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Liu Y, Zhu Y, Wang L, Li K, Du N, Pan X, Li Y, Cao R, Li B, Lin H, Song Y, Zhang Y, Wu X, Hu C, Wang Y, Liao S, Huang Y. Acid-sensitive ion channel 1a regulates TNF-α expression in LPS-induced acute lung injury via ERS-CHOP-C/EBPα signaling pathway. Mol Immunol 2023; 153:25-35. [PMID: 36403431 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lung injury (ALI) is the local inflammatory response of the lungs involved in a variety of inflammatory cells. Macrophages are immune cells and inflammatory cells widely distributed in the body. Acid-sensitive ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) is involved in the occurrence of ALI, but the mechanism is still unclear. METHODS Kunming mouse were stimulated by Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to establish ALI model in vivo, and RAW264.7 cells were stimulated by LPS to establish inflammatory model in vitro. Amiloride was used as a blocker of ASIC1a to treat mice, and dexamethasone was used as a positive drug for ALI. After blockers and RNAi blocked or silenced the expression of ASIC1a, the expressions of ASIC1a, endoplasmic reticulum-related proteins GRP78, CHOP, C/EBPα and TNF-α were detected. The Ca2+ concentration was measured by a laser confocal microscope. The interaction between CHOP and C/EBPα and the effect of C/EBPα on the activity of TNF-α promoter were detected by immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter. RESULTS The expressions of ASIC1a and TNF-α were increased significantly in LPS group. After the blocker and RNAi blocked or silenced ASIC1a, the expressions of TNF-α, GRP78, CHOP were reduced, and the intracellular Ca2+ influx was weakened. The results of immunoprecipitation showed that CHOP and C/EBPα interacted in the macrophages. After silencing CHOP, C/EBPα expression was increased, and TNF-α expression was decreased. The results of the luciferase reporter indicated that C/EBPα directly binds to TNF-α. CONCLUSION ASIC1a regulates the expression of TNF-α in LPS-induced acute lung injury via ERS-CHOP-C/EBPα signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yueqin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Kuayue Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Na Du
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xuesheng Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Rui Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Bowen Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Huimin Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yonghu Song
- Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xian Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Chengmu Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Songyan Liao
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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Misfolding-induced chronic pancreatitis in CPA1 N256K mutant mice is unaffected by global deletion of Ddit3/Chop. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6357. [PMID: 35428786 PMCID: PMC9012826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09595-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mutations in pancreatic digestive enzymes may cause protein misfolding, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and chronic pancreatitis. The CPA1 N256K mouse model carries the human p.N256K carboxypeptidase A1 (CPA1) mutation, a classic example of a pancreatitis-associated misfolding variant. CPA1 N256K mice develop spontaneous, progressive chronic pancreatitis with moderate acinar atrophy, acinar-to-ductal metaplasia, fibrosis, and macrophage infiltration. Upregulation of the ER-stress associated pro-apoptotic transcription factor Ddit3/Chop mRNA was observed in the pancreas of CPA1 N256K mice suggesting that acinar cell death might be mediated through this mechanism. Here, we crossed the CPA1 N256K strain with mice containing a global deletion of the Ddit3/Chop gene (Ddit3-KO mice) and evaluated the effect of DDIT3/CHOP deficiency on the course of chronic pancreatitis. Surprisingly, CPA1 N256K x Ddit3-KO mice developed chronic pancreatitis with a similar time course and features as the CPA1 N256K parent strain. In contrast, Ddit3-KO mice showed no pancreas pathology. The observations indicate that DDIT3/CHOP plays no significant role in the development of misfolding-induced chronic pancreatitis in CPA1 N256K mice and this transcription factor is not a viable target for therapeutic intervention in this disease.
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Borrello MT, Martin MB, Pin CL. The unfolded protein response: An emerging therapeutic target for pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreatology 2022; 22:148-159. [PMID: 34774415 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatitis is a debilitating disease involving inflammation and fibrosis of the exocrine pancreas. Recurrent or chronic forms of pancreatitis are a significant risk factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. While genetic factors have been identified for both pathologies, environmental stresses play a large role in their etiology. All cells have adapted mechanisms to handle acute environmental stress that alters energy demands. A common pathway involved in the stress response involves endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR). While rapidly activated by many external stressors, in the pancreas the UPR plays a fundamental biological role, likely due to the high protein demands in acinar cells. Despite this, increased UPR activity is observed in response to acute injury or following exposure to risk factors associated with pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Studies in animal and cell cultures models show the importance of affecting the UPR in the context of both diseases, and inhibitors have been developed for several specific mediators of the UPR. Given the importance of the UPR to normal acinar cell function, efforts to affect the UPR in the context of disease must be able to specifically target pathology vs. physiology. In this review, we highlight the importance of the UPR to normal and pathological conditions of the exocrine pancreas. We discuss recent studies suggesting the UPR may be involved in the initiation and progression of pancreatitis and PDAC, as well as contributing to chemoresistance that occurs in pancreatic cancer. Finally, we discuss the potential of targeting the UPR for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Borrello
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mickenzie B Martin
- Depts. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Paediatrics, and Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher L Pin
- Depts. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Paediatrics, and Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Smyth R, Sun J. Protein Kinase R in Bacterial Infections: Friend or Foe? Front Immunol 2021; 12:702142. [PMID: 34305942 PMCID: PMC8297547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The global antimicrobial resistance crisis poses a significant threat to humankind in the coming decades. Challenges associated with the development of novel antibiotics underscore the urgent need to develop alternative treatment strategies to combat bacterial infections. Host-directed therapy is a promising new therapeutic strategy that aims to boost the host immune response to bacteria rather than target the pathogen itself, thereby circumventing the development of antibiotic resistance. However, host-directed therapy depends on the identification of druggable host targets or proteins with key functions in antibacterial defense. Protein Kinase R (PKR) is a well-characterized human kinase with established roles in cancer, metabolic disorders, neurodegeneration, and antiviral defense. However, its role in antibacterial defense has been surprisingly underappreciated. Although the canonical role of PKR is to inhibit protein translation during viral infection, this kinase senses and responds to multiple types of cellular stress by regulating cell-signaling pathways involved in inflammation, cell death, and autophagy – mechanisms that are all critical for a protective host response against bacterial pathogens. Indeed, there is accumulating evidence to demonstrate that PKR contributes significantly to the immune response to a variety of bacterial pathogens. Importantly, there are existing pharmacological modulators of PKR that are well-tolerated in animals, indicating that PKR is a feasible target for host-directed therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of immune cell functions regulated by PKR and summarize the current knowledge on the role and functions of PKR in bacterial infections. We also review the non-canonical activators of PKR and speculate on the potential mechanisms that trigger activation of PKR during bacterial infection. Finally, we provide an overview of existing pharmacological modulators of PKR that could be explored as novel treatment strategies for bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Smyth
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jim Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Korfei M, MacKenzie B, Meiners S. The ageing lung under stress. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/156/200126. [DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0126-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy ageing of the lung involves structural changes but also numerous cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic alterations. Among them are the age-related decline in central cellular quality control mechanisms such as redox and protein homeostasis. In this review, we would like to provide a conceptual framework of how impaired stress responses in the ageing lung, as exemplified by dysfunctional redox and protein homeostasis, may contribute to onset and progression of COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We propose that age-related imbalanced redox and protein homeostasis acts, amongst others (e.g.cellular senescence), as a “first hit” that challenges the adaptive stress-response pathways of the cell, increases the level of oxidative stress and renders the lung susceptible to subsequent injury and disease. In both COPD and IPF, additional environmental insults such as smoking, air pollution and/or infections then serve as “second hits” which contribute to persistently elevated oxidative stress that overwhelms the already weakened adaptive defence and repair pathways in the elderly towards non-adaptive, irremediable stress thereby promoting development and progression of respiratory diseases. COPD and IPF are thus distinct horns of the same devil, “lung ageing”.
