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Matsushita Y, Liu J, Chu AKY, Ono W, Welch JD, Ono N. Endosteal stem cells at the bone-blood interface: A double-edged sword for rapid bone formation: Bone marrow endosteal stem cells provide a robust source of bone-making osteoblasts both in normal and abnormal bone formation. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300173. [PMID: 38161246 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Endosteal stem cells are a subclass of bone marrow skeletal stem cell populations that are particularly important for rapid bone formation occurring in growth and regeneration. These stem cells are strategically located near the bone surface in a specialized microenvironment of the endosteal niche. These stem cells are abundant in young stages but eventually depleted and replaced by other stem cell types residing in a non-endosteal perisinusoidal niche. Single-cell molecular profiling and in vivo cell lineage analyses play key roles in discovering endosteal stem cells. Importantly, endosteal stem cells can transform into bone tumor-making cells when deleterious mutations occur in tumor suppressor genes. The emerging hypothesis is that osteoblast-chondrocyte transitional identities confer a special subset of endosteal stromal cells with stem cell-like properties, which may make them susceptible for tumorigenic transformation. Endosteal stem cells are likely to represent an important therapeutic target of bone diseases caused by aberrant bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Matsushita
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jialin Liu
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Angel Ka Yan Chu
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Wanida Ono
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joshua D Welch
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Noriaki Ono
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA
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2
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Motch Perrine SM, Sapkota N, Kawasaki K, Zhang Y, Chen DZ, Kawasaki M, Durham EL, Heuzé Y, Legeai-Mallet L, Richtsmeier JT. Embryonic cranial cartilage defects in the Fgfr3 Y367C /+ mouse model of achondroplasia. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023. [PMID: 37747411 PMCID: PMC10961250 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Achondroplasia, the most common chondrodysplasia in humans, is caused by one of two gain of function mutations localized in the transmembrane domain of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) leading to constitutive activation of FGFR3 and subsequent growth plate cartilage and bone defects. Phenotypic features of achondroplasia include macrocephaly with frontal bossing, midface hypoplasia, disproportionate shortening of the extremities, brachydactyly with trident configuration of the hand, and bowed legs. The condition is defined primarily on postnatal effects on bone and cartilage, and embryonic development of tissues in affected individuals is not well studied. Using the Fgfr3Y367C/+ mouse model of achondroplasia, we investigated the developing chondrocranium and Meckel's cartilage (MC) at embryonic days (E)14.5 and E16.5. Sparse hand annotations of chondrocranial and MC cartilages visualized in phosphotungstic acid enhanced three-dimensional (3D) micro-computed tomography (microCT) images were used to train our automatic deep learning-based 3D segmentation model and produce 3D isosurfaces of the chondrocranium and MC. Using 3D coordinates of landmarks measured on the 3D isosurfaces, we quantified differences in the chondrocranium and MC of Fgfr3Y367C/+ mice relative to those of their unaffected littermates. Statistically significant differences in morphology and growth of the chondrocranium and MC were found, indicating direct effects of this Fgfr3 mutation on embryonic cranial and pharyngeal cartilages, which in turn can secondarily affect cranial dermal bone development. Our results support the suggestion that early therapeutic intervention during cartilage formation may lessen the effects of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Motch Perrine
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nishchal Sapkota
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Kazuhiko Kawasaki
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yejia Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Danny Z Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Mizuho Kawasaki
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily L Durham
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yann Heuzé
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, UMR 5199, Pessac, France
| | - Laurence Legeai-Mallet
- Université de Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Ebeid M, Kishimoto I, Roy P, Zaidi MAA, Cheng AG, Huh SH. β-Catenin transcriptional activity is required for establishment of inner pillar cell identity during cochlear development. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010925. [PMID: 37639482 PMCID: PMC10491406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cochlea is composed of sensory hair cells as well as multiple different types of non-sensory supporting cells. Pillar cells are one type of supporting cell that form the tunnel of Corti and include two morphologically and functionally distinct subtypes: inner pillar cells (IPCs) and outer pillar cells (OPCs). The processes of specification and differentiation of inner versus outer pillar cells are still unclear. Here, we show that β-Catenin is required for establishing IPC identity in the mammalian cochlea. To differentiate the transcriptional and adhesion roles of β-Catenin in establishing IPC identity, we examined two different models of β-Catenin deletion; one that deletes both transcriptional and structural functions and one which retains cell adhesion function but lacks transcriptional function. Here, we show that cochleae lacking β-Catenin transcriptional function lost IPCs and displayed extranumerary OPCs, indicating its requirement for establishing IPC identity. Overexpression of β-Catenin induced proliferation within IPCs but not ectopic IPCs. Single-cell transcriptomes of supporting cells lacking β-Catenin transcriptional function show a loss of the IPC and gain of OPC signatures. Finally, targeted deletion of β-Catenin in IPCs also led to the loss of IPC identity, indicating a cell autonomous role of β-Catenin in establishing IPC identity. As IPCs have the capacity to regenerate sensory hair cells in the postnatal cochlea, our results will aid in future IPC-based hair cell regeneration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ebeid
- Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Ippei Kishimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Pooja Roy
- Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Mohd Ali Abbas Zaidi
- Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Alan G. Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sung-Ho Huh
- Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
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4
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Dardenne E, Ishiyama N, Lin TA, Lucas MC. Current and emerging therapies for Achondroplasia: The dawn of precision medicine. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 87:117275. [PMID: 37156065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Achondroplasia is a rare disease affecting bone growth and is caused by a missense mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene. In the past few years, there were multiple experimental drugs entering into clinical trials for treating achondroplasia including vosoritide, the first precision medicine approved for this indication. This perspective presents the mechanism of action, benefit, and potential mechanistic limitation of the drugs currently being evaluated in clinical trials for achondroplasia. This article also discusses the potential impact of those drugs not only in increasing the growth of individuals living with achondroplasia but also in improving their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tai-An Lin
- Black Diamond Therapeutics, New York, NY, USA
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5
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Martin L, Kaci N, Benoist-Lasselin C, Mondoloni M, Decaudaveine S, Estibals V, Cornille M, Loisay L, Flipo J, Demuynck B, de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea M, Barbault F, Fernández-Arroyo S, Schibler L, Segura-Carretero A, Dambroise E, Legeai-Mallet L. Theobroma cacao improves bone growth by modulating defective ciliogenesis in a mouse model of achondroplasia. Bone Res 2022; 10:8. [PMID: 35078974 PMCID: PMC8789790 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A gain-of-function mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene (FGFR3) results in achondroplasia (ACH), the most frequent form of dwarfism. Constitutive activation of FGFR3 impairs bone formation and elongation and many signal transduction pathways. Identification of new and relevant compounds targeting the FGFR3 signaling pathway is of broad importance for the treatment of ACH, and natural plant compounds are prime drug candidate sources. Here, we found that the phenolic compound (-)-epicatechin, isolated from Theobroma cacao, effectively inhibited FGFR3's downstream signaling pathways. Transcriptomic analysis in an Fgfr3 mouse model showed that ciliary mRNA expression was modified and influenced significantly by the Indian hedgehog and PKA pathways. (-)-Epicatechin is able to rescue mRNA expression impairments that control both the structural organization of the primary cilium and ciliogenesis-related genes. In femurs isolated from a mouse model (Fgfr3Y367C/+) of ACH, we showed that (-)-epicatechin eliminated bone growth impairment during 6 days of ex vivo culture. In vivo, we confirmed that daily subcutaneous injections of (-)-epicatechin to Fgfr3Y367C/+ mice increased bone elongation and rescued the primary cilium defects observed in chondrocytes. This modification to the primary cilia promoted the typical columnar arrangement of flat proliferative chondrocytes and thus enhanced bone elongation. The results of the present proof-of-principle study support (-)-epicatechin as a potential drug for the treatment of ACH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Martin
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, F‑75015, Paris, France
| | - Nabil Kaci
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, F‑75015, Paris, France.,Inovarion, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Benoist-Lasselin
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, F‑75015, Paris, France
| | - Marine Mondoloni
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, F‑75015, Paris, France
| | - Suzanne Decaudaveine
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, F‑75015, Paris, France
| | - Valentin Estibals
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, F‑75015, Paris, France
| | - Maxence Cornille
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, F‑75015, Paris, France
| | - Léa Loisay
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, F‑75015, Paris, France
| | - Justine Flipo
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, F‑75015, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Demuynck
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, F‑75015, Paris, France
| | - Maria de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Granada, Spain
| | - Florent Barbault
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, Paris, France
| | - Salvador Fernández-Arroyo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Biomedical Research Unit, Medicine and Surgery Department, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Granada, Spain
| | - Emilie Dambroise
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, F‑75015, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Legeai-Mallet
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, F‑75015, Paris, France.
