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Ho-Plágaro T, Usman M, Swinnen J, Ruytinx J, Gosti F, Gaillard I, Zimmermann SD. HcZnT2 is a highly mycorrhiza-induced zinc transporter from Hebeloma cylindrosporum in association with pine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1466279. [PMID: 39239207 PMCID: PMC11374630 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1466279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) shortage is a common micronutrient deficiency affecting plants worldwide, while Zn toxicity may occur when this metal is in excess. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are known to be able to modulate the transfer of macro- and microelements, among them Zn, to the plant. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We identified the HcZnT2 gene from the ECM fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum, encoding a member of the Cation Diffusion Facilitator (CDF) family including Zn transporters, and analyzed its transcriptional regulation, the transport function by yeast complementation experiments, and its subcellular localization using a GFP fusion protein in yeast. HcZnT2 is highly induced during mycorrhization of Pinus pinaster, and upregulated in presence of the host plant root even without any direct contact. However, HcZnT2 is repressed by Zn excess conditions. By functional expression in yeast, our results strongly support the ability of HcZnT2 to transport Zn and, to a lesser extent, manganese. HcZnT2 localization was associated with the endoplasmic reticulum of yeast. Mycorrhizal gene activation at low external Zn suggests that the Zn transporter HcZnT2 might be important for the early establishment of the ECM symbiosis during Zn deficiency, rather than under Zn excess. HcZnT2 arises as an extremely remarkable candidate playing a key role in Zn homeostasis and regulation in ectomycorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Ho-Plágaro
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Muhammad Usman
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Janne Swinnen
- Research Groups Microbiology and Plant Genetics, Department of Bioengineering Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Joske Ruytinx
- Research Groups Microbiology and Plant Genetics, Department of Bioengineering Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Françoise Gosti
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Gaillard
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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2
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Squitti R, Reale G, Tondolo V, Crescenti D, Bellini S, Moci M, Caliandro P, Padua L, Rongioletti M. Imbalance of Essential Metals in Traumatic Brain Injury and Its Possible Link with Disorders of Consciousness. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076867. [PMID: 37047843 PMCID: PMC10095508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the complex cerebral networks underlying wakefulness and awareness is responsible for Disorders of Consciousness (DoC). Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a common cause of DoC, and it is responsible for a multi-dimensional pathological cascade that affects the proper functioning of the brainstem and brain consciousness pathways. Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), and Copper (Cu) have a role in the neurophysiology of both the ascending reticular activating system, a multi-neurotransmitter network located in the brainstem that is crucial for consciousness, and several brain regions. We aimed to summarize the role of these essential metals in TBI and its possible link with consciousness alterations. We found that TBI alters many neuronal molecular mechanisms involving essential metals, causing neurodegeneration, neural apoptosis, synaptic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. This final pattern resembles that described for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurological and psychiatric diseases. Furthermore, we found that amantadine, zolpidem, and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)-the most used treatments for DoC recovery-seem to have an effect on essential metals-related pathways and that Zn might be a promising new therapeutic approach. This review summarizes the neurophysiology of essential metals in the brain structures of consciousness and focuses on the mechanisms underlying their imbalance following TBI, suggesting their possible role in DoC. The scenario supports further studies aimed at getting a deeper insight into metals' role in DoC, in order to evaluate metal-based drugs, such as metal complexes and metal chelating agents, as potential therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Squitti
- Department of Laboratory Science, Research and Development Division, Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina, Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Reale
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, UOC Neuroriabilitazione ad Alta Intensità Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tondolo
- Digestive and Colorectal Surgery, Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina, Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy
- Digestive Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Crescenti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sonia Bellini
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Moci
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, UOC Neuroriabilitazione ad Alta Intensità Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Caliandro
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, UOC Neurologia, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Padua
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, UOC Neuroriabilitazione ad Alta Intensità Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Rongioletti
- Department of Laboratory Science, Research and Development Division, Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina, Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy
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3
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Zinc in Human Health and Infectious Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121748. [PMID: 36551176 PMCID: PMC9775844 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few decades, the micronutrient zinc has proven to be an important metal ion for a well-functioning immune system, and thus also for a suitable immune defense. Nowadays, it is known that the main cause of zinc deficiency is malnutrition. In particular, vulnerable populations, such as the elderly in Western countries and children in developing countries, are often affected. However, sufficient zinc intake and homeostasis is essential for a healthy life, as it is known that zinc deficiency is associated with a multitude of immune disorders such as metabolic and chronic diseases, as well as infectious diseases such as respiratory infections, malaria, HIV, or tuberculosis. Moreover, the modulation of the proinflammatory immune response and oxidative stress is well described. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of zinc have been known for a long time, but are not comprehensively researched and understood yet. Therefore, this review highlights the current molecular mechanisms underlying the development of a pro-/ and anti-inflammatory immune response as a result of zinc deficiency and zinc supplementation. Additionally, we emphasize the potential of zinc as a preventive and therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other strategies, that could ameliorate infectious diseases.
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4
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Gołębiowski A, Pomastowski P, Rafińska K, Zuvela P, Wong MW, Pryshchepa O, Madajski P, Buszewski B. Functionalization of Alpha-Lactalbumin by Zinc Ions. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38459-38474. [PMID: 36340177 PMCID: PMC9631873 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-lactalbumin (α-LA) and binding of zinc cations to protein were studied. Molecular characteristics of protein was determined by MALDI-TOF/MS and electrophoresis SDS-PAGE, and also, for complexes, it was determined by spectroscopic techniques (ATR-FT-IR and Raman) and microscopic techniques (SEM along with an EDX detector and also TEM). The pH dependence of zeta potential of α-LA was determined in saline solution. The zinc binding to the protein mechanism was investigated; zinc binding to protein kinetics, the molecular modeling by the DFT method, and electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) for microstructure observation were performed. The experiments performed indicate a quick binding process (equilibrium takes place after 2 min of incubation) which occurs onto the surface of α-LA. Zinc cations change the conformation of the protein and create spherical particles from the morphological point of view. DFT studies indicate the participation of acidic functional groups of the protein (aspartic acid and glutamic acid residues), and these have a decisive influence on the interaction with zinc cations. Application studies of general toxicity and cytotoxicity and bioavailability were conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Gołębiowski
- Centre
for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 4 Wileńska Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Centre
for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 4 Wileńska Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rafińska
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Petar Zuvela
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Oleksandra Pryshchepa
- Centre
for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 4 Wileńska Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Piotr Madajski
- Department
of Chemistry of Materials Adsorption and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Centre
for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 4 Wileńska Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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5
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Crystal Structure of the Human Copper Chaperone ATOX1 Bound to Zinc Ion. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101494. [PMID: 36291703 PMCID: PMC9599288 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioavailability of copper (Cu) in human cells may depend on a complex interplay with zinc (Zn) ions. We investigated the ability of the Zn ion to target the human Cu-chaperone Atox1, a small cytosolic protein capable of anchoring Cu(I), by a conserved surface-exposed Cys-X-X-Cys (CXXC) motif, and deliver it to Cu-transporting ATPases in the trans-Golgi network. The crystal structure of Atox1 loaded with Zn displays the metal ion bridging the CXXC motifs of two Atox1 molecules in a homodimer. The identity and location of the Zn ion were confirmed through the anomalous scattering of the metal by collecting X-ray diffraction data near the Zn K-edge. Furthermore, soaking experiments of the Zn-loaded Atox1 crystals with a strong chelating agent, such as EDTA, caused only limited removal of the metal ion from the tetrahedral coordination cage, suggesting a potential role of Atox1 in Zn metabolism and, more generally, that Cu and Zn transport mechanisms could be interlocked in human cells.