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Roles of Autophagy and Pancreatic Secretory Trypsin Inhibitor in Trypsinogen Activation in Acute Pancreatitis. Pancreas 2020; 49:493-497. [PMID: 32282761 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The focus of the review is on roles of autophagy and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI), an endogenous trypsin inhibitor, in trypsinogen activation in acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis is a disease in which tissues in and around the pancreas are autodigested by pancreatic digestive enzymes. This reaction is triggered by the intrapancreatic activation of trypsinogen. Autophagy causes trypsinogen and cathepsin B, a trypsinogen activator, to colocalize within the autolysosomes. Consequently, if the resultant trypsin activity exceeds the inhibitory activity of PSTI, the pancreatic digestive enzymes are activated, and they cause autodigestion of the acinar cells. Thus, autophagy and PSTI play important roles in the development and suppression of acute pancreatitis, respectively.
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Aoi K, Nishio A, Okazaki T, Takeo M, Masuda M, Fukui T, Uchida K, Okazaki K. Inhibition of the dephosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α ameliorates murine experimental pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2019; 19:548-556. [PMID: 31040063 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the pancreas is closely associated with the development of acute pancreatitis. However, the role of the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) in this disease is not fully understood. We investigated whether an inhibitor of the dephosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α, salubrinal, could improve murine experimental pancreatitis through the amelioration of ER stress. METHODS Acute pancreatitis was induced by the intraperitoneal administration of cerulein (50 μg/kg) six times at 1-h intervals followed by lipopolysaccharide (10 mg/kg). Salubrinal was administered intraperitoneally immediately after lipopolysaccharide injection and 3 h later. Mice were sacrificed 24 h after the first injection of cerulein, and serum amylase and proinflammatory cytokines were measured. The severity of pancreatitis was evaluated histologically using a scoring system. The expression levels of ER stress-related proteins were evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS The administration of salubrinal significantly attenuated the increase in serum amylase levels and improved histologically assessed pancreatitis. The serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines were significantly suppressed in salubrinal-treated mice, as was the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, and cleaved caspase-3. CONCLUSIONS The amelioration of ER stress through augmentation of the PERK-signaling pathway may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Aoi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nishio
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan.
| | - Takashi Okazaki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takeo
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Masataka Masuda
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Toshiro Fukui
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Kazushige Uchida
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Okazaki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
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Klymenko O, Huehn M, Wilhelm J, Wasnick R, Shalashova I, Ruppert C, Henneke I, Hezel S, Guenther K, Mahavadi P, Samakovlis C, Seeger W, Guenther A, Korfei M. Regulation and role of the ER stress transcription factor CHOP in alveolar epithelial type-II cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:973-990. [PMID: 31025089 PMCID: PMC6581940 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease characterized by type-II alveolar epithelial cell (AECII) injury and fibroblast hyperproliferation. Severe AECII endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is thought to underlie IPF, but is yet incompletely understood. We studied the regulation of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), a proapoptotic ER-stress-related transcription factor (TF) in AECII-like cells. Interestingly, single or combined overexpression of the active ER stress transducers activating transcription factor-4 (Atf4) and activating transcription factor-6 (p50Atf6) or spliced x-box-binding protein-1 (sXbp1) in MLE12 cells did not result in a substantial Chop induction, as compared to the ER stress inducer thapsigargin. Employing reporter gene assays of distinct CHOP promoter fragments, we could identify that, next to the conventional amino acid (AARE) and ER stress response elements (ERSE) within the CHOP promoter, activator protein-1 (AP-1) and c-Ets-1 TF binding sites are necessary for CHOP induction. Serial deletion and mutation analyses revealed that both AP-1 and c-Ets-1 motifs act in concert to induce CHOP expression. In agreement, CHOP promoter activity was greatly enhanced upon combined versus single overexpression of AP-1 and c-Ets-1. Moreover, combined overexpression of AP-1 and c-Ets-1 in MLE12 cells alone in the absence of any other ER stress inducer was sufficient to induce Chop protein expression. Further, AP-1 and c-Ets-1 were upregulated in AECII under ER stress conditions and in human IPF. Finally, Chop overexpression in vitro resulted in AECII apoptosis, lung fibroblast proliferation, and collagen-I production. We propose that CHOP activation by AP-1 and c-Ets-1 plays a key role in AECII maladaptive ER stress responses and consecutive fibrosis, offering new therapeutic prospects in IPF. Key messages Overexpression of active ER stress sensors Atf4, Atf6, and Xbp1 does not induce Chop. AP-1 and c-Ets-1 TFs are necessary for induction of the ER stress factor Chop. AP-1 and c-Ets-1 alone induce Chop expression in the absence of any ER stress inducers. AP-1 and c-Ets-1 are induced in AECII under ER stress conditions and in human IPF. Chop expression alone triggers AECII apoptosis and consecutive profibrotic responses.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00109-019-01787-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksiy Klymenko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Huehn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Roxana Wasnick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Irina Shalashova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Clemens Ruppert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System (ECCPS), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ingrid Henneke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hezel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katharina Guenther
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Poornima Mahavadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christos Samakovlis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System (ECCPS), 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System (ECCPS), 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany.
