1
|
Ildarabadi A, Mir Mohammad Ali SN, Rahmani F, Mosavari N, Pourbakhtyaran E, Rezaei N. Inflammation and oxidative stress in epileptic children: from molecular mechanisms to clinical application of ketogenic diet. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:473-488. [PMID: 38347675 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Childhood epilepsy affects up to 1 % of children. It has been shown that 30 % of patients are resistant to drug treatments, making further investigation of other potential treatment strategies necessary. One such approach is the ketogenic diet (KD) showing promising results and potential benefits beyond the use of current antiepileptic drugs. This study aims to investigate the effects of KD on inflammation and oxidative stress, as one of the main suggested mechanisms of neuroprotection, in children with epilepsy. This narrative review was conducted using the Medline and Google Scholar databases, and by searching epilepsy, drug-resistant epilepsy, child, children, ketogenic, ketogenic diet, diet, ketogenic, keto, ketone bodies (BHB), PUFA, gut microbiota, inflammation, inflammation mediators, neurogenic inflammation, neuroinflammation, inflammatory marker, adenosine modulation, mitochondrial function, MTOR pathway, Nrf2 pathway, mitochondrial dysfunction, PPARɣ, oxidative stress, ROS/RNS, and stress oxidative as keywords. Compelling evidence underscores inflammation and oxidative stress as pivotal factors in epilepsy, even in cases with genetic origins. The ketogenic diet effectively addresses these factors by reducing ROS and RNS, enhancing antioxidant defenses, improving mitochondrial function, and regulating inflammatory genes. Additionally, KD curbs pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production by dampening NF-κB activation, inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome, increasing brain adenosine levels, mTOR pathway inhibition, upregulating PPARɣ expression, and promoting a healthy gut microbiota while emphasizing the consumption of healthy fats. KD could be considered a promising therapeutic intervention in patients with epilepsy particularly in drug-resistant epilepsy cases, due to its targeted approach addressing oxidative stress and inflammatory mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azam Ildarabadi
- Department of Nutrition Science, Science and Research Branch, Faculty of Medical Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, Shodada Hesarak Blvd, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Dr. Qarib St, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Nooshan Mir Mohammad Ali
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Dr. Qarib St, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Fatemeh Rahmani
- Department of Nutrition Science, Science and Research Branch, Faculty of Medical Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, Shodada Hesarak Blvd, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Dr. Qarib St, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Narjes Mosavari
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Dr. Qarib St, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Elham Pourbakhtyaran
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Dr. Qarib St, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Dr. Qarib St, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Pour Sina St, Tehran 1461884513, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran 14194, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sakai M, Yu Z, Taniguchi M, Picotin R, Oyama N, Stellwagen D, Ono C, Kikuchi Y, Matsui K, Nakanishi M, Yoshii H, Furuyashiki T, Abe T, Tomita H. N-Acetylcysteine Suppresses Microglial Inflammation and Induces Mortality Dose-Dependently via Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043798. [PMID: 36835209 PMCID: PMC9968039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant that prevents tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced cell death, but it also acts as a pro-oxidant, promoting reactive oxygen species independent apoptosis. Although there is plausible preclinical evidence for the use of NAC in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, deleterious side effects are still of concern. Microglia, key innate immune cells in the brain, play an important role in inflammation in psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to investigate the beneficial and deleterious effects of NAC on microglia and stress-induced behavior abnormalities in mice, and its association with microglial TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO) production. The microglial cell line MG6 was stimulated by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using NAC at varying concentrations for 24 h. NAC inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and NO synthesis, whereas high concentrations (≥30 mM) caused MG6 mortality. Intraperitoneal injections of NAC did not ameliorate stress-induced behavioral abnormalities in mice, but high-doses induced microglial mortality. Furthermore, NAC-induced mortality was alleviated in microglial TNF-α-deficient mice and human primary M2 microglia. Our findings provide ample evidence for the use of NAC as a modulating agent of inflammation in the brain. The risk of side effects from NAC on TNF-α remains unclear and merits further mechanistic investigations.
Collapse
Grants
- 20dm0107099h0005, JP19dm0107099, JP18ek0109183, JP22gm0910012, and JP22wm0425001 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan, the Strategic Research Program for Brain Sciences, and the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- KAKENHI 21390329, 16K07210, 18H05429, 21H04812, and 19K16372 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- No. 24116007 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Sakai
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Zhiqian Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-717-7261
| | - Masayuki Taniguchi
- Division of Pharmacology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Rosanne Picotin
- Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nanami Oyama
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - David Stellwagen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Chiaki Ono
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshie Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ko Matsui
- Super-network Brain Physiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Miharu Nakanishi
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hatsumi Yoshii
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Furuyashiki
- Division of Pharmacology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takaaki Abe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Regenerative and Biomedical Engineering Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tomita
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute for Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shen H, Pei H, Zhai L, Guan Q, Wang G. Salvianolic acid C improves cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury through suppressing microglial cell M1 polarization and promoting cerebral angiogenesis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109021. [PMID: 35810493 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of salvianolic acid C (SAC), the active ingredient in Salvia miltiorrhiza, in improving cerebral ischemia injury. The mouse microglial cells BV2 and mouse endothelial cells bEnd.3 were used as the objects of study. LPS/IFN-γ was applied to simulate the BV2 polarization, and bEnd.3 cells were treated under hypoxic condition. The BV2 cell polarization level was measured through flow cytometry (FCM), the TLR4 and MyD88 expression levels were detected by fluorescence staining, whereas the expression of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β was analyzed through ELISA. Tubule formation assay was also conducted to observe the tubule formation ability of bEnd.3 cells in vitro, and the level of VEGFR2 was detected by fluorescence staining. Cells were treated with the PKM2 inhibitor IN3, aiming to observe the influence of SAC on glycolysis of BV2 cells. In addition, the mouse model of cerebral ischemia was constructed through the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method, and the pathological changes in brain tissues were detected after SAC intervention. Meanwhile, the levels of IBA-1, CD31 and ZO-1 were determined through histochemical staining. Nissl staining to detect nerve cell damage. In BV2 cell experiment, SAC suppressed the M1 polarization of BV2 cells, reduced the inflammatory factor levels, and inhibited the activation of TLR4 signal through suppressing glycolysis. When PKM2 was suppressed, the effects of SAC were antagonized. In the bEnd.3 model, SAC promoted tubule formation in bEnd.3 cells under hypoxic condition, and increased the expression of VEGFR2 and Notch1. In the mouse model, SAC improved the neurological function in MCAO mice, and inhibited the activation of microglial cells and the expression of inflammatory factors. At the same time, SAC up-regulated the expression of ZO-1 and CD31, and maintained the blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. As a major component of Salvia miltiorrhiza, SAC can suppress microglial cell polarization and promote tubule formation in endothelial cells to exert the neurological repair function in cerebral ischemia. SAC is a multi-functional neuroprotective small molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heping Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, China
| | - Hongyan Pei
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Liping Zhai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, China
| | - Qiaobing Guan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, China.
| | - Genghuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oyeleke MB, Owoyele BV. Saponins and flavonoids from Bacopa floribunda plant extract exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on amyloid beta 1-42-induced Alzheimer's disease in BALB/c mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 288:114997. [PMID: 35033624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.114997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bacopa floribunda (BF), a locally available plant has been employed traditionally as memory enhancer in Southwestern, Nigeria. It has been utilized in traditional and Ayurvedic medicine as brain tonic for enhancing memory, anti-aging and forestalling series of psychological disorders. However, there is a dearth of scientific information on the mechanism(s) of action of important phytochemicals from BF extract on dementia. AIM OF THE STUDY Alzheimer's disease, the commonest form of dementia has been postulated to triple by 2050 as a result of increase in life expectancy. This study therefore assessed and compared the possible mechanism(s) of action of flavonoids and saponins from BF on Amyloid beta (Aβ1-42)-induced dementia in male BALB/c mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty (80) healthy BALB/c mice divided into 10 groups (n = 8) were given a single bilateral ICV injection of Aβ1-42 or normal saline. Graded doses of Saponins and flavonoids (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) were used as treatment for 21 days. Hippocampal homogenates were assayed for the levels of antioxidants, oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory markers. In vitro antioxidant activity of flavonoids and saponins were equally assessed using standard procedures. The extent of microglial activation was quantified through immunohistochemistry procedure. RESULTS Aβ1-42 successfully caused a spike in hippocampal levels of MDA, IL1β, TNF-α including MPO levels and invariably decreased antioxidant activities. Likewise an increase in reactive microglia (microgliosis) was observed. However, crude saponins and flavonoids from BF were able to suppress microgliosis, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation induced by Aβ1- 42 and were observed to be more effective at higher doses of saponins (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) and flavonoid (100 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS Phytochemicals from BF efficiently exhibited dose dependent alleviation of some symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mosunmola Busayo Oyeleke
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B, 5454, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Inflammation Unit, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B, 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - Bamidele Victor Owoyele
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Inflammation Unit, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B, 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wolinski P, Ksiazek-Winiarek D, Glabinski A. Cytokines and Neurodegeneration in Epileptogenesis. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030380. [PMID: 35326336 PMCID: PMC8945903 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common brain disorder characterized by a heterogenous etiology. Its main features are recurrent seizures. Despite many clinical studies, about 30% of cases are refractory to treatment. Recent studies suggested the important role of immune-system elements in its pathogenesis. It was suggested that a deregulated inflammatory process may lead to aberrant neural connectivity and the hyperexcitability of the neuronal network. The aim of our study was the analysis of the expression of inflammatory mediators in a mouse model of epilepsy and their impact on the neurodegeneration process located in the brain. We used the KA-induced model of epilepsy in SJL/J mice and performed the analysis of gene expression and protein levels. We observed the upregulation of IL1β and CXCL12 in the early phase of KA-induced epilepsy and elevated levels of CCL5 at a later time point, compared with control animals. The most important result obtained in our study is the elevation of CXCL2 expression at both studied time points and its correlation with the neurodegeneration observed in mouse brain. Increasing experimental and clinical data suggest the influence of peripheral inflammation on epileptogenesis. Thus, studies focused on the molecular markers of neuroinflammation are of great value and may help deepen our knowledge about epilepsy, leading to the discovery of new drugs.
Collapse
|
6
|
One Brain-All Cells: A Comprehensive Protocol to Isolate All Principal CNS-Resident Cell Types from Brain and Spinal Cord of Adult Healthy and EAE Mice. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030651. [PMID: 33804060 PMCID: PMC7999839 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, the role of each central nervous system (CNS)-resident cell type during inflammation, neurodegeneration, and remission has been frequently addressed. Although protocols for the isolation of different individual CNS-resident cell types exist, none can harvest all of them within a single experiment. In addition, isolation of individual cells is more demanding in adult mice and even more so from the inflamed CNS. Here, we present a protocol for the simultaneous purification of viable single-cell suspensions of all principal CNS-resident cell types (microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons) from adult mice-applicable in healthy mice as well as in EAE. After dissociation of the brain and spinal cord from adult mice, microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and, neurons were isolated via magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). Validations comprised flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, as well as functional analyses (immunoassay and Sholl analysis). The purity of each cell isolation averaged 90%. All cells displayed cell-type-specific morphologies and expressed specific surface markers. In conclusion, this new protocol for the simultaneous isolation of all major CNS-resident cell types from one CNS offers a sophisticated and comprehensive way to investigate complex cellular networks ex vivo and simultaneously reduce mice numbers to be sacrificed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hélie P, Camacho-Toledano C, Lesec L, Seillier C, Miralles AJ, Ortega MC, Guérit S, Lebas H, Bardou I, Vila-Del Sol V, Vivien D, Le Mauff B, Clemente D, Docagne F, Toutirais O. Tissue plasminogen activator worsens experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by complementary actions on lymphoid and myeloid cell responses. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:52. [PMID: 33610187 PMCID: PMC7897384 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease involved in fibrinolysis. It is released by endothelial cells, but also expressed by neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, this enzyme also contributes to pathological processes in the CNS such as neuroinflammation by activating microglia and increasing blood-brain barrier permeability. Nevertheless, its role in the control of adaptive and innate immune response remains poorly understood. METHODS tPA effects on myeloid and lymphoid cell response were studied in vivo in the mouse model of multiple sclerosis experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and in vitro in splenocytes. RESULTS tPA-/- animals exhibited less severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis than their wild-type counterparts. This was accompanied by a reduction in both lymphoid and myeloid cell populations in the spinal cord parenchyma. In parallel, tPA increased T cell activation and proliferation, as well as cytokine production by a protease-dependent mechanism and via plasmin generation. In addition, tPA directly raised the expression of MHC-II and the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 at the surface of dendritic cells and macrophages by a direct action dependent of the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides new insights into the mechanisms responsible for the harmful functions of tPA in multiple sclerosis and its animal models: tPA promotes the proliferation and activation of both lymphoid and myeloid populations by distinct, though complementary, mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Hélie
- UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Normandie Univ, Caen, France
- Present address: Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Celia Camacho-Toledano
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Léonie Lesec
- UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Normandie Univ, Caen, France
| | - Célia Seillier
- UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Normandie Univ, Caen, France
| | - Antonio J Miralles
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Maria Cristina Ortega
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Sylvaine Guérit
- UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Normandie Univ, Caen, France
| | - Héloïse Lebas
- UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Normandie Univ, Caen, France
| | - Isabelle Bardou
- UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Normandie Univ, Caen, France
| | | | - Denis Vivien
- UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Normandie Univ, Caen, France
- Department of Clinical Research, Caen University Hospital, CHU, Caen, France
| | - Brigitte Le Mauff
- UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Normandie Univ, Caen, France
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Caen University Hospital, CHU, Caen, France
| | - Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Fabian Docagne
- UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Normandie Univ, Caen, France.
| | - Olivier Toutirais
- UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Normandie Univ, Caen, France
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Caen University Hospital, CHU, Caen, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Egerman MA, Wong JS, Runxia T, Mosoyan G, Chauhan K, Reyes-Bahamonde J, Anandakrishnan N, Wong NJ, Bagiella E, Salem F, Meliambro K, Li H, Azeloglu EU, Coca SG, Campbell KN, Raij L. Plasminogenuria is associated with podocyte injury, edema, and kidney dysfunction in incident glomerular disease. FASEB J 2020; 34:16191-16204. [PMID: 33070369 PMCID: PMC7686123 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000413r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Urinary plasminogen/plasmin, or plasmin (ogen) uria, has been demonstrated in proteinuric patients and exposure of cultured podocytes to plasminogen results in injury via oxidative stress pathways. A causative role for plasmin (ogen) as a "second hit" in kidney disease progression has yet to have been demonstrated in vivo. Additionally, association between plasmin (ogen) uria and kidney function in glomerular diseases remains unclear. We performed comparative studies in a puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) nephropathy rat model treated with amiloride, an inhibitor of plasminogen activation, and measured changes in plasmin (ogen) uria. In a glomerular disease biorepository cohort (n = 128), we measured time-of-biopsy albuminuria, proteinuria, and plasmin (ogen) uria for correlations with kidney outcomes. In cultured human podocytes, plasminogen treatment was associated with decreased focal adhesion marker expression with rescue by amiloride. Increased glomerular plasmin (ogen) was found in PAN rats and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) patients. PAN nephropathy was associated with increases in plasmin (ogen) uria and proteinuria. Amiloride was protective against PAN-induced glomerular injury, reducing CD36 scavenger receptor expression and oxidative stress. In patients, we found associations between plasmin (ogen) uria and edema status as well as eGFR. Our study demonstrates a role for plasmin (ogen)-induced podocyte injury in the PAN nephropathy model, with amiloride having podocyte-protective properties. In one of the largest glomerular disease cohorts to study plasminogen, we validated previous findings while suggesting a potentially novel relationship between plasmin (ogen) uria and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Together, these findings suggest a role for plasmin (ogen) in mediating glomerular injury and as a viable targetable biomarker for podocyte-sparing treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc A. Egerman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Jenny S. Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Tian Runxia
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
| | - Gohar Mosoyan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Kinsuk Chauhan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | | | | | - Nicholas J. Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Emilia Bagiella
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Population health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Fadi Salem
- Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Kristin Meliambro
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
| | - Evren U. Azeloglu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Steven G. Coca
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Kirk N. Campbell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Leopoldo Raij