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6
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Willekens J, Runnels LW. Impact of Zinc Transport Mechanisms on Embryonic and Brain Development. Nutrients 2022; 14:2526. [PMID: 35745255 PMCID: PMC9231024 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The trace element zinc (Zn) binds to over ten percent of proteins in eukaryotic cells. Zn flexible chemistry allows it to regulate the activity of hundreds of enzymes and influence scores of metabolic processes in cells throughout the body. Deficiency of Zn in humans has a profound effect on development and in adults later in life, particularly in the brain, where Zn deficiency is linked to several neurological disorders. In this review, we will summarize the importance of Zn during development through a description of the outcomes of both genetic and early dietary Zn deficiency, focusing on the pathological consequences on the whole body and brain. The epidemiology and the symptomology of Zn deficiency in humans will be described, including the most studied inherited Zn deficiency disease, Acrodermatitis enteropathica. In addition, we will give an overview of the different forms and animal models of Zn deficiency, as well as the 24 Zn transporters, distributed into two families: the ZIPs and the ZnTs, which control the balance of Zn throughout the body. Lastly, we will describe the TRPM7 ion channel, which was recently shown to contribute to intestinal Zn absorption and has its own significant impact on early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loren W. Runnels
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
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7
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Weiss A, Murdoch CC, Edmonds KA, Jordan MR, Monteith AJ, Perera YR, Rodríguez Nassif AM, Petoletti AM, Beavers WN, Munneke MJ, Drury SL, Krystofiak ES, Thalluri K, Wu H, Kruse ARS, DiMarchi RD, Caprioli RM, Spraggins JM, Chazin WJ, Giedroc DP, Skaar EP. Zn-regulated GTPase metalloprotein activator 1 modulates vertebrate zinc homeostasis. Cell 2022; 185:2148-2163.e27. [PMID: 35584702 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient and cofactor for up to 10% of proteins in living organisms. During Zn limitation, specialized enzymes called metallochaperones are predicted to allocate Zn to specific metalloproteins. This function has been putatively assigned to G3E GTPase COG0523 proteins, yet no Zn metallochaperone has been experimentally identified in any organism. Here, we functionally characterize a family of COG0523 proteins that is conserved across vertebrates. We identify Zn metalloprotease methionine aminopeptidase 1 (METAP1) as a COG0523 client, leading to the redesignation of this group of COG0523 proteins as the Zn-regulated GTPase metalloprotein activator (ZNG1) family. Using biochemical, structural, genetic, and pharmacological approaches across evolutionarily divergent models, including zebrafish and mice, we demonstrate a critical role for ZNG1 proteins in regulating cellular Zn homeostasis. Collectively, these data reveal the existence of a family of Zn metallochaperones and assign ZNG1 an important role for intracellular Zn trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Caitlin C Murdoch
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Matthew R Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Andrew J Monteith
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yasiru R Perera
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Aslin M Rodríguez Nassif
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Amber M Petoletti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - William N Beavers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthew J Munneke
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sydney L Drury
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Evan S Krystofiak
- Cell Imaging Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kishore Thalluri
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Angela R S Kruse
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | | | - Richard M Caprioli
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Spraggins
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Walter J Chazin
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - David P Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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8
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Abstract
SignificanceZinc deficiency in the human population, a major public health concern, can also be a consequence of nutritional deficiency in protein uptake. The discovery that tryptophan metabolites 3-hydroxykynurenine and xanthurenic acid are major zinc-binding ligands in insect cells establishes the kynurenine pathway as a regulator of systemic zinc homeostasis. Many biological processes influenced by zinc and the kynurenine pathway, including the regulation of innate and acquired immune responses to viral infections, have not been studied in light of the direct molecular links revealed in this study.
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9
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Baarz BR, Rink L. Rebalancing the unbalanced aged immune system - A special focus on zinc. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 74:101541. [PMID: 34915196 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, aging is understood as a dynamic and multifaceted dysregulation process that spares almost no human organ or cell. The immune system being among the most affected, it has been shown predominantly that its integrity determines the tightrope walk between the difference of escaping or suffering from age-related diseases. Next to drug-based anti-aging strategies, micronutrient intervention may represent an emerging but less radical way to slow immune aging. While a sufficient supply of a variety of micronutrients is undeniably important, adequate intake of the trace element zinc appears to tower over others in terms of reaching old age. Inconveniently, zinc deficiency prevalence among the elderly is high, which in turn contributes to increased susceptibility to infection, decreased anti-tumor immunity as well as attenuated response to vaccination. Driven by this research, this review aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the various rebalancing capabilities of zinc in the unbalanced immune system of the elderly. This includes an in-depth and cell type-centered discussion on the role of zinc in immunosenescence and inflammaging. We further address upcoming translational aspects e.g. how zinc deficiency promotes the flourishing of certain pathogenic taxa of the gut microbiome and how zinc supply counteracts such alterations in a manner that may contribute to longevity. In the light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we also briefly review current knowledge on the interdependency between age, zinc status, and respiratory infections. Based on two concrete examples and considering the latest findings in the field we conclude our remarks by outlining tremendous parallels between suboptimal zinc status and accelerated aging on the one hand and an optimized zinc status and successful aging on the other hand.
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10
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Monteith AJ, Skaar EP. The impact of metal availability on immune function during infection. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:916-928. [PMID: 34483037 PMCID: PMC8516721 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient transition metals are required cofactors for many proteins to perform functions necessary for life. As such, the concentration of nutrient metals is carefully maintained to retain critical biological processes while limiting toxicity. During infection, invading bacterial pathogens must acquire essential metals, such as zinc, manganese, iron, and copper, from the host to colonize and cause disease. To combat this, the host exploits the essentiality and toxicity of nutrient metals by producing factors that limit metal availability, thereby starving pathogens or accumulating metals in excess to intoxicate the pathogen in a process termed 'nutritional immunity'. As a result of inflammation, a heterogeneous environment containing both metal-replete and -deplete niches is created, in which nutrient metal availability may have an underappreciated role in regulating immune cell function during infection. How the host manipulates nutrient metal availability during infection, and the downstream effects that nutrient metals and metal-sequestering proteins have on immune cell function, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Monteith
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, & Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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11
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Sullivan KV, Moore RET, Capper MS, Schilling K, Goddard K, Ion C, Layton-Matthews D, Leybourne MI, Coles B, Kreissig K, Antsygina O, Coombes RC, Larner F, Rehkämper M. Zinc stable isotope analysis reveals Zn dyshomeostasis in benign tumours, breast cancer, and adjacent histologically normal tissue. Metallomics 2021; 13:6273136. [PMID: 33970272 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of Zn homeostasis has been linked with breast cancer development and progression. To enhance our understanding of changes in Zn homeostasis both inside and around the tumour microenvironment, Zn concentrations and isotopic compositions (δ66Zn) were determined in benign (BT) and malignant (MT) tumours, healthy tissue from reduction mammoplasty (HT), and histologically normal tissue adjacent to benign (NAT(BT)) and malignant tumours (NAT(MT)). Mean Zn concentrations in NAT(BT) are 5.5 µg g-1 greater than in NAT(MT) (p = 0.00056) and 5.1 µg g-1 greater than in HT (p = 0.0026). Zinc concentrations in MT are 12.9 µg g-1 greater than in HT (p = 0.00012) and 13.3 µg g-1 greater than in NAT(MT) (p < 0.0001), whereas δ66Zn is 0.17‰ lower in MT than HT (p = 0.017). Benign tumour Zn concentrations are also elevated compared to HT (p = 0.00013), but are not significantly elevated compared to NAT(BT) (p = 0.32). The δ66Zn of BT is 0.15‰ lower than in NAT(BT) (p = 0.045). The similar light δ66Zn of BT and MT compared to HT and NAT may be related to the isotopic compensation of increased metallothionein (64Zn-rich) expression by activated matrix metalloproteinase (66Zn-rich) in MT, and indicates a resultant 66Zn-rich reservoir may exist in patients with breast tumours. Zinc isotopic compositions thus show promise as a potential diagnostic tool for the detection of breast tumours. The revealed differences of Zn accumulation in healthy and tumour-adjacent tissues require additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj V Sullivan
- Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, 36 Union Street, Kingston, K7L 2N8, Canada.,Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rebekah E T Moore
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Miles S Capper
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kathrin Schilling
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Kate Goddard
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, ICTEM, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd, London W12 ONS, UK
| | - Charlotte Ion
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, ICTEM, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd, London W12 ONS, UK
| | - Daniel Layton-Matthews
- Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, 36 Union Street, Kingston, K7L 2N8, Canada
| | - Matthew I Leybourne
- Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, 36 Union Street, Kingston, K7L 2N8, Canada.,Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Department of Physics, Engineering Physics & Astronomy, Queen's University, 64 Bader Lane, Kingston, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Barry Coles
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Katharina Kreissig
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Olga Antsygina
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.,Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - R Charles Coombes
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, ICTEM, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd, London W12 ONS, UK
| | - Fiona Larner
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK.,St Catherine's College, Manor Road, Oxford OX1 3UJ, UK.,Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Mark Rehkämper
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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12
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Ghazvini Zadeh EH, Huang Z, Xia J, Li D, Davidson HW, Li WH. ZIGIR, a Granule-Specific Zn 2+ Indicator, Reveals Human Islet α Cell Heterogeneity. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107904. [PMID: 32668245 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous mammalian cells contain abundant Zn2+ in their secretory granules, yet available Zn2+ sensors lack the desired specificity and sensitivity for imaging granular Zn2+. We developed a fluorescent zinc granule indicator, ZIGIR, that possesses numerous desired properties for live cell imaging, including >100-fold fluorescence enhancement, membrane permeability, and selective enrichment to acidic granules. The combined advantages endow ZIGIR with superior sensitivity and specificity for imaging granular Zn2+. ZIGIR enables separation of heterogenous β cells based on their insulin content and sorting of mouse islets into pure α cells and β cells. In human islets, ZIGIR facilitates sorting of endocrine cells into highly enriched α cells and β cells, reveals unexpectedly high Zn2+ activity in the somatostatin granule of some δ cells, and uncovers variation in the glucagon content among human α cells. We expect broad applications of ZIGIR for studying Zn2+ biology and Zn2+-rich secretory granules and for engineering β cells with high insulin content for treating diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim H Ghazvini Zadeh
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA
| | - ZhiJiang Huang
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA
| | - Jing Xia
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Daliang Li
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA
| | - Howard W Davidson
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Wen-Hong Li
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA.
