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Singhaarachchi PH, Antal P, Calon F, Culmsee C, Delpech JC, Feldotto M, Geertsema J, Hoeksema EE, Korosi A, Layé S, McQualter J, de Rooij SR, Rummel C, Slayo M, Sominsky L, Spencer SJ. Aging, sex, metabolic and life experience factors: Contributions to neuro-inflammaging in Alzheimer's disease research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105724. [PMID: 38762130 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is prevalent around the world, yet our understanding of the disease is still very limited. Recent work suggests that the cornerstone of AD may include the inflammation that accompanies it. Failure of a normal pro-inflammatory immune response to resolve may lead to persistent central inflammation that contributes to unsuccessful clearance of amyloid-beta plaques as they form, neuronal death, and ultimately cognitive decline. Individual metabolic, and dietary (lipid) profiles can differentially regulate this inflammatory process with aging, obesity, poor diet, early life stress and other inflammatory factors contributing to a greater risk of developing AD. Here, we integrate evidence for the interface between these factors, and how they contribute to a pro-inflammatory brain milieu. In particular, we discuss the importance of appropriate polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the diet for the metabolism of specialised pro-resolving mediators (SPMs); raising the possibility for dietary strategies to improve AD outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Antal
- Department of Measurement and Information Systems, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111, Hungary
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec G1V0A6, Canada; International Associated Laboratory OptiNutriBrain-NutriNeuro, Bordeaux F-33000, France; INAF, Quebec G1V0A6, Canada
| | - Carsten Culmsee
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg D-35032, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior-CMBB, Giessen, D-35392, Marburg D-35032, Germany
| | - Jean-Christophe Delpech
- International Associated Laboratory OptiNutriBrain-NutriNeuro, Bordeaux F-33000, France; Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeurO, UMR 1286, Bordeaux F-33000, France; INAF, Quebec G1V0A6, Canada
| | - Martin Feldotto
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Jorine Geertsema
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1018, the Netherlands
| | - Emmy E Hoeksema
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1018, the Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1018, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie Layé
- International Associated Laboratory OptiNutriBrain-NutriNeuro, Bordeaux F-33000, France; Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeurO, UMR 1286, Bordeaux F-33000, France; INAF, Quebec G1V0A6, Canada
| | - Jonathan McQualter
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Susanne R de Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1018, the Netherlands
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior-CMBB, Giessen, D-35392, Marburg D-35032, Germany; Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Mary Slayo
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior-CMBB, Giessen, D-35392, Marburg D-35032, Germany; Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Luba Sominsky
- Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia; IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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Ganesan K, Rentsch P, Langdon A, Milham LT, Vissel B. Modeling sporadic Alzheimer's disease in mice by combining Apolipoprotein E4 risk gene with environmental risk factors. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1357405. [PMID: 38476659 PMCID: PMC10927790 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1357405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Developing effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a challenge. This can be partially attributed to the fact that the mouse models used in preclinical research largely replicate familial form of AD, while majority of human cases are sporadic; both forms differ widely in the onset and origin of pathology, therefore requiring specific/targeted treatments. Methods In this study, we aimed to model sporadic AD in mice by combining two of the many risk factors that are strongly implicated in AD: ApoE4, a major genetic risk factor, together with an inflammatory stimuli. Accordingly, we subjected ApoE4 knock in (KI) mice, expressing humanized ApoE4, to low doses of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections (i.p, weekly, for 4 months). Results We assessed these animals for behavioral impairments at 6 months of age using Open Field, Y-maze, and Barnes Maze Test. LPS induced hypoactivity was observed in the Open Field and Y-maze test, whereas spatial learning and memory was intact. We then quantified differences in dendritic spine density, which is a strong correlate of AD. ApoE4KI mice showed a significant reduction in the number of spines after treatment with LPS, whereas there were no obvious differences in the total number of microglia and astrocytes. Discussion To conclude, in the current study the APoEe4 risk gene increases the vulnerability of hippocampal neurons to inflammation induced spine loss, laying a foundation for an early sporadic AD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiruthika Ganesan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peggy Rentsch
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- UNSW St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander Langdon
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Luke T. Milham
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- UNSW St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bryce Vissel
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- UNSW St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Huebbe P, Bilke S, Rueter J, Schloesser A, Campbel G, Glüer CC, Lucius R, Röcken C, Tholey A, Rimbach G. Human APOE4 Protects High-Fat and High-Sucrose Diet Fed Targeted Replacement Mice against Fatty Liver Disease Compared to APOE3. Aging Dis 2024; 15:259-281. [PMID: 37450924 PMCID: PMC10796091 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genome- and exome-wide association studies suggest that the human APOE ε4 allele protects against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), while ε3 promotes hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis. The present study aimed at examining the APOE genotype-dependent development of fatty liver disease and its underlying mechanisms in a targeted replacement mouse model. Male mice expressing the human APOE3 or APOE4 protein isoforms on a C57BL/6J background and unmodified C57BL/6J mice were chronically fed a high-fat and high-sucrose diet to induce obesity. After 7 months, body weight gain was more pronounced in human APOE than endogenous APOE expressing mice with elevated plasma biomarkers suggesting aggravated metabolic dysfunction. APOE3 mice exhibited the highest liver weights and, compared to APOE4, massive hepatic steatosis. An untargeted quantitative proteome analysis of the liver identified a high number of proteins differentially abundant in APOE3 versus APOE4 mice. The majority of the higher abundant proteins in APOE3 mice could be grouped to inflammation and damage-associated response, and lipid storage, amongst others. Results of the targeted qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses contribute to the overall finding that APOE3 as opposed to APOE4 promotes hepatic steatosis, inflammatory- and damage-associated response signaling and fibrosis in the liver of obese mice. Our experimental data substantiate the observation of an increased NAFLD-risk associated with the human APOEε3 allele, while APOEε4 appears protective. The underlying mechanisms of the protection possibly involve a higher capacity of nonectopic lipid deposition in subcutaneous adipose tissue and lower hepatic pathogen recognition in the APOE4 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Huebbe
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Bilke
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Proteomics & Bioanalytics, Kiel University, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Johanna Rueter
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Anke Schloesser
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Graeme Campbel
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Claus-C. Glüer
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Anatomical Institute, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Department of Pathology, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Proteomics & Bioanalytics, Kiel University, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
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Bruter AV, Varlamova EA, Okulova YD, Tatarskiy VV, Silaeva YY, Filatov MA. Genetically modified mice as a tool for the study of human diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:135. [PMID: 38236499 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Modeling a human disease is an essential part of biomedical research. The recent advances in the field of molecular genetics made it possible to obtain genetically modified animals for the study of various diseases. Not only monogenic disorders but also chromosomal and multifactorial disorders can be mimicked in lab animals due to genetic modification. Even human infectious diseases can be studied in genetically modified animals. An animal model of a disease enables the tracking of its pathogenesis and, more importantly, to test new therapies. In the first part of this paper, we review the most common DNA modification technologies and provide key ideas on specific technology choices according to the task at hand. In the second part, we focus on the application of genetically modified mice in studying human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V Bruter
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "National Medical Research Center of Oncology Named After N.N. Blokhin" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Research Institute of Carcinogenesis, Moscow, Russia, 115478
| | - Ekaterina A Varlamova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "National Medical Research Center of Oncology Named After N.N. Blokhin" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Research Institute of Carcinogenesis, Moscow, Russia, 115478
| | - Yulia D Okulova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Victor V Tatarskiy
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Yulia Y Silaeva
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Maxim A Filatov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334.