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6
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Riley BB. Comparative assessment of Fgf's diverse roles in inner ear development: A zebrafish perspective. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1524-1551. [PMID: 33830554 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in understanding mechanisms of inner ear development has been remarkably rapid in recent years. The research community has benefited from the availability of several diverse model organisms, including zebrafish, chick, and mouse. The complexity of the inner ear has proven to be a challenge, and the complexity of the mammalian cochlea in particular has been the subject of intense scrutiny. Zebrafish lack a cochlea and exhibit a number of other differences from amniote species, hence they are sometimes seen as less relevant for inner ear studies. However, accumulating evidence shows that underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are often highly conserved. As a case in point, consideration of the diverse functions of Fgf and its downstream effectors reveals many similarities between vertebrate species, allowing meaningful comparisons the can benefit the entire research community. In this review, I will discuss mechanisms by which Fgf controls key events in early otic development in zebrafish and provide direct comparisons with chick and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce B Riley
- Biology Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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7
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Shuhaibar LC, Kaci N, Egbert JR, Horville T, Loisay L, Vigone G, Uliasz TF, Dambroise E, Swingle MR, Honkanen RE, Biosse Duplan M, Jaffe LA, Legeai-Mallet L. Phosphatase inhibition by LB-100 enhances BMN-111 stimulation of bone growth. JCI Insight 2021; 6:141426. [PMID: 33986191 PMCID: PMC8262325 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) and inactivating mutations in the natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2) guanylyl cyclase both result in decreased production of cyclic GMP in chondrocytes and severe short stature, causing achondroplasia (ACH) and acromesomelic dysplasia, type Maroteaux, respectively. Previously, we showed that an NPR2 agonist BMN-111 (vosoritide) increases bone growth in mice mimicking ACH (Fgfr3Y367C/+). Here, because FGFR3 signaling decreases NPR2 activity by dephosphorylating the NPR2 protein, we tested whether a phosphatase inhibitor (LB-100) could enhance BMN-111–stimulated bone growth in ACH. Measurements of cGMP production in chondrocytes of living tibias, and of NPR2 phosphorylation in primary chondrocytes, showed that LB-100 counteracted FGF-induced dephosphorylation and inactivation of NPR2. In ex vivo experiments with Fgfr3Y367C/+ mice, the combination of BMN-111 and LB-100 increased bone length and cartilage area, restored chondrocyte terminal differentiation, and increased the proliferative growth plate area, more than BMN-111 alone. The combination treatment also reduced the abnormal elevation of MAP kinase activity in the growth plate of Fgfr3Y367C/+ mice and improved the skull base anomalies. Our results provide a proof of concept that a phosphatase inhibitor could be used together with an NPR2 agonist to enhance cGMP production as a therapy for ACH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leia C Shuhaibar
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington Connecticut, USA
| | - Nabil Kaci
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, F‑75015, Paris, France.,Inovarion, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jeremy R Egbert
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington Connecticut, USA
| | - Thibault Horville
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, F‑75015, Paris, France
| | - Léa Loisay
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, F‑75015, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Vigone
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington Connecticut, USA
| | - Tracy F Uliasz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington Connecticut, USA
| | - Emilie Dambroise
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, F‑75015, Paris, France
| | - Mark R Swingle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile Alabama, USA
| | - Richard E Honkanen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile Alabama, USA
| | - Martin Biosse Duplan
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, F‑75015, Paris, France.,Service de Médecine Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Bretonneau, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laurinda A Jaffe
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington Connecticut, USA
| | - Laurence Legeai-Mallet
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, F‑75015, Paris, France
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8
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Signaling Pathways in Bone Development and Their Related Skeletal Dysplasia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094321. [PMID: 33919228 PMCID: PMC8122623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone development is a tightly regulated process. Several integrated signaling pathways including HH, PTHrP, WNT, NOTCH, TGF-β, BMP, FGF and the transcription factors SOX9, RUNX2 and OSX are essential for proper skeletal development. Misregulation of these signaling pathways can cause a large spectrum of congenital conditions categorized as skeletal dysplasia. Since the signaling pathways involved in skeletal dysplasia interact at multiple levels and have a different role depending on the time of action (early or late in chondrogenesis and osteoblastogenesis), it is still difficult to precisely explain the physiopathological mechanisms of skeletal disorders. However, in recent years, significant progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms of these signaling pathways and genotype–phenotype correlations have helped to elucidate their role in skeletogenesis. Here, we review the principal signaling pathways involved in bone development and their associated skeletal dysplasia.
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9
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Biosse Duplan M, Dambroise E, Estibals V, Veziers J, Guicheux J, Legeai-Mallet L. An Fgfr3-activating mutation in immature murine osteoblasts affects the appendicular and craniofacial skeleton. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm048272. [PMID: 33737326 PMCID: PMC8084574 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Achondroplasia (ACH), the most common form of dwarfism, is caused by a missense mutation in the gene coding for fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3). The resulting increase in FGFR3 signaling perturbs the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes (CCs), alters the process of endochondral ossification and thus reduces bone elongation. Increased FGFR3 signaling in osteoblasts (OBs) might also contribute to bone anomalies in ACH. In the present study of a mouse model of ACH, we sought to determine whether FGFR3 overactivation in OBs leads to bone modifications. The model carries an Fgfr3-activating mutation (Fgfr3Y367C/+) that accurately mimics ACH; we targeted the mutation to either immature OBs and hypertrophic CCs or to mature OBs by using the Osx-cre and collagen 1α1 (2.3 kb Col1a1)-cre mouse strains, respectively. We observed that Fgfr3 activation in immature OBs and hypertrophic CCs (Osx-Fgfr3) not only perturbed the hypertrophic cells of the growth plate (thus affecting long bone growth) but also led to osteopenia and low cortical thickness in long bones in adult (3-month-old) mice but not growing (3-week-old) mice. Importantly, craniofacial membranous bone defects were present in the adult mice. In contrast, activation of Fgfr3 in mature OBs (Col1-Fgfr3) had very limited effects on skeletal shape, size and micro-architecture. In vitro, we observed that Fgfr3 activation in immature OBs was associated with low mineralization activity. In conclusion, immature OBs appear to be affected by Fgfr3 overactivation, which might contribute to the bone modifications observed in ACH independently of CCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Biosse Duplan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris 75015, France
- Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France
- Service de Médecine Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Bretonneau, AP-HP, Paris 75018, France
| | - Emilie Dambroise
- Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris 75015, France
- Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France
| | - Valentin Estibals
- Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris 75015, France
- Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France
| | - Joelle Veziers
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS – Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, F-44042, France
- SC3M, SFR Santé F. Bonamy, FED 4203, UMS Inserm 016, CNRS 3556, Nantes F-44042, France
- CHU Nantes, PHU4 OTONN, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Jérome Guicheux
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS – Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, F-44042, France
- SC3M, SFR Santé F. Bonamy, FED 4203, UMS Inserm 016, CNRS 3556, Nantes F-44042, France
- CHU Nantes, PHU4 OTONN, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Laurence Legeai-Mallet
- Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris 75015, France
- Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France
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10
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Legeai-Mallet L, Savarirayan R. Novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of achondroplasia. Bone 2020; 141:115579. [PMID: 32795681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Achondroplasia is the most common form of human dwarfism. The molecular basis of achondroplasia was elucidated in 1994 with the identification of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) as the causative gene. Missense mutations causing achondroplasia result in activation of FGFR3 and its downstream signaling pathways, disturbing chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and long bone elongation. A more accurate understanding of the clinical and molecular aspects of achondroplasia has allowed new therapeutic approaches to be developed. These are based on: clear understanding of the natural history of the disease; proof-of-concept preclinical studies in mouse models; and the current state of knowledge regarding FGFR3 and related growth plate homeostatic pathways. This review provides a brief overview of the preclinical mouse models of achondroplasia that have led to new, non-surgical therapeutic strategies being assessed and applied to children with achondroplasia through pioneering clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Legeai-Mallet
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, F-75015 Paris, France.