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13
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Interactions of zinc- and redox-signaling pathways. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101916. [PMID: 33662875 PMCID: PMC7937829 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc and cellular oxidants such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) each participate in a multitude of physiological functions. There is considerable overlap between the affected events, including signal transduction. While there is no obvious direct connection between zinc and ROS, mainly because the bivalent cation zinc does not change its oxidation state in biological systems, these are linked by their interaction with sulfur, forming the remarkable triad of zinc, ROS, and protein thiols. First, zinc binds to reduced thiols and can be released upon oxidation. Thereby, redox signals are translated into changes in the free zinc concentration, which can act as zinc signals. Second, zinc affects oxidation of thiols in several ways, directly as well as indirectly. A protein incorporating many of these interactions is metallothionein (MT), which is rich in cysteine and capable of binding up to seven zinc ions in its fully reduced state. Zinc binding is diminished after (partial) oxidation, while thiols show increased reactivity in the absence of bound metal ions. Adding still more complexity, the MT promoter is controlled by zinc (via metal regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF-1)) as well as redox (via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)). Many signaling cascades that are important for cell proliferation or apoptosis contain protein thiols, acting as centers for crosstalk between zinc- and redox-signaling. A prominent example for shared molecular targets for zinc and ROS are active site cysteine thiols in protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP), their activity being downregulated by oxidation as well as zinc binding. Because zinc binding also protects PTP thiols form irreversible oxidation, there is a multi-faceted reciprocal interaction, illustrating that zinc- and redox-signaling are intricately linked on multiple levels.
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14
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Maares M, Haase H. A Guide to Human Zinc Absorption: General Overview and Recent Advances of In Vitro Intestinal Models. Nutrients 2020; 12:E762. [PMID: 32183116 PMCID: PMC7146416 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc absorption in the small intestine is one of the main mechanisms regulating the systemic homeostasis of this essential trace element. This review summarizes the key aspects of human zinc homeostasis and distribution. In particular, current knowledge on human intestinal zinc absorption and the influence of diet-derived factors on bioaccessibility and bioavailability as well as intrinsic luminal and basolateral factors with an impact on zinc uptake are discussed. Their investigation is increasingly performed using in vitro cellular intestinal models, which are continually being refined and keep gaining importance for studying zinc uptake and transport via the human intestinal epithelium. The vast majority of these models is based on the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 in combination with other relevant components of the intestinal epithelium, such as mucin-secreting goblet cells and in vitro digestion models, and applying improved compositions of apical and basolateral media to mimic the in vivo situation as closely as possible. Particular emphasis is placed on summarizing previous applications as well as key results of these models, comparing their results to data obtained in humans, and discussing their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maares
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hajo Haase
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, D-13353 Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Germany
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15
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Bird AJ, Wilson S. Zinc homeostasis in the secretory pathway in yeast. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 55:145-150. [PMID: 32114317 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that up to 10% of proteins in eukaryotes require zinc for their function. Although the majority of these proteins are located in the nucleus and cytosol, a small subset is secreted from cells or is located within an intracellular compartment. As many of these compartmentalized metalloproteins fold to their native state and bind their zinc cofactor inside an organelle, cells require mechanisms to maintain supply of zinc to these compartments even under conditions of zinc deficiency. At the same time, intracellular compartments can also be the site for storing zinc ions, which then can be mobilized when needed. In this review, we highlight insight that has been obtained from yeast models about how zinc homeostasis is maintained in the secretory pathway and vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Bird
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Stevin Wilson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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16
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Read SA, Obeid S, Ahlenstiel C, Ahlenstiel G. The Role of Zinc in Antiviral Immunity. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:696-710. [PMID: 31305906 PMCID: PMC6628855 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element that is crucial for growth, development, and the maintenance of immune function. Its influence reaches all organs and cell types, representing an integral component of approximately 10% of the human proteome, and encompassing hundreds of key enzymes and transcription factors. Zinc deficiency is strikingly common, affecting up to a quarter of the population in developing countries, but also affecting distinct populations in the developed world as a result of lifestyle, age, and disease-mediated factors. Consequently, zinc status is a critical factor that can influence antiviral immunity, particularly as zinc-deficient populations are often most at risk of acquiring viral infections such as HIV or hepatitis C virus. This review summarizes current basic science and clinical evidence examining zinc as a direct antiviral, as well as a stimulant of antiviral immunity. An abundance of evidence has accumulated over the past 50 y to demonstrate the antiviral activity of zinc against a variety of viruses, and via numerous mechanisms. The therapeutic use of zinc for viral infections such as herpes simplex virus and the common cold has stemmed from these findings; however, there remains much to be learned regarding the antiviral mechanisms and clinical benefit of zinc supplementation as a preventative and therapeutic treatment for viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Read
- Blacktown Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie Obeid
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chantelle Ahlenstiel
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Golo Ahlenstiel
- Blacktown Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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17
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Chabosseau P, Woodier J, Cheung R, Rutter GA. Sensors for measuring subcellular zinc pools. Metallomics 2019; 10:229-239. [PMID: 29431830 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00336f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Zinc homeostasis is essential for normal cellular function, and defects in this process are associated with a number of diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2D), neurological disorders and cardiovascular disease. Thus, variants in the SLC30A8 gene, encoding the vesicular/granular zinc transporter ZnT8, are associated with altered insulin release and increased T2D risk while the zinc importer ZIP12 is implicated in pulmonary hypertension. In light of these, and findings in other diseases, recent efforts have focused on the development of refined sensors for intracellular free zinc ions that can be targeted to subcellular regions including the cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), secretory granules, Golgi apparatus, nucleus and the mitochondria. Here, we discuss recent advances in Zn2+ probe engineering and their applications to the measurement of labile subcellular zinc pools in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Chabosseau
- Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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18
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Vaden RM, Guillen KP, Salvant JM, Santiago CB, Gibbons JB, Pathi SS, Arunachalam S, Sigman MS, Looper RE, Welm BE. A Cancer-Selective Zinc Ionophore Inspired by the Natural Product Naamidine A. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:106-117. [PMID: 30571086 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present data demonstrating the natural product mimic, zinaamidole A (ZNA), is a modulator of metal ion homeostasis causing cancer-selective cell death by specifically inducing cellular Zn2+-uptake in transformed cells. ZNA's cancer selectivity was evaluated using metastatic, patient-derived breast cancer cells, established human breast cancer cell lines, and three-dimensional organoid models derived from normal and transformed mouse mammary glands. Structural analysis of ZNA demonstrated that the compound interacts with zinc through the N2-acyl-2-aminoimidazole core. Combination treatment with ZnSO4 strongly potentiated ZNA's cancer-specific cell death mechanism, an effect that was not observed with other transition metals. We show that Zn2+-dyshomeostasis induced by ZNA is unique and markedly more selective than other known Zn2+-interacting compounds such as clioquinol. The in vivo bioactivity of ZNA was also assessed and revealed that tumor-bearing mice treated with ZNA had improved survival outcomes. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the N2-acyl-2-aminoimidazole core of ZNA represents a powerful chemotype to induce cell death in cancer cells concurrently with a disruption in zinc homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Vaden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | | | - Justin M. Salvant
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Celine B. Santiago
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Joseph B. Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | | | | | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ryan E. Looper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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19
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Kerns K, Zigo M, Sutovsky P. Zinc: A Necessary Ion for Mammalian Sperm Fertilization Competency. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E4097. [PMID: 30567310 PMCID: PMC6321397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of zinc for male fertility only emerged recently, being propelled in part by consumer interest in nutritional supplements containing ionic trace minerals. Here, we review the properties, biological roles and cellular mechanisms that are relevant to zinc function in the male reproductive system, survey available peer-reviewed data on nutritional zinc supplementation for fertility improvement in livestock animals and infertility therapy in men, and discuss the recently discovered signaling pathways involving zinc in sperm maturation and fertilization. Emphasis is on the zinc-interacting sperm proteome and its involvement in the regulation of sperm structure and function, from spermatogenesis and epididymal sperm maturation to sperm interactions with the female reproductive tract, capacitation, fertilization, and embryo development. Merits of dietary zinc supplementation and zinc inclusion into semen processing media are considered with livestock artificial insemination (AI) and human assisted reproductive therapy (ART) in mind. Collectively, the currently available data underline the importance of zinc ions for male fertility, which could be harnessed to improve human reproductive health and reproductive efficiency in agriculturally important livestock species. Further research will advance the field of sperm and fertilization biology, provide new research tools, and ultimately optimize semen processing procedures for human infertility therapy and livestock AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Kerns
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-5300, USA.
