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An FQ, Zhou G, Harland MT, Hussain W, Strainic MG, Jain MK, Medof ME. KLF4 and CD55 expression and function depend on each other. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1290684. [PMID: 38406578 PMCID: PMC10884306 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1290684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) regulates the expression of immunosuppressive and anti-thrombotic proteins. Despite its importance in maintaining homeostasis, the signals that control its expression and the mechanism of its transactivation remain unclarified. CD55 [aka decay accelerating factor (DAF)], now known to be a regulator of T and B cell responses, biases between pro- and anti-inflammatory processes by controlling autocrine C3a and C5a receptor (C3ar1/C5ar1) signaling in cells. The similarity in CD55's and KLF4's regulatory effects prompted analyses of their functional relationship. In vascular endothelial cells (ECs), CD55 upregulation accompanied KLF4 expression via a p-CREB and CREB Binding Protein (CBP) mechanism. In both ECs and macrophages, CD55 expression was essential for KLF4's downregulation of pro-inflammatory/pro-coagulant proteins and upregulation of homeostatic proteins. Mechanistic studies showed that upregulation of KLF4 upregulated CD55. The upregulated CD55 in turn enabled the recruitment of p-CREB and CBP to KLF4 needed for its transcription. Activation of adenylyl cyclase resulting from repression of autocrine C3ar1/C5ar1 signaling by upregulated CD55 concurrently led to p-CREB and CBP recruitment to KLF4-regulated genes, thereby conferring KLF4's transactivation. Accordingly, silencing CD55 in statin-treated HUVEC disabled CBP transfer from the E-selectin to the eNOS promoter. Importantly, silencing CD55 downregulated KLF4's expression. It did the same in untreated HUVEC transitioning from KLF4low growth to KLF4hi contact inhibition. KLF4's and CD55's function in ECs and macrophages thus are linked via a novel mechanism of gene transactivation. Because the two proteins are co-expressed in many cell types, CD55's activity may be broadly tied to KLF4's immunosuppressive and antithrombotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Qi An
- Institute of Pathology Case Western Reserve University and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Guangjin Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Micah T. Harland
- Institute of Pathology Case Western Reserve University and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Wasim Hussain
- Institute of Pathology Case Western Reserve University and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Michael G. Strainic
- Institute of Pathology Case Western Reserve University and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mukesh K. Jain
- Cardiovascular Research of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - M. Edward Medof
- Institute of Pathology Case Western Reserve University and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Alkhayer R, Ponath V, Frech M, Adhikary T, Graumann J, Neubauer A, von Strandmann EP. KLF4-mediated upregulation of the NKG2D ligand MICA in acute myeloid leukemia: a novel therapeutic target identified by enChIP. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:94. [PMID: 37143070 PMCID: PMC10157933 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoreceptor NKG2D, which is expressed on NK cells and T cell subsets is critically involved in tumor immune surveillance. This applies in particular to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which evades immune detection by downregulation of NKG2D ligands (NKG2D-L), including MICA. The absence of NKG2D-L on AML cells is moreover associated with leukemia stem cell characteristics. The NKG2D/NKG2D-L system thus qualifies as an interesting and promising therapeutic target.Here we aimed to identify transcription factors susceptible to pharmacological stimulation resulting in the expression of the NKG2D-L MICA in AML cells to restore anti-tumor activity. Using a CRISPR-based engineered ChIP (enChIP) assay for the MICA promoter region and readout by mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we identified the transcription factor krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) as associated with the promoter. We demonstrated that the MICA promoter comprises functional binding sites for KLF4 and genetic as well as pharmacological gain- and loss-of-function experiments revealed inducible MICA expression to be mediated by KLF4.Furthermore, induction in AML cells was achieved with the small compound APTO253, a KLF4 activator, which also inhibits MYC expression and causes DNA damage. This induction in turn yielded increased expression and cell surface presentation of MICA, thus rendering AML cells more susceptible to NK cell-mediated killing. These data unravel a novel link between APTO253 and the innate anti-tumor immune response providing a rationale for targeting AML cells via APTO253-dependent KFL4/MICA induction to allow elimination by endogenous or transplanted NK and T cells in vivo. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Alkhayer
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Clinic for Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Viviane Ponath
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Clinic for Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Frech