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baker SK, Strickland S. A critical role for plasminogen in inflammation. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133866. [PMID: 32159743 PMCID: PMC7144526 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen and its active form, plasmin, have diverse functions related to the inflammatory response in mammals. Due to these roles in inflammation, plasminogen has been implicated in the progression of a wide range of diseases with an inflammatory component. In this review, we discuss the functions of plasminogen in inflammatory regulation and how this system plays a role in the pathogenesis of diseases spanning organ systems throughout the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Baker
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Berköz M, Krośniak M, Özkan-Yılmaz F, Özlüer-Hunt A. Prophylactic effect of Biochanin A in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:330-339. [PMID: 32482108 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1769128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aim/Purpose of the study:Inhibition of microglial activation using phytochemicals may be a potential candidate for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases caused by neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The goal of this study was to investigate the protective role of Biochanin A on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. BV2 microglial cells were treated with LPS in the presence and absence of Biochanin A. Materials and methods: For this aim, nitric oxide production, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88), and toll like receptor-4 (TLR-4) protein expressions, Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels were measured. Results:Biochanin A pretreatment resulted in significant and concentration-dependently reduced the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide, NF-κB p65, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, PGE2, and ROS compared to the untreated group. Biochanin A prophylaxis exerted an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing iNOS, COX-2, MyD88, and TLR-4 protein expressions and Akt and ERK1/2 pathway activation. Conclusion:Taken together, these results show that Biochanin A exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, thus may be beneficial for preventing neurodegenerative diseases mediated by microglial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Berköz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Mirosław Krośniak
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Ferbal Özkan-Yılmaz
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Arzu Özlüer-Hunt
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sultana S, Dey R, Bishayi B. Role of plasminogen activator inhibitor – 1 (PAI-1) in regulating the pathogenesis of S. aureus arthritis via plasminogen pathway. Immunol Lett 2019; 209:53-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
12
|
Mehta BK, Banerjee S. Minocycline reverses diabetes-associated cognitive impairment in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:713-720. [PMID: 31207433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minocycline a tetracycline antibiotic is known for anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions. Here we determine the therapeutic potential of minocycline against type 2 diabetes associated cognitive decline in rats. METHODS High fat diet (HFD) and low dose streptozotocin (STZ; 25 mg/kg) were used to induce diabetes in Sprague-Dawley rats. Fasting blood glucose and haemoglobin (Hb) A1c were measured in these animals. Cognitive parameters were measured using passive avoidance and elevated plus maze test. Hippocampal Acetylcholine esterase (AchE), reduced glutathione (GSH), cytokines, chemokine levels were measured and histopathological evaluations were conducted. The diabetic animals were then given minocycline (50 mg/kg; 15 days) and the above parameters were reassessed. MTT and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays were conducted on neuronal cells in the presence of glucose with or without minocycline treatment. RESULTS We induced diabetes using HFD and STZ in these animals. Animals showed high fasting blood glucose levels (>245 mg/dl) and HbA1c compared to control animals. Diabetes significantly lowered step down latency and increased transfer latency. Diabetic animals showed significantly higher AchE, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin (IL)-1β and Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and lower GSH levels and reduced both CA1 and CA3 neuronal density compared to controls. Minocycline treatment partially reversed the above neurobehavioral and biochemical changes and improved hippocampal neuronal density in diabetic animals. Cell line studies showed glucosemediated neuronal death, which was considerably reversed upon minocycline treatment. CONCLUSIONS Minocycline, primarily by its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions prevented hippocampal neuronal loss thus partially reversing the diabetes-associated cognitive decline in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bina K Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sugato Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Byun EB, Cho EJ, Kim YE, Kim WS, Byun EH. Neuroprotective effect of polysaccharide separated from Perilla frutescens Britton var. acuta Kudo against H 2O 2-induced oxidative stress in HT22 hippocampus cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1344-1358. [PMID: 29629628 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1460572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the neuroprotective activity of polysaccharide extracts isolated from Perilla frutescens (PEPF) in H2O2-treated HT22 hippocampus cells. The PEPF treatment was found to increase the anti-oxidant activities of HT22 hippocampus cells. PEPF treatment resulted in a significant protection of HT22 hippocampus cells against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity, this protection ultimately occurred through an inhibition of ROS-mediated intracellular Ca2+ levels leading to MAPKs and NF-κB, as well as the accumulation of PI3K/AKT and Nrf2-mediated HO-1/NQO1 pathways. Furthermore, PEPF not only decreased the expression of Bax, cytochrome c, and cleaved caspases-3, -8, and -9, but also increased the expression of PARP and Bcl-2 in the H2O2-treated HT22 hippocampus cells, which overall contributed to the neuroprotective action. PEPF retains its mitochondrial membrane potential and reduces the elevated levels of sub-G1 phase and apoptotic morphological features induced by H2O2. It also reduces the malondialdehyde levels and enhances the intracellular SOD activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Baek Byun
- a Advanced Radiation Technology Institute , Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup , Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Cho
- b Department of Food Science and Technology , Kongju National University , Yesan , Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Eun Kim
- b Department of Food Science and Technology , Kongju National University , Yesan , Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Sik Kim
- a Advanced Radiation Technology Institute , Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup , Korea
| | - Eui-Hong Byun
- b Department of Food Science and Technology , Kongju National University , Yesan , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim KW, Kim HJ, Sohn JH, Yim JH, Kim YC, Oh H. Anti-neuroinflammatory effect of 6,8,1'-tri-O-methylaverantin, a metabolite from a marine-derived fungal strain Aspergillus sp., via upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 in lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia. Neurochem Int 2017; 113:8-22. [PMID: 29174381 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the course of searching for anti-neuroinflammatory metabolites from marine-derived fungi, three fungal metabolites, 6,8,1'-tri-O-methylaverantin, 6,8-di-O-methylaverufin, and 5-methoxysterigmatocystin were isolated from a marine-derived fungal strain Aspergillus sp. SF-6796. Among these, 6,8,1'-tri-O-methylaverantin induced the expression of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 protein in BV2 microglial cells. The induction of HO-1 protein was mediated by the activation of nuclear transcription factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), and was regulated by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathways. Furthermore, 6,8,1'-tri-O-methylaverantin suppressed the overproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. These anti-neuroinflammatory effects were mediated through the negative regulation of the nuclear factor kappa B pathway, repressing the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor kappa B-α, translocation into the nucleus of p65/p50 heterodimer, and DNA-binding activity of p65 subunit. The anti-neuroinflammatory effect of 6,8,1'-tri-O-methylaverantin was partially blocked by a selective HO-1 inhibitor, suggesting that its anti-neuroinflammatory effect is at least partly mediated by HO-1 induction. In this study, 6,8,1'-tri-O-methylaverantin also induced HO-1 protein expression in primary microglial cells, and this correlated with anti-neuroinflammatory effects observed in LPS-stimulated primary microglial cells. In conclusion, 6,8,1'-tri-O-methylaverantin represents a potential candidate for use in the development of therapeutic agents for the regulation of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Woo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hak Sohn
- College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan 46958, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung Han Yim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Chul Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuncheol Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gang X, Sun Y, Li F, Yu T, Jiang Z, Zhu X, Jiang Q, Wang Y. Identification of key genes associated with rheumatoid arthritis with bioinformatics approach. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7673. [PMID: 28767591 PMCID: PMC5626145 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to identify key genes associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).The microarray datasets of GSE1919, GSE12021, and GSE21959 (35 RA samples and 32 normal controls) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in RA samples were identified using the t test in limma package. Functional enrichment analysis was performed using clusterProfiler package. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of selected DEGs was constructed based on the Human Protein Reference Database. Active modules were explored using the jActiveModules plug-in in the Cytoscape Network Modeling package.In total, 537 DEGs in RA samples were identified, including 241 upregulated and 296 downregulated genes. A total of 24,451 PPI pairs were collected, and 5 active modules were screened. Furthermore, 19 submodules were acquired from the 5 active modules. Discs large homolog 1 (DLG1) and related DEGs such as guanylate cyclase 1, soluble, alpha 2 (GUCY1A2), N-methyl d-aspartate receptor 2A subunit (GRIN2A), and potassium voltage-gated channel member 1 (KCNA1) were identified in 8 submodules. Plasminogen (PLG) and related DEGs such as chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2), laminin, alpha 3 (LAMA3), complement component 7 (C7), and coagulation factor X (F10) were identified in 4 submodules.Our results indicate that DLG1, GUCY1A2, GRIN2A, KCNA1, PLG, CXCL2, LAMA3, C7, and F10 may play key roles in the progression of RA and may serve as putative therapeutic targets for treating RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Gang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Hematology and oncology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130041, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Tong Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Zhende Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Xiujie Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Qiyao Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The plasminogen activation system in neuroinflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:395-402. [PMID: 26493446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The plasminogen activation (PA) system consists in a group of proteases and protease inhibitors regulating the activation of the zymogen plasminogen into its proteolytically active form, plasmin. Here, we give an update of the current knowledge about the role of the PA system on different aspects of neuroinflammation. These include modification in blood-brain barrier integrity, leukocyte diapedesis, removal of fibrin deposits in nervous tissues, microglial activation and neutrophil functions. Furthermore, we focus on the molecular mechanisms (some of them independent of plasmin generation and even of proteolysis) and target receptors responsible for these effects. The description of these mechanisms of action may help designing new therapeutic strategies targeting the expression, activity and molecular mediators of the PA system in neurological disorders involving neuroinflammatory processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuro Inflammation edited by Helga E. de Vries and Markus Schwaninger.