| | - Michal Zigo
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-5300, USA.
| | - Peter Sutovsky
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-5300, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-5300, USA.
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20
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The Role of Zinc and Zinc Homeostasis in Macrophage Function. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:6872621. [PMID: 30622979 PMCID: PMC6304900 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6872621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc has long been recognized as an essential trace element, playing roles in the growth and development of all living organisms. In recent decades, zinc homeostasis was also found to be important for the innate immune system, especially for maintaining the function of macrophages. It is now generally accepted that dysregulated zinc homeostasis in macrophages causes impaired phagocytosis and an abnormal inflammatory response. However, many questions remain with respect to the mechanisms that underlie these processes, particularly at the cellular and molecular levels. Here, we review our current understanding of the roles that zinc and zinc transporters play in regulating macrophage function.
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21
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22
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Robinson AE, Heffernan JR, Henderson JP. The iron hand of uropathogenic Escherichia coli: the role of transition metal control in virulence. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:745-756. [PMID: 29870278 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of iron as a critical nutrient in pathogenic bacteria is widely regarded as having driven selection for iron acquisition systems among uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolates. Carriage of multiple transition metal acquisition systems in UPEC suggests that the human urinary tract manipulates metal-ion availability in many ways to resist infection. For siderophore systems in particular, recent studies have identified new roles for siderophore copper binding as well as production of siderophore-like inhibitors of iron uptake by other, competing bacterial species. Among these is a process of nutritional passivation of metal ions, in which uropathogens access these vital nutrients while simultaneously protecting themselves from their toxic potential. Here, we review these new findings within the current understanding of UPEC transition metal acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Robinson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James R Heffernan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Henderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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23
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Crawford AC, Lehtovirta-Morley LE, Alamir O, Niemiec MJ, Alawfi B, Alsarraf M, Skrahina V, Costa ACBP, Anderson A, Yellagunda S, Ballou ER, Hube B, Urban CF, Wilson D. Biphasic zinc compartmentalisation in a human fungal pathogen. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007013. [PMID: 29727465 PMCID: PMC5955600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional immunity describes the host-driven manipulation of essential micronutrients, including iron, zinc and manganese. To withstand nutritional immunity and proliferate within their hosts, pathogenic microbes must express efficient micronutrient uptake and homeostatic systems. Here we have elucidated the pathway of cellular zinc assimilation in the major human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Bioinformatics analysis identified nine putative zinc transporters: four cytoplasmic-import Zip proteins (Zrt1, Zrt2, Zrt3 and orf19.5428) and five cytoplasmic-export ZnT proteins (orf19.1536/Zrc1, orf19.3874, orf19.3769, orf19.3132 and orf19.52). Only Zrt1 and Zrt2 are predicted to localise to the plasma membrane and here we demonstrate that Zrt2 is essential for C. albicans zinc uptake and growth at acidic pH. In contrast, ZRT1 expression was found to be highly pH-dependent and could support growth of the ZRT2-null strain at pH 7 and above. This regulatory paradigm is analogous to the distantly related pathogenic mould, Aspergillus fumigatus, suggesting that pH-adaptation of zinc transport may be conserved in fungi and we propose that environmental pH has shaped the evolution of zinc import systems in fungi. Deletion of C. albicans ZRT2 reduced kidney fungal burden in wild type, but not in mice lacking the zinc-chelating antimicrobial protein calprotectin. Inhibition of zrt2Δ growth by neutrophil extracellular traps was calprotectin-dependent. This suggests that, within the kidney, C. albicans growth is determined by pathogen-Zrt2 and host-calprotectin. As well as serving as an essential micronutrient, zinc can also be highly toxic and we show that C. albicans deals with this potential threat by rapidly compartmentalising zinc within vesicular stores called zincosomes. In order to understand mechanistically how this process occurs, we created deletion mutants of all five ZnT-type transporters in C. albicans. Here we show that, unlike in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C. albicans Zrc1 mediates zinc tolerance via zincosomal zinc compartmentalisation. This novel transporter was also essential for virulence and liver colonisation in vivo. In summary, we show that zinc homeostasis in a major human fungal pathogen is a multi-stage process initiated by Zrt1/Zrt2-cellular import, followed by Zrc1-dependent intracellular compartmentalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. Crawford
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E. Lehtovirta-Morley
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Omran Alamir
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Maria J. Niemiec
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research and Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology–Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Bader Alawfi
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Alsarraf
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Volha Skrahina
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology–Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna C. B. P. Costa
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Anderson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Sujan Yellagunda
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research and Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth R. Ballou
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology–Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Constantin F. Urban
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research and Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Duncan Wilson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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24
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Kjellerup L, Winther AML, Wilson D, Fuglsang AT. Cyclic AMP Pathway Activation and Extracellular Zinc Induce Rapid Intracellular Zinc Mobilization in Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:502. [PMID: 29619016 PMCID: PMC5871664 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient, required for a range of zinc-dependent enzymes and transcription factors. In mammalian cells, zinc serves as a second messenger molecule. However, a role for zinc in signaling has not yet been established in the fungal kingdom. Here, we used the intracellular zinc reporter, zinbo-5, which allowed visualization of zinc in the endoplasmic reticulum and other components of the internal membrane system in Candida albicans. We provide evidence for a link between cyclic AMP/PKA- and zinc-signaling in this major human fungal pathogen. Glucose stimulation, which triggers a cyclic AMP spike in this fungus resulted in rapid intracellular zinc mobilization and this “zinc flux” could be stimulated with phosphodiesterase inhibitors and blocked via inhibition of adenylate cyclase or PKA. A similar mobilization of intracellular zinc was generated by stimulation of cells with extracellular zinc and this effect could be reversed with the chelator EDTA. However, zinc-induced zinc flux was found to be cyclic AMP independent. In summary, we show that activation of the cyclic AMP/PKA pathway triggers intracellular zinc mobilization in a fungus. To our knowledge, this is the first described link between cyclic AMP signaling and zinc homeostasis in a human fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Kjellerup
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Pcovery ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Duncan Wilson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Anja T Fuglsang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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25
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Metallothioneins: Emerging Modulators in Immunity and Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102197. [PMID: 29065550 PMCID: PMC5666878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of metal-binding proteins virtually expressed in all organisms including prokaryotes, lower eukaryotes, invertebrates and mammals. These proteins regulate homeostasis of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), mitigate heavy metal poisoning, and alleviate superoxide stress. In recent years, MTs have emerged as an important, yet largely underappreciated, component of the immune system. Innate and adaptive immune cells regulate MTs in response to stress stimuli, cytokine signals and microbial challenge. Modulation of MTs in these cells in turn regulates metal ion release, transport and distribution, cellular redox status, enzyme function and cell signaling. While it is well established that the host strictly regulates availability of metal ions during microbial pathogenesis, we are only recently beginning to unravel the interplay between metal-regulatory pathways and immunological defenses. In this perspective, investigation of mechanisms that leverage the potential of MTs to orchestrate inflammatory responses and antimicrobial defenses has gained momentum. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to illumine the role of MTs in immune regulation. We discuss the mechanisms of MT induction and signaling in immune cells and explore the therapeutic potential of the MT-Zn axis in bolstering immune defenses against pathogens.
