In addition, the substrate and product of glutaminase reaction, glutamine and glutamate, respectively, can work as signalling molecules moderating redox and bioenergetic pathways in cancer. Novel synergistic approaches combining glutaminase inhibition and redox-dependent modulation are described in this review. Pharmacological or genetic glutaminase regulation along with oxidative chemotherapy can help to improve the design of combination strategies that escalate the rate of therapeutic success in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Matés
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Canceromics Lab, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.
| | - José A Campos-Sandoval
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Canceromics Lab, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan de Los Santos-Jiménez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Canceromics Lab, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Márquez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Canceromics Lab, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
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19
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Sarkadi B, Meszaros K, Krencz I, Canu L, Krokker L, Zakarias S, Barna G, Sebestyen A, Papay J, Hujber Z, Butz H, Darvasi O, Igaz P, Doczi J, Luconi M, Chinopoulos C, Patocs A. Glutaminases as a Novel Target for SDHB-Associated Pheochromocytomas/Paragangliomas. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E599. [PMID: 32150977 PMCID: PMC7139890 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma/paragangliomas (Pheo/PGL) are rare endocrine cancers with strong genetic background. Mutations in the SDHB subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) predispose patients to malignant disease with limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis. Using a host of cellular and molecular biology techniques in 2D and 3D cell culture formats we show that SDH inhibition had cell line specific biological and biochemical consequences. Based on our studies performed on PC12 (rat chromaffin cell line), Hela (human cervix epithelial cell line), and H295R (human adrenocortical cell line) cells, we demonstrated that chromaffin cells were not affected negatively by the inhibition of SDH either by siRNA directed against SDHB or treatment with SDH inhibitors (itaconate and atpenin A5). Cell viability and intracellular metabolite measurements pointed to the cell line specific consequences of SDH impairment and to the importance of glutamate metabolism in chromaffin cells. A significant increase in glutaminase-1 (GLS-1) expression after SDH impairment was observed in PC12 cells. GLS-1 inhibitor BPTES was capable of significantly decreasing proliferation of SDH impaired PC12 cells. Glutaminase-1 and SDHB expressions were tested in 35 Pheo/PGL tumor tissues. Expression of GLS1 was higher in the SDHB low expressed group compared to SDHB high expressed tumors. Our data suggest that the SDH-associated malignant potential of Pheo/PGL is strongly dependent on GLS-1 expression and glutaminases may be novel targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Sarkadi
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (S.Z.); (P.I.)
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (K.M.); (L.K.); (H.B.); (O.D.)
| | - Katalin Meszaros
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (K.M.); (L.K.); (H.B.); (O.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Bionics Innovation Center, 1088 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Ildiko Krencz
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (I.K.); (G.B.); (J.P.); (Z.H.)
| | - Letizia Canu
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Lilla Krokker
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (K.M.); (L.K.); (H.B.); (O.D.)
- Bionics Innovation Center, 1088 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Sara Zakarias
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (S.Z.); (P.I.)
| | - Gabor Barna
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (I.K.); (G.B.); (J.P.); (Z.H.)
| | - Anna Sebestyen
- Bionics Innovation Center, 1088 Budapest, Hungary;
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (I.K.); (G.B.); (J.P.); (Z.H.)
| | - Judit Papay
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (I.K.); (G.B.); (J.P.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zoltan Hujber
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (I.K.); (G.B.); (J.P.); (Z.H.)
| | - Henriett Butz
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (K.M.); (L.K.); (H.B.); (O.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Bionics Innovation Center, 1088 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Otto Darvasi
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (K.M.); (L.K.); (H.B.); (O.D.)
- Bionics Innovation Center, 1088 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Peter Igaz
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (S.Z.); (P.I.)
