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Guo H, Malone KE, Heckbert SR, Li CI. Statin use and risks of breast cancer recurrence and mortality. Cancer 2024. [PMID: 38709898 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.35362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical evidence suggests improved breast cancer survival associated with statin use, but findings from observational studies are conflicting and remain inconclusive. The objective of this study was to assess the association between statin use after cancer diagnosis and cancer outcomes among breast cancer patients. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, 38,858 women aged ≥66 years who were diagnosed with localized and regional stage breast cancer from 2008 through 2017 were identified from the linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Medicare database. Statin use was ascertained from Medicare Part D pharmacy claims data. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between post-diagnosis statin use and risks of breast cancer recurrence and breast cancer-specific mortality. RESULTS Over a median follow-up of 2.9 years for recurrence and 3.7 years for mortality, 1446 women experienced a recurrence, and 2215 died from breast cancer. The mean duration of post-diagnosis statin use was 2.2 years. Statin use post-diagnosis was not associated with recurrence risk (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.91-1.21), but was associated with a reduced risk of cancer-specific mortality (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.75-0.96). The reduction was more pronounced in women with hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.57-0.88). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that post-diagnosis statin use is associated with improved cancer-specific survival in women with breast cancer and should be confirmed in randomized trials of statin therapy in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbing Guo
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kathleen E Malone
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan R Heckbert
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher I Li
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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2
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Selva P, Durairajan S. An In Vitro Study on the Antibacterial Activity of Statins Against the Most Common Bacterial Pathogens Causing Respiratory Tract Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Cureus 2024; 16:e58108. [PMID: 38741867 PMCID: PMC11088960 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The vast pleiotropic effect of statins has intrigued many researchers to select them as potential candidates against bacterial infections. The role of statins against bacterial pathogens remains debatable. This study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the antibacterial effect of commonly available statins against the most frequently isolated bacterial pathogens causing respiratory tract infections in our tertiary care hospital using sputum as a sample. Materials and methods The study was conducted in the Microbiology Laboratory of our hospital. Drugs including atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin were purchased in pure form from Sigma Aldrich. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a solvent for all three drugs. The positive controls used were gentamycin and amoxicillin for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. Data regarding all the culture and sensitivity results of sputum samples of patients admitted to the Respiratory Intensive Care Unit over the past 12 months were analyzed. The most common bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from sputum specimens were taken for our study. The antibacterial effect of statins was studied using two methods: the agar cup diffusion method and the broth dilution method. The zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration of the drugs were calculated and analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism software version 10.2.0. A one-way ANOVA test was used to determine if there was any statistical difference between the different statins and antibiotic groups. An unpaired t-test was used to determine the statistical difference between the statins. Results and discussion For the agar cup diffusion method, our results displayed a lack of antibacterial activity of all three statins atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin against all three bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae after overnight incubation by agar cup method at concentrations of 3.125 μg/ml, 6.25 μg/ml, 12.5 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml, respectively. The zone of inhibition observed was less than 4 mm (resistant) for all the serial dilutions of atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin. For the broth dilution method, the ANOVA test showed amoxicillin and gentamicin to have high statistically significant microbial growth inhibitory activity (p-value < 0.005) compared to atorvastatin and rosuvastatin. Statistically, though atorvastatin showed significant antimicrobial activity compared to normal saline and rosuvastatin, this was not considered clinically significant as the antimicrobial activity shown by atorvastatin was very negligible compared to the controls used and did not correspond to the serial dilutions of the drug. Conclusion Atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin lacked antibacterial activity against all three bacterial strains isolated from sputum specimens: Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Hence, the use of statins as an antimicrobial drug for respiratory tract infections has limited applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Selva
- Pharmacology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Sheela Durairajan
- Pharmacology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Hacıseyitoğlu AÖ, Doğan TÇ, Dilsiz SA, Canpınar H, Eken A, Bucurgat ÜÜ. Pitavastatin induces caspase-mediated apoptotic death through oxidative stress and DNA damage in combined with cisplatin in human cervical cancer cell line. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:623-640. [PMID: 38053498 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Pitavastatin (PITA) is a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor to treat hypercholesterolemia and in recent studies is focused that its potential anti-cancer effect. This study was aimed to elucidate the effect of PITA alone and in combination with cisplatin on cervical cancer cells (HeLa) in vitro. Cytotoxicity of PITA (5-200 μM) was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red uptake (NRU) assays for 24, 48, and 72 h. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle analyses were performed in flow cytometry (0.1-100 μM). The evaluation of genotoxic effects and oxidative DNA damage of PITA (2-200 μM) were performed with standard comet assay, formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (fpg)-modified comet assay, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) activation in HeLa cells. PITA alone reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner (20-200, 20-200, and 5-200 μM for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, in MTT). The combined treatment of PITA with cisplatin resulted in significantly greater inhibition of cell viability. ROS and DNA damage increased significantly at 100 μM for 4 h and 20 μM for 24 h, respectively. PITA-induced apoptosis, an increased proportion of sub G1 cells, was monitored, and also, it increased the expression of active caspase-9 and caspase-3 and upregulated cleaved poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase (PARP) by western blotting and caspase 3/8/9 multiple assay kit. We conclude that PITA can be used to efficiently cervical cancer studies, and promising findings have been obtained for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Ökçesiz Hacıseyitoğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Betül-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Tuğbagül Çal Doğan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevtap Aydın Dilsiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hande Canpınar
- Department of Basic Oncology, Institute of Cancer, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Eken
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ülkü Ündeğer Bucurgat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Kobayashi K, Baba K, Kambayashi S, Okuda M. Blockade of isoprenoids biosynthesis by simvastatin induces autophagy-mediated cell death via downstream c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation and cell cycle dysregulation in canine T-cell lymphoma cells. Res Vet Sci 2024; 169:105174. [PMID: 38340381 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Statins are inhibitors of the mevalonic acid pathway that mediates cellular metabolism by producing cholesterol and isoprenoids and are widely used in treating hypercholesterolaemia in humans. Lipophilic statins, including simvastatin, induce death in various tumour cells. However, the cytotoxic mechanisms of statins in tumour cells remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to elucidate the cytotoxic mechanisms of simvastatin in canine lymphoma cells. Simvastatin induced cell death via c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and autophagy in canine T-cell lymphoma cell lines Ema and UL-1, but not in B-cell lines. Cell death was mediated by induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis in UL-1 cells, but not in Ema cells. Blockade of autophagy by lysosomal inhibitors attenuated simvastatin-induced JNK activation and cell death. Isoprenoids, including farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, attenuated simvastatin-induced autophagy, JNK activation, and cell death. In UL-1 cells, simvastatin treatment resulted in the cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, which was altered to G0/1 phase cell cycle arrest by treatment with lysosomal inhibitors. These findings demonstrate that depletion of isoprenoids by simvastatin induces autophagy-mediated cell death via downstream JNK activation and cell cycle dysregulation in canine T-cell lymphoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Baba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kambayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Masaru Okuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
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Okita Y, Sobue T, Zha L, Kitamura T, Iwasaki M, Inoue M, Yamaji T, Tsugane S, Sawada N. Long-term use of anti-cholesterol drugs and cancer risks in a Japanese population. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2896. [PMID: 38316869 PMCID: PMC10844312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Several studies have investigated the association between the use of anti-cholesterol drugs and cancer risks, of which results have been inconsistent. This study included 67,768 participants from the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. The data on anti-cholesterol drug use was collected using three questionnaires of the survey conducted every five years. We divided the participants into three groups according to the duration of the anti-cholesterol drug use. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). During the 893,009 person-years of follow-up from the 10-year follow-up survey, 8,775 participants (5,387 men and 3,388 women) were newly diagnosed with cancers. The duration of anti-cholesterol drug use was significantly associated with a decreased risk of liver cancer (HR:0.26, 95% CI 0.11-0.64 in > 5 y group) and with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer (HR:1.59, 95% CI 1.03-2.47 in > 5 y group). Moreover, a different trend was observed between men and women in the association with the risk of lung cancer. This study suggested that long-term use of anti-cholesterol drugs may have associations with a decreased incidence of liver cancer and with an increased incidence of pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Okita
- Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Sobue
- Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Ling Zha
- Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuhisa Kitamura
- Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- Division of Epidemiology, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
- Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Manami Inoue
- Division of Prevention, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Taiki Yamaji
- Division of Epidemiology, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| | - Norie Sawada
- Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
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El Khoury M, Naim HY. Lipid rafts disruption by statins negatively impacts the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit and ACE2 in intestinal epithelial cells. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1335458. [PMID: 38260879 PMCID: PMC10800905 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1335458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, is a virus that targets mainly the upper respiratory tract. However, it can affect other systems such as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Therapeutic strategies for this virus are still inconclusive and understanding its entry mechanism is important for finding effective treatments. Cholesterol is an important constituent in the structure of cellular membranes that plays a crucial role in a variety of cellular events. In addition, it is important for the infectivity and pathogenicity of several viruses. ACE2, the main receptor of SARS-CoV-2, is associated with lipid rafts which are microdomains composed of cholesterol and sphingolipids. In this study, we investigate the role of statins, lipid-lowering drugs, on the trafficking of ACE2 and the impact of cholesterol modulation on the interaction of this receptor with S1 in Caco-2 cells. The data show that fluvastatin and simvastatin reduce the expression of ACE2 to variable extents, impair its association with lipid rafts and sorting to the brush border membrane resulting in substantial reduction of its interaction with the S1 subunit of the spike protein. By virtue of the substantial effects of statins demonstrated in our study, these molecules, particularly fluvastatin, represent a promising therapeutic intervention that can be used off-label to treat SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Y. Naim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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7
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Jia X, Lu Y, Xu Z, Mu Q. Impact of statin use on breast cancer recurrence and mortality before and after diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1256747. [PMID: 38164196 PMCID: PMC10757972 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1256747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of death among women. Statins, typically used for cholesterol management, have been hypothesized to reduce recurrence and mortality rates in breast cancer. However, this association remains a subject of debate. This study evaluates the potential impact of statins on breast cancer recurrence and mortality. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases for articles published up to June 2023. These articles examined the effect of statins on breast cancer recurrence and mortality both before and after diagnosis. The analysis was performed using random-effects models, calculating pooled hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results A total of 31 cohort studies, involving 261,834 female breast cancer patients, were included in this analysis. It was found that statin use prior to diagnosis was associated with a decrease in overall mortality (HR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.69-0.93; I2 = 77.6%; P = 0.001) and breast cancer-specific mortality (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.67-0.87; I2 = 72.7%; P = 0.005). Additionally, statin use after diagnosis was observed to reduce the recurrence of breast cancer (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.61-0.82; I2 = 60%; P = 0.003), overall mortality (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.70-0.92; I2 = 80.7%; P < 0.001), and breast cancer-specific mortality (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.67-0.86; I2 = 74.5%; P < 0.001). Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that statin usage, both before and after breast cancer diagnosis, may be associated with reduced risks of overall and breast cancer-specific mortality, as well as lower recurrence rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People’s Hospital of Longgang Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zili Xu
- Clinical Medicine School of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Mu