- Clinic for Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Till Adhikary
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Institute for Medical Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Graumann
- Institute of Translational Proteomics, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Neubauer
- Clinic for Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
- Clinic for Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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Song L, Zhang J, Ma D, Fan Y, Lai R, Tian W, Zhang Z, Ju J, Xu H. A Bibliometric and Knowledge-Map Analysis of Macrophage Polarization in Atherosclerosis From 2001 to 2021. Front Immunol 2022; 13:910444. [PMID: 35795675 PMCID: PMC9250973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.910444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, studies of macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis have become an intense area of research. However, there are few bibliometric analyses regarding this area. In this review, we used CiteSpace 5.8.R3 and VOSviewer 1.6.16 software to perform text mining and knowledge-map analysis. We explored the development process, knowledge structure, research hotspots, and potential trends using a bibliometric and knowledge-map analysis to provide researchers with a macroscopic view of this field. The studies concerning macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis were downloaded from the Web of Science Core Collection. A total of 781 studies were identified and published by 954 institutions from 51 countries/regions. The number of studies of macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis increased over time. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology published the highest number of articles and was the top co-cited journal. De Winther was the most prolific researcher, and Moore had the most co-citations. The author co-occurrence map illustrated that there was active cooperation among researchers. The most productive countries were the United States and China. Amsterdam University, Harvard University, and Maastricht University were the top three productive institutions in the research field. Keyword Co-occurrence, Clusters, and Burst analysis showed that “inflammation,” “monocyte,” “NF kappa B,” “mechanism,” and “foam cell” appeared with the highest frequency in studies. “Oxidative stress,” “coronary heart disease,” and “prevention” were the strongest citation burst keywords from 2019 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxia Song
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Ma
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yixuan Fan
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Runmin Lai
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wende Tian
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqing Ju
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Xu,
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Ou DL, Chen CW, Hsu CL, Chung CH, Feng ZR, Lee BS, Cheng AL, Yang MH, Hsu C. Regorafenib enhances antitumor immunity via inhibition of p38 kinase/Creb1/Klf4 axis in tumor-associated macrophages. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001657. [PMID: 33753566 PMCID: PMC7986673 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regorafenib and other multikinase inhibitors may enhance antitumor efficacy of anti-program cell death-1 (anti-PD1) therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Its immunomodulatory effects, besides anti-angiogenesis, were not clearly defined. METHODS In vivo antitumor efficacy was tested in multiple syngeneic liver cancer models. Murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were tested in vitro for modulation of polarization by regorafenib and activation of cocultured T cells. Markers of M1/M2 polarization were measured by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), arginase activity, flow cytometry, and ELISA. Knockdown of p38 kinase and downstream Creb1/Klf4 signaling on macrophage polarization were confirmed by using knockdown of the upstream MAPK14 kinase, chemical p38 kinase inhibitor, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Regorafenib (5 mg/kg/day, corresponding to about half of human clinical dosage) inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo similarly to DC-101 (anti-VEGFR2 antibody) but produced higher T cell activation and M1 macrophage polarization, increased the ratio of M1/M2 polarized BMDMs and proliferation/activation of cocultured T cells in vitro, indicating angiogenesis-independent immunomodulatory effects. Suppression of p38 kinase phosphorylation and downstream Creb1/Klf4 activity in BMDMs by regorafenib reversed M2 polarization. Regorafenib enhanced antitumor efficacy of adoptively transferred antigen-specific T cells. Synergistic antitumor efficacy between regorafenib and anti-PD1 was associated with multiple immune-related pathways in the tumor microenvironment. CONCLUSION Regorafenib may enhance antitumor immunity through modulation of macrophage polarization, independent of its anti-angiogenic effects. Optimization of regorafenib dosage for rational design of combination therapy regimen may improve the therapeutic index in the clinic.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Kruppel-Like Factor 4/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/enzymology