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Jung H, Lee Y, Lee SH, Sohn JH. Auditory or Audiovisual Stimulation Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment and Neuropathology in ApoE4 Knock-In Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020938. [PMID: 36674449 PMCID: PMC9863367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that auditory stimulation could reduce the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and that audiovisual stimulation could have additional effects through multisensory integration. We exposed 12 month old Apoetm1.1(APOE*4)Adiuj mice (a mouse model of sporadic AD) to auditory (A) or audiovisual stimulation (AV) at 40 Hz for 14 days in a soundproof chamber system (no stimulation, N). Behavioral tests were performed before and after each session, and their brain tissues were assessed for amyloid-beta expression and apoptotic cell death, after 14 days. Furthermore, brain levels of acetylcholine and apoptosis-related proteins were analyzed. In the Y-maze test, the percentage relative alternation was significantly higher in group A than in group N mice. Amyloid-beta and TUNEL positivity in the hippocampal CA3 region was significantly lower in group A and group AV mice than in group N mice (p < 0.05). Acetylcholine levels were significantly higher in group A and group AV mice than in group N mice (p < 0.05). Compared to group N mice, expression of the proapoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 was lower in group A, and expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was higher in group AV. In a mouse model of early-stage sporadic AD, auditory or audiovisual stimulation improved cognitive performance and neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Jung
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonkyeong Lee
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hwa Lee
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Sohn
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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Ueno H, Takahashi Y, Murakami S, Wani K, Miyazaki T, Matsumoto Y, Okamoto M, Ishihara T. Comprehensive behavioral study of C57BL/6.KOR-ApoE shl mice. Transl Neurosci 2023; 14:20220284. [PMID: 37396111 PMCID: PMC10314129 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitive dysfunction in elderly individuals. There have been extensive studies on behavioral abnormalities in ApoE-deficient (Apoeshl) mice, which have been described as AD mouse models. Spontaneously hyperlipidemic mice were discovered in 1999 as ApoE-deficient mice due to ApoE gene mutations. However, behavioral abnormalities in commercially available Apoeshl mice remain unclear. Accordingly, we aimed to investigate the behavioral abnormalities of Apoeshl mice. Results Apoeshl mice showed decreased motor skill learning and increased anxiety-like behavior toward heights. Apoeshl mice did not show abnormal behavior in the Y-maze test, open-field test, light/dark transition test, and passive avoidance test. Conclusion Our findings suggest the utility of Apoeshl mice in investigating the function of ApoE in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Shinji Murakami
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Kenta Wani
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Miyazaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Motoi Okamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
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Barisano G, Kisler K, Wilkinson B, Nikolakopoulou AM, Sagare AP, Wang Y, Gilliam W, Huuskonen MT, Hung ST, Ichida JK, Gao F, Coba MP, Zlokovic BV. A "multi-omics" analysis of blood-brain barrier and synaptic dysfunction in APOE4 mice. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20221137. [PMID: 36040482 PMCID: PMC9435921 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), the main susceptibility gene for Alzheimer's disease, leads to blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown in humans and mice. Remarkably, BBB dysfunction predicts cognitive decline and precedes synaptic deficits in APOE4 human carriers. How APOE4 affects BBB and synaptic function at a molecular level, however, remains elusive. Using single-nucleus RNA-sequencing and phosphoproteome and proteome analysis, we show that APOE4 compared with APOE3 leads to an early disruption of the BBB transcriptome in 2-3-mo-old APOE4 knock-in mice, followed by dysregulation in protein signaling networks controlling cell junctions, cytoskeleton, clathrin-mediated transport, and translation in brain endothelium, as well as transcription and RNA splicing suggestive of DNA damage in pericytes. Changes in BBB signaling mechanisms paralleled an early, progressive BBB breakdown and loss of pericytes, which preceded postsynaptic interactome disruption and behavioral deficits that developed 2-5 mo later. Thus, dysregulated signaling mechanisms in endothelium and pericytes in APOE4 mice reflect a molecular signature of a progressive BBB failure preceding changes in synaptic function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Barisano
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kassandra Kisler
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Brent Wilkinson
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Angeliki Maria Nikolakopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Abhay P. Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yaoming Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - William Gilliam
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mikko T. Huuskonen
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shu-Ting Hung
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Justin K. Ichida
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Fan Gao
- Caltech Bioinformatics Resource Center, Caltech, Pasadena, CA
| | - Marcelo P. Coba
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Sepulveda J, Luo N, Nelson M, Ng CAS, Rebeck GW. Independent APOE4 knock-in mouse models display reduced brain APOE protein, altered neuroinflammation, and simplification of dendritic spines. J Neurochem 2022; 163:247-259. [PMID: 35838553 PMCID: PMC9613529 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
APOE is an immunomodulator in the brain and the major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Targeted replacement APOE mice (APOE-TR) have been a useful tool to study the effects of APOE isoforms on brain neurochemistry and activity prior to and during AD. We use newly available APOE knock-in mice (JAX-APOE) to compare phenotypes associated with APOE4 across models. Similar to APOE4-TR mice, JAX-E4 mouse brains showed 27% lower levels of APOE protein compared with JAX-E3 (p < 0.001). We analyzed several neuroinflammatory molecules that have been associated with APOE genotype. SerpinA3 was much higher in APOE4-TR mice to APOE3-TR mice, but this effect was not seen in JAX-APOE mice. There were higher levels of IL-3 in JAX-E4 brains compared with JAX-E3, but other neuroinflammatory markers (IL6, TNFα) were not affected by APOE genotype. In terms of neuronal structure, basal dendritic spine density in the entorhinal cortex was 39% lower in JAX-E4 mice compared with JAX-E3 mice (p < 0.001), again similar to APOE-TR mice. One-week treatment with ibuprofen significantly increased dendritic spine density in the JAX-E4 mice, consistent with our previous finding in APOE-TR mice. Behaviorally, there was no effect of APOE genotype on Barnes Maze learning and memory in 6-month-old JAX-APOE mice. Overall, the experiments performed in JAX-APOE mice validated findings from APOE-TR mice, identifying particularly strong effects of APOE4 genotype on lower APOE protein levels and simplified neuron structure. These data demonstrate pathways that could promote susceptibility of APOE4 brains to AD pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy Sepulveda
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road N.W., Washington D.C. 20007
| | - Nancy Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road N.W., Washington D.C. 20007
| | - Matthew Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road N.W., Washington D.C. 20007
| | - Christi Anne S. Ng
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road N.W., Washington D.C. 20007
| | - G. William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road N.W., Washington D.C. 20007
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Liver-ing in your head rent free: peripheral ApoE4 drives CNS pathology. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:65. [PMID: 36195891 PMCID: PMC9531445 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Wang H, Zhang L, Xia Z, Cui JY. Effect of Chronic Cadmium Exposure on Brain and Liver Transporters and Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in Male and Female Mice Genetically Predisposed to Alzheimer's Disease. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1414-1428. [PMID: 35878927 PMCID: PMC9513859 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) exposure is associated with increased Alzheimer's disease (AD) risks. The human Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene encodes a lipid-transporting protein that is critical for brain functions. Compared with ApoE2 and E3, ApoE4 is associated with increased AD risk. Xenobiotic biotransformation-related genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. However, little is known about the effects of Cd, ApoE, and sex on drug-processing genes. We investigated the Cd-ApoE interaction on the transcriptomic changes in the brains and livers of ApoE3/ApoE4 transgenic mice. Cd disrupts the transcriptomes of transporter and drug-processing genes in brain and liver in a sex- and ApoE-genotype-specific manner. Proinflammation related genes were enriched in livers of Cd-exposed ApoE4 males, whereas circadian rhythm and lipid metabolism related genes were enriched in livers of Cd-exposed ApoE3 females. In brains, Cd up-regulated the arachidonic acid-metabolizing Cyp2j isoforms only in the brains of ApoE3 mice, whereas the dysregulation of cation transporters was male-specific. In livers, several direct target genes of the major xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor were uniquely upregulated in Cd-exposed ApoE4 males. There was a female-specific hepatic upregulation of the steroid hormone-metabolizing Cyp2 isoforms and the bile acid synthetic enzyme Cyp7a1 by Cd exposure. The dysregulated liver transporters were mostly involved in intermediary metabolism, with the most significant response observed in ApoE3 females. In conclusion, Cd dysregulated the brain and liver drug-processing genes in a sex- and ApoE-genotype specific manner, and this may serve as a contributing factor for the variance in the susceptibility to Cd neurotoxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Xenobiotic biotransformation plays an important role in modulating the toxicity of environmental pollutants. The human ApoE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for AD, and cadmium (Cd) is increasingly recognized as an environmental factor of AD. Very little is known regarding the interactions between Cd exposure, sex, and the genes involved in xenobiotic biotransformation in brain and liver. The present study has addressed this critical knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Zhengui Xia
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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11
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Fernández-Calle R, Konings SC, Frontiñán-Rubio J, García-Revilla J, Camprubí-Ferrer L, Svensson M, Martinson I, Boza-Serrano A, Venero JL, Nielsen HM, Gouras GK, Deierborg T. APOE in the bullseye of neurodegenerative diseases: impact of the APOE genotype in Alzheimer’s disease pathology and brain diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:62. [PMID: 36153580 PMCID: PMC9509584 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ApoE is the major lipid and cholesterol carrier in the CNS. There are three major human polymorphisms, apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, and the genetic expression of APOE4 is one of the most influential risk factors for the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroinflammation has become the third hallmark of AD, together with Amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated aggregated tau protein. This review aims to broadly and extensively describe the differential aspects concerning apoE. Starting from the evolution of apoE to how APOE's single-nucleotide polymorphisms affect its structure, function, and involvement during health and disease. This review reflects on how APOE's polymorphisms impact critical aspects of AD pathology, such as the neuroinflammatory response, particularly the effect of APOE on astrocytic and microglial function and microglial dynamics, synaptic function, amyloid-β load, tau pathology, autophagy, and cell–cell communication. We discuss influential factors affecting AD pathology combined with the APOE genotype, such as sex, age, diet, physical exercise, current therapies and clinical trials in the AD field. The impact of the APOE genotype in other neurodegenerative diseases characterized by overt inflammation, e.g., alpha- synucleinopathies and Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, is also addressed. Therefore, this review gathers the most relevant findings related to the APOE genotype up to date and its implications on AD and CNS pathologies to provide a deeper understanding of the knowledge in the APOE field.