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Doczi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (J.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Michaela Luconi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Christos Chinopoulos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (J.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Attila Patocs
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (K.M.); (L.K.); (H.B.); (O.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Bionics Innovation Center, 1088 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
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20
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Morten KJ, Potter M, Badder L, Sivathondan P, Dragovic R, Neumann A, Gavin J, Shrestha R, Reilly S, Phadwal K, Lodge TA, Borzychowski A, Cookson S, Mitchell C, Morovat A, Simon AK, Uusimaa J, Hynes J, Poulton J. Insights into pancreatic β cell energy metabolism using rodent β cell models. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 2:14. [PMID: 31754635 PMCID: PMC6854877 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10535.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mitochondrial diabetes is primarily caused by β-cell failure, a cell type whose unique properties are important in pathogenesis. Methods: By reducing glucose, we induced energetic stress in two rodent β-cell models to assess effects on cellular function. Results: Culturing rat insulin-secreting INS-1 cells in low glucose conditions caused a rapid reduction in whole cell respiration, associated with elevated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, and an altered glucose-stimulated insulin secretion profile. Prolonged exposure to reduced glucose directly impaired mitochondrial function and reduced autophagy. Conclusions: Insulinoma cell lines have a very different bioenergetic profile to many other cell lines and provide a useful model of mechanisms affecting β-cell mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Morten
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Women's Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Michelle Potter
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Women's Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Luned Badder
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Women's Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Pamela Sivathondan
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Women's Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca Dragovic
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Women's Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Abigale Neumann
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Women's Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - James Gavin
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Women's Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Roshan Shrestha
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Women's Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Svetlana Reilly
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Kanchan Phadwal
- BRC Translational Immunology Lab, NIHR, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Tiffany A Lodge
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Women's Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela Borzychowski
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Women's Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Sharon Cookson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Haematological Sciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Corey Mitchell
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Women's Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Johanna Uusimaa
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - James Hynes
- Luxcel BioSciences Ltd, BioInnovation Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joanna Poulton
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Women's Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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21
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Ogando DG, Choi M, Shyam R, Li S, Bonanno JA. Ammonia sensitive SLC4A11 mitochondrial uncoupling reduces glutamine induced oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101260. [PMID: 31254733 PMCID: PMC6604051 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SLC4A11 is a NH3 sensitive membrane transporter with H+ channel-like properties that facilitates Glutamine catabolism in Human and Mouse corneal endothelium (CE). Loss of SLC4A11 activity induces oxidative stress and cell death, resulting in Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy (CHED) with corneal edema and vision loss. However, the mechanism by which SLC4A11 prevents ROS production and protects CE is unknown. Here we demonstrate that SLC4A11 is localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane of CE and SLC4A11 transfected PS120 fibroblasts, where it acts as an NH3-sensitive mitochondrial uncoupler that enhances glutamine-dependent oxygen consumption, electron transport chain activity, and ATP levels by suppressing damaging Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. In the presence of glutamine, Slc4a11-/- (KO) mouse CE generate significantly greater mitochondrial superoxide, a greater proportion of damaged depolarized mitochondria, and more apoptotic cells than WT. KO CE can be rescued by MitoQ, reducing NH3 production by GLS1 inhibition or dimethyl αKetoglutarate supplementation, or by BAM15 mitochondrial uncoupling. Slc4a11 KO mouse corneal edema can be partially reversed by αKetoglutarate eye drops. Moreover, we demonstrate that this role for SLC4A11 is not specific to CE cells, as SLC4A11 knockdown in glutamine-addicted colon carcinoma cells reduced glutamine catabolism, increased ROS production, and inhibited cell proliferation. Overall, our studies reveal a unique metabolic mechanism that reduces mitochondrial oxidative stress while promoting glutamine catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G Ogando
- Indiana University, School of Optometry, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Moonjung Choi
- Indiana University, School of Optometry, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Rajalekshmy Shyam
- Indiana University, School of Optometry, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Shimin Li
- Indiana University, School of Optometry, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Joseph A Bonanno
- Indiana University, School of Optometry, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States.
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22