| | - Ravi Savarirayan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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11
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Julien A, Perrin S, Duchamp de Lageneste O, Carvalho C, Bensidhoum M, Legeai-Mallet L, Colnot C. FGFR3 in Periosteal Cells Drives Cartilage-to-Bone Transformation in Bone Repair. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:955-967. [PMID: 32916123 PMCID: PMC7561512 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organs and tissues in the body, including bone, can repair after an injury due to the activation of endogenous adult stem/progenitor cells to replace the damaged tissue. Inherent dysfunctions of the endogenous stem/progenitor cells in skeletal repair disorders are still poorly understood. Here, we report that Fgfr3Y637C/+ over-activating mutation in Prx1-derived skeletal stem/progenitor cells leads to failure of fracture consolidation. We show that periosteal cells (PCs) carrying the Fgfr3Y637C/+ mutation can engage in osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages, but following transplantation do not undergo terminal chondrocyte hypertrophy and transformation into bone causing pseudarthrosis. Instead, Prx1Cre;Fgfr3Y637C/+ PCs give rise to fibrocartilage and fibrosis. Conversely, wild-type PCs transplanted at the fracture site of Prx1Cre;Fgfr3Y637C/+ mice allow hypertrophic cartilage transition to bone and permit fracture consolidation. The results thus highlight cartilage-to-bone transformation as a necessary step for bone repair and FGFR3 signaling within PCs as a key regulator of this transformation. Fgfr3Y367C activating mutation in skeletal stem/progenitor cells prevents bone healing Intrinsic deficiencies in transplanted Prx1Cre;Fgfr3Y637C/+ PCs cause pseudarthrosis Prx1Cre;Fgfr3Y637C/+ PCs cannot support cartilage-to-bone transformation Wild-type PCs can rescue the Prx1Cre;Fgfr3Y637C/+ pseudarthrosis phenotype
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais Julien
- Paris University, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Simon Perrin
- Paris University, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015, Paris, France
| | | | - Caroline Carvalho
- Paris University, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Morad Bensidhoum
- Paris university, Laboratory of Osteoarticular Biology, Bioengineering and Bioimaging (B3OA), UMR CNRS 7052, INSERM 1271
| | - Laurence Legeai-Mallet
- Paris University, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Céline Colnot
- Paris University, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015, Paris, France.
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12
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Lan Y, Tao Y, Wang Y, Ke J, Yang Q, Liu X, Su B, Wu Y, Lin CP, Zhong G. Recent development of AAV-based gene therapies for inner ear disorders. Gene Ther 2020; 27:329-337. [PMID: 32424232 PMCID: PMC7445886 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-0155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy for auditory diseases is gradually maturing. Recent progress in gene therapy treatments for genetic and acquired hearing loss has demonstrated the feasibility in animal models. However, a number of hurdles, such as lack of safe viral vector with high efficiency and specificity, robust deafness large animal models, translating animal studies to clinic etc., still remain to be solved. It is necessary to overcome these challenges in order to effectively recover auditory function in human patients. Here, we review the progress made in our group, especially our efforts to make more effective and cell type-specific viral vectors for targeting cochlea cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Lan
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yong Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- ENT institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Eye & ENT Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Junzi Ke
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qiuxiang Yang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Bing Su
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yiling Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Chao-Po Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Guisheng Zhong
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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13
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are expressed throughout all stages of skeletal development. In the limb bud and in cranial mesenchyme, FGF signaling is important for formation of mesenchymal condensations that give rise to bone. Once skeletal elements are initiated and patterned, FGFs regulate both endochondral and intramembranous ossification programs. In this chapter, we review functions of the FGF signaling pathway during these critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explore skeletal malformations in humans that are caused by mutations in FGF signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132 Inserm (Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) and University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
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14
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Rigueur D, Roberts RR, Bobzin L, Merrill AE. A requirement for Fgfr2 in middle ear development. Genesis 2018; 57:e23252. [PMID: 30253032 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The skeletal structure of the mammalian middle ear, which is composed of three endochondral ossicles suspended within a membranous air-filled capsule, plays a critical role in conducting sound. Gene mutations that alter skeletal development in the middle ear result in auditory impairment. Mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), an important regulator of endochondral and intramembranous bone formation, cause a spectrum of congenital skeletal disorders featuring conductive hearing loss. Although the middle ear malformations in multiple FGFR2 gain-of-function disorders are clinically characterized, those in the FGFR2 loss-of-function disorder lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital (LADD) syndrome are relatively undescribed. To better understand conductive hearing loss in LADD, we examined the middle ear skeleton of mice with conditional loss of Fgfr2. We find that decreased auditory function in Fgfr2 mutant mice correlates with hypoplasia of the auditory bulla and ectopic bone growth at sites of tendon/ligament attachment. We show that ectopic bone associated with the intra-articular ligaments of the incudomalleal joint is derived from Scx-expressing cells and preceded by decreased expression of the joint progenitor marker Gdf5. Together, these results identify a role for Fgfr2 in development of the middle ear skeletal tissues and suggest potential causes for conductive hearing loss in LADD syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rigueur
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ryan R Roberts
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lauren Bobzin
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy E Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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15
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Li WX, Peng H, Yang L, Hao QQ, Sun W, Ji F, Guo WW, Yang SM. Familial nonsyndromic hearing loss with incomplete partition type II caused by novel DSPP gene mutations. Acta Otolaryngol 2018; 138:685-690. [PMID: 29741433 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2018.1459832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial nonsyndromic hearing loss (NSHL) with incomplete partition type II (IP-II) is a very rare condition. AIMS/OBJECTIVES To determine the audiological feature, inheritance patterns and genetic etiology of familial NSHL with IP-II in a Chinese family with eight family members. MATERIAL AND METHODS Clinical data were collected from all eight family members, selected deafness genes were sequenced in proband and whole genome sequencing of seven family members was performed. RESULTS The proband were a pair of male nonidentical twins (III:1, III:2). Three patients in this family, including the twins and their father (II:1), were diagnosed with bilateral NSHL with IP-II, and no mutation was found in the genes of SLC26A4, GJB2, GJB3, mitochondrial 12S rRNA, and MITF. Whole genome sequencing data indicated de novo mutations of the gene DSPP, c.3085A > G and c.3087C > T, which resulted in p.N1029D and co-segregated with deafness phenotype, were the underlying genetic etiology. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE Familial NSHL with IP-II is extremely rare. In this family, de novo DSPP gene mutations, were considered to be the most probable genetic etiology. And this is the first report to reveal DSPP gene mutations leading to familial NSHL with IP-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Xin Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Peng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People’s Hospital affiliated Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People’s Hospital affiliated Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Qing Hao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, Center for Hearing and Deafness, the State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Fei Ji
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Wei Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Ming Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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16