- Clinical Medicine School of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Barbălată CI, Porfire AS, Ambrus R, Mukhtar M, Farkas Á, Tomuță I. Process development of inhalation powders containing simvastatin loaded liposomes using spray drying technology. J Liposome Res 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37998080 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2023.2287588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The development of an inhalation powder (IP) for cancer therapy is desired to improve the therapeutic response and patient compliance. The latest studies highlighted that statins, a class of drugs used in hypercholesterolemia, can have anticancer and antiinflammatory properties. Therefore, the aim of the study was to develop an IP containing liposomes loaded with simvastatin using spray drying technology, as well as to investigate the influence of formulation factors on the quality attributes of the IP by means of experimental design. Results highlighted that the composition of liposomes, namely type of phospholipid and cholesterol concentration, highly influences the quality attributes of IP, and the use of optimal concentrations of excipients, i.e. D-mannitol and L-leucine, is essential to preserve the characteristics of liposomes throughout the spray drying process. The in vitro characterization of the optimal IP formulation revealed that the total percentage of released drug is higher from the IP formulation compared to the powder of active substance (53.38 vs. 42.76%) over a period of six hours, and 39.67% of dry particles have a size less than 5 µm, making them suitable for inhalation. As a conclusion, spray drying technology can be effectively used in the development and preparation of IP containing liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina-Ioana Barbălată
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Silvia Porfire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rita Ambrus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mahwash Mukhtar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Árpád Farkas
- Environmental Physiscs Department, Center for Energy Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ioan Tomuță
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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He X, Lan H, Jin K, Liu F. Cholesterol in colorectal cancer: an essential but tumorigenic precursor? Front Oncol 2023; 13:1276654. [PMID: 38023258 PMCID: PMC10655112 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1276654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most lethal human malignancies, and with the growth of societies and lifestyle changes, the rate of people suffering from it increases yearly. Important factors such as genetics, family history, nutrition, lifestyle, smoking, and alcohol can play a significant role in increasing susceptibility to this cancer. On the other hand, the metabolism of several macromolecules is also involved in the fate of tumors and immune cells. The evidence discloses that cholesterol and its metabolism can play a role in the pathogenesis of several cancers because there appears to be an association between cholesterol levels and CRC, and cholesterol-lowering drugs may reduce the risk. Furthermore, changes or mutations of some involved genes in cholesterol metabolism, such as CYP7A1 as well as signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), can play a role in CRC pathogenesis. This review summarized and discussed the role of cholesterol in the pathogenesis of CRC as well as available cholesterol-related therapeutic approaches in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinhua Wenrong Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huanrong Lan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ketao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fanlong Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zarrabi A, Perrin D, Kavoosi M, Sommer M, Sezen S, Mehrbod P, Bhushan B, Machaj F, Rosik J, Kawalec P, Afifi S, Bolandi SM, Koleini P, Taheri M, Madrakian T, Łos MJ, Lindsey B, Cakir N, Zarepour A, Hushmandi K, Fallah A, Koc B, Khosravi A, Ahmadi M, Logue S, Orive G, Pecic S, Gordon JW, Ghavami S. Rhabdomyosarcoma: Current Therapy, Challenges, and Future Approaches to Treatment Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5269. [PMID: 37958442 PMCID: PMC10650215 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare cancer arising in skeletal muscle that typically impacts children and young adults. It is a worldwide challenge in child health as treatment outcomes for metastatic and recurrent disease still pose a major concern for both basic and clinical scientists. The treatment strategies for rhabdomyosarcoma include multi-agent chemotherapies after surgical resection with or without ionization radiotherapy. In this comprehensive review, we first provide a detailed clinical understanding of rhabdomyosarcoma including its classification and subtypes, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Later, we focus on chemotherapy strategies for this childhood sarcoma and discuss the impact of three mechanisms that are involved in the chemotherapy response including apoptosis, macro-autophagy, and the unfolded protein response. Finally, we discuss in vivo mouse and zebrafish models and in vitro three-dimensional bioengineering models of rhabdomyosarcoma to screen future therapeutic approaches and promote muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34396, Türkiye; (A.Z.); (A.Z.)
| | - David Perrin
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (D.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Mahboubeh Kavoosi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 8 Krzywousty St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Micah Sommer
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (D.P.); (M.S.)
- Section of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Serap Sezen
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Türkiye; (S.S.); (N.C.); (B.K.)
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Department of Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Bhavya Bhushan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Filip Machaj
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Philip Kawalec
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - Saba Afifi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
| | - Seyed Mohammadreza Bolandi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
| | - Peiman Koleini
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
| | - Mohsen Taheri
- Genetics of Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 9816743463, Iran;
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517838695, Iran; (T.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Marek J. Łos
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 8 Krzywousty St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Benjamin Lindsey
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
| | - Nilufer Cakir
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Türkiye; (S.S.); (N.C.); (B.K.)
| | - Atefeh Zarepour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34396, Türkiye; (A.Z.); (A.Z.)
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1419963114, Iran;
| | - Ali Fallah
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Türkiye;
| | - Bahattin Koc
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Türkiye; (S.S.); (N.C.); (B.K.)
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Türkiye;
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Türkiye
| | - Arezoo Khosravi
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul 34959, Türkiye;
| | - Mazaher Ahmadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517838695, Iran; (T.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Susan Logue
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology–UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA;
| | - Joseph W. Gordon
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
- College of Nursing, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
- Academy of Silesia, Faculty of Medicine, Rolna 43, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
- Research Institutes of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
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11
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Wang D, Dai S, Lou D, Wang T, Wang S, Zheng Z. Association between statins exposure and risk of skin cancer: an updated meta-analysis. Int J Dermatol 2023; 62:1332-1344. [PMID: 37681467 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between statin (lipophilic statin and hydrophilic statin) exposure and the risk of skin cancer. The incidence of skin cancer under statin exposure was used as the primary outcome, and the relevant studies were screened from Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EBSCO electronic database until September 2022. Ten observational studies and two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. The statistical results indicated that in lipophilic statins, the exposed group had a higher risk of skin cancer than the non-exposed group (OR: 1.09, P = 0.003). However, compared with the non-exposed group, there was no significant difference between hydrophilic statins exposure and the incidence of skin cancer (OR: 1.02, P = 0.341). Further subgroup analysis of the subtypes of statins revealed that compared with the non-exposed group, exposure to lovastatin (OR: 1.18, P = 0.048) or simvastatin (OR: 1.11, P < 0.001) was a risk factor for skin cancer. Besides, subgroup analysis based on the subtypes of skin cancer demonstrated that the risks of melanoma (OR: 1.13, P = 0.009), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (OR: 1.05, P = 0.036), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (OR: 1.13, P = 0.026) under lipophilic statin exposure were significantly higher than those in the non-exposed group. On the contrary, compared with the non-exposed group, the risk of BCC was significantly reduced under the exposure of hydrophilic statins (OR: 0.93, P = 0.031). This study showed that the relationship between statin exposure and skin cancer risk was affected by the subtypes of statins and skin cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Senjie Dai
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dandi Lou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianyue Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shihui Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Zheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningbo Yinzhou No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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12
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Piekuś-Słomka N, Mocan LP, Shkreli R, Grapă C, Denkiewicz K, Wesolowska O, Kornek M, Spârchez Z, Słomka A, Crăciun R, Mocan T. Don't Judge a Book by Its Cover: The Role of Statins in Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5100. [PMID: 37894467 PMCID: PMC10605163 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins, which are inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, are an effective pharmacological tool for lowering blood cholesterol levels. This property makes statins one of the most popular drugs used primarily to prevent cardiovascular diseases, where hyperlipidemia is a significant risk factor that increases mortality. Nevertheless, studies conducted mainly in the last decade have shown that statins might prevent and treat liver cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. This narrative review summarizes the scientific achievements to date regarding the role of statins in liver tumors. Molecular biology tools have revealed that cell growth and proliferation can be inhibited by statins, which further inhibit angiogenesis. Clinical studies, supported by meta-analysis, confirm that statins are highly effective in preventing and treating hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. However, this effect may depend on the statin's type and dose, and more clinical trials are required to evaluate clinical effects. Moreover, their potential hepatotoxicity is a significant caveat for using statins in clinical practice. Nevertheless, this group of drugs, initially developed to prevent cardiovascular diseases, is now a key candidate in hepato-oncology patient management. The description of new drug-statin-like structures, e.g., with low toxicity to liver cells, may bring another clinically significant improvement to current cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Piekuś-Słomka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Lavinia Patricia Mocan
- Department of Histology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Rezarta Shkreli
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Aldent University, 1001-1028 Tirana, Albania;
| | - Cristiana Grapă
- Department of Physiology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Kinga Denkiewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.D.); (O.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Oliwia Wesolowska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.D.); (O.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Miroslaw Kornek
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Zeno Spârchez
- 3rd Medical Department, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Artur Słomka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.D.); (O.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Rareș Crăciun
- 3rd Medical Department, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Octavian Fodor” Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Tudor Mocan
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Octavian Fodor” Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- UBBMed Department, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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13
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Zaky MY, Fan C, Zhang H, Sun XF. Unraveling the Anticancer Potential of Statins: Mechanisms and Clinical Significance. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4787. [PMID: 37835481 PMCID: PMC10572000 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are an essential medication class in the treatment of lipid diseases because they inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. They reduce cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in both primary and secondary prevention. In addition to their powerful pharmacologic suppression of cholesterol production, statins appear to have pleitropic effects in a wide variety of other diseases by modulating signaling pathways. In recent years, statins have seen a large increase in interest due to their putative anticancer effects. Statins appear to cause upregulation or inhibition in key pathways involved in cancer such as inhibition of proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis as well as reducing cancer stemness. Further, statins have been found to induce oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest, autophagy, and apoptosis of cancer cells. Interestingly, clinical studies have shown that statin use is associated with a decreased risk of cancer formation, lower cancer grade at diagnosis, reduction in the risk of local reoccurrence, and increasing survival in patients. Therefore, our objective in the present review is to summarize the findings of the publications on the underlying mechanisms of statins' anticancer effects and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Y. Zaky
- Department of Oncology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Molecular Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Chuanwen Fan
- Department of Oncology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Feng Sun
- Department of Oncology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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14
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Schelz Z, Muddather HF, Zupkó I. Repositioning of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors as Adjuvants in the Modulation of Efflux Pump-Mediated Bacterial and Tumor Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1468. [PMID: 37760764 PMCID: PMC10525194 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Efflux pump (EP)-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) seems ubiquitous in bacterial infections and neoplastic diseases. The diversity and lack of specificity of these efflux mechanisms raise a great obstacle in developing drugs that modulate efflux pumps. Since developing novel chemotherapeutic drugs requires large investments, drug repurposing offers a new approach that can provide alternatives as adjuvants in treating resistant microbial infections and progressive cancerous diseases. Hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, are promising agents in this respect. Originally, statins were used in the therapy of dyslipidemia and for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases; however, extensive research has recently been performed to elucidate the functions of statins in bacterial infections and cancers. The mevalonate pathway is essential in the posttranslational modification of proteins related to vital eukaryotic cell functions. In this article, a comparative review is given about the possible role of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in managing diseases of bacterial and neoplastic origin. Molecular research and clinical studies have proven the justification of statins in this field. Further well-designed clinical trials are urged to clarify the significance of the contribution of statins to the lower risk of disease progression in bacterial infections and cancerous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - István Zupkó
- Institute of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.S.); (H.F.M.)