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/enzymology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Phenotype
- Phenylurea Compounds/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages/drug effects
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages/enzymology
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages/immunology
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Liang Ou
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lang Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Chung
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Rui Feng
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bin-Shyun Lee
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Lii Cheng
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Hwa Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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5
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Wang Z, Li C, Sun X, Li Z, Li J, Wang L, Sun Y. Hypermethylation of miR-181b in monocytes is associated with coronary artery disease and promotes M1 polarized phenotype via PIAS1-KLF4 axis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2020; 10:738-751. [PMID: 32968630 DOI: 10.21037/cdt-20-407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Dysregulated microRNAs are involved in the macrophage polarization and atherosclerotic development. Apart from microRNAs, alteration in DNA methylation is considered as one of the most frequent epigenetic changes. The purpose of the research is to investigate the altered methylation status of miR-181b in the circulating monocytes from patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods We examined the methylation status of miR-181b in purified circulating monocytes from patients with CAD and healthy controls. We then transfected monocytes with miR-181b mimics and determined the role of miR-181b on the phenotypic switch of macrophages and inflammatory response. DNA methylation levels determined by MethyLight PCR and pyrosequencing at the promoter of miR-181b significantly increased in CAD patients. Based on TargetScan database, we identified PIAS1 as the target gene of miR-181b and explored the interaction of miR-181b and PIAS1 by Dual-Luciferase assay, quantitative PCR and immunoblots. We also investigated the role of miR-181b and PIAS1 on macrophage polarization and inflammation. Results Hypermethylation at the promoter of miR-181b directly contributed to the decrease of miR-181b activity and expression. Overexpression of miR-181b reduced M1 polarization and facilitated M2 polarization determined by quantitative PCR. While knockdown of PIAS1 induced KLF4 degradation and SUMOylation in monocytes, miR-181b mimics reverse the KLF4 SUMOylation via suppression of PIAS1. Moreover, KLF4 SUMOylation by PIAS1 reversed M1 polarization induced by depletion of miR-181b in monocytes. Conclusions Hypermethylation of miR-181b induces M1 polarization and promotes atherosclerosis through activation of PIAS1 and KLF4 SUMOylation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunlei Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyong Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhuqin Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lanfeng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanming Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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6
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Melatonin-induced ApoE expression in mouse astrocytes protects endothelial cells from OGD-R induced injuries. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:181. [PMID: 32513932 PMCID: PMC7280243 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00864-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading reason of death and long-term disability, and most studies mainly focus on efforts to protect neurons. However, failed clinical trials suggest that therapies against single target in neurons may not be sufficient and the involvement of endothelial cells and glial cells have been underestimated. Astrocytes are the major source of ApoE in the brain and endothelial cells express high level of ApoE receptors. Thus, ApoE may mediate the interaction between astrocytes and endothelial cells. To address whether and how ApoE-mediated astrocytes-endothelial cells interaction contributes to the pathogenesis of stroke, we used oxygen and glucose deprivation-reoxygenation (OGD-R) as a stroke model and investigated the effects of OGD-R on astrocytes-endothelial cell co-cultures in the current study. We find that OGD-R leads to various damages to endothelial cells, including compromised cell viability, increased ROS level, enhanced caspase activity, and higher apoptotic rate. Meanwhile, mouse astrocytes could secrete ApoE to activate PI3K/eNOS signaling in endothelial cells to prevent OGD-R induced injuries. In addition, OGD-R induces down-regulation of ApoE in astrocyte-endothelial cell co-cultures while melatonin restores astrocytic ApoE expression via pCREB pathway and protects endothelial cell in OGD-R treated co-cultures. Our study provides evidence that astrocytes could protect endothelial cells via ApoE in OGD-R condition and Melatonin could induce ApoE expression to protect endothelial cells.