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Zhu Z, Wang Z, Zhang C, Wang Y, Zhang H, Gan Z, Guo Z, Wang X. Mitochondrion-targeted platinum complexes suppressing lung cancer through multiple pathways involving energy metabolism. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3089-3095. [PMID: 30996891 PMCID: PMC6428137 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04871a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are potential therapeutic targets for anticancer drugs. A series of mitochondrion-targeted monofunctional platinum complexes, [Pt(ortho-PPh3CH2Py)(NH3)2Cl](NO3)2 (OPT), [Pt(meta-PPh3CH2Py)(NH3)2Cl](NO3)2 (MPT), and [Pt(para-PPh3CH2Py)(NH3)2Cl](NO3)2 (PPT) (PPh3 = triphenylphosphonium, Py = pyridine), are studied in this article. The antitumor activity and mechanism of action have been investigated in vitro and in vivo as well as on molecular levels. OPT exhibits higher efficacy than cisplatin against A549 lung cancer cells; furthermore, it shows a strong inhibition towards the growth of non-small-cell lung cancer in nude mice. The DNA binding ability of these complexes follows an order of PPT > OPT > MPT. Cellular uptake and distribution studies show that OPT accumulates mainly in mitochondria, while MPT and PPT accumulate more preferentially in nuclei than in mitochondria. As a result, OPT induces remarkable changes in the ultrastructure and membrane of mitochondria, leading to more radical mitochondrial dysfunctions than cisplatin. The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria is more evident for cells treated with OPT than with cisplatin, though the apoptosis of A549 cells induced by OPT is similar to that induced by cisplatin. Disruption to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis is involved in the antitumor mechanism of these compounds. The results indicate that in addition to DNA binding, bioenergetic pathways also play crucial roles in the antitumor activity of mitochondrion-targeted monofunctional platinum complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 25 89684549
| | - Zenghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 25 89689006
| | - Changli Zhang
- School of Biochemical and Environmental Engineering , Nanjing Xiaozhuang University , Nanjing , P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 25 89684549
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 25 89684549
| | - Zhenji Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University , Nanjing , P. R. China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 25 89689006
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 25 89684549
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23
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Delta-Tocotrienol Modulates Glutamine Dependence by Inhibiting ASCT2 and LAT1 Transporters in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Cells: A Metabolomic Approach. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9030050. [PMID: 30871192 PMCID: PMC6468853 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) primarily depends on glutamine. Both glutamine and essential amino acids (EAAs) have been reported to upregulate mTOR in NSCLC, which is a bioenergetics sensor involved in the regulation of cell growth, cell survival, and protein synthesis. Seen as novel concepts in cancer development, ASCT2 and LAT transporters allow glutamine and EAAs to enter proliferating tumors as well as send a regulatory signal to mTOR. Blocking or downregulating these glutamine transporters in order to inhibit glutamine uptake would be an excellent therapeutic target for treatment of NSCLC. This study aimed to validate the metabolic dysregulation of glutamine and its derivatives in NSCLC using cellular 1H-NMR metabolomic approach while exploring the mechanism of delta-tocotrienol (δT) on glutamine transporters, and mTOR pathway. Cellular metabolomics analysis showed significant inhibition in the uptake of glutamine, its derivatives glutamate and glutathione, and some EAAs in both cell lines with δT treatment. Inhibition of glutamine transporters (ASCT2 and LAT1) and mTOR pathway proteins (P-mTOR and p-4EBP1) was evident in Western blot analysis in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that δT inhibits glutamine transporters, thus inhibiting glutamine uptake into proliferating cells, which results in the inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis via downregulation of the mTOR pathway.
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24
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High glycolytic activity of tumor cells leads to underestimation of electron transport system capacity when mitochondrial ATP synthase is inhibited. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17383. [PMID: 30478338 PMCID: PMC6255871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study sought to elucidate how oligomycin, an ATP synthase blocker, leads to underestimation of maximal oxygen consumption rate (maxOCR) and spare respiratory capacity (SRC) in tumor cells. T98G and U-87MG glioma cells were titrated with the protonophore CCCP to induce maxOCR. The presence of oligomycin (0.3-3.0 µg/mL) led to underestimation of maxOCR and a consequent decrease in SRC values of between 25% and 40% in medium containing 5.5 or 11 mM glucose. The inhibitory effect of oligomycin on CCCP-induced maxOCR did not occur when glutamine was the metabolic substrate or when the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose was present. ATP levels were reduced and ADP/ATP ratios increased in cells treated with CCCP, but these changes were minimized when oligomycin was used to inhibit reverse activity of ATP synthase. Exposing digitonin-permeabilized cells to exogenous ATP, but not ADP, resulted in partial inhibition of CCCP-induced maxOCR. We conclude that underestimation of maxOCR and SRC in tumor cells when ATP synthase is inhibited is associated with high glycolytic activity and that the glycolytic ATP yield may have an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of respiratory substrates and cytochrome c oxidase activity. Under CCCP-induced maxOCR, oligomycin preserves intracellular ATP by inhibiting ATP synthase reverse activity.
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25
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Abstract
Glucose and Glutamine are two essential ingredients for cell growth. However, it remains open for investigation whether there is a general mechanism that coordinates the consumption of glucose and glutamine in cancer cells. Glutamine is mainly metabolized through the glutaminolysis pathway and our previous report indicated that CtBP increases GDH activity and promotes glutaminolysis through repressing the expression of SIRT4, a well-known mitochondrion-located factor that inhibits glutaminolysis pathway. CtBP is known to be a sensor of intracellular metabolic status; we thus hypothesized that a consensus CtBP-SIRT4-GDH axis may mediate the crosstalk between glycolysis and glutaminolysis. Herein, supporting this hypothesis, we observed the coordinated consumption of glucose and glutamine across different cell lines. This coordination was found to be related to CtBP repression activity on SIRT4 expression under high level of glucose but not low glucose level. Low level of glucose supply was found to decrease GDH activity via blocking CtBP dimerization. Mechanically, low glucose also abolished CtBP binding to SIRT4 promoter and the repression of SIRT4 expression. Consistently, the CtBP dimerization inhibitor MTOB mimicked low glucose effects on SIRT4 expression, and GDH activity suggest that CtBP requires high glucose supply to act as a suppressor of SIRT4 gene. In conclusion, we propose that a general molecular pathway composed by CtBP-SIRT4-GDH coordinating the metabolism of glucose and glutamine in cancer cells.