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Holmes G, Zhang L, Rivera J, Murphy R, Assouline C, Sullivan L, Oppeneer T, Jabs EW. C-type natriuretic peptide analog treatment of craniosynostosis in a Crouzon syndrome mouse model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201492. [PMID: 30048539 PMCID: PMC6062116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are a major cause of skeletal dysplasias, and thus they are potential targets for pharmaceutical intervention. BMN 111, a C-type natriuretic peptide analog, inhibits FGFR signaling at the level of the RAF1 kinase through natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2) and has been shown to lengthen the long bones and improve skull morphology in the Fgfr3Y367C/+ thanatophoric dysplasia mouse model. Here we report the effects of BMN 111 in treating craniosynostosis and aberrant skull morphology in the Fgfr2cC342Y/+ Crouzon syndrome mouse model. We first demonstrated that NPR2 is expressed in the murine coronal suture and spheno-occipital synchondrosis in the newborn period. We then gave Fgfr2cC342Y/+ and Fgfr2c+/+ (WT) mice once-daily injections of either vehicle or reported therapeutic levels of BMN 111 between post-natal days 3 and 31. Changes in skeletal morphology, including suture patency, skull dimensions, and long bone length, were assessed by micro-computed tomography. Although BMN 111 treatment significantly increased long bone growth in both WT and mutant mice, skull dimensions and suture patency generally were not significantly affected. A small but significant increase in the relative length of the anterior cranial base was observed. Our results indicate that the differential effects of BMN 111 in treating various skeletal dysplasias may depend on the process of bone formation targeted (endochondral or intramembranous), the specific FGFR mutated, and/or the specific signaling pathway changes due to a given mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Holmes
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lening Zhang
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua Rivera
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ryan Murphy
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Claudia Assouline
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lorraine Sullivan
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Todd Oppeneer
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Ethylin Wang Jabs
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
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17
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Abstract
Craniosynostosis is a common craniofacial birth defect. This review focusses on the advances that have been achieved through studying the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis using mouse models. Classic methods of gene targeting which generate individual gene knockout models have successfully identified numerous genes required for normal development of the skull bones and sutures. However, the study of syndromic craniosynostosis has largely benefited from the production of knockin models that precisely mimic human mutations. These have allowed the detailed investigation of downstream events at the cellular and molecular level following otherwise unpredictable gain-of-function effects. This has greatly enhanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease and has the potential to translate into improvement of the clinical management of this condition in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K L Lee
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Philip Stanier
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Erwin Pauws
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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18
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Shazeeb MS, Cox MK, Gupta A, Tang W, Singh K, Pryce CT, Fogle R, Mu Y, Weber WD, Bangari DS, Ying X, Sabbagh Y. Skeletal Characterization of the Fgfr3 Mouse Model of Achondroplasia Using Micro-CT and MRI Volumetric Imaging. Sci Rep 2018; 8:469. [PMID: 29323153 PMCID: PMC5765052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Achondroplasia, the most common form of dwarfism, affects more than a quarter million people worldwide and remains an unmet medical need. Achondroplasia is caused by mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene which results in over-activation of the receptor, interfering with normal skeletal development leading to disproportional short stature. Multiple mouse models have been generated to study achondroplasia. The characterization of these preclinical models has been primarily done with 2D measurements. In this study, we explored the transgenic model expressing mouse Fgfr3 containing the achondroplasia mutation G380R under the Col2 promoter (Ach). Survival and growth rate of the Ach mice were reduced compared to wild-type (WT) littermates. Axial skeletal defects and abnormalities of the sternebrae and vertebrae were observed in the Ach mice. Further evaluation of the Ach mouse model was performed by developing 3D parameters from micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The 3-week-old mice showed greater differences between the Ach and WT groups compared to the 6-week-old mice for all parameters. Deeper understanding of skeletal abnormalities of this model will help guide future studies for evaluating novel and effective therapeutic approaches for the treatment of achondroplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Salman Shazeeb
- Global Bioimaging Department, Translational In-vivo Models, Sanofi R&D Global Research Platform, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA, 01701, United States
| | - Megan K Cox
- Rare Diseases, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Anurag Gupta
- Global Bioimaging Department, Translational In-vivo Models, Sanofi R&D Global Research Platform, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA, 01701, United States
| | - Wen Tang
- Rare Diseases, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Global Discovery Pathology, Translational In-vivo Models, Sanofi R&D Global Research Platform, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Cynthia T Pryce
- Translational Sciences, Sanofi R&D Global Research Platform, 49 New York avenue, Framingham, MA, 01701, United States
| | - Robert Fogle
- Global Bioimaging Department, Translational In-vivo Models, Sanofi R&D Global Research Platform, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA, 01701, United States
| | - Ying Mu
- Global Bioimaging Department, Translational In-vivo Models, Sanofi R&D Global Research Platform, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA, 01701, United States
| | - William D Weber
- Translational Sciences, Sanofi R&D Global Research Platform, 49 New York avenue, Framingham, MA, 01701, United States
| | - Dinesh S Bangari
- Global Discovery Pathology, Translational In-vivo Models, Sanofi R&D Global Research Platform, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Xiaoyou Ying
- Global Bioimaging Department, Translational In-vivo Models, Sanofi R&D Global Research Platform, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA, 01701, United States.
| | - Yves Sabbagh
- Rare Diseases, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA.
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19
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Martin L, Kaci N, Estibals V, Goudin N, Garfa-Traore M, Benoist-Lasselin C, Dambroise E, Legeai-Mallet L. Constitutively-active FGFR3 disrupts primary cilium length and IFT20 trafficking in various chondrocyte models of achondroplasia. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 27:1-13. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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20
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Zhang S, Zhang Y, Yu P, Hu Y, Zhou H, Guo L, Xu X, Zhu X, Waqas M, Qi J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Chen F, Tang M, Qian X, Shi H, Gao X, Chai R. Characterization of Lgr5+ Progenitor Cell Transcriptomes after Neomycin Injury in the Neonatal Mouse Cochlea. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:213. [PMID: 28725177 PMCID: PMC5496572 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lgr5+ supporting cells (SCs) are enriched hair cell (HC) progenitors in the cochlea. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that HC injury can spontaneously activate Lgr5+ progenitors to regenerate HCs in the neonatal mouse cochlea. Promoting HC regeneration requires the understanding of the mechanism of HC regeneration, and this requires knowledge of the key genes involved in HC injury-induced self-repair responses that promote the proliferation and differentiation of Lgr5+ progenitors. Here, as expected, we found that neomycin-treated Lgr5+ progenitors (NLPs) had significantly greater HC regeneration ability, and greater but not significant proliferation ability compared to untreated Lgr5+ progenitors (ULPs) in response to neomycin exposure. Next, we used RNA-seq analysis to determine the differences in the gene-expression profiles between the transcriptomes of NLPs and ULPs from the neonatal mouse cochlea. We first analyzed the genes that were enriched and differentially expressed in NLPs and ULPs and then analyzed the cell cycle genes, the transcription factors, and the signaling pathway genes that might regulate the proliferation and differentiation of Lgr5+ progenitors. We found 9 cell cycle genes, 88 transcription factors, 8 microRNAs, and 16 cell-signaling pathway genes that were significantly upregulated or downregulated after neomycin injury in NLPs. Lastly, we constructed a protein-protein interaction network to show the interaction and connections of genes that are differentially expressed in NLPs and ULPs. This study has identified the genes that might regulate the proliferation and HC regeneration of Lgr5+ progenitors after neomycin injury, and investigations into the roles and mechanisms of these genes in the cochlea should be performed in the future to identify potential therapeutic targets for HC regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China.,Research Institute of OtolaryngologyNanjing, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Bioinformatics Department, Admera Health LLCSouth Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | - Yao Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing, China
| | - Lingna Guo
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaochen Xu
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaocheng Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China.,Department of Biotechnology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and TechnologyKarachi, Pakistan
| | - Jieyu Qi
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Fangyi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen, China
| | - Mingliang Tang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Qian
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing, China
| | - Haibo Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Research Institute of OtolaryngologyNanjing, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China.,Research Institute of OtolaryngologyNanjing, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
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21