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15
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LaFratte C, Peasah SK, Huang Y, Hall D, Patel U, Good CB. Association of PCSK9 Inhibitor Initiation on Statin Adherence and Discontinuation. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e029707. [PMID: 37702065 PMCID: PMC10547275 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.029707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Background PCSK9is (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors) are well tolerated, potently lower cholesterol, and decrease cardiovascular events when added to statins. However, statin adherence may decrease after PCSK9i initiation and alter clinical outcomes. We evaluate the association of PCSK9i initiation on statin discontinuation and adherence. Methods and Results In this retrospective pre-post difference-in-difference analysis, new PCSK9i claims were propensity matched with statin-alone users (April 2017-September 2019). The primary outcomes were statin adherence (proportion of days covered) and statin discontinuation (absence of statin coverage for at least 60 days) 12 months following PCSK9i initiation. Secondary outcomes included low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels after 1 year. A total of 220 538 statin users and 700 PCSK9i users were identified, from which 178 on PCSK9i were included and matched to 712 on statins alone. At 12 months, mean statin proportion of days covered decreased from 67% to 48% in the PCSK9i group but increased from 68% to 86% in the statin-alone groups (P<0.0001). Statin discontinuation rates increased from 11% to 39% in the PCSK9i group and from 7% to 9% in the statin-alone group (P=0.0041). Patients with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <70 mg/dL increased from 5% to 68% with PCSK9i but increased from 16% to 24% with statins alone (P<0.0001). Changes in hospitalization rates were similar between both groups during the follow-up period. Conclusions PCSK9i initiation was associated with decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, higher statin discontinuation, and reduced statin adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel K. Peasah
- UPMC Value‐Based Pharmacy Initiatives, Center for High‐Value Health CareUPMC Health PlanPittsburghPAUSA
- Department of Pharmacy and TherapeuticsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Yan Huang
- UPMC Value‐Based Pharmacy Initiatives, Center for High‐Value Health CareUPMC Health PlanPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Deanne Hall
- Department of PharmacyUPMCPittsburghPAUSA
- Department of Pharmacy and TherapeuticsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Urvashi Patel
- Evernorth Research InstituteEvernorth Health ServicesSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Chester B. Good
- UPMC Value‐Based Pharmacy Initiatives, Center for High‐Value Health CareUPMC Health PlanPittsburghPAUSA
- Division of General Internal MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
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Dautović E, Rustemović-Čorbić M, Srabović N, Softić A, Smajlović A, Husejnović MŠ, Hatkić A, Halilčević D. Some pleiotropic effects of statins on hepatocellular carcinoma cells: Comparative study on atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and simvastatin. Adv Med Sci 2023; 68:258-264. [PMID: 37478516 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE For many years, statins have been the most commonly used drugs in cholesterol-lowering therapy. In addition to these therapeutic effects, statins exhibit other, pleiotropic effects that can be beneficial, but also harmful to cells and tissues. The aim of this research was to determine and compare the pleiotropic effects of structurally different statins: atorvastatin, simvastatin and rosuvastatin at different concentrations on hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxic effects of statins. The influence of statins on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by measuring fluorescent response of 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). The effect of statins on glucose production and excretion was determined with glucose production assay. RESULTS The obtained results confirmed that all tested statins exhibit cytotoxic effects, increase the production of ROS as well as the production and excretion of glucose from HepG2 cells. It was observed that all the mentioned effects are more pronounced with lipophilic statins, atorvastatin and simvastatin compared to hydrophilic rosuvastatin. CONCLUSION The less pronounced pleiotropic effects of rosuvastatin on HepG2 cells are probably due to differences in structure and solubility compared to atorvastatin and simvastatin. Transporter-dependent and a slower influx of rosuvastatin into cells compared to the tested lipophilic statins probably lead to a weaker accumulation of rosuvastatin in HepG2 cells, which results in less pronounced pleiotropic effects compared to lipophilic atorvastatin and simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Dautović
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | | | - Nahida Srabović
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Adaleta Softić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Aida Smajlović
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Maida Šljivić Husejnović
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alen Hatkić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dalila Halilčević
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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17
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Alizadeh J, da Silva Rosa SC, Weng X, Jacobs J, Lorzadeh S, Ravandi A, Vitorino R, Pecic S, Zivkovic A, Stark H, Shojaei S, Ghavami S. Ceramides and ceramide synthases in cancer: Focus on apoptosis and autophagy. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151337. [PMID: 37392580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Different studies corroborate a role for ceramide synthases and their downstream products, ceramides, in modulation of apoptosis and autophagy in the context of cancer. These mechanisms of regulation, however, appear to be context dependent in terms of ceramides' fatty acid chain length, subcellular localization, and the presence or absence of their downstream targets. Our current understanding of the role of ceramide synthases and ceramides in regulation of apoptosis and autophagy could be harnessed to pioneer the development of new treatments to activate or inhibit a single type of ceramide synthase, thereby regulating the apoptosis induction or cross talk of apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Moreover, the apoptotic function of ceramide suggests that ceramide analogues can pave the way for the development of novel cancer treatments. Therefore, in the current review paper we discuss the impact of ceramide synthases and ceramides in regulation of apoptosis and autophagy in context of different types of cancers. We also briefly introduce the latest information on ceramide synthase inhibitors, their application in diseases including cancer therapy, and discuss approaches for drug discovery in the field of ceramide synthase inhibitors. We finally discussed strategies for developing strategies to use lipids and ceramides analysis in biological fluids for developing early biomarkers for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Simone C da Silva Rosa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Xiaohui Weng
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, 800 N. State College, Fullerton, CA 92834, United States
| | - Joadi Jacobs
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Shahrokh Lorzadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 66 Chancellors Cir, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Rui Vitorino
- UnIC, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, 800 N. State College, Fullerton, CA 92834, United States
| | - Aleksandra Zivkovic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitaetstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitaetstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
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18
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Jang S, Choi HG, Kwon MJ, Kim JH, Kim JH, Kim SY. Association between the Use of Statins and Brain Tumors. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2247. [PMID: 37626743 PMCID: PMC10452399 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of statin use on the incidence of brain tumors. The Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort from 2005 to 2019 was used. The 1893 patients who were diagnosed with brain tumors were matched with 7572 control patients for demographic variables. The history of dyslipidemia was collected, and their history of prescription of statins before diagnosis of brain tumor was examined. The participants without dyslipidemia were set as a reference population. Then, the odds for brain tumors were analyzed in dyslipidemia patients without statin use, dyslipidemia patients who were prescribed statins for less than 365 days, and dyslipidemia patients who were prescribed statins for 365 days or more. Propensity score overlap weighted multivariable logistic regression analysis was used and adjusted for demographics and comorbidities. Secondary analyses were conducted according to types of statins, malignancy of brain tumors, and histories of demographics or comorbidities. A total of 11.78% of brain tumor patients and 10.95% of control participants had histories of statin use for 365 days or more. Dyslipidemia patients with 365 days or more duration of statin use demonstrated 1.22 times higher odds for brain tumors than normal participants (95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.06-1.14, p = 0.007). Dyslipidemia patients with less than 365 days of statin use had higher odds of brain tumors than other groups (odds ratio = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.36-1.87, p < 0.001). The higher odds for brain tumors in short-term statin users (<365 days) than in long-term statin users (≥365 days) were consistent in secondary analyses according to types of statins, malignancy of brain tumors, and histories of demographics or comorbidities. Long-term statin use in dyslipidemia patients was related to a lower risk of brain tumors than short-term statin use in patients with dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarang Jang
- Department of Public Health, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyo Gun Choi
- Mdanalytics, Seoul 06349, Republic of Korea;
- Suseoseoulent Clinic, Seoul 06349, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jung Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ji Hee Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea;
| | - Joo-Hee Kim
- Department of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea;
| | - So Young Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea
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19
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Ricco N, Kron SJ. Statins in Cancer Prevention and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3948. [PMID: 37568764 PMCID: PMC10417177 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins, a class of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors best known for their cholesterol-reducing and cardiovascular protective activity, have also demonstrated promise in cancer prevention and treatment. This review focuses on their potential applications in head and neck cancer (HNC), a common malignancy for which established treatment often fails despite incurring debilitating adverse effects. Preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that statins may enhance HNC sensitivity to radiation and other conventional therapies while protecting normal tissue, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined, likely involving both cholesterol-dependent and -independent effects on diverse cancer-related pathways. This review brings together recent discoveries concerning the anticancer activity of statins relevant to HNC, highlighting their anti-inflammatory activity and impacts on DNA-damage response. We also explore molecular targets and mechanisms and discuss the potential to integrate statins into conventional HNC treatment regimens to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ricco
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Stephen J. Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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20
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Bintener T, Pacheco MP, Philippidou D, Margue C, Kishk A, Del Mistro G, Di Leo L, Moscardó Garcia M, Halder R, Sinkkonen L, De Zio D, Kreis S, Kulms D, Sauter T. Metabolic modelling-based in silico drug target prediction identifies six novel repurposable drugs for melanoma. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:468. [PMID: 37495601 PMCID: PMC10372000 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite high initial response rates to targeted kinase inhibitors, the majority of patients suffering from metastatic melanoma present with high relapse rates, demanding for alternative therapeutic options. We have previously developed a drug repurposing workflow to identify metabolic drug targets that, if depleted, inhibit the growth of cancer cells without harming healthy tissues. In the current study, we have applied a refined version of the workflow to specifically predict both, common essential genes across various cancer types, and melanoma-specific essential genes that could potentially be used as drug targets for melanoma treatment. The in silico single gene deletion step was adapted to simulate the knock-out of all targets of a drug on an objective function such as growth or energy balance. Based on publicly available, and in-house, large-scale transcriptomic data metabolic models for melanoma were reconstructed enabling the prediction of 28 candidate drugs and estimating their respective efficacy. Twelve highly efficacious drugs with low half-maximal inhibitory concentration values for the treatment of other cancers, which are not yet approved for melanoma treatment, were used for in vitro validation using melanoma cell lines. Combination of the top 4 out of 6 promising candidate drugs with BRAF or MEK inhibitors, partially showed synergistic growth inhibition compared to individual BRAF/MEK inhibition. Hence, the repurposing of drugs may enable an increase in therapeutic options e.g., for non-responders or upon acquired resistance to conventional melanoma treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Bintener