Collapse
|
17
|
Song Q, Xie D, Pan S, Xu W. Rapamycin protects neurons from brain contusion‑induced inflammatory reaction via modulation of microglial activation. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7203-10. [PMID: 26458361 PMCID: PMC4626160 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory reaction is important in secondary injury following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Rapamycin has been demonstrated as a neuroprotective agent in a mouse model of TBI, however, there is a lack of data regarding the effects of rapamycin on the inflammatory reaction following TBI. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the effects of treatment with rapamycin on inflammatory reactions and examine the possible involvement of microglial activation following TBI. Male imprinting control region mice were randomly divided into four groups: Sham group (n=23), TBI group (n=23), TBI + dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) group (n=31) and TBI + rapamycin group (n=31). Rapamycin was dissolved in DMSO (50 mg/ml) and injected 30 min after TBI (2 mg/Kg; intraperitoneally). A weight-drop model of TBI was induced, and the brain tissues were harvested 24 h after TBI. The findings indicated that the administration of rapamycin following TBI was associated with decreased levels of activated microglia and neuron degeneration at the peri-injury site, reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines and increased neurobehavioral function, possibly mediated by inactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. The results of the present study offer novel insight into the mechanisms responsible for the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of rapamycin, possibly involving the modulation of microglial activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Song
- Department of Healthcare, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Command, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Dujiang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Shiyong Pan
- Department of Healthcare, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Command, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Weijun Xu
- Department of Healthcare, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Command, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Song J, Lee JE. ASK1 modulates the expression of microRNA Let7A in microglia under high glucose in vitro condition. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:198. [PMID: 26041997 PMCID: PMC4438231 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia results in oxidative stress and leads to neuronal apoptosis in the brain. Diabetes studies show that microglia participate in the progression of neuropathogenesis through their involvement in inflammation in vivo and in vitro. In high-glucose-induced inflammation, apoptosis signal regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) triggers the release of apoptosis cytokines and apoptotic gene expression. MicroRNA-Let7A (miR-Let7A) is reported to be a regulator of inflammation. In the present study, we investigated whether miR-Let7A regulates the function of microglia by controlling ASK1 in response to high-glucose-induced oxidative stress. We performed reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction, Taqman assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunocytochemistry to confirm the alteration of microglia function. Our results show that miR-Let7A is associated with the activation of ASK1 and the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin (IL)-10) and Mycs (c-Myc and N-Myc). Thus, the relationship between Let-7A and ASK1 could be a novel target for enhancing the beneficial function of microglia in central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea ; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Woo JH, Lee JH, Kim H, Park SJ, Joe EH, Jou I. Control of Inflammatory Responses: a New Paradigm for the Treatment of Chronic Neuronal Diseases. Exp Neurobiol 2015; 24:95-102. [PMID: 26113788 PMCID: PMC4479815 DOI: 10.5607/en.2015.24.2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The term 'inflammation' was first introduced by Celsus almost 2000 years ago. Biological and medical researchers have shown increasing interest in inflammation over the past few decades, in part due to the emerging burden of chronic and degenerative diseases resulting from the increased longevity that has arisen thanks to modern medicine. Inflammation is believed to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of degenerative brain diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Accordingly, researchers have sought to combat such diseases by controlling inflammatory responses. In this review, we describe the endogenous inflammatory stimulators and signaling pathways in the brain. In particular, our group has focused on the JAK-STAT pathway, identifying anti-inflammatory targets and testing the effects of various anti-inflammatory drugs. This work has shown that the JAK-STAT pathway and its downstream are negatively regulated by phosphatases (SHP2 and MKP-1), inhibitory proteins (SOCS1 and SOCS3) and a nuclear receptor (LXR). These negative regulators are controlled at various levels (e.g. transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational). Future study of these proteins could facilitate the manipulation of the inflammatory response, which plays ubiquitous, diverse and ambivalent roles under physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hong Woo
- Department of Pharmacology, and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | - Jee Hoon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | - Hyunmi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea. ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | - Soo Jung Park
- Department of Pharmacology, and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Pharmacology, and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea. ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Pharmacology, and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea. ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhao X, Kuang D, Duan Y, Xiao G, Ni J, Duan Y, Wang G. Hyperhomocysteinemia regulated SCF expression in cultured cardiomyocytes via modulation of NF-κB activities. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 405:197-203. [PMID: 25896131 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is an important, independent risk factor for coronary artery disease, especially for the myocardial infarction. Our previous study has shown that myocardial stem cell factor (SCF) mediated cardiac stem cells migration, which was involved in cardiac repair. However, it is not clear regarding the action of HHcy on the expression of SCF in cardiomyocytes. In the present study, cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were treated with 20, 50, or 100 μM homocysteine (Hcy) for 5 h. Results showed an significantly increase of SCF expression with 20-50 μM Hcy incubation, which matched with elevated nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activities. Treatment with NF-κB inhibitor N-acetylcysteine significantly inhibited the increase of SCF. Nevertheless, 100 μM Hcy markedly decreased the expression of SCF, which was in accordance with the suppression of NF-κB activities. The present study indicated that HHcy regulated the expression of SCF in a concentration-dependent manner via modulation of NF-κB activities. Thus, HHcy may increase the risk for cardiovascular diseases not only by causing endothelial dysfunction but also by directly exerting detrimental effects on cardiomyocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Da Dao, Wuhan, 430030, China,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Talukdar A, Sharma KA, Rai R, Deka D, Rao DN. Effect of Coenzyme Q10 on Th1/Th2 Paradigm in Females with Idiopathic Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 74:169-80. [PMID: 25800618 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Recurrent pregnancy loss is characterized by predominant Th1-type immunity and increased reactive oxygen species. Low levels of Coenzyme Q10 are found in the plasma of RPL as compared to healthy pregnant females. Our aim was to investigate whether in vitro supplementation of PBMCs from such females with CoQ10 could change the observed Th1 bias. METHOD OF STUDY PBMCs were isolated from 20 RPL pregnant and non-pregnant females and 16 healthy pregnant females and incubated with CoQ10 in in vitro conditions. Phenotyping of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells was performed by flow cytometry. Cytokine levels were determined by ELISA. RESULTS PBMCs treated with CoQ10 showed significantly decreased percentage of Th1 cells (P < 0.005) in pregnant females with history of RPL than in the untreated ones. Also, levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α were significantly decreased in the culture supernatant of treated PBMCs from RPL. DCFDA staining showed significantly reduced production of ROS in the treated PBMCs in RPL females. CONCLUSION CoQ10 was effective in maintaining the immune homeostasis by reducing the proportion of IFN-γ-producing T cells and proinflammatory cytokine levels in the RPL pregnant females. This property could be attributed to the capability of CoQ10 in reducing oxidative stress by decreasing ROS production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayantika Talukdar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Kandala Aparna Sharma
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Reeta Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Dipika Deka
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee JY, Kang SR, Yune TY. Fluoxetine prevents oligodendrocyte cell death by inhibiting microglia activation after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:633-44. [PMID: 25366938 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte cell death and axon demyelination after spinal cord injury (SCI) are known to be important secondary injuries contributing to permanent neurological disability. Thus, blocking oligodendrocyte cell death should be considered for therapeutic intervention after SCI. Here, we demonstrated that fluoxetine, an antidepressant drug, alleviates oligodendrocyte cell death by inhibiting microglia activation after SCI. After injury at the T9 level with a Precision Systems and Instrumentation (Lexington, KY) device, fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) was administered once a day for the indicated time points. Immunostaining with CD11b (OX-42) antibody and quantification analysis showed that microglia activation was significantly inhibited by fluoxetine at 5 days after injury. Fluoxetine also significantly inhibited activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) and expression of pro-nerve growth factor (pro-NGF), which is known to mediate oligodendrocyte cell death through the p75 neurotrophin receptor after SCI. In addition, fluoxetine attenuated activation of Ras homolog gene family member A and decreased the level of phosphorylated c-Jun and, ultimately, alleviated caspase-3 activation and significantly reduced cell death of oligodendrocytes at 5 days after SCI. Further, the decrease of myelin basic protein, myelin loss, and axon loss in white matter was also significantly blocked by fluoxetine, as compared to vehicle control. These results suggest that fluoxetine inhibits oligodendrocyte cell death by inhibiting microglia activation and p38-MAPK activation, followed by pro-NGF production after SCI, and provide a potential usage of fluoxetine for a therapeutic agent after acute SCI in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jee Y Lee
- 1 Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University , Seoul, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang JY, Xue X, Tian H, Wang XX, Dong YX, Wang F, Zhao YN, Yao XC, Cui W, Wu CF. Role of microglia in ethanol-induced neurodegenerative disease: Pathological and behavioral dysfunction at different developmental stages. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:321-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
24
|
Plasmin-dependent modulation of the blood-brain barrier: a major consideration during tPA-induced thrombolysis? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1283-96. [PMID: 24896566 PMCID: PMC4126105 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasmin, the principal downstream product of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), is known for its potent fibrin-degrading capacity but is also recognized for many non-fibrinolytic activities. Curiously, plasmin has not been conclusively linked to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption during recombinant tPA (rtPA)-induced thrombolysis in ischemic stroke. This is surprising given the substantial involvement of tPA in the modulation of BBB permeability and the co-existence of tPA and plasminogen in both blood and brain throughout the ischemic event. Here, we review the work that argues a role for plasmin together with endogenous tPA or rtPA in BBB alteration, presenting the overall controversy around the topic yet creating a rational case for an involvement of plasmin in this process.