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Ornitz DM, Legeai-Mallet L. Achondroplasia: Development, pathogenesis, and therapy. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:291-309. [PMID: 27987249 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) cause achondroplasia (Ach), the most common form of dwarfism in humans, and related chondrodysplasia syndromes that include hypochondroplasia (Hch), severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans (SADDAN), and thanatophoric dysplasia (TD). FGFR3 is expressed in chondrocytes and mature osteoblasts where it functions to regulate bone growth. Analysis of the mutations in FGFR3 revealed increased signaling through a combination of mechanisms that include stabilization of the receptor, enhanced dimerization, and enhanced tyrosine kinase activity. Paradoxically, increased FGFR3 signaling profoundly suppresses proliferation and maturation of growth plate chondrocytes resulting in decreased growth plate size, reduced trabecular bone volume, and resulting decreased bone elongation. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that regulate growth plate chondrocytes, the pathogenesis of Ach, and therapeutic approaches that are being evaluated to improve endochondral bone growth in people with Ach and related conditions. Developmental Dynamics 246:291-309, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laurence Legeai-Mallet
- Imagine Institute, Inserm U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
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22
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Biosse Duplan M, Komla-Ebri D, Heuzé Y, Estibals V, Gaudas E, Kaci N, Benoist-Lasselin C, Zerah M, Kramer I, Kneissel M, Porta DG, Di Rocco F, Legeai-Mallet L. Meckel's and condylar cartilages anomalies in achondroplasia result in defective development and growth of the mandible. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2997-3010. [PMID: 27260401 PMCID: PMC5181594 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating FGFR3 mutations in human result in achondroplasia (ACH), the most frequent form of dwarfism, where cartilages are severely disturbed causing long bones, cranial base and vertebrae defects. Because mandibular development and growth rely on cartilages that guide or directly participate to the ossification process, we investigated the impact of FGFR3 mutations on mandibular shape, size and position. By using CT scan imaging of ACH children and by analyzing Fgfr3Y367C/+ mice, a model of ACH, we show that FGFR3 gain-of-function mutations lead to structural anomalies of primary (Meckel’s) and secondary (condylar) cartilages of the mandible, resulting in mandibular hypoplasia and dysmorphogenesis. These defects are likely related to a defective chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation and pan-FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor NVP-BGJ398 corrects Meckel’s and condylar cartilages defects ex vivo. Moreover, we show that low dose of NVP-BGJ398 improves in vivo condyle growth and corrects dysmorphologies in Fgfr3Y367C/+ mice, suggesting that postnatal treatment with NVP-BGJ398 mice might offer a new therapeutic strategy to improve mandible anomalies in ACH and others FGFR3-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Biosse Duplan
- INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Service d'Odontologie, Hôpital Bretonneau, HUPNVS, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Davide Komla-Ebri
- INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Yann Heuzé
- UMR5199 PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Archaeological Sciences Cluster Of Excellence, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Valentin Estibals
- INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Gaudas
- INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Nabil Kaci
- INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | | | - Michel Zerah
- Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique, Unité de Chirurgie Craniofaciale, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Ina Kramer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Federico Di Rocco
- INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique, Unité de Chirurgie Craniofaciale, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Legeai-Mallet
- INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France .,Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Komla-Ebri D, Dambroise E, Kramer I, Benoist-Lasselin C, Kaci N, Le Gall C, Martin L, Busca P, Barbault F, Graus-Porta D, Munnich A, Kneissel M, Di Rocco F, Biosse-Duplan M, Legeai-Mallet L. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor NVP-BGJ398 functionally improves FGFR3-related dwarfism in mouse model. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1871-84. [PMID: 27064282 DOI: 10.1172/jci83926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Achondroplasia (ACH) is the most frequent form of dwarfism and is caused by gain-of-function mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3-encoding (FGFR3-encoding) gene. Although potential therapeutic strategies for ACH, which aim to reduce excessive FGFR3 activation, have emerged over many years, the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) to counteract FGFR3 hyperactivity has yet to be evaluated. Here, we have reported that the pan-FGFR TKI, NVP-BGJ398, reduces FGFR3 phosphorylation and corrects the abnormal femoral growth plate and calvaria in organ cultures from embryos of the Fgfr3Y367C/+ mouse model of ACH. Moreover, we demonstrated that a low dose of NVP-BGJ398, injected subcutaneously, was able to penetrate into the growth plate of Fgfr3Y367C/+ mice and modify its organization. Improvements to the axial and appendicular skeletons were noticeable after 10 days of treatment and were more extensive after 15 days of treatment that started from postnatal day 1. Low-dose NVP-BGJ398 treatment reduced intervertebral disc defects of lumbar vertebrae, loss of synchondroses, and foramen-magnum shape anomalies. NVP-BGJ398 inhibited FGFR3 downstream signaling pathways, including MAPK, SOX9, STAT1, and PLCγ, in the growth plates of Fgfr3Y367C/+ mice and in cultured chondrocyte models of ACH. Together, our data demonstrate that NVP-BGJ398 corrects pathological hallmarks of ACH and support TKIs as a potential therapeutic approach for ACH.
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Yousaf R, Meng Q, Hufnagel RB, Xia Y, Puligilla C, Ahmed ZM, Riazuddin S. MAP3K1 function is essential for cytoarchitecture of the mouse organ of Corti and survival of auditory hair cells. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1543-53. [PMID: 26496772 PMCID: PMC4728323 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.023077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MAP3K1 is a serine/threonine kinase that is activated by a diverse set of stimuli and exerts its effect through various downstream effecter molecules, including JNK, ERK1/2 and p38. In humans, mutant alleles of MAP3K1 are associated with 46,XY sex reversal. Until recently, the only phenotype observed in Map3k1tm1Yxia mutant mice was open eyelids at birth. Here, we report that homozygous Map3k1tm1Yxia mice have early-onset profound hearing loss accompanied by the progressive degeneration of cochlear outer hair cells. In the mouse inner ear, MAP3K1 has punctate localization at the apical surface of the supporting cells in close proximity to basal bodies. Although the cytoarchitecture, neuronal wiring and synaptic junctions in the organ of Corti are grossly preserved, Map3k1tm1Yxia mutant mice have supernumerary functional outer hair cells (OHCs) and Deiters' cells. Loss of MAP3K1 function resulted in the downregulation of Fgfr3, Fgf8, Fgf10 and Atf3 expression in the inner ear. Fgfr3, Fgf8 and Fgf10 have a role in induction of the otic placode or in otic epithelium development in mice, and their functional deficits cause defects in cochlear morphogenesis and hearing loss. Our studies suggest that MAP3K1 has an essential role in the regulation of these key cochlear morphogenesis genes. Collectively, our data highlight the crucial role of MAP3K1 in the development and function of the mouse inner ear and hearing. Summary:Map3k1 mutant mice exhibit early-onset profound hearing loss and supernumerary outer hair cells, along with dysregulation of the FGF signaling pathway, accentuating its function in otic epithelium development and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Yousaf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Qinghang Meng
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Robert B Hufnagel
- Divisions of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Chandrakala Puligilla
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Zubair M Ahmed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Saima Riazuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways are essential regulators of vertebrate skeletal development. FGF signaling regulates development of the limb bud and formation of the mesenchymal condensation and has key roles in regulating chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and bone and mineral homeostasis. This review updates our review on FGFs in skeletal development published in Genes & Development in 2002, examines progress made on understanding the functions of the FGF signaling pathway during critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explores the mechanisms by which mutations in FGF signaling molecules cause skeletal malformations in humans. Links between FGF signaling pathways and other interacting pathways that are critical for skeletal development and could be exploited to treat genetic diseases and repair bone are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Hopital Lariboisiere, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
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26