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26
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Morten KJ, Potter M, Badder L, Sivathondan P, Dragovic R, Neumann A, Gavin J, Shrestha R, Reilly S, Phadwal K, Lodge TA, Borzychowski A, Cookson S, Mitchell C, Morovat A, Simon AK, Uusimaa J, Hynes J, Poulton J. Insights into pancreatic β cell energy metabolism using rodent β cell models. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:14. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10535.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mitochondrial diabetes is primarily caused by β-cell failure, a cell type whose unique properties are important in pathogenesis. Methods: By reducing glucose, we induced energetic stress in two rodent β-cell models to assess effects on cellular function. Results: Culturing rat insulin-secreting INS-1 cells in low glucose conditions caused a rapid reduction in whole cell respiration, associated with elevated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, and an altered glucose-stimulated insulin secretion profile. Prolonged exposure to reduced glucose directly impaired mitochondrial function and reduced autophagy. Conclusions: Insulinoma cell lines have a very different bioenergetic profile to many other cell lines and provide a useful model of mechanisms affecting β-cell mitochondrial function.
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27
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Mitochondrial uncoupling in cancer cells: Liabilities and opportunities. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:655-664. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Zhdanov AV, Andreev DE, Baranov PV, Papkovsky DB. Low energy costs of F1Fo ATP synthase reversal in colon carcinoma cells deficient in mitochondrial complex IV. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 106:184-195. [PMID: 28189850 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial polarisation is paramount for a variety of cellular functions. Under ischemia, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and proton gradient (ΔpH) are maintained via a reversal of mitochondrial F1Fo ATP synthase (mATPase), which can rapidly deplete ATP and drive cells into energy crisis. We found that under normal conditions in cells with disassembled cytochrome c oxidase complex (COX-deficient HCT116), mATPase maintains ΔΨm at levels only 15-20% lower than in WT cells, and for this utilises relatively little ATP. For a small energy expenditure, mATPase enables mitochondrial ΔpH, protein import, Ca2+ turnover, and supports free radical detoxication machinery enlarged to protect the cells from oxidative damage. Whereas in COX-deficient cells the main source of ATP is glycolysis, the ΔΨm is still maintained upon inhibition of the adenine nucleotide translocators with bongkrekic acid and carboxyatractyloside, indicating that the role of ANTs is redundant, and matrix substrate level phosphorylation alone or in cooperation with ATP-Mg/Pi carriers can continuously support the mATPase activity. Intriguingly, we found that mitochondrial complex III is active, and it contributes not only to free radical production, but also to ΔΨm maintenance and energy budget of COX-deficient cells. Overall, this study demonstrates that F1Fo ATP synthase can support general mitochondrial and cellular functions, working in extremely efficient 'energy saving' reverse mode and flexibly recruiting free radical detoxication and ATP producing / transporting pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Zhdanov
- School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Dmitry E Andreev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel V Baranov
- School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dmitri B Papkovsky
- School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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29
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Interplay between metabolic identities in the intestinal crypt supports stem cell function. Nature 2017; 543:424-427. [PMID: 28273069 DOI: 10.1038/nature21673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The small intestinal epithelium self-renews every four or five days. Intestinal stem cells (Lgr5+ crypt base columnar cells (CBCs)) sustain this renewal and reside between terminally differentiated Paneth cells at the bottom of the intestinal crypt. Whereas the signalling requirements for maintaining stem cell function and crypt homeostasis have been well studied, little is known about how metabolism contributes to epithelial homeostasis. Here we show that freshly isolated Lgr5+ CBCs and Paneth cells from the mouse small intestine display different metabolic programs. Compared to Paneth cells, Lgr5+ CBCs display high mitochondrial activity. Inhibition of mitochondrial activity in Lgr5+ CBCs or inhibition of glycolysis in Paneth cells strongly affects stem cell function, as indicated by impaired organoid formation. In addition, Paneth cells support stem cell function by providing lactate to sustain the enhanced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the Lgr5+ CBCs. Mechanistically, we show that oxidative phosphorylation stimulates p38 MAPK activation by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species signalling, thereby establishing the mature crypt phenotype. Together, our results reveal a critical role for the metabolic identity of Lgr5+ CBCs and Paneth cells in supporting optimal stem cell function, and we identify mitochondria and reactive oxygen species signalling as a driving force of cellular differentiation.