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Maria Pires Pacheco
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Demetra Philippidou
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Christiane Margue
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Ali Kishk
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Greta Del Mistro
- Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumour Diseases, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Luca Di Leo
- Melanoma Research Team, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Moscardó Garcia
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Rashi Halder
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Lasse Sinkkonen
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Daniela De Zio
- Melanoma Research Team, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephanie Kreis
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Dagmar Kulms
- Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumour Diseases, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Sauter
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
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21
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Liu C, Chen H, Hu B, Shi J, Chen Y, Huang K. New insights into the therapeutic potentials of statins in cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1188926. [PMID: 37484027 PMCID: PMC10359995 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1188926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread clinical use of statins has contributed to significant reductions of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Increasing preclinical and epidemiological evidences have revealed that dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and that statins as powerful inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase can exert prevention and intervention effects on cancers, and promote sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs. The anti-cancer mechanisms of statins include not only inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis, but also their pleiotropic effects in modulating angiogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy, tumor metastasis, and tumor microenvironment. Moreover, recent clinical studies have provided growing insights into the therapeutic potentials of statins and the feasibility of combining statins with other anti-cancer agents. Here, we provide an updated review on the application potential of statins in cancer prevention and treatment and summarize the underneath mechanisms, with focuses on data from clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Liu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bicheng Hu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiajian Shi
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Tongji-RongCheng Biomedical Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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22
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Gorący A, Rosik J, Szostak J, Szostak B, Retfiński S, Machaj F, Pawlik A. Improving mitochondrial function in preclinical models of heart failure: therapeutic targets for future clinical therapies? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:593-608. [PMID: 37477241 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2240021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome resulting from the unsuccessful compensation of symptoms of myocardial damage. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a process that occurs because of an attempt to adapt to the disruption of metabolic and energetic pathways occurring in the myocardium. This, in turn, leads to further dysfunction in cardiomyocyte processes. Currently, many therapeutic strategies have been implemented to improve mitochondrial function, but their effectiveness varies widely. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on new models of therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial function in the treatment of heart failure. EXPERT OPINION Therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondria appear to be a valuable option for treating heart failure. Currently, the greatest challenge is to develop new research models that could restore the disrupted metabolic processes in mitochondria as comprehensively as possible. Only the development of therapies that focus on improving as many dysregulated mitochondrial processes as possible in patients with heart failure will be able to bring the expected clinical improvement, along with inhibition of disease progression. Combined strategies involving the reduction of the effects of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, appear to be a promising possibility for developing new therapies for a complex and multifactorial disease such as heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gorący
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Joanna Szostak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bartosz Szostak
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Szymon Retfiński
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Filip Machaj
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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23
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Pecoraro M, Marzocco S, Belvedere R, Petrella A, Franceschelli S, Popolo A. Simvastatin Reduces Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity: Effects beyond Its Antioxidant Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087573. [PMID: 37108737 PMCID: PMC10141713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate if Simvastatin can reduce, and/or prevent, Doxorubicin (Doxo)-induced cardiotoxicity. H9c2 cells were treated with Simvastatin (10 µM) for 4 h and then Doxo (1 µM) was added, and the effects on oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis were evaluated after 20 h. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of Simvastatin and Doxo co-treatment on Connexin 43 (Cx43) expression and localization, since this transmembrane protein forming gap junctions is widely involved in cardioprotection. Cytofluorimetric analysis showed that Simvastatin co-treatment significantly reduced Doxo-induced cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS overproduction, apoptosis, and cytochrome c release. Spectrofluorimetric analysis performed by means of Fura2 showed that Simvastatin co-treatment reduced calcium levels stored in mitochondria and restored cytosolic calcium storage. Western blot, immunofluorescence, and cytofluorimetric analyses showed that Simvastatin co-treatment significantly reduced Doxo-induced mitochondrial Cx43 over-expression and significantly increased the membrane levels of Cx43 phosphorylated on Ser368. We hypothesized that the reduced expression of mitochondrial Cx43 could justify the reduced levels of calcium stored in mitochondria and the consequent induction of apoptosis observed in Simvastatin co-treated cells. Moreover, the increased membrane levels of Cx43 phosphorylated on Ser368, which is responsible for the closed conformational state of the gap junction, let us to hypothesize that Simvastatin leads to cell-to-cell communication interruption to block the propagation of Doxo-induced harmful stimuli. Based on these results, we can conclude that Simvastatin could be a good adjuvant in Doxo anticancer therapy. Indeed, we confirmed its antioxidant and antiapoptotic activity, and, above all, we highlighted that Simvastatin interferes with expression and cellular localization of Cx43 that is widely involved in cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pecoraro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | | | - Antonello Petrella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | | | - Ada Popolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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24
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Yuan H, Wu H, Cheng J, Xiong J. SIAH1 ubiquitination-modified HMGCR inhibits lung cancer progression and promotes drug sensitivity through cholesterol synthesis. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:71. [PMID: 37062828 PMCID: PMC10105949 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02914-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Lung cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Deep understanding of chemoresistance will lead to remarkable progress in lung cancer treatment strategy. Cholesterol accumulation was associated with cisplatin resistance in lung cancer treatment. And we found the degree of cisplatin resistance was correlated with the expression of the cholesterol synthesis HMGCR. METHODS We analyzed a group of 42 lung cancer patients who received cisplatin treatment after lung resection surgery. The expression of HMGCR and its correlation with cholesterol in lung cancer cell lines were determined by qRT-PCR and ELISA analyses. We focus on the function and mechanism of HMGCR in lung cancer and reveal that knockdown of HMGCR expression inhibits the proliferation, colony formation, and migration of lung cancer cell lines in vitro or in vivo and dramatically enhances the efficacy of cisplatin. RESULTS Through mechanism studies, we illustrate that SIAH1, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, ubiquitination modifies HMGCR and inhibits efflux protein activity via regulating cholesterol synthesis. In vivo experiments showed that SIAH1 overexpression or using HMGCR knockdown retard tumor growth and enhanced the efficacy of cisplatin. In summary, HMGCR affects cholesterol metabolism by regulating key enzymes in cholesterol synthesis, thereby reducing drug sensitivity. CONCLUSION This study indicates that lung cancer patients with lower HMGCR levels may lead to a better prognosis and provide a potential treatment by SIAH1 overexpression for lung cancer patients with cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hubei Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases; Wuhan Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hongge Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei province, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei province, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei province, China.
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25
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Li C, Yao Z, Ma L, Song X, Wang W, Wan C, Ren S, Chen D, Zheng Y, Zhu YT, Chang G, Wu S, Miao K, Luo F, Zhao XY. Lovastatin promotes the self-renewal of murine and primate spermatogonial stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:969-984. [PMID: 37044069 PMCID: PMC10147841 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) niche is critical for SSC maintenance and subsequent spermatogenesis. Numerous reproductive hazards impair the SSC niche, thereby resulting in aberrant SSC self-renewal and male infertility. However, promising agents targeting the impaired SSC niche to promote SSC self-renewal are still limited. Here, we screen out and assess the effects of Lovastatin on the self-renewal of mouse SSCs (mSSCs). Mechanistically, Lovastatin promotes the self-renewal of mSSCs and inhibits its inflammation and apoptosis through the regulation of isoprenoid intermediates. Remarkably, treatment by Lovastatin could promote the proliferation of undifferentiated spermatogonia in the male gonadotoxicity model generated by busulfan injection. Of note, we demonstrate that Lovastatin could enhance the proliferation of primate undifferentiated spermatogonia. Collectively, our findings uncover that lovastatin could promote the self-renewal of both murine and primate SSCs and have implications for the treatment of certain types of male infertility using small compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Li
- Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shunde, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaokai Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Linzi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuling Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaofang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dingyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong-Tong Zhu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shihao Wu
- Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shunde, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Miao
- Centre for Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China.
| | - Fang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiao-Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China; Sino-America Joint Research Center for Translational Medicine in Developmental Disabilities, Guangzhou, China; Department of Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; National Clinical Research Canter for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.