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System (ECCPS), 35392, Giessen, Germany.
- European IPF Network and European IPF Registry, Giessen, Germany.
- Agaplesion Lung Clinic Waldhof-Elgershausen, 35753, Greifenstein, Germany.
| | - Martina Korfei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Xia S, Wang J, Kalionis B, Zhang W, Zhao Y. Genistein protects against acute pancreatitis via activation of an apoptotic pathway mediated through endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 509:421-428. [PMID: 30594397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a severe and frequently lethal disorder, but the precise mechanisms are not well understood and there is lack of effective drugs. Therefore, our study examined the in vivo intervention effects of genistein and elucidated its mechanism in acute experimental pancreatitis models. We used cerulein or taurocholate to induce acute pancreatitis (AP) in Sprague-Dawley rats with prior genistein treatment. Histological examination of the pancreas was performed and the expression of unfolded protein response (UPR) components and apoptotic mediators like caspase 12 and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) were measured. The amount of apoptosis in pancreatic acinar cells was also determined. Our studies found that the severity of cerulein- or taurocholate-induced AP was rescued by prior genistein treatment. Genistein stimulated the activation of multiple endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related regulators like GRP78, PERK, eIF2α, and upregulated the expression of the apoptotic genes, caspase 12 and CHOP. Moreover, TUNEL assays showed that genistein treatment promoted acinar cell apoptosis. Taken together, we speculated that ER stress-associated apoptotic pathways in AP are induced by genistein, which showed cytoprotective capacity in the exocrine pancreas. These data suggest novel therapeutic strategies that employ genistein in the prevention of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijin Xia
- Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China.
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre and University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China.
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Zhao Q, Zhang H, Huang J, Yu H, Li J, Che Q, Sun Y, Jin Y, Wu J. Melatonin attenuates the inflammatory response via inhibiting the C/EBP homologous protein-mediated pathway in taurocholate-induced acute pancreatitis. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:3513-3521. [PMID: 30320353 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a serious disease characterized by the activation of trypsin, autodigestion, edemas, hemorrhages and necrosis. However, the mechanisms of regulating the apoptosis and inflammation of acinar cells in AP remain unclear. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress‑related molecule, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), has pro‑-apoptotic and pro‑inflammatory properties, in addition to regulating ER stress responses. In the present study, a lentivirus‑mediated RNA interference (RNAi) approach was used to specifically knockdown the expression of CHOP in the pancreatic tissue of Sprague‑Dawley rats to investigate the potential role of CHOP during AP, which was induced by the retrograde injection of 5% taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct of rats. Pre‑treatment with melatonin was further used to identify the potential anti‑inflammatory mechanisms in AP. Pancreatic tissues were procured for western blot analysis, histological examination, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining. ER stress was rapidly activated in the early stage and increased over time in the rat AP model. However, the silencing of CHOP expression markedly inhibited apoptosis and ER stress, reducing the activation of nuclear factor‑κB and inflammation injury in AP. Melatonin also exhibited anti‑inflammatory and apoptotic effects, and significantly decreased the expression of CHOP. Thus, it can be concluded that the CHOP‑mediated pathway serves an important role in the development of AP, and that melatonin can reduce pancreatic damage via the inhibition of CHOP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongyang People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Dongyang, Zhejiang 322100, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Weishan Branch of Dongyang People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Dongyang, Zhejiang 322100, P.R. China
| | - Junhua Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Huajun Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Qinfen Che
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yangjie Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yin Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jiansheng Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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11
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Liu C, Fu Q, Mu R, Wang F, Zhou C, Zhang L, Yu B, Zhang Y, Fang T, Tian F. Dexmedetomidine alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress dependent apoptosis through the PERK-CHOP-Caspase-11 pathway. Brain Res 2018; 1701:246-254. [PMID: 30201260 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (Dex) has the neuroprotective effect on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). But the mechanism is not yet clear. In this study, we established a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and treated primary cortical neurons with oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD), followed by Dex treatment. Neurological protection of Dex was then assessed by neurological deficit score, brain edema, TTC staining, TUNEL assay, Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR. The results showed that Dex significantly reduced the neurological deficit score, brain edema and cerebral infarction area due to CIRI. After Dex treatment, the expression levels of ER stress-related apoptosis pathway proteins (GRP78, p-PERK, CHOP and Cleaved-caspase-3) were significantly decreased and the apoptosis of brain cells was also significantly reduced. Immunohistochemistry showed that expression and nuclear localization of CHOP decreased significantly after the application of Dex. The downstream apoptotic protein caspase-11 mediated by PERK-CHOP was also markedly inhibited by Dex. In conclusion, our results suggested that Dex reduced ER stress-induced apoptosis after CIRI. Its protective mechanism may be related to PERK-CHOP-Caspase-11 dependent signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, The Fourth Center Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300140, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, The Fourth Center Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300140, China.
| | - Rong Mu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, The Fourth Center Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300140, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, The Fourth Center Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300140, China
| | - Chunjing Zhou
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, The Fourth Center Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300140, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, The Fourth Center Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300140, China
| | - Baojin Yu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, The Fourth Center Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300140, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, The Fourth Center Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300140, China
| | - Tao Fang
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, The Fourth Center Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300140, China
| | - Fengshi Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, The Fourth Center Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300140, China.