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30
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Morten KJ, Potter M, Badder L, Sivathondan P, Dragovic R, Neumann A, Gavin J, Shrestha R, Reilly S, Phadwal K, Lodge TA, Borzychowski A, Cookson S, Mitchell C, Morovat A, Simon AK, Uusimaa J, Hynes J, Poulton J. Insights into pancreatic β cell energy metabolism using rodent β cell models. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:14. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10535.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Mitochondrial diabetes is primarily caused by β-cell failure, but there are gaps in our understanding of pathogenesis.Methods:By reducing glucose, we induced energetic stress in two rodent β-cell models to assess effects on cellular function.Results:Culturing rat insulin-secreting INS-1 cells in low glucose conditions caused a rapid reduction in whole cell respiration, associated with elevated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, and an altered glucose-stimulated insulin secretion profile. Prolonged exposure to reduced glucose directly impaired mitochondrial function and reduced autophagy.Conclusions:Insulinoma cell lines provide a useful model of mechanisms affecting β-cell mitochondrial function or studying mitochondrial associated drug toxicity.
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31
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Papkovsky DB, Zhdanov AV. Phosphorescence based O 2 sensors - Essential tools for monitoring cell and tissue oxygenation and its impact on metabolism. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 101:202-210. [PMID: 27789291 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxygenation condition at the cellular level is a critical factor in tissue physiology and common pathophysiological states including cancer, metabolic disorders, ischemia-reperfusion injury and inflammation. O2 and ROS signalling and hypoxia research are rapidly growing areas spanning life and biomedical sciences, but still many current cell and tissue models and experimental set ups lack physiological relevance, particularly precise control of cellular O2. Quenched-phosphorescence O2 sensing enables implementation of such in situ control of cellular O2 and the creation of physiological conditions in respiring samples analysed in vitro. The advantages of optical O2 sensing are the non-invasive, contactless, real-time, quantitative monitoring of O2 concentration, which can be performed in the gas or liquid phase, macroscopically or microscopically, by point measurement or in imaging mode, with sub-cellular spatial resolution, in a flexible manner and with various cell and tissue models. Significantly, this same technology can also be used to probe the metabolism of cells and tissue under specific oxygenation conditions and their responses to changing conditions. Here we describe the range of available O2 sensing systems and tools, their analytical capabilities, uses in cell/tissue physiology and hypoxia research, and strategies for integration in routine experimental procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri B Papkovsky
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, College Road, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Alexander V Zhdanov
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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32
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Gdynia G, Sauer SW, Kopitz J, Fuchs D, Duglova K, Ruppert T, Miller M, Pahl J, Cerwenka A, Enders M, Mairbäurl H, Kamiński MM, Penzel R, Zhang C, Fuller JC, Wade RC, Benner A, Chang-Claude J, Brenner H, Hoffmeister M, Zentgraf H, Schirmacher P, Roth W. The HMGB1 protein induces a metabolic type of tumour cell death by blocking aerobic respiration. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10764. [PMID: 26948869 PMCID: PMC4786644 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein has a central role in immunological antitumour defense. Here we show that natural killer cell-derived HMGB1 directly eliminates cancer cells by triggering metabolic cell death. HMGB1 allosterically inhibits the tetrameric pyruvate kinase isoform M2, thus blocking glucose-driven aerobic respiration. This results in a rapid metabolic shift forcing cells to rely solely on glycolysis for the maintenance of energy production. Cancer cells can acquire resistance to HMGB1 by increasing glycolysis using the dimeric form of PKM2, and employing glutaminolysis. Consistently, we observe an increase in the expression of a key enzyme of glutaminolysis, malic enzyme 1, in advanced colon cancer. Moreover, pharmaceutical inhibition of glutaminolysis sensitizes tumour cells to HMGB1 providing a basis for a therapeutic strategy for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Gdynia
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical Pathology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center, Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Tumor Pathology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven W. Sauer
- Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical Pathology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Fuchs
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical Pathology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katarina Duglova
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical Pathology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Ruppert
- Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Miller
- German Cancer Research Center, Boveri Junior Research Group Innate Immunity, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Pahl
- German Cancer Research Center, Boveri Junior Research Group Innate Immunity, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adelheid Cerwenka
- German Cancer Research Center, Boveri Junior Research Group Innate Immunity, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Enders
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Research Group Enders, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heimo Mairbäurl
- Medical Clinic VII, Department of Sports Medicine, University of Heidelberg, and Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcin M. Kamiński
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Immunogenetics, Tumour Immunology Program, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Penzel
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical Pathology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Zhang
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical Pathology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center, Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Tumor Pathology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonathan C. Fuller