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26
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Alizadeh J, Kavoosi M, Singh N, Lorzadeh S, Ravandi A, Kidane B, Ahmed N, Mraiche F, Mowat MR, Ghavami S. Regulation of Autophagy via Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082195. [PMID: 37190124 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic changes are an important component of tumor cell progression. Tumor cells adapt to environmental stresses via changes to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Autophagy, a physiological process in mammalian cells that digests damaged organelles and misfolded proteins via lysosomal degradation, is closely associated with metabolism in mammalian cells, acting as a meter of cellular ATP levels. In this review, we discuss the changes in glycolytic and lipid biosynthetic pathways in mammalian cells and their impact on carcinogenesis via the autophagy pathway. In addition, we discuss the impact of these metabolic pathways on autophagy in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Mahboubeh Kavoosi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Navjit Singh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Shahrokh Lorzadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Albrechtsen Research Centre, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Biniam Kidane
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Health Sciences Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6C5, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Naseer Ahmed
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Section of Radiation Oncology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Fatima Mraiche
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Michael R Mowat
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academia of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
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27
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du Plessis TL, Abdulla N, Kaur M. The utility of 3D models to study cholesterol in cancer: Insights and future perspectives. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1156246. [PMID: 37077827 PMCID: PMC10106729 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1156246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol remains a vital molecule required for life; however, increasing evidence exists implicating cholesterol in cancer development and progression. Numerous studies investigating the relationship between cholesterol and cancer in 2-dimensional (2D) culture settings exist, however these models display inherent limitations highlighting the incipient need to develop better models to study disease pathogenesis. Due to the multifaceted role cholesterol plays in the cell, researchers have begun utilizing 3-dimensional (3D) culture systems, namely, spheroids and organoids to recapitulate cellular architecture and function. This review aims to describe current studies exploring the relationship between cancer and cholesterol in a variety of cancer types using 3D culture systems. We briefly discuss cholesterol dyshomeostasis in cancer and introduce 3D in-vitro culture systems. Following this, we discuss studies performed in cancerous spheroid and organoid models that focused on cholesterol, highlighting the dynamic role cholesterol plays in various cancer types. Finally, we attempt to provide potential gaps in research that should be explored in this rapidly evolving field of study.
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28
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Adamičková A, Chomaničová N, Gažová A, Maďarič J, Červenák Z, Valášková S, Adamička M, Kyselovic J. Effect of Atorvastatin on Angiogenesis-Related Genes VEGF-A, HGF and IGF-1 and the Modulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Transcripts in Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:2326-2337. [PMID: 36975520 PMCID: PMC10046955 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45030150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation represents a unique therapeutic tool in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, it was shown that the post-injection survival of stem cells is poor, warranting a more comprehensive understanding of activated regenerative pathways. Numerous studies indicate that statins improve the therapeutic efficacy of stem cells in regenerative medicine. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the most widely prescribed statin, atorvastatin, on the characteristics and properties of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) cultured in vitro. We found that atorvastatin did not decrease the viability of BM-MSCs, nor did it change the expression of MSC cell surface markers. Atorvastatin upregulated the mRNA expression levels of VEGF-A and HGF, whereas the mRNA expression level of IGF-1 was decreased. In addition, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was modulated by atorvastatin as indicated by the high mRNA expression levels of PI3K and AKT. Moreover, our data revealed the upregulation of mTOR mRNA levels; however, no change was observed in the BAX and BCL-2 transcripts. We propose that atorvastatin benefits BM-MSC treatment due to its ability to upregulate angiogenesis-related genes expression and transcripts of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Adamičková
- 5th Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nikola Chomaničová
- 5th Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Gažová
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence:
| | - Juraj Maďarič
- Clinic of Angiology, Comenius University and National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 833 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zdenko Červenák
- 5th Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Simona Valášková
- 5th Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matúš Adamička
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Kyselovic
- 5th Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
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Guevara-Rodriguez N, Flores-Chang M, Chilakala A, Contreras J, Perdomo P, Liliya G. A rare adverse event of atorvastatin inducing leukocytoclastic vasculitis with ANCA-negative (Anti-Neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody) case report and literature review. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7030. [PMID: 36873078 PMCID: PMC9981573 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis is an entity associated with drugs, infections, cryoglobulinemia, and connective tissue diseases but can also be idiopathic, systemic, or organ localized. Moreover, LCV associated with drugs is a rare disorder. When it is present usually has an elevation of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, most likely anti-myeloperoxidase, which can be helpful to orient the diagnosis. We are presenting a 55-year-old female with a past medical history of diabetes mellitus (DM) and hyperlipidemia (HLD) who presented with a painful and pruritic rash localized in the abdomen and lower extremities that started 1 week after initiated atorvastatin for management of hyperlipidemia. This is the first case ever reported of leukocytoclastic vasculitis ANCA negative associated with atorvastatin, to our best knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mailing Flores-Chang
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine St. Barnabas Hospital Health System Bronx New York USA
| | - Akhila Chilakala
- CUNY School of Medicine, Medical school in New York City New York New York USA
| | - Jose Contreras
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine St. Barnabas Hospital Health System Bronx New York USA
| | - Paula Perdomo
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine St. Barnabas Hospital Health System Bronx New York USA
| | - Gandrabur Liliya
- Internal Medicine, Department of Rheumatology St. Barnabas Hospital Health System Bronx New York USA
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30
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Temozolomide, Simvastatin and Acetylshikonin Combination Induces Mitochondrial-Dependent Apoptosis in GBM Cells, Which Is Regulated by Autophagy. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020302. [PMID: 36829578 PMCID: PMC9953749 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the deadliest cancers. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the most common chemotherapy used for GBM patients. Recently, combination chemotherapy strategies have had more effective antitumor effects and focus on slowing down the development of chemotherapy resistance. A combination of TMZ and cholesterol-lowering medications (statins) is currently under investigation in in vivo and clinical trials. In our current investigation, we have used a triple-combination therapy of TMZ, Simvastatin (Simva), and acetylshikonin, and investigated its apoptotic mechanism in GBM cell lines (U87 and U251). We used viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), caspase-3/-7, acridine orange (AO) and immunoblotting autophagy assays. Our results showed that a TMZ/Simva/ASH combination therapy induced significantly more apoptosis compared to TMZ, Simva, ASH, and TMZ/Simva treatments in GBM cells. Apoptosis via TMZ/Simva/ASH treatment induced mitochondrial damage (increase of ROS, decrease of MMP) and caspase-3/7 activation in both GBM cell lines. Compared to all single treatments and the TMZ/Simva treatment, TMZ/Simva/ASH significantly increased positive acidic vacuole organelles. We further confirmed that the increase of AVOs during the TMZ/Simva/ASH treatment was due to the partial inhibition of autophagy flux (accumulation of LC3β-II and a decrease in p62 degradation) in GBM cells. Our investigation also showed that TMZ/Simva/ASH-induced cell death was depended on autophagy flux, as further inhibition of autophagy flux increased TMZ/Simva/ASH-induced cell death in GBM cells. Finally, our results showed that TMZ/Simva/ASH treatment potentially depends on an increase of Bax expression in GBM cells. Our current investigation might open new avenues for a more effective treatment of GBM, but further investigations are required for a better identification of the mechanisms.
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31
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Fiorentino R, Chiarelli F. Statins in Children, an Update. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021366. [PMID: 36674877 PMCID: PMC9862804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Since lipid abnormalities tend to progress from childhood to adulthood, it is necessary to early identify and treat children and adolescents with dyslipidemia. This is important in order to reduce the cardiovascular risk, delay the development of fatty streaks, slow the progression of atherosclerosis and reverse atherosclerotic plaques. Together with therapeutic lifestyle changes, statins are the most common lipid-lowering drugs. By inhibiting the endogenous cholesterol synthesis in the liver, statins increase the catabolism of LDL-C, reduce VLDL-C, IDL-C and TG and modestly increase HDL-C. Regardless of their lipid-lowering effect, statins have also pleiotropic effects. Statins have increasingly been prescribed in children and adolescents and mounting evidence suggests their beneficial role. As with adults, in children, several studies have demonstrated that statin therapy is efficient at lowering lipid levels and reducing CIMT progression and cumulative estimated atherosclerotic burden in children. Statins are generally very well-tolerated in both adults and children and adverse events are quite uncommon. When evaluating the need and the timing for statin treatment, the presence of several factors (secondary causes, familial history, additional risk factors) should also be considered. Before initiating statins, it is imperative for clinical practitioners to consult patients and families and, as with any new medication therapy, to monitor patients taking statins. Despite being safe and effective, many children with lipid disorders are not on statin therapy and are not receiving the full potential benefit of adequate lipid-lowering therapies. It is therefore important that clinicians become familiar with statins.