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12
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Lugea A, Waldron RT, Mareninova OA, Shalbueva N, Deng N, Su HY, Thomas DD, Jones EK, Messenger SW, Yang J, Hu C, Gukovsky I, Liu Z, Groblewski GE, Gukovskaya AS, Gorelick FS, Pandol SJ. Human Pancreatic Acinar Cells: Proteomic Characterization, Physiologic Responses, and Organellar Disorders in ex Vivo Pancreatitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2726-2743. [PMID: 28935577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of acute pancreatitis is largely based on studies using rodents. To assess similar mechanisms in humans, we performed ex vivo pancreatitis studies in human acini isolated from cadaveric pancreata from organ donors. Because data on these human acinar preparations are sparse, we assessed their functional integrity and cellular and organellar morphology using light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy; and their proteome by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Acinar cell responses to the muscarinic agonist carbachol (CCh) and the bile acid taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate were also analyzed. Proteomic analysis of acini from donors of diverse ethnicity showed similar profiles of digestive enzymes and proteins involved in translation, secretion, and endolysosomal function. Human acini preferentially expressed the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 and maintained physiological responses to CCh for at least 20 hours. As in rodent acini, human acini exposed to toxic concentrations of CCh and taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate responded with trypsinogen activation, decreased cell viability, organelle damage manifest by mitochondrial depolarization, disordered autophagy, and pathological endoplasmic reticulum stress. Human acini also secreted inflammatory mediators elevated in acute pancreatitis patients, including IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, chemokine (C-C motif) ligands 2 and 3, macrophage inhibitory factor, and chemokines mediating neutrophil and monocyte infiltration. In conclusion, human cadaveric pancreatic acini maintain physiological functions and have similar pathological responses and organellar disorders with pancreatitis-causing treatments as observed in rodent acini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Lugea
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Richard T Waldron
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Olga A Mareninova
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Natalia Shalbueva
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nan Deng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hsin-Yuan Su
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Diane D Thomas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Elaina K Jones
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Scott W Messenger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jiayue Yang
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhenqiu Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Guy E Groblewski
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Anna S Gukovskaya
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Fred S Gorelick
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
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13
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Miller C, Cai Y, Patton T, Graves SH, Li H, Sabbatini ME. RCAD/BiP pathway is necessary for the proper synthesis of digestive enzymes and secretory function of the exocrine pancreas. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G314-G326. [PMID: 28104585 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00176.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholism causes an imbalance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis in pancreatic acini. In those cells, the ER is involved in the synthesis and folding of pancreatic enzymes. Ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (Ufm1) is part of a novel ubiquitin-like modification system involved in maintaining ER homeostasis. Among the components of the Ufm1 system, Regulator of C53 and DDRGK1 (RCAD) has recently been identified as a Ufm1-specific E3 ligase that promotes ufmylation of DDRGK1, an RCAD-interacting protein. We determined the importance of RCAD in the proper synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes using mice with genetically deleted RCAD. The pancreas of RCAD-deficient mice was of normal size and histology. Using quantitative PCR and Western blotting, we found that amylase was upregulated in pancreas organs from RCAD-knockout (KO) mice. Constitutive amylase secretion was much higher in isolated pancreatic acini from RCAD KO mice, whereas CCK-stimulated amylase secretion was disturbed. RCAD deficiency caused a downregulation in expression of ER chaperone BiP, which affected ER homeostasis and activated both apoptosis and trypsin. We also found that both RCAD and DDRGK1 transcript levels were upregulated in pancreatic acini from alcohol-preferring rats. Elevated expression of RCAD and DDRGK1 was associated with increased ER stress and UPR activation. Because of the lack of BiP expression, caspase 3 and trypsin activation we enhanced in RCAD-deficient pancreatic acini upon treatment with ethanol and CCK. In conclusion, the RCAD/BiP pathway is required for proper synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes. In alcoholism, increased levels of components of the Ufm1 system could prevent the deleterious effects of alcohol in the pancreas by regulating BiP levels.NEW & NOTEWORTHY RCAD/BiP pathway is required for the proper synthesis and secretion of amylase from pancreatic acini, as well as for the maintenance of the ER homeostasis. In alcoholism, the exocrine pancreas could increase the levels of components of the Ufm1 system to protect itself from alcohol's deleterious effects by regulating the expression of ER chaperone BiP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Yafei Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and
| | - Tadd Patton
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | | | - Honglin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and
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14
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Meyerovich K, Ortis F, Allagnat F, Cardozo AK. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response in pancreatic islet inflammation. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:R1-R17. [PMID: 27067637 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells are extremely dependent on their endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to cope with the oscillatory requirement of secreted insulin to maintain normoglycemia. Insulin translation and folding rely greatly on the unfolded protein response (UPR), an array of three main signaling pathways designed to maintain ER homeostasis and limit ER stress. However, prolonged or excessive UPR activation triggers alternative molecular pathways that can lead to β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis. An increasing number of studies suggest a role of these pro-apoptotic UPR pathways in the downfall of β-cells observed in diabetic patients. Particularly, the past few years highlighted a cross talk between the UPR and inflammation in the context of both type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this article, we describe the recent advances in research regarding the interplay between ER stress, the UPR, and inflammation in the context of β-cell apoptosis leading to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Meyerovich
- ULB Center for Diabetes ResearchUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fernanda Ortis
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Florent Allagnat
- Department of Vascular SurgeryCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra K Cardozo
- ULB Center for Diabetes ResearchUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Quantitative Evaluation and Selection of Reference Genes for Quantitative RT-PCR in Mouse Acute Pancreatitis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8367063. [PMID: 27069927 PMCID: PMC4812220 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8367063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of differences in gene expression is dependent on normalization using reference genes. However, the expression of many of these reference genes, as evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR, is upregulated in acute pancreatitis, so they cannot be used as the standard for gene expression in this condition. For this reason, we sought to identify a stable reference gene, or a suitable combination, for expression analysis in acute pancreatitis. The expression stability of 10 reference genes (ACTB, GAPDH, 18sRNA, TUBB, B2M, HPRT1, UBC, YWHAZ, EF-1α, and RPL-13A) was analyzed using geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper software and evaluated according to variations in the raw Ct values. These reference genes were evaluated using a comprehensive method, which ranked the expression stability of these genes as follows (from most stable to least stable): RPL-13A, YWHAZ > HPRT1 > GAPDH > UBC > EF-1α > 18sRNA > B2M > TUBB > ACTB. RPL-13A was the most suitable reference gene, and the combination of RPL-13A and YWHAZ was the most stable group of reference genes in our experiments. The expression levels of ACTB, TUBB, and B2M were found to be significantly upregulated during acute pancreatitis, whereas the expression level of 18sRNA was downregulated. Thus, we recommend the use of RPL-13A or a combination of RPL-13A and YWHAZ for normalization in qRT-PCR analyses of gene expression in mouse models of acute pancreatitis.