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Department of Molecular and Cellular Modeling (MCM), 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca C. Wade
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Department of Molecular and Cellular Modeling (MCM), 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), Molecular and Cellular Modeling (MCM), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Axel Benner
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Biostatistics, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Division of Cancer Epidemiology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Division of Preventive Oncology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Hoffmeister
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanswalter Zentgraf
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical Pathology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center, Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Tumor Pathology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wilfried Roth
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical Pathology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center, Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Tumor Pathology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Chakrabarti G, Moore ZR, Luo X, Ilcheva M, Ali A, Padanad M, Zhou Y, Xie Y, Burma S, Scaglioni PP, Cantley LC, DeBerardinis RJ, Kimmelman AC, Lyssiotis CA, Boothman DA. Targeting glutamine metabolism sensitizes pancreatic cancer to PARP-driven metabolic catastrophe induced by ß-lapachone. Cancer Metab 2015; 3:12. [PMID: 26462257 PMCID: PMC4601138 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-015-0137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDA) activate a glutamine-dependent pathway of cytosolic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) production to maintain redox homeostasis and support proliferation. Enzymes involved in this pathway (GLS1 (mitochondrial glutaminase 1), GOT1 (cytoplasmic glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1), and GOT2 (mitochondrial glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 2)) are highly upregulated in PDA, and among these, inhibitors of GLS1 were recently deployed in clinical trials to target anabolic glutamine metabolism. However, single-agent inhibition of this pathway is cytostatic and unlikely to provide durable benefit in controlling advanced disease. RESULTS Here, we report that reducing NADPH pools by genetically or pharmacologically (bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,2,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl sulfide (BPTES) or CB-839) inhibiting glutamine metabolism in mutant Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) PDA sensitizes cell lines and tumors to ß-lapachone (ß-lap, clinical form ARQ761). ß-Lap is an NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1)-bioactivatable drug that leads to NADPH depletion through high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the futile redox cycling of the drug and subsequently nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)+ depletion through poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) hyperactivation. NQO1 expression is highly activated by mutant KRAS signaling. As such, ß-lap treatment concurrent with inhibition of glutamine metabolism in mutant KRAS, NQO1 overexpressing PDA leads to massive redox imbalance, extensive DNA damage, rapid PARP-mediated NAD+ consumption, and PDA cell death-features not observed in NQO1-low, wild-type KRAS expressing cells. CONCLUSIONS This treatment strategy illustrates proof of principle that simultaneously decreasing glutamine metabolism-dependent tumor anti-oxidant defenses and inducing supra-physiological ROS formation are tumoricidal and that this rationally designed combination strategy lowers the required doses of both agents in vitro and in vivo. The non-overlapping specificities of GLS1 inhibitors and ß-lap for PDA tumors afford high tumor selectivity, while sparing normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurab Chakrabarti
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Drive, Dallas, 75390-8807 TX USA ; Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Zachary R Moore
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Drive, Dallas, 75390-8807 TX USA ; Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Xiuquan Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Drive, Dallas, 75390-8807 TX USA ; Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Mariya Ilcheva
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Aktar Ali
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Mahesh Padanad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 413 East 69th Street, BB-1362, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Yunyun Zhou
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Clinical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Clinical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Sandeep Burma
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Pier P Scaglioni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 413 East 69th Street, BB-1362, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 413 East 69th Street, BB-1362, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ; Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - David A Boothman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Drive, Dallas, 75390-8807 TX USA ; Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
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Zhdanov AV, Okkelman IA, Collins FW, Melgar S, Papkovsky DB. A novel effect of DMOG on cell metabolism: direct inhibition of mitochondrial function precedes HIF target gene expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:1254-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chen L, Cui H. Targeting Glutamine Induces Apoptosis: A Cancer Therapy Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22830-55. [PMID: 26402672 PMCID: PMC4613338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine metabolism has been proved to be dysregulated in many cancer cells, and is essential for proliferation of most cancer cells, which makes glutamine an appealing target for cancer therapy. In order to be well used by cells, glutamine must be transported to cells by specific transporters and converted to glutamate by glutaminase. There are currently several drugs that target glutaminase under development or clinical trials. Also, glutamine metabolism restriction has been proved to be effective in inhibiting tumor growth both in vivo and vitro through inducing apoptosis, growth arrest and/or autophagy. Here, we review recent researches about glutamine metabolism in cancer, and cell death induced by targeting glutamine, and their potential roles in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Hengmin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an 625014, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