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32
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Sadeghdoust M, Aligolighasemabadi F, Dehesh T, Taefehshokr N, Sadeghdoust A, Kotfis K, Hashemiattar A, Ravandi A, Aligolighasemabadi N, Vakili O, Grabarek B, Staszkiewicz R, Łos MJ, Mokarram P, Ghavami S. The Effects of Statins on Respiratory Symptoms and Pulmonary Fibrosis in COVID-19 Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Longitudinal Multicenter Study. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2023; 71:8. [PMID: 36853269 PMCID: PMC9972324 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-023-00672-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this prospective cohort study was to explore the effect of statins on long-term respiratory symptoms and pulmonary fibrosis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Patients were recruited from three tertiary hospitals, categorized into Statin or Non-statin groups, and assessed on days 0, 28, and 90 after symptoms onset to record the duration of symptoms. Pulmonary fibrosis was scored at baseline and follow-up time points by high-resolution computed tomography scans. Each group comprised 176 patients after propensity score matching. Data analysis revealed that the odds of having cough and dyspnea were significantly higher in the Non-statin group compared to the Statin group during the follow-up period. Overall, there was no significant difference in the change in pulmonary fibrosis score between groups. However, Non-statin patients with > 5 years of DM were more likely to exhibit a significantly higher fibrosis score during the follow-up period as compared to their peers in the Statin group. Our results suggest that the use of statins is associated with a lower risk of developing chronic cough and dyspnea in diabetic patients with COVID-19, and may reduce pulmonary fibrosis associated with COVID-19 in patients with long-term (> 5 years) DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadamin Sadeghdoust
- grid.411768.d0000 0004 1756 1744Department of Internal Medicine, Mashhad Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farnaz Aligolighasemabadi
- grid.411768.d0000 0004 1756 1744Department of Internal Medicine, Mashhad Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tania Dehesh
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nima Taefehshokr
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - Adel Sadeghdoust
- grid.412237.10000 0004 0385 452XDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Katarzyna Kotfis
- grid.107950.a0000 0001 1411 4349Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Amirhossein Hashemiattar
- grid.411768.d0000 0004 1756 1744Department of Radiology, Mashhad Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Ravandi
- grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sr. Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Neda Aligolighasemabadi
- grid.411874.f0000 0004 0571 1549Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Omid Vakili
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Beniamin Grabarek
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academy of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland ,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academy of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland ,Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Virology, GynCentrum, Katowice, Poland
| | - Rafał Staszkiewicz
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academy of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland ,Department of Neurosurgery, 5Th Military Clinical Hospital with the SP ZOZ Polyclinic in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek J. Łos
- grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland ,grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Autophagy Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Autophagy Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Autophagy Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. .,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. .,Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, Academia of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland. .,Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care, Manitoba University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. .,Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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33
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Pasello M, Giudice AM, Cristalli C, Manara MC, Mancarella C, Parra A, Serra M, Magagnoli G, Cidre-Aranaz F, Grünewald TGP, Bini C, Lollini PL, Longhi A, Donati DM, Scotlandi K. ABCA6 affects the malignancy of Ewing sarcoma cells via cholesterol-guided inhibition of the IGF1R/AKT/MDM2 axis. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2022; 45:1237-1251. [PMID: 36149602 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The relevance of the subfamily A members of ATP-binding cassette (ABCA) transporters as biomarkers of risk and response is emerging in different tumors, but their mechanisms of action have only been partially defined. In this work, we investigated their role in Ewing sarcoma (EWS), a pediatric cancer with unmet clinical issues. METHODS The expression of ABC members was evaluated by RT-qPCR in patients with localized EWS. The correlation with clinical outcome was established in different datasets using univariate and multivariate statistical methods. Functional studies were conducted in cell lines from patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) using gain- or loss-of-function approaches. The impact of intracellular cholesterol levels and cholesterol lowering drugs on malignant parameters was considered. RESULTS We found that ABCA6, which is usually poorly expressed in EWS, when upregulated became a prognostic factor of a favorable outcome in patients. Mechanistically, high expression of ABCA6 impaired cell migration and increased cell chemosensitivity by diminishing the intracellular levels of cholesterol and by constitutive IGF1R/AKT/mTOR expression/activation. Accordingly, while exposure of cells to exogenous cholesterol increased AKT/mTOR activation, the cholesterol lowering drug simvastatin inhibited IGF1R/AKT/mTOR signaling and prevented Ser166 phosphorylation of MDM2. This, in turn, favored p53 activation and enhanced pro-apoptotic effects of doxorubicin. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that ABCA6 acts as tumor suppressor in EWS cells via cholesterol-mediated inhibition of IGF1R/AKT/MDM2 signaling, which promotes the pro-apoptotic effects of doxorubicin and reduces cell migration. Our findings also support a role of ABCA6 as biomarker of EWS progression and sustains its assessment for a more rational use of statins as adjuvant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pasello
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Giudice
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy.,Alma Mater Institute On Healthy Planet - Alma Healthy Planet, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Cristalli
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Manara
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Caterina Mancarella
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Alessandro Parra
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Massimo Serra
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Giovanna Magagnoli
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Florencia Cidre-Aranaz
- Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Hopp-Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas G P Grünewald
- Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Hopp-Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carla Bini
- Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Longhi
- Osteoncologia, Sarcomi dell'osso e dei Tessuti Molli e Terapie Innovative, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Maria Donati
- Unit of 3rd Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic Prevalently Oncologic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy.
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Ahmed OAA, Badr-Eldin SM, Caruso G, Fahmy UA, Alharbi WS, Almehmady AM, Alghamdi SA, Alhakamy NA, Mohamed AI, Aldawsari HM, Mady FM. Colon Targeted Eudragit Coated Beads Loaded with Optimized Fluvastatin-Scorpion Venom Conjugate as a Potential Approach for Colon Cancer Therapy: In Vitro Anticancer Activity and In Vivo Colon Imaging. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:3304-3317. [PMID: 36007556 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies suggest that most of statins or 3‑hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors possess pleiotropic anticancer activity. The aim of the present work was to investigate the conjugation of the statin fluvastatin (FLV) with scorpion venom (SV), a natural peptide with proven anticancer properties, to enhance FLV cytotoxic activity and prepare colon targeted FLV-SV nanoconjugate beads for management of colon cancer. Response surface design was applied for the optimization of FLV-SV nanoconjugates. FLV-SV particle size and zeta potential were selected as responses. Cytotoxicity of optimized FLV-SV nanoconjugates was carried out on Caco2 cell line. Colon targeted alginate coated Eudragit S100 (ES100) beads for the optimized formula were prepared with the utilization of barium sulfate (BaSO4) as radiopaque contrast substance. Results revealed that optimized FLV-SV nanoconjugates showed a size of 71.21 nm, while the zeta potential was equal to 29.13 mV. Caco2 cells were considerably more sensitive to the FLV-SV formula (half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 11.91 µg/mL) compared to SV and FLV used individually, as shown by values of IC50 equal to 30.23 µg/mL and 47.68 µg/mL, respectively. In vivo imaging of colon targeted beads, carried out by employing real-time X-ray radiography, confirmed the efficiency of colon targeted beads. Overall our results indicate that the optimized FLV-SV nanoconjugate loaded alginate coated ES100 beads could represent a promising approach for colon cancer with efficient colon targeting ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama A A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaimaa M Badr-Eldin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy; Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences Research Unit, Troina 94018, Italy.
| | - Usama A Fahmy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed S Alharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alshaimaa M Almehmady
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shareefa A Alghamdi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil A Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amir I Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Military Medical Academy, Cairo 11435, Egypt
| | - Hibah M Aldawsari
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma M Mady
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt.
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35
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Signore IA, Palma K, Soto G, Sepúlveda S, Suazo J, Aránguiz M, Colombo A. Inhibition of the
3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐CoA
reductase diminishes the survival and size of chondrocytes during orofacial morphogenesis in zebrafish, and ensures normal cell size and survival. Orthod Craniofac Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iskra A. Signore
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Karina Palma
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Gabriela Soto
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Santiago Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - José Suazo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Millisent Aránguiz
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Alicia Colombo
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
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36
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Ediriweera MK. Use of cholesterol metabolism for anti-cancer strategies. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103347. [PMID: 36087905 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Irregularities in cholesterol metabolism occur in a range of human cancers. Cholesterol precursors and derivatives support tumorigenesis and weaken immune responses. Intriguing preclinical and clinical findings demonstrate that cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition achieved by targeting major events and metabolites in cholesterol metabolism is an ideal anti-tumor strategy. Investigations addressing the effects of β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase (HMGCR), 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), squalene synthase (SQS), liver X receptors (LXR), and cholesterol trafficking and esterification inhibition on cancer progression have shown encouraging results. Notably, manipulation of cholesterol metabolism strengthens the function of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, I discuss the role of cholesterol metabolism in cancer progression and the latest research related to cholesterol metabolism-based anti-cancer therapies and intend to bring this stylish biochemistry topic to the Sri Lankan research landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meran Keshawa Ediriweera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka.
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37
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Zahedipour F, Butler AE, Eid AH, Sahebkar A. Pleiotropic properties of statins via angiogenesis modulation in cardiovascular disease. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103325. [PMID: 35872297 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase by statins is affected by inhibiting the active site of the enzyme in a competitive manner. Statins reduce plasma cholesterol by inhibiting its de novo synthesis. In addition, statins impart 'pleiotropic' activities that do not directly relate to their ability to decrease cholesterol. The proangiogenic and antiangiogenic characteristics of statins are among these pleiotropic effects. These angiogenic-modifying properties could offer new therapeutic applications. Statins stimulate or suppress angiogenesis in a biphasic manner. Whereas low doses of statin stimulate angiogenesis, high doses reduce protein prenylation and limit cell development and angiogenesis. In this review, we discuss how statins impact angiogenesis, with a particular focus on angiogenesis in stroke and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zahedipour
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alexandra E Butler
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Becchetti C, Dirchwolf M, Schropp J, Magini G, Müllhaupt B, Immer F, Dufour J, Banz V, Berzigotti A, Bosch J. Use of statins after liver transplantation is associated with improved survival: results of a nationwide study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 56:1194-1204. [PMID: 35979872 PMCID: PMC9545989 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited information on the effects of statins on the outcomes of liver transplantation (LT), regarding either their use by LT recipients or donors. AIM To analyse the association between statin exposure and recipient and graft survival. METHODS We included adult LT recipients with deceased donors in a nationwide prospective database study. Using a multistate modelling approach, we examined the effect of statins on the transition hazard between LT, biliary and vascular complications and death, allowing for recurring events. The observation time was 3 years. RESULTS We included 998 (696 male, 70%, mean age 54.46 ± 11.14 years) LT recipients. 14% of donors and 19% of recipients were exposed to statins during the study period. During follow-up, 141 patients died; there were 40 re-LT and 363 complications, with 66 patients having two or more complications. Treatment with statins in the recipient was modelled as a concurrent covariate and associated with lower mortality after LT (HR = 0.35; 95% CI 0.12-0.98; p = 0.047), as well as a significant reduction of re-LT (p = 0.004). However, it was not associated with lower incidence of complications (HR = 1.25; 95% CI = 0.85-1.83; p = 0.266). Moreover, in patients developing complications, statin use was significantly associated with decreased mortality (HR = 0.10; 95% CI = 0.01-0.81; p = 0.030), and reduced recurrence of complications (HR = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.20-0.93; p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS Statin use by LT recipients may confer a survival advantage. Statin administration should be encouraged in LT recipients when clinically indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Becchetti
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, InselspitalBern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Melisa Dirchwolf
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, InselspitalBern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland,Liver UnitHospital Privado de RosarioSanta FeArgentina
| | - Jonas Schropp
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, InselspitalBern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Giulia Magini
- Service de TransplantationHôpitaux Universitaires de GenèveGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Beat Müllhaupt
- Swiss HPB (Hepato‐Pancreato‐Biliary) Center and Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Franz Immer
- Swisstransplant, the Swiss National Foundation for Organ Donation and TransplantationBernSwitzerland
| | - Jean‐François Dufour
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, InselspitalBern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland,Centre des Maladies Digestives LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Vanessa Banz
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, InselspitalBern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Annalisa Berzigotti
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, InselspitalBern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Jaume Bosch
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, InselspitalBern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
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Statins and angiogenesis in non-cardiovascular diseases. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103320. [PMID: 35850434 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase by competitively inhibiting the active site of the enzyme, thus preventing cholesterol synthesis and reducing the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Many pleiotropic effects of statins have been demonstrated that can be either related or unrelated to their cholesterol-lowering ability. Among these effects are their proangiogenic and antiangiogenic properties that could offer new therapeutic applications. In this regard, pro- and anti-angiogenic properties of statins have been shown to be dose dependent. Statins also appear to have a variety of non-cardiovascular angiogenic effects in many diseases, some examples being ocular disease, brain disease, cancer, preeclampsia, diabetes and bone disease, which are discussed in this review using reports from in vitro and in vivo investigations.