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26
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Gammoh NZ, Rink L. Zinc in Infection and Inflammation. Nutrients 2017; 9:E624. [PMID: 28629136 PMCID: PMC5490603 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient homeostasis is a key factor in maintaining a healthy immune system. Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is involved in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. The main cause of zinc deficiency is malnutrition. Zinc deficiency leads to cell-mediated immune dysfunctions among other manifestations. Consequently, such dysfunctions lead to a worse outcome in the response towards bacterial infection and sepsis. For instance, zinc is an essential component of the pathogen-eliminating signal transduction pathways leading to neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) formation, as well as inducing cell-mediated immunity over humoral immunity by regulating specific factors of differentiation. Additionally, zinc deficiency plays a role in inflammation, mainly elevating inflammatory response as well as damage to host tissue. Zinc is involved in the modulation of the proinflammatory response by targeting Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB), a transcription factor that is the master regulator of proinflammatory responses. It is also involved in controlling oxidative stress and regulating inflammatory cytokines. Zinc plays an intricate function during an immune response and its homeostasis is critical for sustaining proper immune function. This review will summarize the latest findings concerning the role of this micronutrient during the course of infections and inflammatory response and how the immune system modulates zinc depending on different stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Zahi Gammoh
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Subramanian Vignesh K, Deepe GS. Immunological orchestration of zinc homeostasis: The battle between host mechanisms and pathogen defenses. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 611:66-78. [PMID: 26921502 PMCID: PMC4996772 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The importance of Zn ions (Zn) in regulating development and functions of the immune system is well established. However, recent years have witnessed a surge in our knowledge of how immune cells choreograph Zn regulatory mechanisms to combat the persistence of pathogenic microbes. Myeloid and lymphoid populations manipulate intracellular and extracellular Zn metabolism via Zn binding proteins and transporters in response to immunological signals and infection. Rapid as well as delayed changes in readily exchangeable Zn, also known as free Zn and the Zn proteome are crucial in determining activation of immune cells, cytokine responses, signaling and nutritional immunity. Recent studies have unearthed distinctive Zn modulatory mechanisms employed by specialized immune cells and necessitate an understanding of the Zn handling behavior in immune responses to infection. The focus of this review, therefore, stems from novel revelations of Zn intoxication, sequestration and signaling roles deployed by different immune cells, with an emphasis on innate immunity, to challenge microbial parasitization and cope with pathogen insult.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Veterans Affairs Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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Kessels JE, Wessels I, Haase H, Rink L, Uciechowski P. Influence of DNA-methylation on zinc homeostasis in myeloid cells: Regulation of zinc transporters and zinc binding proteins. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 37:125-133. [PMID: 26905204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of intracellular zinc, predominantly regulated through zinc transporters and zinc binding proteins, is required to support an efficient immune response. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation are involved in the expression of these genes. In demethylation experiments using 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AZA) increased intracellular (after 24 and 48h) and total cellular zinc levels (after 48h) were observed in the myeloid cell line HL-60. To uncover the mechanisms that cause the disturbed zinc homeostasis after DNA demethylation, the expression of human zinc transporters and zinc binding proteins were investigated. Real time PCR analyses of 14 ZIP (solute-linked carrier (SLC) SLC39A; Zrt/IRT-like protein), and 9 ZnT (SLC30A) zinc transporters revealed significantly enhanced mRNA expression of the zinc importer ZIP1 after AZA treatment. Because ZIP1 protein was also enhanced after AZA treatment, ZIP1 up-regulation might be the mediator of enhanced intracellular zinc levels. The mRNA expression of ZIP14 was decreased, whereas zinc exporter ZnT3 mRNA was also significantly increased; which might be a cellular reaction to compensate elevated zinc levels. An enhanced but not significant chromatin accessibility of ZIP1 promoter region I was detected by chromatin accessibility by real-time PCR (CHART) assays after demethylation. Additionally, DNA demethylation resulted in increased mRNA accumulation of zinc binding proteins metallothionein (MT) and S100A8/S100A9 after 48h. MT mRNA was significantly enhanced after 24h of AZA treatment also suggesting a reaction of the cell to restore zinc homeostasis. These data indicate that DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mechanism affecting zinc binding proteins and transporters, and, therefore, regulating zinc homeostasis in myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Elena Kessels
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Inga Wessels
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hajo Haase
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Uciechowski
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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29
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Carpenter MC, Lo MN, Palmer AE. Techniques for measuring cellular zinc. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 611:20-29. [PMID: 27580940 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development and improvement of fluorescent Zn2+ sensors and Zn2+ imaging techniques have increased our insight into this biologically important ion. Application of these tools has identified an intracellular labile Zn2+ pool and cultivated further interest in defining the distribution and dynamics of labile Zn2+. The study of Zn2+ in live cells in real time using sensors is a powerful way to answer complex biological questions. In this review, we highlight newly engineered Zn2+ sensors, methods to test whether the sensors are accessing labile Zn2+, and recent studies that point to the challenges of using such sensors. Elemental mapping techniques can complement and strengthen data collected with sensors. Both mass spectrometry-based and X-ray fluorescence-based techniques yield highly specific, sensitive, and spatially resolved snapshots of metal distribution in cells. The study of Zn2+ has already led to new insight into all phases of life from fertilization of the egg to life-threatening cancers. In order to continue building new knowledge about Zn2+ biology it remains important to critically assess the available toolset for this endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, United States.
| | - Maria N Lo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, United States.
| | - Amy E Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, United States.
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Chuang KJ, Lee KY, Pan CH, Lai CH, Lin LY, Ho SC, Ho KF, Chuang HC. Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on human coronary artery endothelial cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 93:138-44. [PMID: 27185063 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of zinc oxide (ZnO) metal fumes is known to cause metal fume fever and to have systemic effects; however, the effects of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on the cardiovascular system remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the cardiovascular toxicity of ZnONPs. Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were exposed to ZnONPs of different sizes to investigate the cell viability, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), interleukin (IL)-6, nitric oxide (NO), and regulation of cardiovascular disease-related genes. Exposure of HCAECs to ZnONPs resulted in decreased cell viability and increased levels of 8-OHdG, IL-6, and NO. Downregulation of cardiovascular-associated genes was observed in response to ZnONPs in HCAECs determined by qPCR, suggesting that the calcium signaling pathway, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and renin-angiotensin system are important affected pathways in response to ZnONPs. Furthermore, we observed a significant response of AGTR1 to ZnONP exposure in HCAECs. Our results suggest that ZnONPs cause toxicity to HCAECs, which could be associated with cardiovascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jen Chuang
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kang-Yun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hong Pan
- Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Huang Lai
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Lian-Yu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Chuan Ho
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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31
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Krężel A, Maret W. The biological inorganic chemistry of zinc ions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 611:3-19. [PMID: 27117234 PMCID: PMC5120989 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The solution and complexation chemistry of zinc ions is the basis for zinc biology. In living organisms, zinc is redox-inert and has only one valence state: Zn(II). Its coordination environment in proteins is limited by oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur donors from the side chains of a few amino acids. In an estimated 10% of all human proteins, zinc has a catalytic or structural function and remains bound during the lifetime of the protein. However, in other proteins zinc ions bind reversibly with dissociation and association rates commensurate with the requirements in regulation, transport, transfer, sensing, signalling, and storage. In contrast to the extensive knowledge about zinc proteins, the coordination chemistry of the “mobile” zinc ions in these processes, i.e. when not bound to proteins, is virtually unexplored and the mechanisms of ligand exchange are poorly understood. Knowledge of the biological inorganic chemistry of zinc ions is essential for understanding its cellular biology and for designing complexes that deliver zinc to proteins and chelating agents that remove zinc from proteins, for detecting zinc ion species by qualitative and quantitative analysis, and for proper planning and execution of experiments involving zinc ions and nanoparticles such as zinc oxide (ZnO). In most investigations, reference is made to zinc or Zn2+ without full appreciation of how biological zinc ions are buffered and how the d-block cation Zn2+ differs from s-block cations such as Ca2+ with regard to significantly higher affinity for ligands, preference for the donor atoms of ligands, and coordination dynamics. Zinc needs to be tightly controlled. The interaction with low molecular weight ligands such as water and inorganic and organic anions is highly relevant to its biology but in contrast to its coordination in proteins has not been discussed in the biochemical literature. From the discussion in this article, it is becoming evident that zinc ion speciation is important in zinc biochemistry and for biological recognition as a variety of low molecular weight zinc complexes have already been implicated in biological processes, e.g. with ATP, glutathione, citrate, ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid, nicotianamine, or bacillithiol. Zinc ions not bound to proteins have critical roles in cell biology. Zinc has a unique coordination chemistry, poorly appreciated in the biosciences. Its coordination chemistry is significantly different from that of calcium ions. Specific conditions apply for buffering cellular zinc ions. Investigations with zinc need to consider solution chemistry and metal buffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Krężel
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14A, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Wolfgang Maret
- King's College London, Metal Metabolism Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences of Medicine, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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Liang X, Dempski RE, Burdette SC. Zn(2+) at a cellular crossroads. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 31:120-5. [PMID: 27010344 PMCID: PMC4870122 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient for cellular homeostasis. Initially proposed to only contribute to cellular viability through structural roles and non-redox catalysis, advances in quantifying changes in nM and pM quantities of Zn(2+) have elucidated increasing functions as an important signaling molecule. This includes Zn(2+)-mediated regulation of transcription factors and subsequent protein expression, storage and release of intracellular compartments of zinc quanta into the extracellular space which modulates plasma membrane protein function, as well as intracellular signaling pathways which contribute to the immune response. This review highlights some recent advances in our understanding of zinc signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Liang
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester, MA 01609-2280, United States
| | - Robert E Dempski
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester, MA 01609-2280, United States
| | - Shawn C Burdette
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester, MA 01609-2280, United States.