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36
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Dmitriev RI, Papkovsky DB. Intracellular probes for imaging oxygen concentration: how good are they? Methods Appl Fluoresc 2015; 3:034001. [DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/3/3/034001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wang L, Zhou H, Wang Y, Cui G, Di LJ. CtBP maintains cancer cell growth and metabolic homeostasis via regulating SIRT4. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1620. [PMID: 25633289 PMCID: PMC4669780 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells rely on glycolysis to maintain high levels of anabolism. However, the metabolism of glucose via glycolysis in cancer cells is frequently incomplete and results in the accumulation of acidic metabolites such as pyruvate and lactate. Thus, the cells have to develop strategies to alleviate the intracellular acidification and maintain the pH stability. We report here that glutamine consumption by cancer cells has an important role in releasing the acidification pressure associated with cancer cell growth. We found that the ammonia produced during glutaminolysis, a dominant glutamine metabolism pathway, is critical to resist the cytoplasmic acidification brought by the incomplete glycolysis. In addition, C-terminal-binding protein (CtBP) was found to have an essential role in promoting glutaminolysis by directly repressing the expression of SIRT4, a repressor of glutaminolysis by enzymatically modifying glutamate dehydrogenase in mitochondria, in cancer cells. The loss of CtBP in cancer cells resulted in the increased apoptosis due to intracellular acidification and the ablation of cancer cell metabolic homeostasis represented by decreased glutamine consumption, oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis. Importantly, the immunohistochemistry staining showed that there was excessive expression of CtBP in tumor samples from breast cancer patients compared with surrounding non-tumor tissues, whereas SIRT4 expression in tumor tissues was abolished compared with the non-tumor tissues, suggesting CtBP-repressed SIRT4 expression contributes to the tumor growth. Therefore, our data suggest that the synergistically metabolism of glucose and glutamine in cancer cells contributes to both pH homeostasis and cell growth. At last, application of CtBP inhibitor induced the acidification and apoptosis of breast cancer cells and inhibited glutaminolysis in engrafted tumors, suggesting that CtBP can be potential therapeutic target of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- University of Macau, Macau, SAR of People's Republic of China
| | - H Zhou
- School of life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR of People's Republic of China
| | - G Cui
- 1] Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR of People's Republic of China [2] Bioengineering department, Zunyi Medical college, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - L-J Di
- University of Macau, Macau, SAR of People's Republic of China
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Papkovsky DB, Zhdanov AV. Cell energy budget platform for assessment of cell metabolism. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1265:333-48. [PMID: 25634285 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2288-8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Changes in bioenergetic parameters report on metabolic rearrangement, dysfunction of major pathways, and regulatory processes within the cell, adaptation to energy stress, or new physiological condition. A combined measurement of oxidative phosphorylation, glycolytic flux, the Krebs cycle activity, ATP levels, and total biomass allows detailed metabolic assessment. We describe a simple methodology for high-throughput multiparametric assessment of cell bioenergetics, called cell energy budget (CEB) platform, and demonstrate its practical use with cell models. The CEB relies on a standard multi-label reader with time-resolved fluorescence capabilities, the lanthanide probe pH-Xtra™ to measure extracellular acidification (ECA) associated with lactate (L-ECA) and combined lactate/CO2 (T-ECA) extrusion, the phosphorescent probe MitoXpress®-Xtra to measure oxygen consumption rate (OCR), the bioluminescent total ATP assay, and absorbance-based total protein assay. This approach can be further extended with the measurement of other cellular parameters, such as NAD(P)H, Ca(2+), mitochondrial pH, membrane potential, and redox state, using the corresponding fluorescent or luminescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri B Papkovsky
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, Office 1.28, College Road, Cork, Ireland,
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Chen H, Tian M, Jin L, Jia H, Jin Y. PUMA is invovled in ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis of mouse cerebral astrocytes. Neuroscience 2014; 284:824-832. [PMID: 25451294 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PUMA (p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis), a BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 protein family, is required for p53-dependent and p53-independent forms of apoptosis. PUMA has been invovled in the onset and progress of several diseases, including cancer, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and ischemic brain disease. Although many studies have shown that ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) can induce the apoptosis of astrocytes, the role of PUMA in I/R-mediated apoptosis of cerebral astrocyte apoptosis remains unclear. To mimic in vivo I/R conditions, primary mouse cerebral astrocytes were incubated in a combinational cultural condition of oxygen, glucose, and serum deprivation (OSGD) for 1 h followed by reperfusion (OSGD/R). Cell death determination assays and cell viability assays indicated that OSGD and OSGD/R induce the apoptosis of primary cerebral astrocytes. The expression of PUMA was significantly elevated in primary cerebral astrocytes during OSGD/R. Moreover, targeted down-regulation of PUMA by siRNA transfection significantly decreased the OSGD/R-induced apoptosis of primary cerebral astrocytes. We also found that OSGD and OSGD/R triggered the release of cytochrome c in astrocytes, indicating the dependence on a mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was extremely generated during OSGD and OSGD/R, and the elimination of ROS by treated with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) remarkably inhibited the expression of PUMA and the apoptosis of primary cerebral astrocytes. The activation of Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 was extremely elevated in primary cerebral astrocytes during OSGD. In addition, we found that knockdown of PUMA led to the depressed expression of Bax, cleaved caspase-9 and caspase-3 during OSGD/R. These results indicate that PUMA is invovled in the apoptosis of cerebral astrocytes upon I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - M Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - L Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - H Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Y Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