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16
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Lugea A, Waldron RT, Pandol SJ. Pancreatic adaptive responses in alcohol abuse: Role of the unfolded protein response. Pancreatology 2015; 15:S1-5. [PMID: 25736240 PMCID: PMC4515411 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The majority of those who drink excessive amounts of alcohol do not develop pancreatic disease. One overarching hypothesis is that alcohol abuse requires additional risk factors, either environmental or genetic, for disease to occur. However, another reason be a result of alcohol-induced activation of adaptive systems that protect the pancreas from the toxic effects of alcohol. We show that mechanisms within the unfolded protein response (UPR) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that can lead to protection of the pancreas from pancreatic diseases with alcohol abuse. The remarkable ability of the pancreas to adapt its machinery to alcohol abuse using UPR systems and continue functioning is the likely reason that pancreatitis from alcohol abuse does not occur in the majority of heavy drinkers. These findings indicate that methods to enhance the protective responses of the UPR can provide opportunities for prevention and treatment of pancreatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Lugea
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard T Waldron
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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17
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Wang F, Zhang Y, He C, Wang T, Piao Q, Liu Q. Silencing the gene encoding C/EBP homologous protein lessens acute brain injury following ischemia/reperfusion. Neural Regen Res 2014; 7:2432-8. [PMID: 25337093 PMCID: PMC4200717 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.31.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
C/EBP homologous protein, an important transcription factor during endoplasmic reticulum stress, participates in cell apoptosis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Previous studies have shown that C/EBP homologous protein mediates nerve injury during Alzheimer’s disease, subarachnoid hemorrhage and spinal cord trauma. In this study, we introduced C/EBP homologous protein short hairpin RNA into the brains of ischemia/reperfusion rat models via injection of lentiviral vector through the left lateral ventricle. Silencing C/EBP homologous protein gene expression significantly reduced cerebral infarction volume, decreased water content and tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β mRNA expression in brain tissues following infarction, diminished the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the infarct region, decreased caspase-3 protein content and increased Bcl-2 protein content. These results suggest that silencing C/EBP homologous protein lessens cell apoptosis and inflammatory reactions, thereby protecting nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Bethune First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Bethune First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chunke He
- Department of Orthopedics, Jilin Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zibo First Hospital, Zibo 255200, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiyan Piao
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of China National Petroleum Corporation in Jilin, Jilin 132021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Bethune First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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18
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Ferlito M, Wang Q, Fulton WB, Colombani P, Marchionni L, Fox-Talbot K, Paolocci N, Steenbergen C. Hydrogen sulfide [corrected] increases survival during sepsis: protective effect of CHOP inhibition. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:1806-14. [PMID: 24403532 PMCID: PMC3946246 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a major cause of mortality, and dysregulation of the immune response plays a central role in this syndrome. H2S, a recently discovered gaso-transmitter, is endogenously generated by many cell types, regulating a number of physiologic processes and pathophysiologic conditions. We report that H2S increased survival after experimental sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in mice. Exogenous H2S decreased the systemic inflammatory response, reduced apoptosis in the spleen, and accelerated bacterial eradication. We found that C/EBP homologous protein 10 (CHOP), a mediator of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response, was elevated in several organs after CLP, and its expression was inhibited by H2S treatment. Using CHOP-knockout (KO) mice, we demonstrated for the first time, to our knowledge, that genetic deletion of Chop increased survival after LPS injection or CLP. CHOP-KO mice displayed diminished splenic caspase-3 activation and apoptosis, decreased cytokine production, and augmented bacterial clearance. Furthermore, septic CHOP-KO mice treated with H2S showed no additive survival benefit compared with septic CHOP-KO mice. Finally, we showed that H2S inhibited CHOP expression in macrophages by a mechanism involving Nrf2 activation. In conclusion, our findings show a protective effect of H2S treatment afforded, at least partially, by inhibition of CHOP expression. The data reveal a major negative role for the transcription factor CHOP in overall survival during sepsis and suggest a new target for clinical intervention, as well potential strategies for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Ferlito
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Qihong Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - William B Fulton
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Paul Colombani
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Luigi Marchionni
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Karen Fox-Talbot
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cardiovascular Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Charles Steenbergen
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cardiovascular Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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19
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Weng TI, Wu HY, Chen BL, Jhuang JY, Huang KH, Chiang CK, Liu SH. C/EBP homologous protein deficiency aggravates acute pancreatitis and associated lung injury. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:7097-7105. [PMID: 24222953 PMCID: PMC3819545 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i41.7097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the pathophysiological role of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) in severe acute pancreatitis and associated lung injury.
METHODS: A severe acute pancreatitis model was induced with 6 injections of cerulein (Cn, 50 μg/kg) at 1-h intervals, then intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 7.5 mg/kg) in CHOP-deficient (Chop-/-) mice and wild-type (WT) mice. Animals were sacrificed under anesthesia, 3 h or 18 h after LPS injection. Serum amylase, lipase, and cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α], pathological changes, acute lung injury, and apoptosis in the pancreas were evaluated. Serum amylase and lipase activities were detected using a medical automatic chemical analyzer. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to evaluate TNF-α and IL-6 levels in mouse serum and lung tissue homogenates. Apoptotic cells in sections of pancreatic tissues were determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) analysis. The mouse carotid arteries were cannulated and arterial blood samples were collected for PaO2 analysis. The oxygenation index was expressed as PaO2/FiO2.