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33
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Liu J, Feng X, Wei L, Chen L, Song B, Shao L. The toxicology of ion-shedding zinc oxide nanoparticles. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:348-84. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1137864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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34
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Aude-Garcia C, Dalzon B, Ravanat JL, Collin-Faure V, Diemer H, Strub JM, Cianferani S, Van Dorsselaer A, Carrière M, Rabilloud T. A combined proteomic and targeted analysis unravels new toxic mechanisms for zinc oxide nanoparticles in macrophages. J Proteomics 2016; 134:174-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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35
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Nowakowski AB, Meeusen JW, Menden H, Tomasiewicz H, Petering DH. Chemical–Biological Properties of Zinc Sensors TSQ and Zinquin: Formation of Sensor-Zn-Protein Adducts versus Zn(Sensor)2 Complexes. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:11637-47. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Nowakowski
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Meeusen
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Heather Menden
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | | | - David H. Petering
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
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36
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Kambe T, Tsuji T, Hashimoto A, Itsumura N. The Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Roles of Zinc Transporters in Zinc Homeostasis and Metabolism. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:749-84. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is involved in a variety of biological processes, as a structural, catalytic, and intracellular and intercellular signaling component. Thus zinc homeostasis is tightly controlled at the whole body, tissue, cellular, and subcellular levels by a number of proteins, with zinc transporters being particularly important. In metazoan, two zinc transporter families, Zn transporters (ZnT) and Zrt-, Irt-related proteins (ZIP) function in zinc mobilization of influx, efflux, and compartmentalization/sequestration across biological membranes. During the last two decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular properties, expression, regulation, and cellular and physiological roles of ZnT and ZIP transporters, which underpin the multifarious functions of zinc. Moreover, growing evidence indicates that malfunctioning zinc homeostasis due to zinc transporter dysfunction results in the onset and progression of a variety of diseases. This review summarizes current progress in our understanding of each ZnT and ZIP transporter from the perspective of zinc physiology and pathogenesis, discussing challenging issues in their structure and zinc transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tokuji Tsuji
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayako Hashimoto
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Itsumura
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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37
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Daniel AG, Farrell NP. The dynamics of zinc sites in proteins: electronic basis for coordination sphere expansion at structural sites. Metallomics 2014; 6:2230-41. [PMID: 25329367 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00213j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The functional role assumed by zinc in proteins is closely tied to the variable dynamics around its coordination sphere arising by virtue of its flexibility in bonding. Modern experimental and computational methods allow the detection and study of previously unknown features of bonding between zinc and its ligands in protein environment. These discoveries are occurring just in time as novel biological functions of zinc, which involve rather unconventional coordination trends, are emerging. In this sense coordination sphere expansion of structural zinc sites, as observed in our previous experiments, is a novel phenomenon. Here we explore the electronic and structural requirements by simulating this phenomenon in structural zinc sites using DFT computations. For this purpose, we have chosen MPW1PW91 and a mixed basis set combination as the DFT method through benchmarking, because it accurately reproduces structural parameters of experimentally characterized zinc compounds. Using appropriate models, we show that the greater ionic character of zinc coordination would allow for coordination sphere expansion if the steric and electrostatic repulsions of the ligands are attenuated properly. Importantly, through the study of electronic and structural aspects of the models used, we arrive at a comprehensive bonding model, explaining the factors that influence coordination of zinc in proteins. The proposed model along with the existing knowledge would enhance our ability to predict zinc binding sites in proteins, which is today of growing importance given the predicted enormity of the zinc proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gerard Daniel
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2006, USA.
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Figueroa JAL, Vignesh KS, Deepe GS, Caruso J. Selectivity and specificity of small molecule fluorescent dyes/probes used for the detection of Zn2+ and Ca2+ in cells. Metallomics 2014; 6:301-15. [PMID: 24356796 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00283g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent dyes are widely used in the detection of labile (free or exchangeable) Zn(2+) and Ca(2+) in living cells. However, their specificity over other cations and selectivity for detection of labile vs. protein-bound metal in cells remains unclear. We characterized these important properties for commonly used Zn(2+) and Ca(2+) dyes in a cellular environment. By tracing the fluorescence emission signal along with UV-Vis and size exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS) in tandem, we demonstrated that among the dyes used for Zn(2+), Zinpyr-1 fluoresces in the low molecular mass (LMM) region containing labile Zn(2+), but also fluoresces in different molecular mass regions where zinc ion is detected. However, FluoZin™-3 AM, Newport Green™ DCF and Zinquin ethyl ester display weak fluorescence, lack of metal specificity and respond strongly in the high molecular mass (HMM) region. Four Ca(2+) dyes were studied in an unperturbed cellular environment, and two of these were tested for binding behavior under an intracellular Ca(2+) release stimulus. A majority of Ca(2+) was in the labile form as tested by SEC-ICP-MS, but the fluorescence from Calcium Green-1™ AM, Oregon Green® 488 BAPTA-1, Fura red™ AM and Fluo-4 NW dyes in cells did not correspond to free Ca(2+) detection. Instead, the dyes showed non-specific fluorescence in the mid- and high-molecular mass regions containing Zn, Fe and Cu. Proteomic analysis of one of the commonly seen fluorescing regions showed the possibility for some dyes to recognize Zn and Cu bound to metallothionein 2. These studies indicate that Zn(2+) and Ca(2+) binding dyes manifest fluorescence responses that are not unique to recognition of labile metals and bind other metals, leading to suboptimal specificity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Landero Figueroa
- Metallomics Research Center, Department of Chemistry, McMicken College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
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Sácký J, Leonhardt T, Borovička J, Gryndler M, Briksí A, Kotrba P. Intracellular sequestration of zinc, cadmium and silver in Hebeloma mesophaeum and characterization of its metallothionein genes. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 67:3-14. [PMID: 24674773 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sequestration of intracellular heavy metals in eukaryotes involves compartmentalization and binding with cytosolic, cysteine-rich metallothionein (MT) peptides. We examined the roles of these processes in handling of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and silver (Ag) in sporocarps and a metal-exposed extraradical mycelium of Hebeloma mesophaeum, the Zn-accumulating ectomycorrhizal (EM) species frequently associated with metal disturbed sites. Size exclusion chromatography revealed that the majority of Zn and Cd in the sporocarps and mycelium was contained in a low molecular mass fraction attributable to compartmentalized metal. The staining of hyphal cells with the Zn-specific Zinquin and Cd-specific Leadmium fluorescent tracers labeled Zn and Cd in small, punctuated vesicles and vacuoles, respectively. By contrast, the sporocarp and mycelium Ag was associated with cysteine-rich, 5-kDa peptides. The peptides of the same size were also identified in minor Zn and Cd complexes from the metal-exposed mycelium. We have further isolated and characterized HmMT1, HmMT2 and HmMT3 genes coding for different 5-kDa MTs of H. mesophaeum collected at a lead smelter site. Heterologous complementation assays in metal-sensitive yeast mutants indicated that HmMTs encode functional, metal-specific peptides: only HmMT1 was able to complement sensitivity to Zn; HmMT1 conferred higher tolerance to Cd and Cu than HmMT2 or HmMT3; and both HmMT2 and HmMT3, but not HmMT1, conferred increased tolerance to Ag. The presence of HmMT1 and HmMT3, but not HmMT2, was also confirmed in a H. mesophaeum isolate from an unpolluted site. Gene expression analysis in the extraradical mycelium of this isolate revealed that the transcription of HmMT1 was preferentially induced in the presence of Zn and Cd, while Ag was a stronger inducer of HmMT3. Altogether, these results improve our understanding of the handling of intracellular Zn, Cd and Ag in Hebeloma and represent the first evidence suggesting involvement of MTs in sequestration of Zn in EM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sácký