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Soh JF, Bodenstein K, Yu OHY, Linnaranta O, Renaud S, Mahdanian A, Su CL, Mucsi I, Mulsant B, Herrmann N, Rajji T, Beaulieu S, Sekhon H, Rej S. Atorvastatin lowers serum calcium levels in lithium-users: results from a randomized controlled trial. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:238. [PMID: 36153583 PMCID: PMC9508741 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01145-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although lithium is considered the gold-standard treatment for bipolar disorder (BD), it is associated with a variety of major endocrine and metabolic side effects, including parathyroid hormone (PTH) dependent hypercalcemia. Aside from surgery and medication discontinuation, there are limited treatments for hypercalcemia. This paper will assess data from a randomized controlled trial (RCT). METHODS This is a secondary analysis of an RCT that explored the effects of atorvastatin (n = 27) versus placebo (n = 33) on lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) in patients with BD and major depressive disorder (MDD) using lithium (n = 60), over a 12-week period. This secondary analysis will explore serum calcium levels and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) measured at baseline, week 4, and week 12. RESULTS At 12-weeks follow-up while adjusting results for baseline, linear regression analyses found that corrected serum calcium levels were significantly lower in the treatment group (mean (M) = 2.30 mmol/L, standard deviation (SD) = 0.07) compared to the placebo group (M = 2.33 mmol/L, SD = 0.07) (β = - 0.03 (95% C.I.; - 0.0662, - 0.0035), p = 0.03) for lithium users. There were no significant changes in TSH. CONCLUSION In lithium users with relatively normal calcium levels, receiving atorvastatin was associated with a decrease in serum calcium levels. Although exciting, this is a preliminary finding that needs further investigation with hypercalcemic patients. Future RCTs could examine whether atorvastatin can treat PTH dependent hypercalcemia due to lithium and other causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Fotso Soh
- GeriPARTy Research Group, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Katie Bodenstein
- GeriPARTy Research Group, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Avenue des Pins, Montreal, H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Oriana Hoi Yun Yu
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Outi Linnaranta
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Avenue des Pins, Montreal, H3A 1A1, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suzane Renaud
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Avenue des Pins, Montreal, H3A 1A1, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Artin Mahdanian
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Avenue des Pins, Montreal, H3A 1A1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Chien-Lin Su
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Istvan Mucsi
- Multiorgan Transplant Program, University Health Network and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Benoit Mulsant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addictions and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tarek Rajji
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addictions and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Serge Beaulieu
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Avenue des Pins, Montreal, H3A 1A1, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Harmehr Sekhon
- GeriPARTy Research Group, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.
- Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Soham Rej
- GeriPARTy Research Group, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Avenue des Pins, Montreal, H3A 1A1, Canada
- McGill Meditation and Mind-Body Medicine Research Clinic (MMMM-RC), Montreal, Canada
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Targeting Mutant p53 for Cancer Treatment: Moving Closer to Clinical Use? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184499. [PMID: 36139658 PMCID: PMC9496879 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is largely caused by genetic alterations such as mutations in a group of genes known as cancer driver genes. Many of the key advances in cancer treatment in recent years have involved blocking these driver genes using a new generation of anti-cancer drugs. Although p53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers, historically, it has proved difficult to develop drugs against it. However, recently, several new drugs have become available for neutralizing the cancer-promoting effects of mutant p53. The aim of this article is to discuss the most promising of these drugs, especially those that are being investigated in clinical trials. Abstract Mutant p53 is one of the most attractive targets for new anti-cancer drugs. Although traditionally regarded as difficult to drug, several new strategies have recently become available for targeting the mutant protein. One of the most promising of these involves the use of low molecular weight compounds that promote refolding and reactivation of mutant p53 to its wild-type form. Several such reactivating drugs are currently undergoing evaluation in clinical trials, including eprenetapopt (APR-246), COTI-2, arsenic trioxide and PC14586. Of these, the most clinically advanced for targeting mutant p53 is eprenetapopt which has completed phase I, II and III clinical trials, the latter in patients with mutant TP53 myelodysplastic syndrome. Although no data on clinical efficacy are currently available for eprenetapopt, preliminary results suggest that the drug is relatively well tolerated. Other strategies for targeting mutant p53 that have progressed to clinical trials involve the use of drugs promoting degradation of the mutant protein and exploiting the mutant protein for the development of anti-cancer vaccines. With all of these ongoing trials, we should soon know if targeting mutant p53 can be used for cancer treatment. If any of these trials show clinical efficacy, it may be a transformative development for the treatment of patients with cancer since mutant p53 is so prevalent in this disease.
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Miao X, Wang B, Chen K, Ding R, Wu J, Pan Y, Ji P, Ye B, Xiang M. Perspectives of lipid metabolism reprogramming in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: An overview. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1008361. [PMID: 36185215 PMCID: PMC9524856 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1008361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies showed that lipid metabolism reprogramming contributes to tumorigenicity and malignancy by interfering energy production, membrane formation, and signal transduction in cancers. HNSCCs are highly reliant on aerobic glycolysis and glutamine metabolism. However, the mechanisms underlying lipid metabolism reprogramming in HNSCCs remains obscure. The present review summarizes and discusses the “vital” cellular signaling roles of the lipid metabolism reprogramming in HNSCCs. We also address the differences between HNSCCs regions caused by anatomical heterogeneity. We enumerate these recent findings into our current understanding of lipid metabolism reprogramming in HNSCCs and introduce the new and exciting therapeutic implications of targeting the lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwan Miao
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Beilei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaili Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jichang Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peilin Ji
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Mingliang Xiang, ; Bin Ye,
| | - Mingliang Xiang
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Mingliang Xiang, ; Bin Ye,
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Beton K, Brożek-Płuska B. Biochemistry and Nanomechanical Properties of Human Colon Cells upon Simvastatin, Lovastatin, and Mevastatin Supplementations: Raman Imaging and AFM Studies. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:7088-7103. [PMID: 36083294 PMCID: PMC9511485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
One of the most important areas of medical science is
oncology,
which is responsible for both the diagnostics and treatment of cancer
diseases. Over the years, there has been an intensive development
of cancer diagnostics and treatment. This paper shows the comparison
of normal (CCD-18Co) and cancerous (CaCo-2) cell lines of the human
gastrointestinal tract on the basis of nanomechanical and biochemical
properties to obtain information on cancer biomarkers useful in oncological
diagnostics. The research techniques used were Raman spectroscopy
and imaging and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, the studies
also included the effect of the statin compounds—mevastatin,
lovastatin, and simvastatin—and their influence on biochemical
and nanomechanical changes of cell properties using Raman imaging
and AFM techniques. The cytotoxicity of statins was determined using
XTT tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Beton
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Brożek-Płuska
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
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O'Grady S, Crown J, Duffy MJ. Statins inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:142. [PMID: 35834073 PMCID: PMC9283343 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
TP53 (p53) is mutated in 80–90% of cases of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Statins, which are widely used to treat elevated cholesterol, have recently been shown to degrade mutant p53 protein and exhibit anti-cancer activity. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of statins in the treatment of TNBC. The anti-proliferative effects of 2 widely used statins were investigated on a panel of 15 cell lines representing the different molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Significantly lower IC50 values were found in triple-negative (TN) than in non-TN cell lines (atorvastatin, p < 0.01; simvastatin p < 0.05) indicating greater sensitivity. Furthermore, cell lines containing mutant p53 were more responsive to both statins than cell lines expressing wild-type p53, suggesting that the mutational status of p53 is a potential predictive biomarker for statin response. In addition to inhibiting proliferation, simvastatin was also found to promote cell cycle arrest and induce apoptosis. Using an apoptosis array capable of detecting 43 apoptosis-associated proteins, a novel protein shown to be upregulated by simvastatin was the IGF-signalling modulator, IGBP4, a finding we confirmed by Western blotting. Finally, we found synergistic growth inhibition between simvastatin and the IGF-1R inhibitor, OSI-906 as well as between simvastatin and doxorubicin or docetaxel. Our work suggests repurposing of statins for clinical trials in patients with TNBC. Based on our findings, we suggest that these trials investigate statins in combination with either doxorubicin or docetaxel and include p53 mutational status as a potential predictive biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane O'Grady
- UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Crown
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael J Duffy
- UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Clinical Research Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin, D04 T6F4, Ireland.
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Behrouj H, Vakili O, Sadeghdoust A, Aligolighasemabadi N, Khalili P, Zamani M, Mokarram P. Epigenetic regulation of autophagy in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 30:101264. [PMID: 35469237 PMCID: PMC9021360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become the most serious global public health issue in the past two years, requiring effective therapeutic strategies. This viral infection is a contagious disease caused by new coronaviruses (nCoVs), also called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Autophagy, as a highly conserved catabolic recycling process, plays a significant role in the growth and replication of coronaviruses (CoVs). Therefore, there is great interest in understanding the mechanisms that underlie autophagy modulation. The modulation of autophagy is a very complex and multifactorial process, which includes different epigenetic alterations, such as histone modifications and DNA methylation. These mechanisms are also known to be involved in SARS-CoV-2 replication. Thus, molecular understanding of the epigenetic pathways linked with autophagy and COVID-19, could provide novel therapeutic targets for COVID-19 eradication. In this context, the current review highlights the role of epigenetic regulation of autophagy in controlling COVID-19, focusing on the potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Behrouj
- Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Omid Vakili
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Adel Sadeghdoust
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neda Aligolighasemabadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Parnian Khalili
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mozhdeh Zamani
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Gorący A, Rosik J, Szostak B, Ustianowski Ł, Ustianowska K, Gorący J. Human Cell Organelles in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An Up-to-Date Overview. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051092. [PMID: 35632833 PMCID: PMC9144443 DOI: 10.3390/v14051092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the end of 2019, the whole world has been struggling with the life-threatening pandemic amongst all age groups and geographic areas caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has led to more than 468 million cases and over 6 million deaths reported worldwide (as of 20 March 2022), is one of the greatest threats to human health in history. Meanwhile, the lack of specific and irresistible treatment modalities provoked concentrated efforts in scientists around the world. Various mechanisms of cell entry and cellular dysfunction were initially proclaimed. Especially, mitochondria and cell membrane are crucial for the course of infection. The SARS-CoV-2 invasion depends on angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), and cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147), expressed on host cells. Moreover, in this narrative review, we aim to discuss other cell organelles targeted by SARS-CoV-2. Lastly, we briefly summarize the studies on various drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gorący
- Independent Laboratory of Invasive Cardiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.G.); (J.G.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Independent Laboratory of Invasive Cardiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.G.); (J.G.)