Collapse
|
25
|
Melatonin reduced microglial activation and alleviated neuroinflammation induced neuron degeneration in experimental traumatic brain injury: Possible involvement of mTOR pathway. Neurochem Int 2014; 76:23-31. [PMID: 24995391 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to detect the modulation manner of melatonin on microglial activation and explore herein possible involvement of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway following traumatic brain injury (TBI). ICR mice were divided into four groups: sham group, TBI group, TBI+sal group and TBI+Melatonin group. A weight-drop model was employed to cause TBI. Neurological severity score (NSS) tests were performed to measure behavioral outcomes. Nissl staining was conducted to observe the neuronal degeneration and wet-to-dry weight ratio indicated brain water content. Immunofluorescence was designed to investigate microglial activation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to evaluate proinflammatory cytokine levels (interleukin-beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)). Western blotting was engaged to analyze the protein content of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (p70S6K) and S6 ribosomal protein (S6RP). Melatonin administration was associated with markedly restrained microglial activation, decreased release of proinflammatory cytokines and increased the number of surviving neurons at the site of peri-contusion. Meanwhile, melatonin administration resulted in dephosphorylated mTOR pathway. In conclusion, this study presents a new insight into the mechanisms responsible for the anti-neuroinflammation of melatonin, with possible involvement of mTOR pathway.
Collapse
|
26
|
Kim JH, Jou I, Joe EH. Suppression of miR-155 Expression in IFN-γ-Treated Astrocytes and Microglia by DJ-1: A Possible Mechanism for Maintaining SOCS1 Expression. Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:148-54. [PMID: 24963279 PMCID: PMC4065828 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.2.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that DJ-1, encoded by a Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated gene, inhibits expression of proinflammatory mediators in interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-treated astrocytes and microglia through inhibition of STAT1 activation. Here, using microglia and astrocytes cultured from wild-type (WT) and DJ-1-knockout (KO) mouse brains, we examined how DJ-1 regulates suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), a negative feedback regulator of STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription) that is also induced by STAT1. We found that IFN-γ significantly increased SOCS1 mRNA expression in WT microglia and astrocytes, but not in KO cells, although STAT1 was highly activated in these latter cells. We further found that SOCS mRNA stability was decreased in DJ-1-KO cells, an effect that appeared to be mediated by the microRNA, miR-155. IFN-γ increased the levels of miR-155 in DJ-1-KO cells but not in WT cells. In addition, an miR-155 inhibitor rescued SOCS1 expression and decreased STAT1 activation in DJ-1-KO cells. Taken together, these results suggest that DJ-1 efficiently regulates inflammation by maintaining SOCS1 expression through regulation of miR-155 levels, even under conditions in which STAT1 activation is decreased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang D, Couture R, Hong Y. Activated microglia in the spinal cord underlies diabetic neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 728:59-66. [PMID: 24508519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is an increasingly common chronic medical condition. Approximately 30% of diabetic patients develop neuropathic pain, manifested as spontaneous pain, hyperalgesia and allodynia. Hyperglycemia induces metabolic changes in peripheral tissues and enhances oxidative stress in nerve fibers. The damages and subsequent reactive inflammation affect structural properties of Schwann cells and axons leading to the release of neuropoietic mediators, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-nociceptive mediators. Therefore, diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) shares some histological features and underlying mechanisms with traumatic neuropathy. DNP displays, however, other distinct features; for instance, sensory input to the spinal cord decreases rather than increasing in diabetic patients. Consequently, development of central sensitization in DNP involves mechanisms that are distinct from traumatic neuropathic pain. In DNP, the contribution of spinal cord microglia activation to central sensitization and pain processes is emerging as a new concept. Besides inflammation in the periphery, hyperglycemia and the resulting production of reactive oxygen species affect the local microenvironment in the spinal cord. All these alterations could trigger resting and sessile microglia to the activated phenotype. In turn, microglia synthesize and release pro-inflammatory cytokines and neuroactive molecules capable of inducing hyperactivity of spinal nociceptive neurons. Hence, it is imperative to elucidate glial mechanisms underlying DNP for the development of effective therapeutic agents. The present review highlights the recent developments regarding the contribution of spinal microglia as compelling target for the treatment of DNP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Fujian Normal University, New campus, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Réjean Couture
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Downtown, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Yanguo Hong
- College of Life Sciences and Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Fujian Normal University, New campus, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People׳s Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fann DYW, Lee SY, Manzanero S, Chunduri P, Sobey CG, Arumugam TV. Pathogenesis of acute stroke and the role of inflammasomes. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:941-66. [PMID: 24103368 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an innate immune response to infection or tissue damage that is designed to limit harm to the host, but contributes significantly to ischemic brain injury following stroke. The inflammatory response is initiated by the detection of acute damage via extracellular and intracellular pattern recognition receptors, which respond to conserved microbial structures, termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns or host-derived danger signals termed damage-associated molecular patterns. Multi-protein complexes known as inflammasomes (e.g. containing NLRP1, NLRP2, NLRP3, NLRP6, NLRP7, NLRP12, NLRC4, AIM2 and/or Pyrin), then process these signals to trigger an effector response. Briefly, signaling through NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasomes produces cleaved caspase-1, which cleaves both pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 into their biologically active mature pro-inflammatory cytokines that are released into the extracellular environment. This review will describe the molecular structure, cellular signaling pathways and current evidence for inflammasome activation following cerebral ischemia, and the potential for future treatments for stroke that may involve targeting inflammasome formation or its products in the ischemic brain.