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Leonhardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Borovička
- Nuclear Physics Institute, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 250 68 Řež 130, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Gryndler
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Briksí
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kotrba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
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40
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Haase H, Rink L. Zinc signals and immune function. Biofactors 2014; 40:27-40. [PMID: 23804522 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For more than 50 years, it has been known that zinc deficiency compromises immune function. During this time, knowledge about the biochemistry of zinc has continued to grow, but only recent years have provided in-depth molecular insights into the multiple aspects of zinc as a regulator of immunity. A network based on ZnT and ZIP proteins for transport and metallothionein for storage tightly regulates zinc availability, and virtually all aspects of innate and adaptive immunity are affected by zinc. In vivo, zinc deficiency alters the number and function of neutrophil granulocytes, monocytes, natural killer (NK)-, T-, and B-cells. T cell functions and balance between the different subsets are particularly susceptible to changes in zinc status. This article focuses in particular on the main mechanisms by which zinc ions exert essential functions in the immune system. On the one hand, this includes tightly protein bound zinc ions serving catalytic or structural functions in a multitude of different proteins, in particular enzymes and transcription factors. On the other hand, increasing evidence arises for a regulatory role of free zinc ions in signal transduction, especially in cells of the immune system. Identification of several molecular targets, including phosphatases, phosphodiesterases, caspases, and kinases suggest that zinc ions are a second messenger regulating signal transduction in various kinds of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajo Haase
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, Germany
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41
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Mihai C, Chrisler WB, Xie Y, Hu D, Szymanski CJ, Tolic A, Klein JA, Smith JN, Tarasevich BJ, Orr G. Intracellular accumulation dynamics and fate of zinc ions in alveolar epithelial cells exposed to airborne ZnO nanoparticles at the air-liquid interface. Nanotoxicology 2013; 9:9-22. [PMID: 24289294 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.859319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Airborne nanoparticles (NPs) that enter the respiratory tract are likely to reach the alveolar region. Accumulating observations support a role for zinc oxide (ZnO) NP dissolution in toxicity, but the majority of in-vitro studies were conducted in cells exposed to NPs in growth media, where large doses of dissolved ions are shed into the exposure solution. To determine the precise intracellular accumulation dynamics and fate of zinc ions (Zn(2+)) shed by airborne NPs in the cellular environment, we exposed alveolar epithelial cells to aerosolized NPs at the air-liquid interface (ALI). Using a fluorescent indicator for Zn(2+), together with organelle-specific fluorescent proteins, we quantified Zn(2+) in single cells and organelles over time. We found that at the ALI, intracellular Zn(2+) values peaked 3 h post exposure and decayed to normal values by 12 h, while in submerged cultures, intracellular Zn(2+) values continued to increase over time. The lowest toxic NP dose at the ALI generated peak intracellular Zn(2+) values that were nearly three-folds lower than the peak values generated by the lowest toxic dose of NPs in submerged cultures, and eight-folds lower than the peak values generated by the lowest toxic dose of ZnSO4 or Zn(2+). At the ALI, the majority of intracellular Zn(2+) was found in endosomes and lysosomes as early as 1 h post exposure. In contrast, the majority of intracellular Zn(2+) following exposures to ZnSO4 was found in other larger vesicles, with less than 10% in endosomes and lysosomes. Together, our observations indicate that low but critical levels of intracellular Zn(2+) have to be reached, concentrated specifically in endosomes and lysosomes, for toxicity to occur, and point to the focal dissolution of the NPs in the cellular environment and the accumulation of the ions specifically in endosomes and lysosomes as the processes underlying the potent toxicity of airborne ZnO NPs.
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42
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Chuang HC, Juan HT, Chang CN, Yan YH, Yuan TH, Wang JS, Chen HC, Hwang YH, Lee CH, Cheng TJ. Cardiopulmonary toxicity of pulmonary exposure to occupationally relevant zinc oxide nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8:593-604. [PMID: 23738974 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.809809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to zinc oxide (ZnO) metal fumes is linked to adverse human health effects; however, the hazards of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONPs) remain unclear. To determine pulmonary exposure to occupationally relevant ZnONPs cause cardiopulmonary injury, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to ZnONPs via intratracheal (IT) instillation and inhalation. The relationship between intrapulmonary zinc levels and pulmonary oxidative-inflammatory responses 72 h after ZnONP instillation was determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Instilled ZnONPs altered zinc balance and increased the levels of total cells, neutrophils, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total protein in BALF and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in blood after 72 h. The ZnONPs accumulated predominantly in the lungs over 24 h, and trivial amounts of zinc were determined in the heart, liver, kidneys and blood. Furthermore, the inflammatory-oxidative responses induced by occupationally relevant levels of 1.1 and 4.9 mg/m(3) of ZnONP inhalation for 2 weeks were determined in BALF and blood at 1, 7 and 30 days post-exposure. Histopathological examinations of the rat lungs and hearts were performed. Inhalation of ZnONP caused an inflammatory cytological profile. The total cell, neutrophil, LDH and total protein levels were acutely increased in the BALF, and there was an inflammatory pathology in the lungs. There were subchronic levels of white blood cells, granulocytes and 8-OHdG in the blood. Cardiac inflammation and the development of fibrosis were detected 7 days after exposure. Degeneration and necrosis of the myocardium were detected 30 days after exposure. The results demonstrate that ZnONPs cause cardiopulmonary impairments. These findings highlight the occupational health effects for ZnONP-exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei , Taiwan
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Krizkova S, Ryvolova M, Hynek D, Eckschlager T, Hodek P, Masarik M, Adam V, Kizek R. Immunoextraction of zinc proteins from human plasma using chicken yolk antibodies immobilized onto paramagnetic particles and their electrophoretic analysis. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1824-32. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tomas Eckschlager
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology; 2; nd; Faculty of Medicine; University Hospital Motol; Charles University; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hodek
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Pathological Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; Masaryk University; Brno; Czech Republic
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44
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Nowakowski A, Petering D. Sensor specific imaging of proteomic Zn2+ with zinquin and TSQ after cellular exposure to N-ethylmaleimide. Metallomics 2012; 4:448-56. [PMID: 22498931 DOI: 10.1039/c2mt00189f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the thiol binding reagent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) on proteomic Zn(2+) availability was investigated in rat glioma cells. Zinquin (ZQ) or TSQ, two related fluorescent sensors, were used to observe reactive Zn(2+). Control cells contained proteomic Zn(2+) but no detectable low molecular weight (LMW) Zn(2+). With either sensor, basal cellular fluorescence emission centered near 470 nm, indicative of sensor-Zn-proteins. ZQ sequestered 13% of proteomic Zn(2+) as Zn(ZQ)(2); TSQ reacted only with the Zn-proteome. NEM (100 μM) abolished LMW thiols, including glutathione (GSH) and lowered proteomic sulfhydryl content about 30%. In ZQ-treated cells, NEM exposure enhanced fluorescent intensity and the formation of Zn(ZQ)(2) (λ(MAX), 492 nm). Cells incubated with TSQ and NEM also displayed increased fluorescence without a spectral shift in wavelength maximum, consistent with increased formation of TSQ-Zn-protein adducts but not Zn(TSQ)(2). In neither experiment was Zn(2+) lost from cells. NEM altered Zn(2+) accessibility to sensors in membrane-nuclear and cytosolic fractions, but Zn(ZQ)(2) was only generated in the cytosol. Similar results were obtained when cell supernatant replaced cells. In contrast, when isolated proteome was reacted with ZQ and 100 μM NEM in the absence of GSH, 70% of the proteomic thiols underwent reaction. As a consequence, most of the ZQ-Zn-protein adducts were converted to Zn(ZQ)(2). Substituting TSQ for ZQ, only increased TSQ-Zn-proteins were observed. Evidently, the results of imaging cells with Zn(2+) sensors are dependent upon the specific chemical properties of the sensors and can only be understood after detailed chemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Nowakowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53201, USA.