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12
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Chen B, Marquez-Nostra B, Belitzky E, Toyonaga T, Tong J, Huang Y, Cai Z. PET Imaging in Animal Models of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:872509. [PMID: 35685772 PMCID: PMC9171374 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.872509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful development and translation of PET imaging agents targeting β-amyloid plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles have allowed for in vivo detection of these hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) antemortem. Amyloid and tau PET have been incorporated into the A/T/N scheme for AD characterization and have become an integral part of ongoing clinical trials to screen patients for enrollment, prove drug action mechanisms, and monitor therapeutic effects. Meanwhile, preclinical PET imaging in animal models of AD can provide supportive information for mechanistic studies. With the recent advancement of gene editing technologies and AD animal model development, preclinical PET imaging in AD models will further facilitate our understanding of AD pathogenesis/progression and the development of novel treatments. In this study, we review the current state-of-the-art in preclinical PET imaging using animal models of AD and suggest future research directions.
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13
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Pontifex MG, Martinsen A, Saleh RNM, Harden G, Fox C, Muller M, Vauzour D, Minihane AM. DHA-Enriched Fish Oil Ameliorates Deficits in Cognition Associated with Menopause and the APOE4 Genotype in Rodents. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091698. [PMID: 35565665 PMCID: PMC9103304 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Female APOE4 carriers have a greater predisposition to developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) compared to their male counterparts, which may partly be attributed to menopause. We previously reported that a combination of menopause and APOE4 led to an exacerbation of cognitive and neurological deficits, which were associated with reduced brain DHA and DHA:AA ratio. Here, we explored whether DHA-enriched fish oil (FO) supplementation mitigated the detrimental impact of these risk factors. Whilst DHA-enriched fish oil improved recognition memory (NOR) in APOE4 VCD (4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide)-treated mice (p < 0.05), no change in spatial working memory (Y-maze) was observed. FO supplementation increased brain DHA and nervonic acid and the DHA:AA ratio. The response of key bioenergetic and blood−brain barrier related genes and proteins provided mechanistic insights into these behavioural findings, with increased BDNF protein concentration as well as mitigation of aberrant Erβ, Cldn1 and Glut-5 expression in APOE4 mice receiving fish oil supplementation (p < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation with a physiologically relevant dose of DHA-enriched fish oil appears to offer protection against the detrimental effects of menopause, particularly in “at-risk” APOE4 female carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Pontifex
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (A.M.); (R.N.M.S.); (G.H.); (C.F.); (M.M.); (D.V.); (A.-M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anneloes Martinsen
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (A.M.); (R.N.M.S.); (G.H.); (C.F.); (M.M.); (D.V.); (A.-M.M.)
| | - Rasha N. M. Saleh
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (A.M.); (R.N.M.S.); (G.H.); (C.F.); (M.M.); (D.V.); (A.-M.M.)
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Glenn Harden
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (A.M.); (R.N.M.S.); (G.H.); (C.F.); (M.M.); (D.V.); (A.-M.M.)
| | - Chris Fox
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (A.M.); (R.N.M.S.); (G.H.); (C.F.); (M.M.); (D.V.); (A.-M.M.)
- Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PY, UK
| | - Michael Muller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (A.M.); (R.N.M.S.); (G.H.); (C.F.); (M.M.); (D.V.); (A.-M.M.)
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (A.M.); (R.N.M.S.); (G.H.); (C.F.); (M.M.); (D.V.); (A.-M.M.)
| | - Anne-Marie Minihane
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (A.M.); (R.N.M.S.); (G.H.); (C.F.); (M.M.); (D.V.); (A.-M.M.)
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14
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Klonarakis M, De Vos M, Woo E, Ralph L, Thacker JS, Gil-Mohapel J. The three sisters of fate: Genetics, pathophysiology and outcomes of animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Zhang J, Lin L, Dai X, Xiao N, Ye Q, Chen X. ApoE4 increases susceptibility to stress-induced age-dependent depression-like behavior and cognitive impairment. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 143:292-301. [PMID: 34530340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Though apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE ε4) is a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, its association with depression remains controversial. In present study, 3-month-old and 8-month-old apoE-targeted replacement (TR) mice were both subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for six weeks. The results showed that 8-month apoE4-TR mice were more susceptible to the CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors and cognitive impairment than age-matched apoE3-TR mice. Stress induced a loss of GABAergic neurons and decline of Reelin level in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus in both 3-month-old and 8-month-old apoE-TR mice, which were more pronounced in the 8-month-old apoE4-TR mice. Of note, stress decreased the level of PSD95 in the hippocampal synaptosome and increased the phosphorylation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit GluN2B in the hippocampus of 8-month-old apoE4-TR mice. However, the expressions of apoE and apoE receptor 2 (apoER2) were not affected by stress. The study provides rodent evidence that APOE ε4 may increase the risk of depression and dementia in the elderly population by impairing the GABAergic signaling pathway and enhancing the GluN2B phosphorylation, which signifies that GluN2B inhibitors in clinical settings may be effective for elderly depression patients with APOE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
| | - Lanyan Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China; Department of Geriatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, 134 Dongjie Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Xiaoman Dai
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
| | - Nai'an Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Qinyong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China.
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16
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Simmons KE, Healey KL, Li Q, Moore SD, Klein RC. Effects of sex and genotype in human APOE-targeted replacement mice on alcohol self-administration measured with the automated IntelliCage system before and after repeated mild traumatic brain injury. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:2231-2245. [PMID: 34585391 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the association between APOE genotype and alcohol use. Although some of these studies have reported outcomes associated with a history of drinking, none have examined alcohol-seeking behavior. In addition, no preclinical studies have examined alcohol use as a function of APOE genotype with or without traumatic brain injury. METHODS Male and female human APOE3- and APOE4-targeted replacement (TR) mice were used to assess voluntary alcohol seeking longitudinally using a 2-bottle choice paradigm conducted within the automated IntelliCage system prior to and following repeated mild TBI (rmTBI). Following an acquisition phase in which the concentration of ethanol (EtOH) was increased to 12%, a variety of drinking paradigms that included extended alcohol access (EAA1 and EAA2), alcohol deprivation effect (ADE), limited access drinking in the dark (DID), and progressive ratio (PR) were used to assess alcohol-seeking behavior. Additional behavioral tasks were performed to measure cognitive function and anxiety-like behavior. RESULTS All groups readily consumed increasing concentrations of EtOH (4-12%) during the acquisition phase. During the EAA1 period (12% EtOH), there was a significant genotype effect in both males and females for EtOH preference. Following a 3-week abstinence period, mice received sham or rmTBI resulting in a genotype- and sex-independent main effect of rmTBI on the recovery of righting reflex and a main effect of rmTBI on spontaneous home-cage activity in females only. Reintroduction of 12% EtOH (EAA2) resulted in a significant effect genotype for alcohol preference in males with APOE4 mice displaying increased preference and motivation for alcohol compared with APOE3 mice independent of TBI while in females, there was a significant genotype × TBI interaction under the ADE and DID paradigms. Finally, there was a main effect of rmTBI on increased risk-seeking behavior in both sexes, but no effect on spatial learning or cognitive flexibility. CONCLUSION These results suggest that sex and APOE genotype play a significant role in alcohol consumption and may subsequently influence long-term recovery following traumatic brain insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Simmons
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kati L Healey
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Scott D Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rebecca C Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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17
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Watson Y, Nelson B, Kluesner JH, Tanzy C, Ramesh S, Patel Z, Kluesner KH, Singh A, Murthy V, Mitchell CS. Aggregate Trends of Apolipoprotein E on Cognition in Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:435-450. [PMID: 34334405 PMCID: PMC8461675 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes typically increase risk of amyloid-β deposition and onset of clinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, cognitive assessments in APOE transgenic AD mice have resulted in discord. Objective: Analysis of 31 peer-reviewed AD APOE mouse publications (n = 3,045 mice) uncovered aggregate trends between age, APOE genotype, gender, modulatory treatments, and cognition. Methods: T-tests with Bonferroni correction (significance = p < 0.002) compared age-normalized Morris water maze (MWM) escape latencies in wild type (WT), APOE2 knock-in (KI2), APOE3 knock-in (KI3), APOE4 knock-in (KI4), and APOE knock-out (KO) mice. Positive treatments (t+) to favorably modulate APOE to improve cognition, negative treatments (t–) to perturb etiology and diminish cognition, and untreated (t0) mice were compared. Machine learning with random forest modeling predicted MWM escape latency performance based on 12 features: mouse genotype (WT, KI2, KI3, KI4, KO), modulatory treatment (t+, t–, t0), mouse age, and mouse gender (male = g_m; female = g_f, mixed gender = g_mi). Results: KI3 mice performed significantly better in MWM, but KI4 and KO performed significantly worse than WT. KI2 performed similarly to WT. KI4 performed significantly worse compared to every other genotype. Positive treatments significantly improved cognition in WT, KI4, and KO compared to untreated. Interestingly, negative treatments in KI4 also significantly improved mean MWM escape latency. Random forest modeling resulted in the following feature importance for predicting superior MWM performance: [KI3, age, g_m, KI4, t0, t+, KO, WT, g_mi, t–, g_f, KI2] = [0.270, 0.094, 0.092, 0.088, 0.077, 0.074, 0.069, 0.061, 0.058, 0.054, 0.038, 0.023]. Conclusion: APOE3, age, and male gender was most important for predicting superior mouse cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassin Watson