RESULTS: Administration of Cn and LPS for 9 and 24 h induced severe acute pancreatitis in Chop-/- and WT mice. When comparing Chop-/- mice and WT mice, we observed that CHOP-deficient mice had greater increases in serum TNF-α (214.40 ± 19.52 pg/mL vs 150.40 ± 16.70 pg/mL; P = 0.037), amylase (4236.40 ± 646.32 U/L vs 2535.30 ± 81.83 U/L; P = 0.041), lipase (1678.20 ± 170.57 U/L vs 1046.21 ± 35.37 U/L; P = 0.008), and IL-6 (2054.44 ± 293.81 pg/mL vs 1316.10 ± 108.74 pg/mL; P = 0.046) than WT mice. The histopathological changes in the pancreases and lungs, decreased PaO2/FiO2 ratio, and increased TNF-α and IL-6 levels in the lungs were greater in Chop-/- mice than in WT mice (pancreas: Chop-/-vs WT mice, hemorrhage, P = 0.005; edema, P = 0.005; inflammatory cells infiltration, P = 0.005; total scores, P = 0.006; lung: hemorrhage, P = 0.017; edema, P = 0.017; congestion, P = 0.017; neutrophil infiltration, P = 0.005, total scores, P = 0.001; PaO2/FiO2 ratio: 393 ± 17.65 vs 453.8, P = 0.041; TNF-α: P = 0.043; IL-6, P = 0.040). Results from TUNEL analysis indicated increased acinar cell apoptosis in mice following the induction of acute pancreatitis. However, Chop-/- mice displayed significantly reduced pancreatic apoptosis compared with the WT mice (201.50 ± 31.43 vs 367.00 ± 47.88, P = 0.016).
CONCLUSION: These results suggest that CHOP can exert protective effects against acute pancreatitis and limit the spread of inflammatory damage to the lungs.
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20
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Shinozaki S, Chiba T, Kokame K, Miyata T, Kaneko E, Shimokado K. A deficiency of Herp, an endoplasmic reticulum stress protein, suppresses atherosclerosis in ApoE knockout mice by attenuating inflammatory responses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75249. [PMID: 24204574 PMCID: PMC3810372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Herp was originally identified as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress protein in vascular endothelial cells. ER stress is induced in atherosclerotic lesions, but it is not known whether Herp plays any role in the development of atherosclerosis. To address this question, we generated Herp- and apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient mice (Herp(-/-); apoE(-/-) mice) by crossbreeding Herp(-/-) mice and apoE(-/-) mice. Herp was expressed in the endothelial cells and medial smooth muscle cells of the aorta, as well as in a subset of macrophages in the atherosclerotic lesions in apoE(-/-) mice, while there was no expression of Herp in the Herp(-/-); apoE(-/-) mice. The doubly deficient mice developed significantly fewer atherosclerotic lesions than the apoE(-/-) mice at 36 and 72 weeks of age, whereas the plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides were not significantly different between the strains. The plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids were significantly lower in the Herp(-/-); apoE(-/-) mice when they were eight and 16 weeks old. The gene expression levels of ER stress response proteins (GRP78 and CHOP) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1) in the aorta were significantly lower in Herp(-/-); apoE(-/-) mice than in apoE(-/-) mice, suggesting that Herp mediated ER stress-induced inflammation. In fact, peritoneal macrophages isolated from Herp-deficient mice and RAW264.7 macrophages in which Herp was eliminated with a siRNA expressed lower levels of mRNA for inflammatory cytokines when they were treated with tunicamycin. Herp deficiency affected the major mediators of the unfolded protein response, including IRE1 and PERK, but not ATF6. These findings suggest that a deficiency of Herp suppressed the development of atherosclerosis by attenuating the ER stress-induced inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Shinozaki
- Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Chiba
- Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
- Information Center, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Kokame
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Miyata
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiji Kaneko
- Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shimokado
- Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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21
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Allagnat F, Fukaya M, Nogueira TC, Delaroche D, Welsh N, Marselli L, Marchetti P, Haefliger JA, Eizirik DL, Cardozo AK. C/EBP homologous protein contributes to cytokine-induced pro-inflammatory responses and apoptosis in β-cells. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:1836-46. [PMID: 22653339 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of the C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) is considered a key event for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic β-cells. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are early mediators of β-cell death in T1D. Cytokines induce ER stress and CHOP overexpression in β-cells, but the role for CHOP overexpression in cytokine-induced β-cell apoptosis remains controversial. We presently observed that CHOP knockdown (KD) prevents cytokine-mediated degradation of the anti-apoptotic proteins B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl-1), thereby decreasing the cleavage of executioner caspases 9 and 3, and apoptosis. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a crucial transcription factor regulating β-cell apoptosis and inflammation. CHOP KD resulted in reduced cytokine-induced NF-κB activity and expression of key NF-κB target genes involved in apoptosis and inflammation, including iNOS, FAS, IRF-7, IL-15, CCL5 and CXCL10. This was due to decreased IκB degradation and p65 translocation to the nucleus. The present data suggest that CHOP has a dual role in promoting β-cell death: (1) CHOP directly contributes to cytokine-induced β-cell apoptosis by promoting cytokine-induced mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis; and (2) by supporting the NF-κB activation and subsequent cytokine/chemokine expression, CHOP may contribute to apoptosis and the chemo attraction of mononuclear cells to the islets during insulitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Allagnat
- Laboratoire de Médecine Expérimentale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Maris M, Overbergh L, Gysemans C, Waget A, Cardozo AK, Verdrengh E, Cunha JPM, Gotoh T, Cnop M, Eizirik DL, Burcelin R, Mathieu C. Deletion of C/EBP homologous protein (Chop) in C57Bl/6 mice dissociates obesity from insulin resistance. Diabetologia 2012; 55:1167-78. [PMID: 22237685 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2427-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes, via effects on obesity, insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell health. C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) is induced by ER stress and has a central role in apoptotic execution pathways triggered by ER stress. The aim of this study was to characterise the role of CHOP in obesity and insulin resistance. METHODS Metabolic studies were performed in Chop ( -/- ) and wild-type C57Bl/6 mice, and included euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamps and indirect calorimetry. The inflammatory state of liver and adipose tissue was determined by quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistology and macrophage cultures. Viability and absence of ER stress in islets of Langerhans was determined by electron microscopy, islet culture and quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Systemic deletion of Chop induced abdominal obesity and hepatic steatosis. Despite marked obesity, Chop ( -/- ) mice had preserved normal glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. This discrepancy was accompanied by lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and less infiltration of immune cells into fat and liver. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These observations suggest that insulin resistance is not induced by fat accumulation per se, but rather by the inflammation induced by ectopic fat. CHOP may play a key role in the crosstalk between excessive fat deposition and induction of inflammation-mediated insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maris
- Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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23
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Abstract
Under inflammatory situations, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs at local sites and modulates inflammatory processes. NF-κB is a key regulator for immune and inflammatory responses, and its activity is influenced by ER stress positively or negatively. Recent investigation suggested that ER stress induces activation of NF-κB in the early phase, whereas in the later phase, consequent unfolded protein response (UPR) inhibits NF-κB. This review summarizes current knowledge on potential mechanisms underlying the biphasic, bidirectional regulation of NF-κB by the UPR and possible roles for ER stress in the regulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan.