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45
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Botella H, Stadthagen G, Lugo-Villarino G, de Chastellier C, Neyrolles O. Metallobiology of host-pathogen interactions: an intoxicating new insight. Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:106-12. [PMID: 22305804 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron, zinc and copper, among others, are transition metals with multiple biological roles that make them essential elements for life. Beyond the strict requirement of transition metals by the vertebrate immune system for its proper functioning, novel mechanisms involving direct metal intoxication of microorganisms are starting to be unveiled as important components of the immune system, in particular against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In parallel, metal detoxification systems in bacteria have been recently characterized as crucial microbial virulence determinants. Here, we will focus on these exciting advancements implicating copper- and zinc-mediated microbial poisoning as a novel innate immune mechanism against microbial pathogens, shedding light on an emerging field in the metallobiology of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Botella
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
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46
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Blaudez D, Chalot M. Characterization of the ER-located zinc transporter ZnT1 and identification of a vesicular zinc storage compartment in Hebeloma cylindrosporum. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48:496-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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47
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Ballestín R, Molowny A, Marín MP, Esteban-Pretel G, Romero AM, Lopez-Garcia C, Renau-Piqueras J, Ponsoda X. Ethanol reduces zincosome formation in cultured astrocytes. Alcohol Alcohol 2010; 46:17-25. [PMID: 21123366 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agq079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Zinc is an ion that participates in basic cellular and tissular functions. Zinc deficiency is present in many physiological and health problems affecting most body organs, including the brain. Among the circumstances involved in zinc deficiency, ethanol consumption is probably one of the most frequent. A dietary zinc supplement has been proposed as possibly being an efficient method to palliate zinc deficiency. Astrocytes form part of the hematoencephalic barrier, and they are apparently implicated in the homeostasis of the neuronal medium. In this work, we analyze the effect of ethanol on extracellular zinc management by rat astrocytes in culture. METHODS Intracellular levels of 'free zinc ions', in controls and 30 mM ethanol-treated astrocytes, were visualized by using the zinc fluorochrome TSQ. Cytoplasmic fluorescence and zincosome formation were measured after adding extracellular 50 µM ZnSO(4) to cell monolayers. Zincosomes were also observed at the electron microscopy level. RESULTS Exposure to ethanol for 7 days lowered the basal zinc levels of astrocytes by ∼30%. This difference was consistently maintained after the zinc pulse. Zinc ions were confined to bright fluorescent particles, the 'zincosomes', which appeared to be formed by the endocytic pathway. Zincosomes were less abundant in alcohol-treated cells, indicating a deficit in endocytoses as the origin of low zinc intake in astrocytes after ethanol treatment. CONCLUSIONS Ethanol reduces both intracellular ionic zinc levels and extracellular zinc uptake, resulting in poorer zincosome formation. Given the endocytic nature of zincosomes, the effect of ethanol on membrane trafficking is apparently the origin of this deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Ballestín
- 1Biologia Cellular, Universitat de València, Avda. Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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48
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Lockwood TD. The lysosome among targets of metformin: new anti-inflammatory uses for an old drug? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:467-78. [PMID: 20392164 DOI: 10.1517/14728221003774135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis and type-2 diabetes exhibit progressive co-morbidity. Chloroquine (CQ) reportedly improves both. CQ inhibits lysosomal function in cultured cells at supra-therapeutic concentration; however, this is doubted as target mechanism. Some anti-diabetic biguanides are metal-interactive lysosomal inhibitors; and all bind Zn(2+). OBJECTIVES i) To bioassay the potency of CQ using (3)H-leucine release from perfused myocardial tissue. ii) To determine whether metformin (MET) is CQ-mimetic, and interactive with Zn(2+). RESULTS Therapeutic CQ concentration (0.1 - 0.5 microM) clearly does cause lysosomal inhibition although delayed and submaximal. MET alone (10 microM) caused sub-maximal inhibition. Supra-physiological extracellular Zn(2+) (5 - 50 microM) alone increased tissue Zn(2+) content, and inhibited lysosomal proteolysis. Physiological equivalent Zn(2+) (approximately 1 microM) had no effect. MET (<or= 25 microM) and Zn(2+) (<or= 1 microM) exhibited astounding 10 - 100 fold anti-lysosomal synergy. Cathepsin B was 50% inhibited by 1 muM Zn(2+), and is reportedly inhibited by gold agents. INTERPRETATION MET somehow increases the natural inhibitory action of action of Zn(2+) against cysteinyl proteases. TNF-alpha activates lysosomal function; and CatB is among post-receptor players. MET might decrease antigen processing in specialized cells, and lysosomal hyper-catabolism in other cells. CONCLUSIONS Trials of MET for new use as an anti-inflammatory agent are suggested. Guanidylguanidine is a practical pharmacophore for synthesis of future anti-lysosomal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Lockwood
- Wright State University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA.
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Kohler JE, Dubach JM, Naik HB, Tai K, Blass AL, Soybel DI. Monochloramine-induced toxicity and dysregulation of intracellular Zn2+ in parietal cells of rabbit gastric glands. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G170-8. [PMID: 20430873 PMCID: PMC2904116 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00355.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Monochloramine (NH(2)Cl) is a potent, thiol-directed oxidant capable of oxidizing thiol (S-H) residues in a wide variety of proteins. Generated in the stomach by the interaction of bacterial and host products, monochloramine has been shown to dysregulate Ca(2+) homeostasis and disrupt mucosal integrity. In this report, we show that monochloramine also leads to disturbances in intracellular free zinc concentration ([Zn(2+)](i)) in the gastric gland of the rabbit and that the increased Zn(2+) within the cell causes an independent decrease in cell viability. Changes in [Zn(2+)](i) were measured by using the fluorescent reporter FluoZin-3, whereas cell viability was assessed by measuring the conversion of calcein-AM to fluorescent calcein, an assay that is not affected by intracellular oxidation state. Cell death was confirmed using propidium iodide and YO-PRO-1 dye uptake measurements. Our experiments demonstrate that [Zn(2+)](i) is increased in gastric glands exposed to NH(2)Cl and that elevated [Zn(2+)](i) decreases cell viability. Chelation of Zn(2+) with tetrakis-(2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine decreases the toxicity of NH(2)Cl, but only when administered concurrently. These findings suggest that the toxic effect of thiol oxidants present during chronic gastritis is partially due to dysregulation of [Zn(2+)](i) early in the process and that zinc chelation can protect, but not rescue, gastric glands exposed to toxic doses of NH(2)Cl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Kohler
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J. Matthew Dubach
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Haley B. Naik
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kaniza Tai
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amy L. Blass
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David I. Soybel
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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50
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Kaltenberg J, Plum LM, Ober-Blöbaum JL, Hönscheid A, Rink L, Haase H. Zinc signals promote IL-2-dependent proliferation of T cells. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1496-503. [PMID: 20201035 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Zinc signals, i.e. a change of the intracellular concentration of free zinc ions in response to receptor stimulation, are involved in signal transduction in several immune cells. Here, the role of zinc signals in T-cell activation by IL-2 was investigated in the murine cytotoxic T-cell line CTLL-2 and in primary human T cells. Measurements with the fluorescent dyes FluoZin-3 and Zinquin showed that zinc is released from lysosomes into the cytosol in response to stimulation of the IL-2-receptor. Activation of the ERK-pathway was blocked by chelation of free zinc with N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-2(pyridyl-methyl)ethylenediamine, whereas zinc was not required for STAT5 phosphorylation. In addition, the key signaling molecules MEK and ERK were activated in response to elevated free intracellular zinc, induced by incubation with zinc and the ionophore pyrithione. Downstream of ERK activation, ERK-specific gene expression of c-fos and IL-2-induced proliferation was found to depend on zinc. Further experiments indicated that inhibition of MEK and ERK-dephosphorylating protein phosphatases is the molecular mechanism for the influence of zinc on this pathway. In conclusion, an increase of cytoplasmic free zinc is required for IL-2-induced ERK signaling and proliferation of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kaltenberg
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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