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brenae Nelson
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jamie Hernandez Kluesner
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caroline Tanzy
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shreya Ramesh
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zoey Patel
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kaci Hernandez Kluesner
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anita Singh
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vibha Murthy
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cassie S Mitchell
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Institute for Machine Learning, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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18
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Pontifex MG, Martinsen A, Saleh RNM, Harden G, Tejera N, Müller M, Fox C, Vauzour D, Minihane AM. APOE4 genotype exacerbates the impact of menopause on cognition and synaptic plasticity in APOE-TR mice. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21583. [PMID: 33891334 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002621rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The impact of sex and menopausal status in Alzheimer's disease remains understudied despite increasing evidence of greater female risk, particularly in APOE4 carriers. Utilizing female APOE-TR mice maintained on a high-fat diet background we induced ovarian failure through repeated VCD injections, to mimic human menopause. At 12 months of age, recognition memory and spatial memory were assessed using object recognition, Y-maze spontaneous alternation, and Barnes maze. A VCD*genotype interaction reduced the recognition memory (P < .05), with APOE4 VCD-treated animals unable to distinguish between novel and familiar objects. APOE4 mice displayed an additional 37% and 12% reduction in Barnes (P < .01) and Y-maze (P < .01) performance, indicative of genotype-specific spatial memory impairment. Molecular analysis indicated both VCD and genotype-related deficits in synaptic plasticity with BDNF, Akt, mTOR, and ERK signaling compromised. Subsequent reductions in the transcription factors Creb1 and Atf4 were also evident. Furthermore, the VCD*genotype interaction specifically diminished Ephb2 expression, while Fos, and Cnr1 expression reduced as a consequence of APOE4 genotype. Brain DHA levels were 13% lower in VCD-treated animals independent of genotype. Consistent with this, we detected alterations in the expression of the DHA transporters Acsl6 and Fatp4. Our results indicate that the combination of ovarian failure and APOE4 leads to an exacerbation of cognitive and neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Glenn Harden
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Noemi Tejera
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Michael Müller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Chris Fox
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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19
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Scheinman SB, Sugasini D, Zayed M, Yalagala PCR, Marottoli FM, Subbaiah PV, Tai LM. LPC-DHA/EPA-Enriched Diets Increase Brain DHA and Modulate Behavior in Mice That Express Human APOE4. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:690410. [PMID: 34276296 PMCID: PMC8282213 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.690410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with APOE3, APOE4 is associated with greater age-related cognitive decline and higher risk of neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, development of supplements that target APOE genotype-modulated processes could provide a great benefit for the aging population. Evidence suggests a link between APOE genotype and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); however, clinical studies with current DHA supplements have produced negative results in dementia. The lack of beneficial effects with current DHA supplements may be related to limited bioavailability, as the optimal form of DHA for brain uptake is lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-DHA. We previously developed a method to enrich the LPC-DHA content of krill oil through lipase treatment (LT-krill oil), which resulted in fivefold higher enrichment in brain DHA levels in wild-type mice compared with untreated krill oil. Here, we evaluated the effect of a control diet, diet containing krill oil, or a diet containing LT-krill oil in APOE3- and APOE4-targeted replacement mice (APOE-TR mice; treated from 4 to 12 months of age). We found that DHA levels in the plasma and hippocampus are lower in APOE4-TR mice and that LT-krill oil increased DHA levels in the plasma and hippocampus of both APOE3- and APOE4-TR mice. In APOE4-TR mice, LT-krill oil treatment resulted in higher levels of the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A and improved performance on the novel object recognition test. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that LPC-DHA/EPA-enriched krill oil can increase brain DHA and improve memory-relevant behavior in mice that express APOE4. Therefore, long-term use of LT-krill oil supplements may on some level protect against age-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Scheinman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dhavamani Sugasini
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Monay Zayed
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Poorna C R Yalagala
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Felecia M Marottoli
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Papasani V Subbaiah
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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20
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Liu RM, Chong Z, Chen JC. Ozone and Particulate Matter Exposure and Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Human and Animal Studies. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 76:807-824. [PMID: 32568209 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), an aging-related neurodegenerative disease, is a major cause of dementia in the elderly. Although the early-onset (familial) AD is attributed to mutations in the genes coding for amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and presenilin1/presenilin 2 (PS1/PS2), the cause for the late-onset AD (LOAD), which accounts for more than 95% of AD cases, remains unclear. Aging is the greatest risk factor for LOAD, whereas the apolipo protein E4 allele (APOEɛ4) is believed to be a major genetic risk factor in acquiring LOAD, with female APOEɛ4 carriers at highest risk. Nonetheless, not all the elderly, even older female APOEɛ4 carriers, develop LOAD, suggesting that other factors, including environmental exposure, must play a role. This review summarizes recent studies that show a potential role of environmental exposure, especially ozone and particulate matter exposure, in the development of AD. Interactions between environmental exposure, genetic risk factor (APOEɛ4), and sex in AD pathophysiology are also discussed briefly. Identification of environmental risk factor(s) and elucidation of the complex interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors plus aging and female sex in the onset of AD will be a key to our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of AD and the development of the strategies for its prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ming Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zechen Chong
- Department of Genetics, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jiu-Chiuan Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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21
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Adams KJ, Wilson JG, Millington DS, Moseley MA, Colton CA, Thompson JW, Gottschalk WK. Capillary Electrophoresis-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Measuring In Vivo Arginine Isotope Incorporation in Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Models. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1448-1458. [PMID: 34028275 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Immune-based metabolic reprogramming of arginine utilization in the brain contributes to the neuronal pathology associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). To enable our long-term goals of differentiation of AD mouse model genotypes, ages, and sexes based on activity of this pathway, we describe here the novel dosing (using uniformly labeled (13C615N4) arginine) and analysis methods using capillary electrophoresis high-resolution accurate-mass mass spectrometry for isotope tracing of metabolic products of arginine. We developed a pseudoprimed infusion-dosing regimen, using repeated injections, to achieve a steady state of uniformly labeled arginine in 135-195 min post bolus dose. Incorporation of stable isotope labeled carbon and nitrogen from uniformly labeled arginine into a host of downstream metabolites was measured in vivo in mice using serially sampled dried blood spots from the tail. In addition to the dried blood spot time course samples, total isotope incorporation into arginine-related metabolites was measured in the whole brain and plasma after 285 min. Preliminary demonstration of the technique identified differences isotope incorporation in arginine metabolites between male and female mice in a mouse-model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (APOE4/huNOS2). The technique described herein will permit arginine pathway activity differentiation between mouse genotypes, ages, sexes, or drug treatments in order to elucidate the contribution of this pathway to Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra J Adams
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Joan G Wilson
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - David S Millington
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - M Arthur Moseley
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Carol A Colton
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - J Will Thompson
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - W Kirby Gottschalk
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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22
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Nakai T, Yamada K, Mizoguchi H. Alzheimer's Disease Animal Models: Elucidation of Biomarkers and Therapeutic Approaches for Cognitive Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115549. [PMID: 34074018 PMCID: PMC8197360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. It is widely accepted that AD is mainly caused by the accumulation of extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tau tangles. Aβ begins to accumulate years before the onset of cognitive impairment, suggesting that the benefit of currently available interventions would be greater if they were initiated in the early phases of AD. To understand the mechanisms of AD pathogenesis, various transgenic mouse models with an accelerated accumulation of Aβ and tau tangles have been developed. However, none of these models exhibit all pathologies present in human AD. To overcome these undesirable phenotypes, APP knock-in mice, which were presented with touchscreen-based tasks, were developed to better evaluate the efficacy of candidate therapeutics in mouse models of early-stage AD. This review assesses several AD mouse models from the aspect of biomarkers and cognitive impairment and discusses their potential as tools to provide novel AD therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nakai
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (T.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (T.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Hiroyuki Mizoguchi
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (T.N.); (K.Y.)