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7
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Trusca VG, Dumitrescu M, Fenyo IM, Tudorache IF, Simionescu M, Gafencu AV. The Mechanism of Bisphenol A Atherogenicity Involves Apolipoprotein A-I Downregulation through NF-κB Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6281. [PMID: 31842455 PMCID: PMC6941038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is the major protein component of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), mediating many of its atheroprotective properties. Increasing data reveal the pro-atherogenic effects of bisphenol A (BPA), one of the most prevalent environmental chemicals. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which BPA exerts pro-atherogenic effects. For this, LDLR-/- mice were fed with a high-fat diet and treated with 50 µg BPA/kg body weight by gavage. After two months of treatment, the area of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta, triglycerides and total cholesterol levels were significantly increased, while HDL-cholesterol was decreased in BPA-treated LDLR-/- mice as compared to control mice. Real-Time PCR data showed that BPA treatment decreased hepatic apoA-I expression. BPA downregulated the activity of the apoA-I promoter in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect was mediated by MEKK1/NF-κB signaling pathways. Transfection experiments using apoA-I promoter deletion mutants, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and protein-DNA interaction assays demonstrated that treatment of hepatocytes with BPA induced NF-κB signaling and thus the recruitment of p65/50 proteins to the multiple NF-κB binding sites located in the apoA-I promoter. In conclusion, BPA exerts pro-atherogenic effects downregulating apoA-I by MEKK1 signaling and NF-κB activation in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anca V. Gafencu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu”, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (V.G.T.); (M.D.); (I.M.F.); (I.F.T.); (M.S.)
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8
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Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a 34-kDa glycoprotein that is secreted from many cells throughout the body. ApoE is best known for its role in lipoprotein metabolism. Recent studies underline the association of circulating lipoprotein-associated apoE levels and the development for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Besides its well-established role in pathology of CVD, it is also implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and recent new data on adipose-produced apoE point to a novel metabolic role for apoE in obesity. The regulation of apoE production and secretion is remarkably cell and tissue specific. Here, we summarize recent insights into the differential regulation apoE production and secretion by hepatocytes, monocytes/macrophages, adipocytes, and the central nervous system and relevant variations in apoE biochemistry and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Kockx
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mathew Traini
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leonard Kritharides
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Department of Cardiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, 2139, Australia.
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9
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Sweet DR, Fan L, Hsieh PN, Jain MK. Krüppel-Like Factors in Vascular Inflammation: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:6. [PMID: 29459900 PMCID: PMC5807683 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of inflammation in vascular disease is well recognized, involving dysregulation of both circulating immune cells as well as the cells of the vessel wall itself. Unrestrained vascular inflammation leads to pathological remodeling that eventually contributes to atherothrombotic disease and its associated sequelae (e.g., myocardial/cerebral infarction, embolism, and critical limb ischemia). Signaling events during vascular inflammation orchestrate widespread transcriptional programs that affect the functions of vascular and circulating inflammatory cells. The Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are a family of transcription factors central in regulating vascular biology in states of homeostasis and disease. Given their abundance and diversity of function in cells associated with vascular inflammation, understanding the transcriptional networks regulated by KLFs will further our understanding of the pathogenesis underlying several pervasive health concerns (e.g., atherosclerosis, stroke, etc.) and consequently inform the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Within this review, we will discuss the role of KLFs in coordinating protective and deleterious responses during vascular inflammation, while addressing the potential targeting of these critical transcription factors in future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Sweet
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Liyan Fan
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Paishiun N Hsieh
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mukesh K Jain
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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10
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Ghaleb AM, Yang VW. Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4): What we currently know. Gene 2017; 611:27-37. [PMID: 28237823 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is an evolutionarily conserved zinc finger-containing transcription factor that regulates diverse cellular processes such as cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Since its discovery in 1996, KLF4 has been gaining a lot of attention, particularly after it was shown in 2006 as one of four factors involved in the induction of pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here we review the current knowledge about the different functions and roles of KLF4 in various tissue and organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr M Ghaleb
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Vincent W Yang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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