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. The Fibroblast Growth Factor signaling pathway. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:215-66. [PMID: 25772309 PMCID: PMC4393358 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1302] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The signaling component of the mammalian Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family is comprised of eighteen secreted proteins that interact with four signaling tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs). Interaction of FGF ligands with their signaling receptors is regulated by protein or proteoglycan cofactors and by extracellular binding proteins. Activated FGFRs phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues that mediate interaction with cytosolic adaptor proteins and the RAS-MAPK, PI3K-AKT, PLCγ, and STAT intracellular signaling pathways. Four structurally related intracellular non-signaling FGFs interact with and regulate the family of voltage gated sodium channels. Members of the FGF family function in the earliest stages of embryonic development and during organogenesis to maintain progenitor cells and mediate their growth, differentiation, survival, and patterning. FGFs also have roles in adult tissues where they mediate metabolic functions, tissue repair, and regeneration, often by reactivating developmental signaling pathways. Consistent with the presence of FGFs in almost all tissues and organs, aberrant activity of the pathway is associated with developmental defects that disrupt organogenesis, impair the response to injury, and result in metabolic disorders, and cancer. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
- *
Correspondence to:
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto UniversitySakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Xie Y, Zhou S, Chen H, Du X, Chen L. Recent research on the growth plate: Advances in fibroblast growth factor signaling in growth plate development and disorders. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 53:T11-34. [PMID: 25114206 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Skeletons are formed through two distinct developmental actions, intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. During embryonic development, most bone is formed by endochondral ossification. The growth plate is the developmental center for endochondral ossification. Multiple signaling pathways participate in the regulation of endochondral ossification. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling has been found to play a vital role in the development and maintenance of growth plates. Missense mutations in FGFs and FGFRs can cause multiple genetic skeletal diseases with disordered endochondral ossification. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms of FGFs/FGFRs signaling in skeletal development and genetic skeletal diseases will have implications for the development of therapies for FGF-signaling-related skeletal dysplasias and growth plate injuries. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in elucidating the role of FGFs/FGFRs signaling in growth plate development, genetic skeletal disorders, and the promising therapies for those genetic skeletal diseases resulting from FGFs/FGFRs dysfunction. Finally, we also examine the potential important research in this field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangli Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineCenter of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Siru Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineCenter of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Hangang Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineCenter of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiaolan Du
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineCenter of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineCenter of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
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28
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Agochukwu NB, Solomon BD, Muenke M. Hearing loss in syndromic craniosynostoses: introduction and consideration of mechanisms. Am J Audiol 2014; 23:135-41. [PMID: 24686979 DOI: 10.1044/2014_aja-13-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There are a number of craniosynostosis syndromes with hearing loss-including Muenke, Apert, Pfeiffer, Crouzon, Beare-Stevenson, Crouzon with acanthosis nigricans, and Jackson-Weiss syndromes-that result from mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) genes. Studies of FGFRs and their ligands, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), have revealed clues to the precise contribution of aberrant FGFR signaling to inner ear morphogenesis and the hearing loss encountered in craniosynostoses. The purpose of this article is to review basic studies of FGFRs with emphasis on their function and expression in the inner ear and surrounding structures. METHOD A Medline search was performed to find basic science articles regarding FGFR, their ligands, and their expression and relevant mouse models. Additional items searched included clinical descriptions and studies of individuals with FGFR-related craniosynostosis syndromes. RESULTS The FGF signaling pathway is essential for the morphogensis and proper function of the inner ear and auditory sensory epithelium. CONCLUSION The variable auditory phenotypes seen in individuals with Muenke syndrome may have a genetic basis, likely due to multiple interacting factors in the genetic environment or modifying factors. Further analysis and studies of mouse models of Muenke syndrome, in particular, may provide clues to the specific effects of the defining mutation in FGFR3 in the inner ear not only at birth but also into adulthood. In particular, investigations into these models may give insight into the variable expression and incomplete penetrance of this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nneamaka B. Agochukwu
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Clinical Research Training Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Benjamin D. Solomon
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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29
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Su N, Jin M, Chen L. Role of FGF/FGFR signaling in skeletal development and homeostasis: learning from mouse models. Bone Res 2014; 2:14003. [PMID: 26273516 PMCID: PMC4472122 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2014.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling plays essential roles in bone development and diseases. Missense mutations in FGFs and FGFRs in humans can cause various congenital bone diseases, including chondrodysplasia syndromes, craniosynostosis syndromes and syndromes with dysregulated phosphate metabolism. FGF/FGFR signaling is also an important pathway involved in the maintenance of adult bone homeostasis. Multiple kinds of mouse models, mimicking human skeleton diseases caused by missense mutations in FGFs and FGFRs, have been established by knock-in/out and transgenic technologies. These genetically modified mice provide good models for studying the role of FGF/FGFR signaling in skeleton development and homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the mouse models of FGF signaling-related skeleton diseases and recent progresses regarding the molecular mechanisms, underlying the role of FGFs/FGFRs in the regulation of bone development and homeostasis. This review also provides a perspective view on future works to explore the roles of FGF signaling in skeletal development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Su
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Min Jin
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, 400042, China
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30
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Di Rocco F, Biosse Duplan M, Heuzé Y, Kaci N, Komla-Ebri D, Munnich A, Mugniery E, Benoist-Lasselin C, Legeai-Mallet L. FGFR3 mutation causes abnormal membranous ossification in achondroplasia. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:2914-25. [PMID: 24419316 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
FGFR3 gain-of-function mutations lead to both chondrodysplasias and craniosynostoses. Achondroplasia (ACH), the most frequent dwarfism, is due to an FGFR3-activating mutation which results in impaired endochondral ossification. The effects of the mutation on membranous ossification are unknown. Fgfr3(Y367C/+) mice mimicking ACH and craniofacial analysis of patients with ACH and FGFR3-related craniosynostoses provide an opportunity to address this issue. Studying the calvaria and skull base, we observed abnormal cartilage and premature fusion of the synchondroses leading to modifications of foramen magnum shape and size in Fgfr3(Y367C/+) mice, ACH and FGFR3-related craniosynostoses patients. Partial premature fusion of the coronal sutures and non-ossified gaps in frontal bones were also present in Fgfr3(Y367C/+) mice and ACH patients. Our data provide strong support that not only endochondral ossification but also membranous ossification is severely affected in ACH. Demonstration of the impact of FGFR3 mutations on craniofacial development should initiate novel pharmacological and surgical therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Di Rocco
- INSERM U781, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Hopital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
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Evaluation of the therapeutic potential of a CNP analog in a Fgfr3 mouse model recapitulating achondroplasia. Am J Hum Genet 2012. [PMID: 23200862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Achondroplasia (ACH), the most common form of dwarfism, is an inherited autosomal-dominant chondrodysplasia caused by a gain-of-function mutation in fibroblast-growth-factor-receptor 3 (FGFR3). C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) antagonizes FGFR3 downstream signaling by inhibiting the pathway of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Here, we report the pharmacological activity of a 39 amino acid CNP analog (BMN 111) with an extended plasma half-life due to its resistance to neutral-endopeptidase (NEP) digestion. In ACH human growth-plate chondrocytes, we demonstrated a decrease in the phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, confirming that this CNP analog inhibits fibroblast-growth-factor-mediated MAPK activation. Concomitantly, we analyzed the phenotype of Fgfr3(Y367C/+) mice and showed the presence of ACH-related clinical features in this mouse model. We found that in Fgfr3(Y367C/+) mice, treatment with this CNP analog led to a significant recovery of bone growth. We observed an increase in the axial and appendicular skeleton lengths, and improvements in dwarfism-related clinical features included flattening of the skull, reduced crossbite, straightening of the tibias and femurs, and correction of the growth-plate defect. Thus, our results provide the proof of concept that BMN 111, a NEP-resistant CNP analog, might benefit individuals with ACH and hypochondroplasia.