- Medical Interactive Research and Academia Industry Collaboration Center, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-52-744-2674; Fax: +81-52-744-2979
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Kim JH, Jung H, Lee Y, Sohn JH. Surgery Performed Under Propofol Anesthesia Induces Cognitive Impairment and Amyloid Pathology in ApoE4 Knock-In Mouse Model. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:658860. [PMID: 33981208 PMCID: PMC8107235 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.658860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) following anesthesia and surgery is a common and severe complication, especially in elderly patients. A pre-existing cognitive impairment may impart susceptibility to further cognitive dysfunction; the mechanism remains unclear. We hypothesized that the specific impacts of anesthesia and surgery on individuals with preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may render them more susceptible to an increase in the risk of cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to compare the cognitive impairment between normal adult mice and those with preclinical AD after propofol anesthesia and surgery. Methods: We performed abdominal surgery in cognitively pre-symptomatic, 5-month-old male mice with sporadic AD (apolipoprotein E4 allele, ApoE4-KI) and age-matched (C57BL/6J) controls. Propofol anesthesia (170 mg/kg) was induced via retro-orbital injection over 2 h. Morris water maze (MWM) and Y-maze tests were conducted 2 days before and 2, 4, and 7 days after surgery. The mean escape latencies and spontaneous alternation percentages were the major outcomes. Neuronal apoptosis in hippocampal sections was evaluated using the terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Hippocampal amyloid beta (Aβ) levels were assessed via quantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: The control mice exhibited increased mean escape latencies of MWM at postoperative 2 and 4, but not at day 7; ApoE4-KI mice exhibited such increases at postoperative days 2, 4 and 7. Significant differences between ApoE4-KI and control mice in terms of the mean escape latencies were evident at days 2 and 7 (both P < 0.05). However, performance on a non-hippocampal memory tasks (Y-maze test) did not differ. More TUNEL-positive neurons were evident in the hippocampal CA3 region of ApoE4-KI mice at postoperative days 2 and 4, but not at day 7 compared to the control group (both P < 0.05). IHC revealed significantly elevated Aβ deposition in the hippocampal CA3 region of ApoE4-KI mice at postoperative days 4 and 7 compared to control mice (both P < 0.05). Conclusions: Propofol anesthesia followed by surgery induced persistent changes in cognition, and pathological hippocampal changes in pre-symptomatic, but vulnerable AD mice. It would be appropriate to explore whether preclinical AD patients are more vulnerable to POCD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ho Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea.,Institute of New Frontier Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Harry Jung
- Institute of New Frontier Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Yeonkyeong Lee
- Institute of New Frontier Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Sohn
- Institute of New Frontier Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
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24
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Lamoureux L, Marottoli FM, Tseng KY, Tai LM. APOE4 Promotes Tonic-Clonic Seizures, an Effect Modified by Familial Alzheimer's Disease Mutations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:656521. [PMID: 33796539 PMCID: PMC8007905 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.656521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are emerging as a common symptom in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, often attributed to high levels of amyloid β (Aβ). However, the extent that AD disease risk factors modulate seizure activity in aging and AD-relevant contexts is unclear. APOE4 is the greatest genetic risk factor for AD and has been linked to seizures independent of AD and Aβ. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the role of APOE genotype in modulating seizures in the absence and presence of high Aβ levels in vivo. To achieve this goal, we utilized EFAD mice, which express human APOE3 or APOE4 in the absence (EFAD-) or presence (EFAD+) of familial AD mutations that result in Aβ overproduction. When quantified during cage change day, we found that unlike APOE3, APOE4 is associated with tonic-clonic seizures. Interestingly, there were lower tonic-clonic seizures in E4FAD+ mice compared to E4FAD- mice. Restraint handing and auditory stimuli failed to recapitulate the tonic-clonic phenotype in EFAD mice that express APOE4. However, after chemical-induction with pentylenetetrazole, there was a higher incidence of tonic-clonic seizures with APOE4 compared to APOE3. Interestingly, the distribution of seizures to the tonic-clonic phenotype was higher with FAD mutations. These data support that APOE4 is associated with higher tonic-clonic seizures in vivo, and that FAD mutations impact tonic-clonic seizures in a paradigm dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorissa Lamoureux
- Biological Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Felecia M Marottoli
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kuei Y Tseng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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25
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Li X, Zhang J, Li D, He C, He K, Xue T, Wan L, Zhang C, Liu Q. Astrocytic ApoE reprograms neuronal cholesterol metabolism and histone-acetylation-mediated memory. Neuron 2021; 109:957-970.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Scheinman SB, Zaldua S, Dada A, Krochmaliuk K, Dye K, Marottoli FM, Thatcher GRJ, Tai LM. Systemic Candesartan Treatment Modulates Behavior, Synaptic Protein Levels, and Neuroinflammation in Female Mice That Express Human APOE4. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:628403. [PMID: 33642985 PMCID: PMC7902885 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.628403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) could be beneficial for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients independent of any effects on hypertension. However, studies in rodent models directly testing the activity of ARB treatment on behavior and AD-relevent pathology including neuroinflammation, Aβ levels, and cerebrovascular function, have produced mixed results. APOE4 is a major genetic risk factor for AD and has been linked to many of the same functions as those purported to be modulated by ARB treatment. Therefore, evaluating the effects of ARB treatment on behavior and AD-relevant pathology in mice that express human APOE4 could provide important information on whether to further develop ARBs for AD therapy. In this study, we treated female and male mice that express the human APOE4 gene in the absence (E4FAD−) or presence (E4FAD+) of high Aβ levels with the ARB prodrug candesartan cilexetil for a duration of 4 months. Compared to vehicle, candesartan treatment resulted in greater memory-relevant behavior and higher hippocampal presynaptic protein levels in female, but not male, E4FAD− and E4FAD+ mice. The beneficial effects of candesartan in female E4FAD− and E4FAD+ mice occurred in tandem with lower GFAP and Iba1 levels in the hippocampus, whereas there were no effects on markers of cerebrovascular function and Aβ levels. Collectively, these data imply that the effects of ARBs on AD-relevant pathology may be modulated in part by the interaction between APOE genotype and biological sex. Thus, the further development of ARBs could provide therapeutic options for targeting neuroinflammation in female APOE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Scheinman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Steve Zaldua
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Adedoyin Dada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kateryna Krochmaliuk
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Katherine Dye
- UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Felecia M Marottoli
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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27
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Jablonski AM, Warren L, Usenovic M, Zhou H, Sugam J, Parmentier-Batteur S, Voleti B. Astrocytic expression of the Alzheimer's disease risk allele, ApoEε4, potentiates neuronal tau pathology in multiple preclinical models. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3438. [PMID: 33564035 PMCID: PMC7873246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
ApoEε4 is a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), a disease hallmarked by extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). The presence of the ApoEε4 allele is associated with increased Aβ deposition and a role for ApoEε4 in the potentiation of tau pathology has recently emerged. This study focused on comparing the effects of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated overexpression of the three predominant human ApoE isoforms within astrocytes. The isoform-specific effects of human ApoE were evaluated within in vitro models of tau pathology within neuron/astrocyte co-cultures, as well as in a transgenic tau mouse model. Tau aggregation, accumulation, and phosphorylation were measured to determine if the three isoforms of human ApoE had differential effects on tau. Astrocytic overexpression of the human ApoEε4 allele increased phosphorylation and misfolding of overexpressed neuronal tau in multiple models, including the aggregation and accumulation of added tau oligomers, in an isoform-specific manner. The ability of ApoEε4 to increase tau aggregation could be inhibited by an ApoEε4-specific antibody. This study indicates that astrocytic expression of ApoEε4 can potentiate tau aggregation and phosphorylation within neurons and supports a gain of toxic function hypothesis for the effect of hApoEε4 on tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Marie Jablonski
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Neuroscience, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486 USA
| | - Lee Warren
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Neuroscience, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486 USA
| | - Marija Usenovic
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Neuroscience, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486 USA
| | - Heather Zhou
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA
| | - Jonathan Sugam
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Neuroscience, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486 USA
| | - Sophie Parmentier-Batteur
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Neuroscience, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486 USA
| | - Bhavya Voleti
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Neuroscience, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486 USA
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28
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Arora S, Layek B, Singh J. Design and Validation of Liposomal ApoE2 Gene Delivery System to Evade Blood-Brain Barrier for Effective Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:714-725. [PMID: 32787268 PMCID: PMC10292003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeting gene-based therapeutics to the brain is a strategy actively sought to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent findings discovered the role of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) isoforms in the clearance of toxic amyloid beta proteins from the brain. ApoE2 isoform is beneficial for preventing AD development, whereas ApoE4 is a major contributing factor to the disease. In this paper, we demonstrated efficient brain-targeted delivery of ApoE2 encoding plasmid DNA (pApoE2) using glucose transporter-1 (glut-1) targeted liposomes. Liposomes were surface-functionalized with a glut-1 targeting ligand mannose (MAN) and a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) to enhance brain-targeting and cellular internalization, respectively. Among various CPPs, rabies virus glycoprotein peptide (RVG) or penetratin (Pen) was selected as a cell-penetration enhancer. Dual (RVGMAN and PenMAN)-functionalized liposomes were cytocompatible at 100 nM phospholipid concentration and demonstrated significantly higher expression of ApoE2 in bEnd.3 cells, primary neurons, and astrocytes compared to monofunctionalized and unmodified (plain) liposomes. Dual-modified liposomes also showed ∼2 times higher protein expression than other formulation controls in neurons cultured below the in vitro BBB model. These results translated well to in vivo efficacy study with significantly higher transfection of pApoE2 in the C57BL/6 mice brain following single tail vein administration of RVGMAN and PenMAN functionalized liposomes without any noticeable signs of toxicity. These results illustrate the potential of surface-modified liposomes for safe and brain-targeted delivery of the pApoE2 gene for effective AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 58105 North Dakota, United States
| | - Buddhadev Layek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 58105 North Dakota, United States
| | - Jagdish Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 58105 North Dakota, United States
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29
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ApoE Genotype-Dependent Response to Antioxidant and Exercise Interventions on Brain Function. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060553. [PMID: 32630431 PMCID: PMC7346214 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined whether antioxidant supplementation is a viable complement to exercise regimens in improving cognitive and motor performance in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease risk. Starting at 12 months of age, separate groups of male and female mice expressing human Apolipoprotein E3 (GFAP-ApoE3) or E4 (GFAP-ApoE4) were fed either a control diet or a diet supplemented with vitamins E and C. The mice were further separated into a sedentary group or a group that followed a daily exercise regimen. After 8 weeks on the treatments, the mice were administered a battery of functional tests including tests to measure reflex and motor, cognitive, and affective function while remaining on their treatment. Subsequently, plasma inflammatory markers and catalase activity in brain regions were measured. Overall, the GFAP-ApoE4 mice exhibited poorer motor function and spatial learning and memory. The treatments improved balance, learning, and cognitive flexibility in the GFAP-ApoE3 mice and overall the GFAP-ApoE4 mice were not responsive. The addition of antioxidants to supplement a training regimen only provided further benefits to the active avoidance task, and there was no antagonistic interaction between the two interventions. These outcomes are indicative that there is a window of opportunity for treatment and that genotype plays an important role in response to interventions.