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (B.S.); (Ł.U.); (K.U.)
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Bartosz Szostak
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (B.S.); (Ł.U.); (K.U.)
| | - Łukasz Ustianowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (B.S.); (Ł.U.); (K.U.)
| | - Klaudia Ustianowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (B.S.); (Ł.U.); (K.U.)
| | - Jarosław Gorący
- Independent Laboratory of Invasive Cardiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.G.); (J.G.)
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Membrane Cholesterol Content and Lipid Organization Influence Melittin and Pneumolysin Pore-Forming Activity. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050346. [PMID: 35622592 PMCID: PMC9147762 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melittin, the main toxic component in the venom of the European honeybee, interacts with natural and artificial membranes due to its amphiphilic properties. Rather than interacting with a specific receptor, melittin interacts with the lipid components, disrupting the lipid bilayer and inducing ion leakage and osmotic shock. This mechanism of action is shared with pneumolysin and other members of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin family. In this manuscript, we investigated the inverse correlation for cholesterol dependency of these two toxins. While pneumolysin-induced damage is reduced by pretreatment with the cholesterol-depleting agent methyl-β-cyclodextrin, the toxicity of melittin, after cholesterol depletion, increased. A similar response was also observed after a short incubation with lipophilic simvastatin, which alters membrane lipid organization and structure, clustering lipid rafts. Therefore, changes in toxin sensitivity can be achieved in cells by depleting cholesterol or changing the lipid bilayer organization.
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Buchou C, Laud-Duval K, van der Ent W, Grossetête S, Zaidi S, Gentric G, Corbé M, Müller K, Del Nery E, Surdez D, Delattre O. Upregulation of the Mevalonate Pathway through EWSR1-FLI1/EGR2 Regulatory Axis Confers Ewing Cells Exquisite Sensitivity to Statins. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092327. [PMID: 35565457 PMCID: PMC9100622 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The objective of this project was to search for new dependencies in Ewing sarcoma, a deadly disease for which new therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. A pharmacological screening of off-patent approved drugs (FDA agency) and the investigation of downstream targets of EGR2 were performed. The two approaches showed the MVA pathway as a major dependency in Ewing sarcoma and statin, an inhibitor of this pathway, as a potential new therapeutic agent for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma. Abstract Ewing sarcoma (EwS) is an aggressive primary bone cancer in children and young adults characterized by oncogenic fusions between genes encoding FET-RNA-binding proteins and ETS transcription factors, the most frequent fusion being EWSR1-FLI1. We show that EGR2, an Ewing-susceptibility gene and an essential direct target of EWSR1-FLI1, directly regulates the transcription of genes encoding key enzymes of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. Consequently, Ewing sarcoma is one of the tumors that expresses the highest levels of mevalonate pathway genes. Moreover, genome-wide screens indicate that MVA pathway genes constitute major dependencies of Ewing cells. Accordingly, the statin inhibitors of HMG-CoA-reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme of the MVA pathway, demonstrate cytotoxicity in EwS. Statins induce increased ROS and lipid peroxidation levels, as well as decreased membrane localization of prenylated proteins, such as small GTP proteins. These metabolic effects lead to an alteration in the dynamics of S-phase progression and to apoptosis. Statin-induced effects can be rescued by downstream products of the MVA pathway. Finally, we further show that statins impair tumor growth in different Ewing PDX models. Altogether, the data show that statins, which are off-patent, well-tolerated, and inexpensive compounds, should be strongly considered in the therapeutic arsenal against this deadly childhood disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Buchou
- INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisée LNCC, Diversity & Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Laboratory, PSL Research University, SIREDO Oncology Center, Institut Curie Research Center, 26 rue d’ULM, 75005 Paris, France; (C.B.); (K.L.-D.); (W.v.d.E.); (S.G.); (S.Z.); (D.S.)
| | - Karine Laud-Duval
- INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisée LNCC, Diversity & Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Laboratory, PSL Research University, SIREDO Oncology Center, Institut Curie Research Center, 26 rue d’ULM, 75005 Paris, France; (C.B.); (K.L.-D.); (W.v.d.E.); (S.G.); (S.Z.); (D.S.)
| | - Wietske van der Ent
- INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisée LNCC, Diversity & Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Laboratory, PSL Research University, SIREDO Oncology Center, Institut Curie Research Center, 26 rue d’ULM, 75005 Paris, France; (C.B.); (K.L.-D.); (W.v.d.E.); (S.G.); (S.Z.); (D.S.)
| | - Sandrine Grossetête
- INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisée LNCC, Diversity & Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Laboratory, PSL Research University, SIREDO Oncology Center, Institut Curie Research Center, 26 rue d’ULM, 75005 Paris, France; (C.B.); (K.L.-D.); (W.v.d.E.); (S.G.); (S.Z.); (D.S.)
| | - Sakina Zaidi
- INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisée LNCC, Diversity & Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Laboratory, PSL Research University, SIREDO Oncology Center, Institut Curie Research Center, 26 rue d’ULM, 75005 Paris, France; (C.B.); (K.L.-D.); (W.v.d.E.); (S.G.); (S.Z.); (D.S.)
| | - Géraldine Gentric
- INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisée LNCC, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, 26 rue d’ULM, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Maxime Corbé
- Department of Translational Research, The Biophenics High-Content Screening Laboratory, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, 26 rue d’ULM, 75005 Paris, France; (M.C.); (K.M.); (E.D.N.)
| | - Kévin Müller
- Department of Translational Research, The Biophenics High-Content Screening Laboratory, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, 26 rue d’ULM, 75005 Paris, France; (M.C.); (K.M.); (E.D.N.)
| | - Elaine Del Nery
- Department of Translational Research, The Biophenics High-Content Screening Laboratory, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, 26 rue d’ULM, 75005 Paris, France; (M.C.); (K.M.); (E.D.N.)
| | - Didier Surdez
- INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisée LNCC, Diversity & Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Laboratory, PSL Research University, SIREDO Oncology Center, Institut Curie Research Center, 26 rue d’ULM, 75005 Paris, France; (C.B.); (K.L.-D.); (W.v.d.E.); (S.G.); (S.Z.); (D.S.)
- Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Delattre
- INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisée LNCC, Diversity & Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Laboratory, PSL Research University, SIREDO Oncology Center, Institut Curie Research Center, 26 rue d’ULM, 75005 Paris, France; (C.B.); (K.L.-D.); (W.v.d.E.); (S.G.); (S.Z.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence:
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He JY, Zhang X, Wang K, Lv WQ. Associations between Genetically Proxied Inhibition of Lipid-Lowering Drug Targets and Serum Micronutrients among Individuals of European Descent: A Mendelian Randomization Study. J Nutr 2022; 152:1283-1290. [PMID: 35349717 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited and inconclusive data exist concerning the associations between lipid-lowering drugs and serum micronutrient concentrations. METHODS We conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to explore the associations between lipid-lowering drug targets and serum micronutrients. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding molecular targets of LDL cholesterol-lowering therapies were selected as instrumental variables for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR; target of statins), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9; target of PCSK9 inhibitors), and Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1; target of ezetimibe). Exposure data were extracted from a published genome-wide association study (GWAS) of lipids in 188,577 European individuals, with outcome data obtained from the Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) GWAS database (https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk). Overall, age and sex information were not calculable from the summary-level GWAS data. MR analyses were performed using the inverse-variance weighted method and MR sensitivity analysis methods. RESULTS We found genetically proxied inhibition of HMGCR to lower iron (effect, -0.16; 95% CI: -0.27, -0.06; P value = 0.003), zinc (effect, -0.83; 95% CI: -1.36, -0.31; P value = 0.002), magnesium (effect, -0.17; 95% CI: -0.27, -0.06; P value = 0.003), potassium (effect, -0.17; 95% CI: -0.27, -0.06; P value = 0.002), genetically proxied inhibition of NPC1L1 to increase calcium (effect, 0.28; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.46; P value = 0.003), retinol (effect, 0.25; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.44; P value = 0.01), and genetically proxied inhibition of PCSK9 to increase vitamin D (effect, 0.10; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.12; P value = 1.8 × 10-19). These associations were robust in MR sensitivity analyses. However, the associations between genetically proxied inhibition of HMGCR and NPC1L1 and the micronutrients were not consistent in multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that statin use may lower serum concentrations of iron, zinc, magnesium, and potassium, PCSK9 inhibitors may increase serum vitamin D, and ezetimibe may increase serum calcium and retinol concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yang He
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Shang Cheng County People's Hospital, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Kui Wang
- Shang Cheng County People's Hospital, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Wan-Qiang Lv
- Center for System Biology, Data Sciences, and Reproductive Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Yuelu District, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Deprescribing in Palliative Cancer Care. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050613. [PMID: 35629281 PMCID: PMC9147815 DOI: 10.3390/life12050613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of palliative care is to maintain as high a quality of life (QoL) as possible despite a life-threatening illness. Thus, the prescribed medications need to be evaluated and the benefit of each treatment must be weighed against potential side effects. Medications that contribute to symptom relief and maintained QoL should be prioritized. However, studies have shown that treatment with preventive drugs that may not benefit the patient in end-of-life is generally deprescribed very late in the disease trajectory of cancer patients. Yet, knowing how and when to deprescribe drugs can be difficult. In addition, some drugs, such as beta-blockers, proton pump inhibitors, anti-depressants and cortisone need to be scaled down slowly to avoid troublesome withdrawal symptoms. In contrast, other medicines, such as statins, antihypertensives and vitamins, can be discontinued directly. The aim of this review is to give some advice according to when and how to deprescribe medications in palliative cancer care according to current evidence and clinical praxis. The review includes antihypertensive drugs, statins, anti-coagulants, aspirin, anti-diabetics, proton pump inhibitors, histamin-2-blockers, bisphosphonates denosumab, urologicals, anti-depressants, cortisone, thyroxin and vitamins.
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