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32
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Mugniery E, Dacquin R, Marty C, Benoist-Lasselin C, de Vernejoul MC, Jurdic P, Munnich A, Geoffroy V, Legeai-Mallet L. An activating Fgfr3 mutation affects trabecular bone formation via a paracrine mechanism during growth. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:2503-13. [PMID: 22367969 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) plays a critical role in the regulation of endochondral ossification. Fgfr3 gain-of-function mutations cause achondroplasia, the most common form of dwarfism, and a spectrum of chondrodysplasias. Despite a significant number of studies on the role of FGFR3 in cartilage, to date, none has investigated the influence of Fgfr3-mediated effects of the growth plate on bone formation. We studied three mouse models, each expressing Fgfr3 mutation either ubiquitously (CMV-Fgfr3(Y367C/+)), in chondrocytes (Col II-Fgfr3(Y367C/+)) or in mature osteoblasts (Col I-Fgfr3(Y367C/+)). Interestingly, we demonstrated that dwarfism with a significant defect in bone formation during growth was only observed in mouse models expressing mutant Fgfr3 in the cartilage. We observed a dramatic reduction in cartilage matrix mineralization and a strong defect of primary spongiosa. Anomalies of primary spongiosa were associated with an increase in osteoclast recruitment and a defect of osteoblasts at the mineralization front. A significant decrease in bone volume, trabecular thickness and number was also observed in the trabecular bone. Interestingly, no anomalies in proliferation and differentiation of primary osteoblasts from CMV-Fgfr3(Y367C/+) mice were observed. Based on these data, we excluded a potential function of Fgfr3 directly on osteoblasts at 3 weeks of age and we obtained evidence that the disorganization of the growth plate is responsible for the anomalies of the trabecular bone during bone formation. Herein, we propose that impaired FGFR3 signaling pathways may affect trabecular bone formation via a paracrine mechanism during growth. These results redefine our understanding of endochondral ossification in FGFR3-related chondrodysplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Mugniery
- INSERM U781, Universite´ Paris Descartes, Hoˆ pital Necker-Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France
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33
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Jonquoy A, Mugniery E, Benoist-Lasselin C, Kaci N, Le Corre L, Barbault F, Girard AL, Le Merrer Y, Busca P, Schibler L, Munnich A, Legeai-Mallet L. A novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor restores chondrocyte differentiation and promotes bone growth in a gain-of-function Fgfr3 mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 21:841-51. [PMID: 22072392 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating germline fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) mutations cause achondroplasia (ACH), the most common form of human dwarfism and a spectrum of skeletal dysplasias. FGFR3 is a tyrosine kinase receptor and constitutive FGFR3 activation impairs endochondral ossification and triggers severe disorganization of the cartilage with shortening of long bones. To decipher the role of FGFR3 in endochondral ossification, we analyzed the impact of a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), A31, on both human and mouse mutant FGFR3-expressing cells and on the skeleton of Fgfr3(Y367C/+) dwarf mice. We found that A31 inhibited constitutive FGFR3 phosphorylation and restored the size of embryonic dwarf femurs using an ex vivo culture system. The increase in length of the treated mutant femurs was 2.6 times more than for the wild-type. Premature cell cycle exit and defective chondrocyte differentiation were observed in the Fgfr3(Y367C/+) growth plate. A31 restored normal expression of cell cycle regulators (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, KI67, cyclin D1 and p57) and allowed pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes to properly differentiate into hypertrophic chondocytes. Our data reveal a specific role for FGFR3 in the cell cycle and chondrocyte differentiation and support the development of TKIs for the treatment of FGFR3-related chondrodysplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Jonquoy
- INSERM U781-Université Paris Descartes-Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris 75015, France
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Huang S, Han D, Yuan Y, Wang G, Kang D, Zhang X, Yan X, Meng X, Dong M, Dai P. Extremely discrepant mutation spectrum of SLC26A4 between Chinese patients with isolated Mondini deformity and enlarged vestibular aqueduct. J Transl Med 2011; 9:167. [PMID: 21961810 PMCID: PMC3204245 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in SLC26A4 cause Pendred syndrome (hearing loss with goiter) or DFNB4 (non-syndromic hearing loss with inner ear malformation, such as enlarged vestibular aqueduct or Mondini deformity). The relationship between mutations in SLC26A4 and Mondini deformity without enlarged vestibular aqueduct has not been studied in any Chinese deaf population. The purpose of this study was to assess whether mutations in the SLC26A4 gene cause Mondini deformity without an enlarged vestibular aqueduct (isolated Mondini deformity) in a Chinese population. Methods In total, 144 patients with sensorineural hearing loss were included and subjected to high-resolution temporal bone CT. Among them, 28 patients with isolated Mondini dysplasia (MD group), 50 patients with enlarged vestibular aqueduct with Mondini dysplasia (EVA with MD group), 50 patients with enlarged vestibular aqueduct without Mondini dysplasia (EVA group), and 16 patients with other types of inner ear malformations (IEM group) were identified. The coding exons of SLC26A4 were analyzed in all subjects. Results DNA sequence analysis of SLC26A4 was performed in all 144 patients. In the different groups, the detection rate of the SLC26A4 mutation differed. In the isolated MD group, only one single allelic mutation in SLC26A4 was found in one patient (1/28, 3.6%). In the EVA with MD group, biallelic and monoallelic SLC26A4 mutations were identified in 46 patients (46/50, 92.0%) and three patients (3/50, 6.0%), respectively. Also, in the EVA group, biallelic and monoallelic SLC26A4 mutations were identified in 46 patients (46/50, 92.0%) and three patients (3/50, 6.0%), respectively. These percentages were identical to those in the EVA plus MD group. Only two patients carried monoallelic mutations of the SLC26A4 gene in the IEM group (2/16, 12.5%). There were significant differences in the frequency of SLC26A4 mutation among the groups (P < 0.001). The detection rate of SLC26A4 mutation in the isolated MD group was significantly lower than in the EVA group (with or without MD; P < 0.001), and there was no significant difference in the detection rate of SLC26A4 between the MD group and IEM group (P > 0.5). Conclusion Although mutations in the SLC26A4 gene were frequently found in Chinese EVA patients with and without MD, there was no evidence to show a relationship between isolated MD and the SLC26A4 gene in the Chinese population examined. Hearing impairment in patients with isolated MD may be caused by factors other than mutations in the SLC26A4 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Makki N, Capecchi MR. Identification of novel Hoxa1 downstream targets regulating hindbrain, neural crest and inner ear development. Dev Biol 2011; 357:295-304. [PMID: 21784065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hox genes play a crucial role during embryonic patterning and organogenesis. Of the 39 Hox genes, Hoxa1 is the first to be expressed during embryogenesis and the only anterior Hox gene linked to a human syndrome. Hoxa1 is necessary for the proper development of the brainstem, inner ear and heart in humans and mice; however, almost nothing is known about the molecular downstream targets through which it exerts its function. To gain insight into the transcriptional network regulated by this protein, we performed microarray analysis on tissue microdissected from the prospective rhombomere 3-5 region of Hoxa1 null and wild type embryos. Due to the very early and transient expression of this gene, dissections were performed on early somite stage embryos during an eight-hour time window of development. Our array yielded a list of around 300 genes differentially expressed between the two samples. Many of the identified genes play a role in a specific developmental or cellular process. Some of the validated targets regulate early neural crest induction and specification. Interestingly, three of these genes, Zic1, Hnf1b and Foxd3, were down-regulated in the posterior hindbrain, where cardiac neural crest cells arise, which pattern the outflow tract of the heart. Other targets are necessary for early inner ear development, e.g. Pax8 and Fgfr3 or are expressed in specific hindbrain neurons regulating respiration, e.g. Lhx5. These findings allow us to propose a model where Hoxa1 acts in a genetic cascade upstream of genes controlling specific aspects of embryonic development, thereby providing insight into possible mechanisms underlying the human HoxA1-syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Makki
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Human Genetics, UT, USA
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Di Rocco F, Collet C, Legeai-Mallet L, Arnaud E, Le Merrer M, Hadj-Rabia S, Renier D. Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans: a case-based update. Childs Nerv Syst 2011; 27:349-54. [PMID: 21136065 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-010-1347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans also named Crouzono-dermo-skeletal is a clinically and genetically distinct entity. It associates a craniofacial phenotype to anomalies of the skin and long bones. This syndrome is due to a specific mutation in FGFR3 gene that can be identified by genetic testing. ILLUSTRATIVE CASES As in our two patients, not all these features might be present and some will be patent only in the infancy or early childhood. Moreover, other organs such as the kidneys might be affected. DISCUSSION Because several organs might be affected the recognition of such syndrome is important for a correct management of the patient as well as a proper information and genetic counseling of the families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Di Rocco
- Unité de Chirurgie Craniofaciale, Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Centre de Référence Maladies rares Dysostoses Craniofaciales, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France.