Collapse
|
29
|
Woller SA, Hook MA. Opioid administration following spinal cord injury: implications for pain and locomotor recovery. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:328-41. [PMID: 23501709 PMCID: PMC3742731 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one-third of people with a spinal cord injury (SCI) will experience persistent neuropathic pain following injury. This pain negatively affects quality of life and is difficult to treat. Opioids are among the most effective drug treatments, and are commonly prescribed, but experimental evidence suggests that opioid treatment in the acute phase of injury can attenuate recovery of locomotor function. In fact, spinal cord injury and opioid administration share several common features (e.g. central sensitization, excitotoxicity, aberrant glial activation) that have been linked to impaired recovery of function, as well as the development of pain. Despite these effects, the interactions between opioid use and spinal cord injury have not been fully explored. A review of the literature, described here, suggests that caution is warranted when administering opioids after SCI. Opioid administration may synergistically contribute to the pathology of SCI to increase the development of pain, decrease locomotor recovery, and leave individuals at risk for infection. Considering these negative implications, it is important that guidelines are established for the use of opioids following spinal cord and other central nervous system injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Woller
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kim JH, Choi DJ, Jeong HK, Kim J, Kim DW, Choi SY, Park SM, Suh YH, Jou I, Joe EH. DJ-1 facilitates the interaction between STAT1 and its phosphatase, SHP-1, in brain microglia and astrocytes: A novel anti-inflammatory function of DJ-1. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 60:1-10. [PMID: 23969237 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder caused by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Importantly, altered astrocyte and microglial functions could contribute to neuronal death in PD. In this study, we demonstrate a novel mechanism by which DJ-1 (PARK7), an early onset autosomal-recessive PD gene, negatively regulates inflammatory responses of astrocytes and microglia by facilitating the interaction between STAT1 and its phosphatase, SHP-1 (Src-homology 2-domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1). Astrocytes and microglia cultured from DJ-1-knockout (KO) mice exhibited increased expression of inflammatory mediators and phosphorylation levels of STAT1 (p-STAT1) in response to interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) compared to cells from wild-type (WT) mice. DJ-1 deficiency also attenuated IFN-γ-induced interactions of SHP-1 with p-STAT1 and STAT1, measured 1 and 12h after IFN-γ treatment, respectively. Subsequent experiments showed that DJ-1 directly interacts with SHP-1, p-STAT1, and STAT1. Notably, DJ-1 bound to SHP-1 independently of IFN-γ, whereas the interactions of DJ-1 with p-STAT1 and STAT1 were dependent on IFN-γ. Similar results were obtained in brain slice cultures, where IFN-γ induced much stronger STAT1 phosphorylation and inflammatory responses in KO slices than in WT slices. Moreover, IFN-γ treatment induced neuronal damage in KO slices. Collectively, these findings suggest that DJ-1 may function as a scaffold protein that facilitates SHP-1 interactions with p-STAT1 and STAT1, thereby preventing extensive and prolonged STAT1 activation. Thus, the loss of DJ-1 function may increase the risk of PD by enhancing brain inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-hyeon Kim
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Republic of Korea; National Research Lab of Brain Inflammation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Republic of Korea; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jeong HK, Ji K, Min K, Joe EH. Brain inflammation and microglia: facts and misconceptions. Exp Neurobiol 2013; 22:59-67. [PMID: 23833554 PMCID: PMC3699675 DOI: 10.5607/en.2013.22.2.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
THE INFLAMMATION THAT ACCOMPANIES ACUTE INJURY HAS DUAL FUNCTIONS: bactericidal action and repair. Bactericidal functions protect damaged tissue from infection, and repair functions are initiated to aid in the recovery of damaged tissue. Brain injury is somewhat different from injuries in other tissues in two respects. First, many cases of brain injury are not accompanied by infection: there is no chance of pathogens to enter in ischemia or even in traumatic injury if the skull is intact. Second, neurons are rarely regenerated once damaged. This raises the question of whether bactericidal inflammation really occurs in the injured brain; if so, how is this type of inflammation controlled? Many brain inflammation studies have been conducted using cultured microglia (brain macrophages). Even where animal models have been used, the behavior of microglia and neurons has typically been analyzed at or after the time of neuronal death, a time window that excludes the inflammatory response, which begins immediately after the injury. Therefore, to understand the patterns and roles of brain inflammation in the injured brain, it is necessary to analyze the behavior of all cell types in the injured brain immediately after the onset of injury. Based on our experience with both in vitro and in vivo experimental models of brain inflammation, we concluded that not only microglia, but also astrocytes, blood inflammatory cells, and even neurons participate and/or regulate brain inflammation in the injured brain. Furthermore, brain inflammation played by these cells protects neurons and repairs damaged microenvironment but not induces neuronal damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hey-Kyeong Jeong
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Korea. ; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Korea. ; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Korea. ; National Research Lab of Brain Inflammation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bae SK, Heo CH, Choi DJ, Sen D, Joe EH, Cho BR, Kim HM. A Ratiometric Two-Photon Fluorescent Probe Reveals Reduction in Mitochondrial H2S Production in Parkinson’s Disease Gene Knockout Astrocytes. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9915-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ja404004v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Keun Bae
- Division of Energy Systems Research,
Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Cheol Ho Heo
- Division of Energy Systems Research,
Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Dong Joo Choi
- Department of Pharmacology/Neuroscience
Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721,
Korea
| | - Debabrata Sen
- Division of Energy Systems Research,
Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Pharmacology/Neuroscience
Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721,
Korea
| | - Bong Rae Cho
- Department of Chemistry,
Korea
University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Hwan Myung Kim
- Division of Energy Systems Research,
Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Glutathione-mediated intracellular release of anti-inflammatory N-acetyl-L-cysteine from mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Macromol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-013-1082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
34
|
Suzuki T, Sakata H, Kato C, Connor JA, Morita M. Astrocyte activation and wound healing in intact-skull mouse after focal brain injury. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:3653-64. [PMID: 23013365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Localised brain tissue damage activates surrounding astrocytes, which significantly influences subsequent long-term pathological processes. Most existing focal brain injury models in rodents employ craniotomy to localise mechanical insults. However, the craniotomy procedure itself induces gliosis. To investigate perilesional astrocyte activation under conditions in which the skull is intact, we created focal brain injuries using light exposure through a cranial window made by thinning the skull without inducing gliosis. The lesion size was maximal at ~ 12 h and showed substantial recovery over the subsequent 30 days. Two distinct types of perilesional reactive astrocyte, identified by GFAP upregulation and hypertrophy, were found. In proximal regions the reactive astrocytes proliferated and expressed nestin, whereas in regions distal to the injury core the astrocytes showed increased GFAP expression but did not proliferate, lacked nestin expression, and displayed different morphology. Simply making the window did not induce any of these changes. There were also significant numbers of neurons in the recovering cortical tissue. In the recovery region, reactive astrocytes radially extended processes which appeared to influence the shapes of neuronal nuclei. The proximal reactive astrocytes also formed a cell layer which appeared to serve as a protective barrier, blocking the spread of IgG deposition and migration of microglia from the lesion core to surrounding tissue. The recovery was preceded by perilesional accumulation of leukocytes expressing vascular endothelial growth factor. These results suggest that, under intact skull conditions, focal brain injury is followed by perilesional reactive astrocyte activities that foster cortical tissue protection and recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Boyadjieva NI, Sarkar DK. Microglia play a role in ethanol-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in developing hypothalamic neurons. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 37:252-62. [PMID: 22823548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animals exposed to alcohol during the developmental period develop many physiological and behavioral problems because of neuronal loss in various brain areas including the hypothalamus. Because alcohol exposure is known to induce oxidative stress in developing neurons, we tested whether hypothalamic cells from the fetal brain exposed to ethanol (EtOH) may alter the cell-cell communication between neurons and microglia, thereby leading to increased oxidative stress and the activation of apoptotic processes in the neuronal population in the hypothalamus. METHODS Using enriched neuronal and microglial cells from fetal rat hypothalami, we measured cellular levels of various oxidants (O2 -, reactive oxygen species, nitrite), antioxidants (glutathione [GSH]), antioxidative enzymes (glutathione peroxidase [GSH-Px], catalase, superoxide dismutase) and apoptotic death in neurons in the presence and absence of EtOH or EtOH-treated microglial culture medium. Additionally, we tested the effectiveness of antioxidative agents in preventing EtOH or EtOH-treated microglial conditioned medium actions on oxidative stress and apoptosis in neuronal cell cultures. RESULTS Neuronal cell cultures showed increased oxidative stress, as demonstrated by higher cellular levels of oxidants but lower levels of antioxidant and antioxidative enzymes, as well as, increased apoptotic death following treatment with EtOH. These effects of EtOH on oxidative stress and cell death were enhanced by the presence of microglia. Antioxidative agents protected developing hypothalamic neurons from oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis which is caused by EtOH or EtOH-treated microglial culture medium. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that exposure of developing hypothalamic neurons to EtOH increases cellular apoptosis via the effects on oxidative stress of neurons directly and via increasing production of microglial-derived factor(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadka I Boyadjieva
- Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences (NIB, DKS), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Montano MAE, da Cruz IBM, Duarte MMMF, Krewer CDC, da Rocha MIDUM, Mânica-Cattani MF, Soares FAA, Rosa G, Maris AF, Battiston FG, Trott A, Lera JPB. Inflammatory cytokines in vitro production are associated with Ala16Val superoxide dismutase gene polymorphism of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cytokine 2012; 60:30-3. [PMID: 22688013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is considered a chronic low-grade inflammatory state associated with a chronic oxidative stress caused by superoxide production (O(2)(-)). The superoxide dismutase manganese dependent (SOD2) catalyzes O(2)(-) in H(2)O(2) into mitochondria and is encoded by a single gene that presents a common polymorphism that results in the replacement of alanine (A) with a valine (V) in the 16 codon. This polymorphism has been implicated in a decreased efficiency of SOD2 transport into targeted mitochondria in V allele carriers. Previous studies described an association between VV genotype and metabolic diseases, including obesity and diabetes. However, the causal mechanisms to explain this association need to be more elucidated. We postulated that the polymorphism could influence the inflammatory response. To test our hypothesis, we evaluated the in vitro cytokines production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) carrier's different Ala16Val-SOD2 genotypes (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ). Additionally, we evaluated if the culture medium glucose, enriched insulin, could influence the cytokine production. Higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines were observed in VV-PBMCs when compared to AA-PBMCs. However, the culture medium glucose and enriched insulin did not affect cytokine production. The results suggest that Ala16Val-SOD2 gene polymorphism could trigger the PBMCs proinflammatory cytokines level. However, discerning if a similar mechanism occurs in fat cells is an open question.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Aurélio Echart Montano
- Laboratory of Molecular Aspects Associated to Genetic Diseases, University of Western Santa Catarina, Unoesc, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kim Y, Choi Y, Ham H, Jeong HS, Lee J. Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Effects of Oligomeric and Polymeric Procyanidin Fractions from Defatted Grape Seed in PC12 Cells. J Med Food 2012; 15:490-4. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Younghwa Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Youngmin Choi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Hyeonmi Ham
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Heon-Sang Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Junsoo Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Neural inflammation and the microglial response in diabetic retinopathy. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor 2012; 4:25-33. [PMID: 23614055 DOI: 10.1007/s12177-012-9086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This chapter reviews the function of microglia and their potential roles in neural inflammation and pathological changes during diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
|
39
|
Moon YJ, Lee JY, Oh MS, Pak YK, Park KS, Oh TH, Yune TY. Inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress by Angelica dahuricae radix extract decreases apoptotic cell death and improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Res 2011; 90:243-56. [PMID: 21922518 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress play major roles in the pathogenesis after spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we examined the neuroprotective effects of Angelica dahuricae radix (ADR) extract after SCI. ADR extract significantly decreased the levels of proinflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglial cell line, BV2 cells. ADR extract also significantly alleviated the level of reactive oxygen species in LPS-activated BV2 cells. To examine the neuroprotective effect of ADR extract after SCI, spinally injured rats were administered ADR extract orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg for 14 days. ADR extract treatment significantly reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2. The levels of superoxide anion (O(2·)(-)) and protein nitration were also significantly decreased by ADR extract. In addition, ADR extract inhibited p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and pronerve growth factor expression in microglia after SCI. Furthermore, ADR extract significantly inhibited caspase-3 activation following apoptotic cell death of neurons and oligodendrocytes, thereby improving functional recovery after injury. Thus, our data suggest that ADR extract provides neuroprotection by alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress and can be used as an orally administered therapeutic agent for acute SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youn Joo Moon
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Minocycline attenuates the development of diabetic neuropathic pain: Possible anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 661:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
41
|
Jeong GS, Lee DS, Kim DC, Jahng Y, Son JK, Lee SH, Kim YC. Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of mollugin via up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 in mouse hippocampal and microglial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 654:226-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
42
|
Li G, Bauer S, Nowak M, Norwood B, Tackenberg B, Rosenow F, Knake S, Oertel WH, Hamer HM. Cytokines and epilepsy. Seizure 2011; 20:249-56. [PMID: 21216630 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder affecting approximately 8 out of 1000 people. Its pathophysiology, however, has remained elusive in many regards. Consequently, adequate seizure control is still lacking in about one third of patients. Cytokines are soluble mediators of cell communication that are critical in immune regulation. In recent years, studies have shown that epileptic seizures can induce the production of cytokines, which in turn influence the pathogenesis and course of epilepsies. At the time of this review, the focus is mostly on interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding these cytokines and their potential roles in epilepsy. The focus concentrates on their expression and influence on induced seizures in animal models of epilepsy, as well as findings in human studies. Both proconvulsive and anticonvulsive effects have been reported for each of these molecules. One possible explanation for this phenomenon is that cytokines play dichotomous roles through multiple pathways, each of which is dependent on free concentration and available receptors. Furthermore, the immune-mediated leakage in the blood-brain-barrier also plays an important role in epileptogenesis. Nonetheless, these observations demonstrate the multifarious nature of cytokine networks and the complex relationship between the immune system and epilepsy. Future studies are warranted to further clarify the influence of the immune system on epilepsy and vice versa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Str. 8, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jenny M, Klieber M, Zaknun D, Schroecksnadel S, Kurz K, Ledochowski M, Schennach H, Fuchs D. In vitro testing for anti-inflammatory properties of compounds employing peripheral blood mononuclear cells freshly isolated from healthy donors. Inflamm Res 2010; 60:127-35. [PMID: 20740299 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammation is crucially involved in a variety of diseases like autoimmune syndromes, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, sepsis and allograft rejection. METHODS Freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are used as a screening assay for anti-inflammatory properties of compounds. Determinations of neopterin production by ELISA and of tryptophan degradation by HPLC are used as read-outs. Results are compared with further markers of immune response and oxidative stress. RESULTS Phytohaemagglutinin induced significant tryptophan degradation and neopterin formation in PBMC, which correlated with IFN-γ, TNF-α, soluble cytokine receptors and isoprostane-8. Addition of vitamin C and E suppressed the responses dose-dependently. DISCUSSION The determination of tryptophan degradation and neopterin production in PBMC reflects various pro- and anti-inflammatory cascades that are of relevance also in patients. It constitutes a robust and reliable approach to screen anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive drugs and may improve throughput, speed and cost-effectiveness in drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Jenny
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz Pregl Strasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
The Potential Role of Cannabinoids in Modulating Serotonergic Signaling by Their Influence on Tryptophan Metabolism. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:2647-2660. [PMID: 27713369 PMCID: PMC4033942 DOI: 10.3390/ph3082647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids present in Cannabis plants are well known to exert potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Previously, we have demonstrated that the psychoactive D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and the non-psychotropic cannabidiol (CBD) modulate mitogen-induced Th1-type immune responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The suppressive effect of both cannabinoids on mitogen-induced tryptophan degradation mediated by indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), suggests an additional mechanism by which antidepressive effects of cannabinoids might be linked to the serotonergic system. Here, we will review the role of tryptophan metabolism in the course of cell mediated immune responses and the relevance of cannabinoids in serotonergic signaling. We conclude that in particular the non-psychotropic CBD might be useful for the treatment of mood disorders in patients with inflammatory diseases, since this cannabinoid seems to be safe and its effects on activation-induced tryptophan degradation by CBD were more potent as compared to THC.