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24
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Gotoh T, Endo M, Oike Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-related inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. Int J Inflam 2011; 2011:259462. [PMID: 21755026 PMCID: PMC3132612 DOI: 10.4061/2011/259462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of synthesis and maturation of proteins designed for secretion or for localization on the cell membrane. Various types of stress from both inside and outside cells disturb ER function, thus causing unfolded or misfolded proteins to accumulate in the ER. To improve and maintain the ER functions against such stresses, the ER stress response pathway is activated. However, when the stress is prolonged or severe, apoptosis pathways are activated to remove damaged cells. It was recently reported that the ER stress pathway is also involved in the inflammatory response, whereby inflammation induces ER stress, and ER stress induces an inflammatory response. Therefore, the ER stress response pathway is involved in various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and ischemic diseases, in various ways. The ER stress pathway may represent a novel target for the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Gotoh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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25
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Park SH, Choi HJ, Yang H, Do KH, Kim J, Lee DW, Moon Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-activated C/EBP homologous protein enhances nuclear factor-kappaB signals via repression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:35330-9. [PMID: 20829347 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.136259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a causative factor of inflammatory bowel diseases. ER stress mediators, including CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP), are elevated in intestinal epithelia from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. The present study arose from the question of how chemical ER stress and CHOP protein were associated with nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-mediated epithelial inflammatory response. In a human intestinal epithelial cell culture model, chemical ER stresses induced proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression and the nuclear translocation of CHOP protein. CHOP was positively involved in ER-activated IL-8 production and was negatively associated with expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). ER stress-induced IL-8 production was enhanced by NF-κB activation that was negatively regulated by PPARγ. Mechanistically, ER stress-induced CHOP suppressed PPARγ transcription by sequestering C/EBPβ and limiting availability of C/EBPβ binding to the PPARγ promoter. Due to the CHOP-mediated regulation of PPARγ action, ER stress can enhance proinflammatory NF-κB activation and maintain an increased level of IL-8 production in human intestinal epithelial cells. In contrast, PPARγ was a counteracting regulator of gut inflammatory response through attenuation of NF-κB activation. The collective results support the view that balances between CHOP and PPARγ are crucial for epithelial homeostasis, and disruption of these balances in mucosal ER stress can etiologically affect the progress of human inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory of Systems Mucosal Biomodulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-813, Korea
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26
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Tsukano H, Gotoh T, Endo M, Miyata K, Tazume H, Kadomatsu T, Yano M, Iwawaki T, Kohno K, Araki K, Mizuta H, Oike Y. The endoplasmic reticulum stress-C/EBP homologous protein pathway-mediated apoptosis in macrophages contributes to the instability of atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1925-32. [PMID: 20651282 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.206094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate whether and how the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) pathway in macrophages is involved in the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. METHODS AND RESULTS Increases in macrophage-derived foam cell death in coronary atherosclerotic plaques cause the plaque to become vulnerable, thus resulting in acute coronary syndrome. The ER stress-CHOP/growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene-153 (GADD153) pathway is induced in the macrophage-derived cells in atherosclerotic lesions and is involved in plaque formation. However, the role of CHOP in the final stage of atherosclerosis has not been fully elucidated. Many CHOP-expressing macrophages showed apoptosis in advanced ruptured atherosclerotic lesions in wild-type mice, whereas few apoptotic cells were observed in Chop(-/-) mice. The rupture of atherosclerotic plaques was significantly reduced in high cholesterol-fed Chop(-/-)/Apoe(-/-) mice compared with Chop(+/+)/Apoe(-/-) mice. Furthermore, using mice that underwent bone marrow transplantation, we showed that expression of CHOP in macrophages significantly contributes to the formation of ruptures. By using primary cultured macrophages, we further showed that unesterified free cholesterol derived from incorporated denatured low-density lipoprotein was accumulated in the ER and induced ER stress-mediated apoptosis in a CHOP-Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax) pathway-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The ER stress-CHOP-Bax-mediated apoptosis in macrophages contributes to the instability of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Tsukano
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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27
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Rolipram and SP600125 suppress the early increase in PTP1B expression during cerulein-induced pancreatitis in rats. Pancreas 2010; 39:639-45. [PMID: 20124940 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3181c314b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the expression modulation of pancreatic protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)1B during the development of cerulein (Cer)-induced acute pancreatitis (AP) and the effect of inhibition of type 4 phosphodiesterase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 on its expression levels. METHODS Acute pancreatitis was induced in rats by subcutaneous injections of 20 microg Cer per kilogram body weight at hourly intervals, and the animals were killed at 2, 4, or 9 hours after the first injection. Neutropenia was induced with vinblastine sulfate. Phosphodiesterase and the mitogen-activated protein kinases were inhibited with rolipram and SP600125, respectively, before the induction of AP. RESULTS Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B increases its expression at the levels of both protein and messenger RNA during the early phase of Cer-induced AP. The increase in protein expression persisted along the development of the disease, and neutrophil infiltration seemed to play a central role. Rolipram and SP600125 pretreatments mostly suppressed the increase in the expression of PTP1B during the early phase of AP. CONCLUSIONS Cerulein-induced AP is associated with an increase in the expression of PTP1B in its early phase. An increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in inflammatory cells and the inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 are able to suppress the increase in PTP1B protein level.