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Pannier S, Mugniery E, Jonquoy A, Benoist-Lasselin C, Odent T, Jais JP, Munnich A, Legeai-Mallet L. Delayed bone age due to a dual effect of FGFR3 mutation in Achondroplasia. Bone 2010; 47:905-15. [PMID: 20673820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Achondroplasia (ACH), the most common form of human dwarfism is caused by a mutation in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene, resulting in constitutive activation of the receptor. Typical radiological features include shortening of the tubular bones and macrocephaly, due to disruption of endochondral ossification. Consequently, FGFR3 has been described as a negative regulator of bone growth. Studying a large cohort of ACH patients, a delay in bone age was observed shortly after birth (for boys p=2.6×10(-9) and for girls p=1.2×10(-8)). This delay was no longer apparent during adolescence. In order to gain further insight into bone formation, bone development was studied in a murine model of chondrodysplasia (Fgfr3(Y367C/+)) from birth to 6weeks of age. Delayed bone age was also observed in Fgfr3(Y367C/+) mice at 1week of age followed by an accelerated secondary ossification center formation. A low level of chondrocyte proliferation was observed in the normal growth plate at birth, which increased with bone growth. In the pathological condition, a significantly high level of proliferative cells was present at birth, but exhibited a transient decrease only to rise again subsequently. Histological and in situ analyses suggested the altered endochondral ossification process may result from delayed chondrocyte differentiation, disruption of vascularization and osteoblast invasion of the femur. All these data provide evidence that FGFR3 regulates normal chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation during bone growth and suggest that constitutive activation of the receptor disrupts both processes. Therefore, the consequences of FGFR3 activation on the physiological process of bone development appear to be dependent on spatial and temporal occurrence. In conclusion, these observations support the notion that FGFR3 has a dual effect, as both a negative and a positive regulator of the endochondral ossification process during post-natal bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Pannier
- INSERM U781-Université Paris Descartes-Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France
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CD44 is a marker for the outer pillar cells in the early postnatal mouse inner ear. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2010; 11:407-18. [PMID: 20386946 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-010-0211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation antigens (CD proteins) are classically used as immune cell markers. However, their expression within the inner ear is still largely undefined. In this study, we explored the possibility that specific CD proteins might be useful for defining inner ear cell populations. mRNA expression profiling of microdissected auditory and vestibular sensory epithelia revealed 107 CD genes as expressed in the early postnatal mouse inner ear. The expression of 68 CD genes was validated with real-time RT-PCR using RNA extracted from microdissected sensory epithelia of cochleae, utricles, saccules, and cristae of newborn mice. Specifically, CD44 was identified as preferentially expressed in the auditory sensory epithelium. Immunohistochemistry revealed that within the early postnatal organ of Corti, the expression of CD44 is restricted to outer pillar cells. In order to confirm and expand this finding, we characterized the expression of CD44 in two different strains of mice with loss- and gain-of-function mutations in Fgfr3 which encodes a receptor for FGF8 that is essential for pillar cell development. We found that the expression of CD44 is abolished from the immature pillar cells in homozygous Fgfr3 knockout mice. In contrast, both the outer pillar cells and the aberrant Deiters' cells in the Fgfr3 ( P244R/ ) (+) mice express CD44. The deafness phenotype segregating in DFNB51 families maps to a linkage interval that includes CD44. To study the potential role of CD44 in hearing, we characterized the auditory system of CD44 knockout mice and sequenced the entire open reading frame of CD44 of affected members of DFNB51 families. Our results suggest that CD44 does not underlie the deafness phenotype of the DFNB51 families. Finally, our study reveals multiple potential new cell type-specific markers in the mouse inner ear and identifies a new marker for outer pillar cells.
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Toribio RE, Brown HA, Novince CM, Marlow B, Hernon K, Lanigan LG, Hildreth BE, Werbeck JL, Shu ST, Lorch G, Carlton M, Foley J, Boyaka P, McCauley LK, Rosol TJ. The midregion, nuclear localization sequence, and C terminus of PTHrP regulate skeletal development, hematopoiesis, and survival in mice. FASEB J 2010; 24:1947-57. [PMID: 20145205 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-147033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The functions of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) on morphogenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and calcium homeostasis have been attributed to its N terminus. Evidence suggests that many of these effects are not mediated by the N terminus but by the midregion, a nuclear localization sequence (NLS), and C terminus of the protein. A knock-in mouse lacking the midregion, NLS, and C terminus of PTHrP (Pthrp(Delta/Delta)) was developed. Pthrp(Delta/Delta) mice had craniofacial dysplasia, chondrodysplasia, and kyphosis, with most mice dying by d 5 of age. In bone, there were fewer chondrocytes and osteoblasts per area, bone mass was decreased, and the marrow was less cellular, with erythroid hypoplasia. Cellular proliferation was impaired, and apoptosis was increased. Runx2, Ocn, Sox9, Crtl1, beta-catenin, Runx1, ephrin B2, cyclin D1, and Gata1 were underexpressed while P16/Ink4a, P21, GSK-3beta, Il-6, Ffg3, and Ihh were overexpressed. Mammary gland development was aberrant, and energy metabolism was deregulated. These results establish that the midregion, NLS, and C terminus of PTHrP are crucial for the commitment of osteogenic and hematopoietic precursors to their lineages, and for survival, and many of the effects of PTHrP on development are not mediated by its N terminus. The down-regulation of Runx1, Runx2, and Sox9 indicates that PTHrP is a modulator of transcriptional activation during stem cell commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp St., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Regulation of cell fate and patterning in the developing mammalian cochlea. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 17:381-7. [PMID: 19623076 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0b013e3283303347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A significant proportion of hearing loss and deafness is caused by defects in the structure or function of cells within the organ of Corti. Identification of the molecular factors that regulate the development of this structure should provide valuable insights regarding inner ear formation and the signaling pathways that underlie congenital auditory deficits. In addition, targeted modulation of these same factors could be developed as therapies for hair cell regeneration. RECENT FINDINGS Results from experiments using transgenic and mutant mice, as well as in-vitro techniques, have identified genes and signaling pathways that are required to either specify unique auditory cell types, such as hair cells or supporting cells, or to generate the highly ordered cellular pattern that is characteristic for the organ of Corti. In particular, the hedgehog and fibroblast growth factor signaling pathways modulate the formation of the progenitor cells that will give rise to the organ of Corti. SRY-box containing gene 2, a transcription factor that is required for the formation of the cochlear progenitor cell population, has paradoxically been shown to also act as an inhibitor of hair cell development. Finally, the motor protein myosin II regulates extension of the organ of Corti and the alignment of hair cells and supporting cells into ordered rows. SUMMARY A better understanding of the signaling pathways that direct different aspects of cochlear development, such as specific of cell fates or cellular patterning, offers the potential to identify new pathways or molecules that could be targeted for therapeutic interventions.
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Volkenstein S, Brors D, Hansen S, Berend A, Mlynski R, Aletsee C, Dazert S. Auditory development in progressive motor neuronopathy mouse mutants. Neurosci Lett 2009; 465:45-9. [PMID: 19735697 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 08/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to elucidate the hearing development in the progressive motor neuronopathy (pmn) mouse mutant. This mouse has been used as a model for human motoneuron disease. A missense mutation in the tubulin-specific chaperon E (Tbce) gene on mouse chromosome 13 was localized as the underlying genetic defect. The protein encoded by the Tbce gene is essential for the formation of primary tubulin complexes. Studies on motoneurons show disorganization in microtubules and disturbed axonal transport, followed by retrograde degeneration of the motoneurons. A similar pathomechanism is also possible for hearing disorders where disrupted microtubules could cause functional deficits in spiral ganglion neurons or in cochlear hair cells. Click auditory brainstem response (ABR) audiometry in homozygous pmn mutants showed a normal onset of hearing, but an increasing hearing threshold from postnatal day 26 (P26) on to death, compared to heterozygous mutants and wild-type mice. Histological sections of the cochlea at different ages showed a regular morphology. Additionally, spiral ganglion explants from mutant and wild-type mice were cultured. The neurite length from pmn mutants was shorter than in wild-type mice, and the neurite number/explant was significantly decreased in pmn mutants. We show that the pmn mouse mutant is a model for a progressive rapid hearing loss from P26 on, after initially normal hearing development. Heterozygous mice are not affected by this defect. With the knowledge of the well-known pathomechanism of this defect in motoneurons, a dysfunction of cellular mechanisms regulating tubulin assembling suggests that tubulin assembling plays an essential role in hearing function and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Volkenstein
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ruhr-University of Bochum, St. Elisabeth-Hospital, Bleichstr. 15, 44787 Bochum, Germany.
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Hadari Y, Schlessinger J. FGFR3-targeted mAb therapy for bladder cancer and multiple myeloma. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1077-9. [PMID: 19422094 DOI: 10.1172/jci38948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3) have been implicated in severe skeletal dysplasias and in a variety of cancers. In their study in this issue of the JCI, Qing et al. used specific shRNA probes to demonstrate that FGFR3 functions as an important driver of bladder carcinoma cell proliferation (see the related article beginning on page 1216). A unique anti-FGFR3 mAb was shown to exhibit antitumor activity in human bladder carcinoma cells in vitro and in mouse bladder cancer or multiple myeloma xenograft tumor models bearing either wild-type or mutant FGFR3. These results suggest that clinical development of anti-FGFR3 mAbs should be considered for targeted therapy of cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Hadari
- Kolltan Pharmaceuticals Inc., New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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