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30
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Zaldua S, Damen FC, Pisharody R, Thomas R, Fan KD, Ekkurthi GK, Scheinman SB, Alahmadi S, Marottoli FM, Alford S, Cai K, Tai LM. Epidermal growth factor treatment of female mice that express APOE4 at an age of advanced pathology mitigates behavioral and cerebrovascular dysfunction. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03919. [PMID: 32478184 PMCID: PMC7251379 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
APOE4 is a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and high amyloid-β (Aβ) levels in the brain are a pathological hallmark of the disease. However, the contribution of specific APOE-modulated Aβ-dependent and Aβ-independent functions to cognitive decline remain unclear. Increasing evidence supports a role of APOE in modulating cerebrovascular function, however whether ameliorating this dysfunction can improve behavioral function is still under debate. We have previously demonstrated that systemic epidermal growth factor (EGF) treatment, which is important for vascular function, at early stages of pathology (treatment from 6 to 8 months) is beneficial for recognition and spatial memory and cerebrovascular function in female mice that express APOE4. These data raise the important question of whether EGF can improve APOE4-associated cerebrovascular and behavioral dysfunction when treatment is initiated at an age of advanced pathology. Positive findings would support the development of therapies that target cerebrovascular dysfunction associated with APOE4 in aging and AD in individuals with advanced cognitive impairment. Therefore, in this study female mice that express APOE4 in the absence (E4FAD- mice) or presence (E4FAD+ mice) of Aβ overproduction were treated from 8 to 10 months of age systemically with EGF. EGF treatment mitigated behavioral dysfunction in recognition memory and spatial learning and improved hippocampal neuronal function in both E4FAD+ and E4FAD- mice, suggesting that EGF treatment improves Aβ-independent APOE4-associated deficits. The beneficial effects of EGF treatment on behavior occurred in tandem with improved markers of cerebrovascular function, including lower levels of fibrinogen, lower permeability when assessed by MRI and higher percent area coverage of laminin and CD31 in the hippocampus. These data suggest a mechanistic link among EGF signaling, cerebrovascular function and APOE4-associated behavioral deficits in mice with advanced AD-relevant pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Zaldua
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Frederick C Damen
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System, Suite 103, 2242 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rohan Pisharody
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Riya Thomas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kelly D Fan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Giri K Ekkurthi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sarah B Scheinman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sami Alahmadi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Felecia M Marottoli
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Simon Alford
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kejia Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System, Suite 103, 2242 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System, Suite 103, 2242 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Demby TC, Rodriguez O, McCarthy CW, Lee YC, Albanese C, Mandelblatt J, Rebeck GW. A mouse model of chemotherapy-related cognitive impairments integrating the risk factors of aging and APOE4 genotype. Behav Brain Res 2020; 384:112534. [PMID: 32027870 PMCID: PMC7082850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Some cancer survivors experience marked cognitive impairment, referred to as cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI). CRCI has been linked to the genetic factor APOE4, the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We used APOE knock-in mice to test whether the relationship between APOE4 and CRCI can be demonstrated in a mouse model, to identify associations of chemotherapy with behavioural and structural correlates of cognition, and to test whether chemotherapy affects markers of AD. Twelve-month old C57BL/6 J female APOE3 (n = 30) and APOE4 (n = 31) knock-in mice were randomized to treatment with either doxorubicin (10 mg/kg) or saline. Behavioural assays at 2-21 weeks-post exposure included open field maze, elevated zero maze, pre-pulse inhibition, Barnes maze, and fear conditioning. Ex-vivo magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine regional volume differences at 31-35 weeks-post exposure, and tissue sections were analyzed for markers of AD pathogenesis. Minimal toxicities were observed in the aged mice after doxorubicin exposure. In the Barnes maze assay, APOE3 mice did not exhibit impairment in spatial learning after doxorubicin treatment, but APOE4 mice demonstrated significant impairments in both the initial identification of the escape hole and the latency to full escape at 6 weeks post-exposure. Both APOE3 and APOE4 mice treated with doxorubicin showed impairment of spatial memory. Grey matter volume in the frontal cortex decreased in APOE4 mice treated with doxorubicin vs. APOE3 mice. This study demonstrates cognitive impairments in aged APOE4 knock-in mice after doxorubicin treatment and establishes this system as a novel and powerful model of CRCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar C Demby
- Tumor Biology Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC United States
| | - Olga Rodriguez
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Oncology Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC United States; Center for Translational Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, United States
| | - Camryn W McCarthy
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC United States
| | - Yi-Chien Lee
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Oncology Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC United States; Center for Translational Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, United States
| | - Christopher Albanese
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Oncology Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC United States; Center for Translational Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, United States
| | - Jeanne Mandelblatt
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, United States
| | - G William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC United States.
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32
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Peris-Sampedro F, Guardia-Escote L, Basaure P, Cabré M, Colomina MT. Improvement of APOE4-dependent non-cognitive behavioural traits by postnatal cholinergic stimulation in female mice. Behav Brain Res 2020; 384:112552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Lewandowski CT, Maldonado Weng J, LaDu MJ. Alzheimer's disease pathology in APOE transgenic mouse models: The Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 139:104811. [PMID: 32087290 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus on amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles has yielded no Alzheimer's disease (AD) modifying treatments in the past several decades, despite successful studies in preclinical mouse models. This inconsistency has caused a renewed focus on improving the fidelity and reliability of AD mouse models, with disparate views on how this improvement can be accomplished. However, the interactive effects of the universal biological variables of AD, which include age, APOE genotype, and sex, are often overlooked. Age is the greatest risk factor for AD, while the ε4 allele of the human APOE gene, encoding apolipoprotein E, is the greatest genetic risk factor. Sex is the final universal biological variable of AD, as females develop AD at almost twice the rate of males and, importantly, female sex exacerbates the effects of APOE4 on AD risk and rate of cognitive decline. Therefore, this review evaluates the importance of context for understanding the role of APOE in preclinical mouse models. Specifically, we detail how human AD pathology is mirrored in current transgenic mouse models ("What") and describe the critical need for introducing human APOE into these mouse models ("Who"). We next outline different methods for introducing human APOE into mice ("How") and highlight efforts to develop temporally defined and location-specific human apoE expression models ("When" and "Where"). We conclude with the importance of choosing the human APOE mouse model relevant to the question being addressed, using the selection of transgenic models for testing apoE-targeted therapeutics as an example ("Why").
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Affiliation(s)
- Cutler T Lewandowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Juan Maldonado Weng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Williams T, Borchelt DR, Chakrabarty P. Therapeutic approaches targeting Apolipoprotein E function in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:8. [PMID: 32005122 PMCID: PMC6995170 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-0358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the primary genetic risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the presence of the Ɛ4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE). APOE is a polymorphic lipoprotein that is a major cholesterol carrier in the brain. It is also involved in various cellular functions such as neuronal signaling, neuroinflammation and glucose metabolism. Humans predominantly possess three different allelic variants of APOE, termed E2, E3, and E4, with the E3 allele being the most common. The presence of the E4 allele is associated with increased risk of AD whereas E2 reduces the risk. To understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie APOE-related genetic risk, considerable effort has been devoted towards developing cellular and animal models. Data from these models indicate that APOE4 exacerbates amyloid β plaque burden in a dose-dependent manner. and may also enhance tau pathogenesis in an isoform-dependent manner. Other studies have suggested APOE4 increases the risk of AD by mechanisms that are distinct from modulation of Aβ or tau pathology. Further, whether plasma APOE, by influencing systemic metabolic pathways, can also possibly alter CNS function indirectly is not complete;y understood. Collectively, the available studies suggest that APOE may impact multiple signaling pathways and thus investigators have sought therapeutics that would disrupt pathological functions of APOE while preserving or enhancing beneficial functions. This review will highlight some of the therapeutic strategies that are currently being pursued to target APOE4 towards preventing or treating AD and we will discuss additional strategies that holds promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosha Williams
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - David R Borchelt
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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APOE in the normal brain. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 136:104724. [PMID: 31911114 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The APOE4 protein affects the primary neuropathological markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD): amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and gliosis. These interactions have been investigated to understand the strong effect of APOE genotype on risk of AD. However, APOE genotype has strong effects on processes in normal brains, in the absence of the hallmarks of AD. We propose that CNS APOE is involved in processes in the normal brains that in later years apply specifically to processes of AD pathogenesis. We review the differences of the APOE protein found in the CNS compared to the plasma, including post-translational modifications (glycosylation, lipidation, multimer formation), focusing on ways that the common APOE isoforms differ from each other. We also review structural and functional studies of young human brains and control APOE knock-in mouse brains. These approaches demonstrate the effects of APOE genotype on microscopic neuron structure, gross brain structure, and behavior, primarily related to the hippocampal areas. By focusing on the effects of APOE genotype on normal brain function, approaches can be pursued to identify biomarkers of APOE dysfunction, to promote normal functions of the APOE4 isoform, and to prevent the accumulation of the pathologic hallmarks of AD with aging.