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40
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Zhdanov AV, Waters AHC, Golubeva AV, Papkovsky DB. Differential contribution of key metabolic substrates and cellular oxygen in HIF signalling. Exp Cell Res 2014; 330:13-28. [PMID: 25447307 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Changes in availability and utilisation of O2 and metabolic substrates are common in ischemia and cancer. We examined effects of substrate deprivation on HIF signalling in PC12 cells exposed to different atmospheric O2. Upon 2-4h moderate hypoxia, HIF-α protein levels were dictated by the availability of glutamine and glucose, essential for deep cell deoxygenation and glycolytic ATP flux. Nuclear accumulation of HIF-1α dramatically decreased upon inhibition of glutaminolysis or glutamine deprivation. Elevation of HIF-2α levels was transcription-independent and associated with the activation of Akt and Erk1/2. Upon 2h anoxia, HIF-2α levels strongly correlated with cellular ATP, produced exclusively via glycolysis. Without glucose, HIF signalling was suppressed, giving way to other regulators of cell adaptation to energy crisis, e.g. AMPK. Consequently, viability of cells deprived of O2 and glucose decreased upon inhibition of AMPK with dorsomorphin. The capacity of cells to accumulate HIF-2α decreased after 24h glucose deprivation. This effect, associated with increased AMPKα phosphorylation, was sensitive to dorsomorphin. In chronically hypoxic cells, glutamine played no major role in HIF-2α accumulation, which became mainly glucose-dependent. Overall, the availability of O2 and metabolic substrates intricately regulates HIF signalling by affecting cell oxygenation, ATP levels and pathways involved in production of HIF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Zhdanov
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, College Road, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Alicia H C Waters
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V Golubeva
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Bioscience Institute, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dmitri B Papkovsky
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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41
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Kaldma A, Klepinin A, Chekulayev V, Mado K, Shevchuk I, Timohhina N, Tepp K, Kandashvili M, Varikmaa M, Koit A, Planken M, Heck K, Truu L, Planken A, Valvere V, Rebane E, Kaambre T. An in situ study of bioenergetic properties of human colorectal cancer: the regulation of mitochondrial respiration and distribution of flux control among the components of ATP synthasome. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 55:171-86. [PMID: 25218857 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to characterize the function of mitochondria and main energy fluxes in human colorectal cancer (HCC) cells. We have performed quantitative analysis of cellular respiration in post-operative tissue samples collected from 42 cancer patients. Permeabilized tumor tissue in combination with high resolution respirometry was used. Our results indicate that HCC is not a pure glycolytic tumor and the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system may be the main provider of ATP in these tumor cells. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) for ADP and maximal respiratory rate (Vm) values were calculated for the characterization of the affinity of mitochondria for exogenous ADP: normal colon tissue displayed low affinity (Km = 260 ± 55 μM) whereas the affinity of tumor mitochondria was significantly higher (Km = 126 ± 17 μM). But concurrently the Vm value of the tumor samples was 60-80% higher than that in control tissue. The reason for this change is related to the increased number of mitochondria. Our data suggest that in both HCC and normal intestinal cells tubulin β-II isoform probably does not play a role in the regulation of permeability of the MOM for adenine nucleotides. The mitochondrial creatine kinase energy transfer system is not functional in HCC and our experiments showed that adenylate kinase reactions could play an important role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis in colorectal carcinomas instead of creatine kinase. Immunofluorescent studies showed that hexokinase 2 (HK-2) was associated with mitochondria in HCC cells, but during carcinogenesis the total activity of HK did not change. Furthermore, only minor alterations in the expression of HK-1 and HK-2 isoforms have been observed. Metabolic Control analysis showed that the distribution of the control over electron transport chain and ATP synthasome complexes seemed to be similar in both tumor and control tissues. High flux control coefficients point to the possibility that the mitochondrial respiratory chain is reorganized in some way or assembled into large supercomplexes in both tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrus Kaldma
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Aleksandr Klepinin
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Vladimir Chekulayev
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kati Mado
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Igor Shevchuk
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Natalja Timohhina
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kersti Tepp
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Minna Varikmaa
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Andre Koit
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | | | - Laura Truu
- Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Anu Planken
- Cancer Research Competence Center, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Egle Rebane
- Cancer Research Competence Center, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tuuli Kaambre
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia; Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia.
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