Collapse
|
45
|
Choi DC, Lee JY, Moon YJ, Kim SW, Oh TH, Yune TY. Acupuncture-mediated inhibition of inflammation facilitates significant functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 39:272-82. [PMID: 20382225 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we first demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of acupuncture after SCI. Acupuncture applied at two specific acupoints, Shuigou (GV26) and Yanglingquan (GB34) significantly alleviated apoptotic cell death of neurons and oligodendrocytes, thereby leading to improved functional recovery after SCI. Acupuncture also inhibited caspase-3 activation and reduced the size of lesion cavity and extent of loss of axons. We also found that the activation of both p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and resident microglia after injury are significantly attenuated by acupuncture. In addition, acupuncture significantly reduced the expression or activation of pro-nerve growth factor, proinflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, nitric oxide synthase, cycloxygenase-2, and matrix metalloprotease-9 after SCI. Thus, our results suggest that the neuroprotection by acupuncture may be partly mediated via inhibition of inflammation and microglial activation after SCI and acupuncture can be used as a potential therapeutic tool for treating acute spinal injury in human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doo C Choi
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Li J, Wang C, Zhang JH, Cai JM, Cao YP, Sun XJ. Hydrogen-rich saline improves memory function in a rat model of amyloid-beta-induced Alzheimer's disease by reduction of oxidative stress. Brain Res 2010; 1328:152-61. [PMID: 20171955 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study is to examine if hydrogen-rich saline reduced amyloid beta (Abeta) induced neural inflammation, and learning and memory deficits in a rat model. S-D male rats (n=84, 280-330g) were divided into three groups, sham-operated, Abeta1-42 injected and Abeta1-42 plus hydrogen-rich saline-treated animals. Hydrogen-rich saline (5ml/kg, i.p., daily) was injected for 14days after intracerebroventricular injection of Abeta1-42. The levels of MDA, IL-6 and TNF-alpha were assessed by biochemical and ELISA analysis. Morris Water Maze and open field task were used to assess the memory dysfunction and motor dysfunction, respectively. LTP were used to detect the electrophysiology changes, HNE and GFAP immunohistochemistry were used to assess the oxidative stress and glial cell activation. After Abeta1-42 injection, the levels of MDA, IL-6, and TNF-alpha were increased in brain tissues and hydrogen-rich saline treatment suppressed MDA, IL-6, and TNF-alpha concentration. Hydrogen-rich saline treatment improved Morris Water Maze and enhanced LTP in hippocampus blocked by Abeta1-42. Furthermore, hydrogen-rich saline treatment also decreased the immunoreactivitiy of HNE and GFAP in hippocampus induced by Abeta1-42. In conclusion, hydrogen-rich saline prevented Abeta-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which may contribute to the improvement of memory dysfunction in this rat model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shengyang, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wang B, Navath RS, Romero R, Kannan S, Kannan R. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of anionic dendrimer-N-acetyl cysteine conjugates in activated microglial cells. Int J Pharm 2009; 377:159-68. [PMID: 19463931 PMCID: PMC3917717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendrimers are emerging as potential intracellular drug delivery vehicles. Understanding and improving the cellular efficacy of dendrimer-drug conjugates, can lead to significant in vivo benefits. This study explores efficacy of anionic polyamidoamine (PAMAM-COOH) dendrimer-N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) conjugates for applications in neuroinflammation. The anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of PAMAM-(COOH)(46)-(NAC)(18) conjugate is evaluated on microglial cells in vitro. Cell entry and localization of PAMAM-(COOH)(62)-(FITC)(2) conjugate in BV-2 microglial cells were assessed using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. ELISA assays were used to evaluate markers of oxidative stress (ROS, NO) and inflammation (TNF-alpha) after stimulation of microglial cells with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), following treatment with increasing doses of free N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or PAMAM-(COOH)(46)-(NAC)(18) conjugate containing an equivalent molar concentration of NAC. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy demonstrated the PAMAM-(COOH)(62)-(FITC)(2) conjugate entered BV-2 cells rapidly with significant increase in fluorescence within 15 min and localized mostly in the cytoplasm. PAMAM-(COOH)(46)-(NAC)(18) conjugate was non-toxic, and significantly reduced ROS, NO and TNF-alpha release by activated microglial cells after 24 h and 72 h stimulation of LPS following 3h pre-treatment when compared to the same concentration of free NAC (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Anionic PAMAM dendrimer-NAC conjugate was synthesized with a glutathione sensitive linker for intracellular release. The non-toxic conjugate is a more effective anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent when compared to free NAC in vitro. The conjugate showed significant efficacy even at the lowest dose (0.5mM NAC), where the activity was comparable or better than that of free drug at 8mM (16x higher dosage). The improved efficacy of the conjugate, when combined with the intrinsic neuroinflammation-targeting ability of the PAMAM dendrimers, may provide new opportunities for in vivo applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Department of Pediatrics (Critical Care Medicine), Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - RS Navath
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - R Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - S Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics (Critical Care Medicine), Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - R Kannan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yune TY, Lee JY, Cui CM, Kim HC, Oh TH. Neuroprotective effect of Scutellaria baicalensis on spinal cord injury in rats. J Neurochem 2009; 110:1276-87. [PMID: 19519665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has been known to play an important role in the pathogenesis after spinal cord injury (SCI). Microglia are activated after injury and produce a variety of proinflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, cyclooxygenase-2, and reactive oxygen species leading to apoptosis of neurons and oligodendrocytes. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of total ethanol extract of Scutellaria baicalensis (EESB), after SCI. Using primary microglial cultures, EESB treatment significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of such inflammatory mediators as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production were significantly attenuated by EESB treatment. For in vivo study, rats that had received a moderate spinal cord contusion injury at T9 received EESB orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg. EESB inhibited expression of proinflammatory factors and protein carbonylation and nitration after SCI. EESB also inhibited microglial activation at 4 h after injury. Furthermore, EESB significantly inhibited apoptotic cell death of neurons and oligodendrocytes and improved functional recovery after SCI. Lesion cavity and myelin loss were also reduced following EESB treatment. Thus, our data suggest that EESB significantly improve functional recovery by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Y Yune
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Jenny M, Santer E, Klein A, Ledochowski M, Schennach H, Ueberall F, Fuchs D. Cacao extracts suppress tryptophan degradation of mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 122:261-267. [PMID: 19330924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The fruits of Theobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae) have been used as food and a remedy for more than 4000 years. Today, about 100 therapeutic applications of cacao are described involving the gastrointestinal, nervous, cardiovascular and immune systems. Pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma and related biochemical pathways like tryptophan degradation by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and neopterin formation are closely associated with the pathogenesis of such disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine the anti-inflammatory effect of cacao extracts on interferon-gamma and biochemical consequences in immunocompetent cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Effects of aqueous or ethanolic extracts of cacao were examined on mitogen-induced human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy donors and on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated myelomonocytic THP-1 cells. Antioxidant activity of extracts was determined by oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) assay. RESULTS In mitogen-stimulated PBMC, enhanced degradation of tryptophan, formation of neopterin and interferon-gamma were almost completely suppressed by the cacao extracts at doses of > or = 5 microg/mL. Cacao extracts had no effect on tryptophan degradation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated THP-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant suppressive effect of cacao extracts on pro-inflammatory pathways in activated T-cells. Particularly the influence on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase could relate to some of the beneficial health effects ascribed to cacao.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Jenny
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Pregl-Str. 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kurtoglu YE, Navath RS, Wang B, Kannan S, Romero R, Kannan RM. Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-drug conjugates with disulfide linkages for intracellular drug delivery. Biomaterials 2009; 30:2112-21. [PMID: 19171376 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and improving drug release kinetics from dendrimer-drug conjugates are key steps to improve their in vivo efficacy. N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC) is an anti-inflammatory agent with significant potential for clinical use in the treatment of neuroinflammation, stroke and cerebral palsy. There is a need for delivery of NAC which can enhance its efficacy, reduce dosage and prevent it from binding plasma proteins. For this purpose, a poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-NAC conjugate that contains a disulfide linkage was synthesized and evaluated for its release kinetics in the presence of glutathione (GSH), cysteine (Cys), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) at both physiological and lysosomal pH. The results indicate that the prepared conjugate can deliver approximately 60% of its NAC payload within 1h at intracellular GSH concentrations at physiological pH, whereas the conjugate did not release any drug at plasma GSH levels. The stability of the conjugate in the presence of bovine serum albumin at plasma concentrations was also demonstrated. The efficacy of the dendrimer-NAC conjugate was measured in activated microglial cells (target cells in vivo) using the reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay. The conjugates showed an order of magnitude increase in antioxidant activity compared to free drug. When combined with intrinsic and ligand-based targeting with dendrimers, these types of GSH sensitive nanodevices can lead to improved drug release profiles and in vivo efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunus E Kurtoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|