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36
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APOE genetic background and sex confer different vulnerabilities to postnatal chlorpyrifos exposure and modulate the response to cholinergic drugs. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Metabolic Disturbances of a High-Fat Diet Are Dependent on APOE Genotype and Sex. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0267-19.2019. [PMID: 31554665 PMCID: PMC6795556 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0267-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE4 is also associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Obesity is a major environmental risk factor for AD. While APOE genotype and obesity independently affect metabolism and cognition, they may also have synergistic effects. Here, we examined the metabolic and behavioral alterations associated with a high-fat diet (HFD) in male and female APOE knock-in mice. Male and female mice were fed a 45% kcal HFD or a 10% kcal low-fat diet (LFD) for 12 weeks and adipose tissue accumulation, glucose levels, anxiety-like behavior, and spatial memory were examined. We found that with HFD, male APOE4 mice were more susceptible to metabolic disturbances, including visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and glucose intolerance when compared to APOE3 mice, while female APOE3 and APOE4 mice had similar metabolic responses. Behaviorally, there were no effects of HFD in mice of either genotype. Our results suggest that metabolic responses to HFD are dependent on both sex and APOE genotype.
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Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by wide heterogeneity in cognitive and behavioural syndromes, risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms. Addressing this phenotypic variation will be crucial for the development of precise and effective therapeutics in AD. Sex-related differences in neural anatomy and function are starting to emerge, and sex might constitute an important factor for AD patient stratification and personalized treatment. Although the effects of sex on AD epidemiology are currently the subject of intense investigation, the notion of sex-specific clinicopathological AD phenotypes is largely unexplored. In this Review, we critically discuss the evidence for sex-related differences in AD symptomatology, progression, biomarkers, risk factor profiles and treatment. The cumulative evidence reviewed indicates sex-specific patterns of disease manifestation as well as sex differences in the rates of cognitive decline and brain atrophy, suggesting that sex is a crucial variable in disease heterogeneity. We discuss critical challenges and knowledge gaps in our current understanding. Elucidating sex differences in disease phenotypes will be instrumental in the development of a 'precision medicine' approach in AD, encompassing individual, multimodal, biomarker-driven and sex-sensitive strategies for prevention, detection, drug development and treatment.
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Ding Y, Kang A, Tang Q, Zhao Y. Inhibition of HDAC6 expression decreases brain injury induced by APOE4 and Aβ co‑aggregation in rats. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3363-3370. [PMID: 31432127 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the effects of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) on brain injury in rats induced by apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) and amyloid β protein alloform 1‑40 (Aβ1‑40) copolymerization. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control group, sham group, APOE4 + Aβ1‑40 co‑injection group (model group) and HDAC6 inhibitor group (HDAC6 group). The brain injury model was established by co‑injection of APOE4 + Aβ1‑40. Morris water maze experiment was used to observe the spatial memory and learning the ability of rats. Histological changes of the hippocampus were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The mRNA expression levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and HDAC6 were detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the protein expression of HDAC6. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of HDAC6, microtubule‑associated protein tau and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). APOE4 and Aβ1‑40 co‑aggregation decreased the short‑term spatial memory and learning ability of rats, whereas inhibition of HDAC6 activity attenuated the injury. Inhibition of HDAC6 activity resulted in an attenuation of the APOE4 and Aβ1‑40 co‑aggregation‑induced increase in the number of dysplastic hippocampal cells. Further experiments demonstrated that APOE4 and Aβ1‑40 co‑aggregation decreased the expression levels of ChAT mRNA, and the phosphorylation levels of tau GSK3β protein in the hippocampus, whereas inhibition of HDAC6 activity resulted in increased expression of ChAT mRNA, tau protein and GSK3β phosphorylation. The inhibition of HDAC6 activity was also demonstrated to reduce brain injury induced by APOE4 and Aβ1‑40 co‑aggregation in model rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexia Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Airong Kang
- Department of Respiration, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Qiling Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
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Toro CA, Zhang L, Cao J, Cai D. Sex differences in Alzheimer's disease: Understanding the molecular impact. Brain Res 2019; 1719:194-207. [PMID: 31129153 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that presents with cognitive impairment and behavioral disturbance. Approximately 5.5 million people in the United States live with AD, most of whom are over the age of 65 with two-thirds being woman. There have been major advancements over the last decade or so in the understanding of AD neuropathological changes and genetic involvement. However, studies of sex impact in AD have not been adequately integrated into the investigation of disease development and progression. It becomes indispensable to acknowledge in both basic science and clinical research studies the importance of understanding sex-specific differences in AD pathophysiology and pathogenesis, which could guide future effort in the discovery of novel targets for AD. Here, we review the latest and most relevant literature on this topic, highlighting the importance of understanding sex dimorphism from a molecular perspective and its association to clinical trial design and development in AD research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Toro
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Larry Zhang
- Research and Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Jiqing Cao
- Research and Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Dongming Cai
- Research and Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Neurology Section, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
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Jiang C, Stewart LT, Kuo HC, McGilberry W, Wall SB, Liang B, van Groen T, Bailey SM, Kim YI, Tipple TE, Jones DP, McMahon LL, Liu RM. Cyclic O 3 exposure synergizes with aging leading to memory impairment in male APOE ε3, but not APOE ε4, targeted replacement mice. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 81:9-21. [PMID: 31207469 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of late-onset Alzheimer's disease is unknown. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to high levels of ozone (O3) may be a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Nonetheless, whether and how O3 exposure contributes to AD development remains to be determined. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that O3 exposure synergizes with the genetic risk factor APOE ε4 and aging leading to AD, using male apolipoprotein E (apoE)4 and apoE3 targeted replacement mice as men have increased risk exposure to high levels of O3 via working environments and few studies have addressed APOE ε4 effects on males. Surprisingly, our results show that O3 exposure impairs memory in old apoE3, but not old apoE4 or young apoE3 and apoE4, male mice. Further studies show that old apoE4 mice have increased hippocampal activities or expression of some enzymes involved in antioxidant defense, diminished protein oxidative modification, and neuroinflammation following O3 exposure compared with old apoE3 mice. These novel findings highlight the complexity of interactions between APOE genotype, age, and environmental exposure in AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsun Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Luke T Stewart
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hui-Chien Kuo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - William McGilberry
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephanie B Wall
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Bill Liang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Thomas van Groen
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Trent E Tipple
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lori L McMahon
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rui-Ming Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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The Genetic Variability of APOE in Different Human Populations and Its Implications for Longevity. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030222. [PMID: 30884759 PMCID: PMC6471373 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human longevity is a complex phenotype resulting from the combinations of context-dependent gene-environment interactions that require analysis as a dynamic process in a cohesive ecological and evolutionary framework. Genome-wide association (GWAS) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) studies on centenarians pointed toward the inclusion of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms ε2 and ε4, as implicated in the attainment of extreme longevity, which refers to their effect in age-related Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this case, the available literature on APOE and its involvement in longevity is described according to an anthropological and population genetics perspective. This aims to highlight the evolutionary history of this gene, how its participation in several biological pathways relates to human longevity, and which evolutionary dynamics may have shaped the distribution of APOE haplotypes across the globe. Its potential adaptive role will be described along with implications for the study of longevity in different human groups. This review also presents an updated overview of the worldwide distribution of APOE alleles based on modern day data from public databases and ancient DNA samples retrieved from literature in the attempt to understand the spatial and temporal frame in which present-day patterns of APOE variation evolved.