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28
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Nakayama Y, Endo M, Tsukano H, Mori M, Oike Y, Gotoh T. Molecular mechanisms of the LPS-induced non-apoptotic ER stress-CHOP pathway. J Biochem 2009; 147:471-83. [PMID: 19919955 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), which is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced transcription factor, induces apoptosis. Our previous study demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced CHOP expression does not induce apoptosis, but activates a pro-IL-1beta activation process. However, the mechanism by which CHOP activates different pathways, depending on the difference in the inducing stimuli, remains to be clarified. The present study shows that LPS rapidly activates the ER function-protective pathway, but not the PERK pathway in macrophages. PERK plays a major role in CHOP induction, and other ER stress sensors-mediated pathways play minor roles. The induction of CHOP by LPS was delayed and weak, in comparison with CHOP induction by ER stress-inducer thapsigargin. In addition, LPS-pre-treatment or overexpression of ER chaperone, IgH chain binding protein (BiP), prevented ER stress-mediated apoptosis. LPS plus IFN-gamma-treated macrophages produce a larger amount of nitric oxide (NO) in comparison with LPS-treated cells. Treatment with the NO donor, SNAP (S-nitro-N-acetyl-dl-penicillamine), induces CHOP at an earlier period than LPS treatment. The depletion of NO retards CHOP induction and prevents apoptosis in LPS plus IFN-gamma-treated cells. We concluded that apoptosis is prevented in LPS-treated macrophages, because the ER function-protective mechanisms are induced before CHOP expression, and induction level of CHOP is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Japan
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29
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Kitamura M. Biphasic, bidirectional regulation of NF-kappaB by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2353-64. [PMID: 19187000 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces an adaptive program called the unfolded protein response (UPR), which affects activity of an array of kinases and transcription factors. Previous reports provided evidence for activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), the major transcription factor regulating inflammatory processes, by ER stress. However, recent investigation also suggested that preceding ER stress suppresses activation of NF-kappaB by subsequent exposure to inflammatory stimuli. Although ER stress induces activation of NF-kappaB in the early phase, consequent UPR may inhibit NF-kappaB-dependent cellular activation in the later phase. This article summarizes current knowledge on potential mechanisms underlying the biphasic, bidirectional regulation of NF-kappaB by ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan.
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30
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The glucosamine-mediated induction of CHOP reduces the expression of inflammatory cytokines by modulating JNK and NF-κB in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Genes Genomics 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03191197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Shi XL, Chen K, Wang H, Long YM. Advance in acute pancreatitis apoptosis mechanisms. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:594-597. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i6.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common critical illness in clinic. Its pathogenesis is complex. Previous studies concentrated on inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, microcirculation disturbance, etc. Recently, apoptosis has been found to play an important role in emergence and development of acute pancreatitis. Apoptosis is involved in tissue injury in acute pancreatitis, but is also an important self-protection mechanism. This review briefed the relation between apoptosis and acute pancreatitis, investigated the influence of apoptosis on acute pancreatitic organ damage, and analyzed the relation between apoptosis and inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, Notch factor, aiming at revealing the mechanism of apoptosis in acute pancreatitis.
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Sorg H, Lorch B, Jaster R, Fitzner B, Ibrahim S, Holzhueter SA, Nizze H, Vollmar B. Early rise in inflammation and microcirculatory disorder determine the development of autoimmune pancreatitis in the MRL/Mp-mouse. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G1274-80. [PMID: 18974312 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90341.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare cause of chronic pancreatitis and mimics pancreatic cancer. Although there is strong interest in research, etiology and pathophysiology of AIP are still unknown. Therefore, we analyzed a total of 92 MRL/Mp-mice of either sex, which are prone to develop AIP, in four different age groups (8-12, 16-20, 24-28, and 32-40 wk). Using intravital fluorescence microscopy, histology, laboratory analysis, and Western blot, onset, severity, and pathophysiological mechanisms of AIP were evaluated. Female animals showed in vivo an age-dependent increase of intrapancreatic leukocyte accumulation, as well as a loss in functional capillary perfusion. In contrast, intrapancreatic inflammation in male mice was less pronounced and not age dependent. Furthermore, pancreatic tissue specimen of female animals exhibited major organ destruction with significantly higher values of mean pathological scores (1.5 +/- 0.3 vs. < or =0.2; P < 0.05), as well as significantly increased CD4-, CD8-, CD11b-, and CD138-positive cells compared with male animals of the same age. Interestingly, there was a significant positive correlation between intravascular leukocyte adherence and the histopathological score of the pancreas, indicating a determining role of the innate immune system for the late onset of AIP. The present study shows that the onset of AIP is characterized by an inflammatory response and microcirculatory failure, most probably constituting initiators and propagators of this autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Sorg
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This timely review will focus on clinical and basic science studies that have greatly advanced our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of both acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis over the last year. RECENT FINDINGS Animal models of both severe acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis have recently been developed. Several unexpected protective mechanisms, mediated by the protease activated receptor 2 and heat shock protein 70, have been described. A genetic study suggested that polymorphisms in toll-like receptor-4 might affect the risk of developing infections in acute pancreatitis. Studies of chronic pancreatitis have shown that specific neural receptors, transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1, mediate pain responses in a model of chronic pancreatitis. The pancreatic zymogen, chymotrypsin C, can degrade pathologically activated trypsin in the acinar cell. Inactivating mutations in chymotrypsin C have been reported to predispose to the development of chronic pancreatitis, especially in those who are prone to alcohol abuse. SUMMARY The implications of the last year's findings are widespread. Improved animal models of acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis will be critical for performing pilot studies of therapy. A greater understanding of genetic factors and pain responses could lead to potential treatments. This review will first discuss issues related to acute pancreatitis, and then conclude with studies most relevant to chronic disease.
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