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Hudry E, Klickstein J, Cannavo C, Jackson R, Muzikansky A, Gandhi S, Urick D, Sargent T, Wrobleski L, Roe AD, Hou SS, Kuchibhotla KV, Betensky RA, Spires-Jones T, Hyman BT. Opposing Roles of apolipoprotein E in aging and neurodegeneration. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/1/e201900325. [PMID: 30760557 PMCID: PMC6374993 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) effects on brain function remain controversial. Removal of APOE not only impairs cognitive functions but also reduces neuritic amyloid plaques in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Can APOE simultaneously protect and impair neural circuits? Here, we dissociated the role of APOE in AD versus aging to determine its effects on neuronal function and synaptic integrity. Using two-photon calcium imaging in awake mice to record visually evoked responses, we found that genetic removal of APOE improved neuronal responses in adult APP/PSEN1 mice (8-10 mo). These animals also exhibited fewer neuritic plaques with less surrounding synapse loss, fewer neuritic dystrophies, and reactive glia. Surprisingly, the lack of APOE in aged mice (18-20 mo), even in the absence of amyloid, disrupted visually evoked responses. These results suggest a dissociation in APOE's role in AD versus aging: APOE may be neurotoxic during early stages of amyloid deposition, although being neuroprotective in latter stages of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Hudry
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jacob Klickstein
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Claudia Cannavo
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, and Edinburgh Neuroscience, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rosemary Jackson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, and Edinburgh Neuroscience, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alona Muzikansky
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheetal Gandhi
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - David Urick
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Taylie Sargent
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Lauren Wrobleski
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Allyson D Roe
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Steven S Hou
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | | | - Rebecca A Betensky
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tara Spires-Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, and Edinburgh Neuroscience, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Speidell AP, Demby T, Lee Y, Rodriguez O, Albanese C, Mandelblatt J, Rebeck GW. Development of a Human APOE Knock-in Mouse Model for Study of Cognitive Function After Cancer Chemotherapy. Neurotox Res 2019; 35:291-303. [PMID: 30284204 PMCID: PMC6333492 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-related cognitive impairment in breast cancer patients exposed to multi-agent chemotherapy regimens is associated with the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) allele. However, it is difficult to determine the effects of specific agents on cognitive impairment in human studies. We describe the development of a human APOE knock-in congenic C57BL/6J mouse model to study cancer-related cognitive impairment. Female APOE3 and APOE4 homozygous mice were either left untreated or treated with the most commonly used breast cancer therapeutic agent, doxorubicin. APOE3 and APOE4 mice had similar behaviors in exploratory and anxiety assays, which were affected transiently by doxorubicin treatment. Spatial learning and memory were measured in a Barnes maze: after 4 days of training, control APOE3 and APOE4 mice were able to escape with similar latencies. In contrast, doxorubicin-treated APOE4 mice had markedly impaired learning compared to doxorubicin-treated APOE3 mice at all time points. Voxel-based morphometry of magnetic resonance images revealed that doxorubicin treatment caused significant changes in the cortex and hippocampus of in both APOE3 and APOE4 mouse brains, but the differences were significantly greater in the APOE4 brains. The results indicate that doxorubicin-exposed APOE4 mice recapitulate key aspects of human cancer-related cognitive impairment. These data support the usefulness of this novel preclinical model for future elucidation of the genetic and molecular interactions of APOE genotype with chemotherapy; this model can also allow extension to prospective studies of older mice to study these interactions in the context of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Speidell
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tamar Demby
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yichien Lee
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Olga Rodriguez
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - G William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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45
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Zokaei N, Čepukaitytė G, Board AG, Mackay CE, Husain M, Nobre AC. Dissociable effects of the apolipoprotein-E (APOE) gene on short- and long-term memories. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 73:115-122. [PMID: 30342272 PMCID: PMC6261846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Short- and long-term memory performance as a function of apolipoprotein-E (APOE) genotype was examined in older, healthy individuals using sensitive and comparable tasks to provide a more detailed description of influences of the ε4 allele (highest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease) on memory. Older heterozygous and homozygous ε4 carriers and noncarriers performed 2 tasks of memory. Both tasks allowed us to measure memory for item identity and locations, using a sensitive, continuous measure of report. Long-term memory for object locations was impaired in ε4/ε4 carriers, whereas, paradoxically, this group demonstrated superior short-term memory for locations. The dissociable effects of the gene on short- and long-term memory suggest that the effect of genotype on these two types of memories, and their neural underpinnings, might not be co-extensive. Whereas the long-term memory impairment might be linked to preclinical Alzheimer's disease, the short-term memory advantage may reflect an independent, phenotypical effect of this allele on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Zokaei
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Giedrė Čepukaitytė
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander G Board
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Clare E Mackay
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Masud Husain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna Christina Nobre
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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46
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Guardia-Escote L, Basaure P, Blanco J, Cabré M, Pérez-Fernández C, Sánchez-Santed F, Domingo JL, Colomina MT. Postnatal exposure to chlorpyrifos produces long-term effects on spatial memory and the cholinergic system in mice in a sex- and APOE genotype-dependent manner. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 122:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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47
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The effect of APOE genotype on Alzheimer's disease risk is influenced by sex and docosahexaenoic acid status. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 69:209-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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48
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Age-Related Changes in the Behavior of Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. Behav Sci (Basel) 2018; 8:bs8030033. [PMID: 29510495 PMCID: PMC5867486 DOI: 10.3390/bs8030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The knockout mouse model, B6.129P2-Apoetm1Unc is homozygotic for the Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deletion; thus, it is capable of developing hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis but ApoE is also a lipid-transport protein abundantly expressed in most neurons in the central nervous system, so these animals could also be models of neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to determine age-related changes in spontaneous behavior and in learning and memory of Apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Spontaneous behavioral measurements included sleeping pattern, motor coordination and balance by rotarod and open field activity, whereas learning and memory tests included forced alternation in Y-maze, novel object recognition and passive avoidance conditioning. Significant behavioral differences between aged knockout mice and age-matched wild type strain, C57Bl/6 were found in all the behavioral tests, except for the rotarod test. Genetically’ modified mice exhibited less huddling contact during sleeping, decreased locomotor activity in novel environments and in learning and memory deficits. These results are consistent with the cognitive impairment and memory loss seen as the earliest clinical symptoms in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. The ApoE knockout mice might therefore be an appropriate model for studying the underlying mechanisms involved in behavioral changes caused by neurodegenerative diseases as well as for evaluating new therapies for these pathologies.
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49
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Liu T, Hu Y, Guo S, Tan L, Zhan Y, Yang L, Liu W, Wang N, Li Y, Zhang Y, Liu C, Yang Y, Adelstein RS, Wang A. Identification and characterization of MYH9 locus for high efficient gene knock-in and stable expression in mouse embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192641. [PMID: 29438440 PMCID: PMC5811019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted integration of exogenous genes into so-called safe harbors/friend sites, offers the advantages of expressing normal levels of target genes and preventing potentially adverse effects on endogenous genes. However, the ideal genomic loci for this purpose remain limited. Additionally, due to the inherent and unresolved issues with the current genome editing tools, traditional embryonic stem (ES) cell-based targeted transgenesis technology is still preferred in practical applications. Here, we report that a high and repeatable homologous recombination (HR) frequency (>95%) is achieved when an approximate 6kb DNA sequence flanking the MYH9 gene exon 2 site is used to create the homology arms for the knockout/knock-in of diverse nonmuscle myosin II (NM II) isoforms in mouse ES cells. The easily obtained ES clones greatly facilitated the generation of multiple NM II genetic replacement mouse models, as characterized previously. Further investigation demonstrated that though the targeted integration site for exogenous genes is shifted to MYH9 intron 2 (about 500bp downstream exon 2), the high HR efficiency and the endogenous MYH9 gene integrity are not only preserved, but the expected expression of the inserted gene(s) is observed in a pre-designed set of experiments conducted in mouse ES cells. Importantly, we confirmed that the expression and normal function of the endogenous MYH9 gene is not affected by the insertion of the exogenous gene in these cases. Therefore, these findings suggest that like the commonly used ROSA26 site, the MYH9 gene locus may be considered a new safe harbor for high-efficiency targeted transgenesis and for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanbin Liu
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shiyin Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Zhan
- Lab of Functional Proteomics (LFP), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lingchen Yang
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Naidong Wang
- Lab of Functional Proteomics (LFP), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yalan Li
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yingfan Zhang
- Lab of Molecular Cardiology (LMC), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Transgenic Core, NHLBI/ NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Yi Yang
- Lab of Functional Proteomics (LFP), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Robert S. Adelstein
- Lab of Molecular Cardiology (LMC), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Aibing Wang
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
- Lab of Molecular Cardiology (LMC), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Boehm-Cagan A, Bar R, Liraz O, Bielicki JK, Johansson JO, Michaelson DM. ABCA1 Agonist Reverses the ApoE4-Driven Cognitive and Brain Pathologies. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:1219-1233. [PMID: 27567858 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The allele ɛ4 of apolipoprotein E (apoE4) is the most prevalent genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is therefore a promising therapeutic target. Human and animal model studies suggest that apoE4 is hypolipidated; accordingly, we have previously shown that the retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist bexarotene upregulates ABCA1, the main apoE-lipidating protein, resulting in increased lipidation of apoE4, and the subsequent reversal of the pathological effects of apoE4, namely: accumulation of Aβ42 and hyperphosphorylated tau, as well as reduction in the levels of synaptic markers and cognitive deficits. Since the RXR system has numerous other targets, it is important to devise the means of activating ABCA1 selectively. We presently utilized CS-6253, a peptide shown to directly activate ABCA1 in vitro, and examined the extent to which it can affect the degree of lipidation of apoE4 in vivo and counteract the associated brain and behavioral pathologies. This revealed that treatment of young apoE4-targeted replacement mice with CS-6253 increases the lipidation of apoE4. This was associated with a reversal of the apoE4-driven Aβ42 accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation in hippocampal neurons, as well as of the synaptic impairments and cognitive deficits. These findings suggest that the pathological effects of apoE4 in vivo are associated with decreased activation of ABCA1 and impaired lipidation of apoE4 and that the downstream brain-related pathology and cognitive deficits can be counteracted by treatment with the ABCA1 agonist CS-6253. These findings have important clinical ramifications and put forward ABCA1 as a promising target for apoE4-related treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Boehm-Cagan
- The Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roni Bar
- The Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ori Liraz
- The Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - John K Bielicki
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Daniel M Michaelson
- The Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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