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Jiang X, Li X, Zheng S, Du G, Ma J, Zhang L, Wang H, Tian J. Comparison study of different indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase inhibitors from the perspective of pharmacodynamic effects. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2021; 34:2058738420950584. [PMID: 32962460 PMCID: PMC7517983 DOI: 10.1177/2058738420950584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) was a potential tumor immunotherapy target. IDO inhibitors showed inconsistent results in clinical trials, but no preclinical comparative study was reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences of representative IDO inhibitors (PCC0208009, INCB024360, NLG919) from the pharmacological perspective. Methods: In vitro experiments included: inhibition effects on IDO activity in cell and enzyme-based assay, effects on IDO expression in HeLa cells, and enhancement of proliferation and activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). In vivo experiments included: pharmacokinetics and tumor distribution in CT26-bearing mice, effects on Kyn/Trp and anti-tumor effect and immunological mechanism in CT26 and B16F10 tumor-bearing mice. Results: Compared with INCB024360 and NLG919, PCC0208009 effectively inhibited IDO activity at lower dose 2 nM and longer duration more than 72 h, had higher enhancements on PBMC proliferation and activation, and could inhibit the IDO expression in Hela cells. The pharmacokinetics characteristics of three IDO inhibitors were similar in CT26-bearing mice. In CT26 and B16F10 tumor-bearing mice, PCC0208009 and INCB024360 had similar effects in Kyn/Trp reduction, and more potent than NLG919; three IDO inhibitors had similar effects in tumor suppression, changes of the percentages of CD3+CD8+ and CD3+CD4+ T cells, and activation of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, while PCC0208009 had a better tendency than INCB024360 and NLG919. Conclusion: PCC0208009, INCB024360, and NLG919 were all effective IDO inhibitors, but the comprehensive pharmacological activity of PCC0208009 was better than INCB024360 and NLG919, which was basically consistent with the results or progresses of clinical trials.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Imidazoles/pharmacokinetics
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Isoindoles/pharmacokinetics
- Isoindoles/pharmacology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/enzymology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/enzymology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/enzymology
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Oximes/pharmacokinetics
- Oximes/pharmacology
- Sulfonamides/pharmacokinetics
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Tetrazoles/pharmacokinetics
- Tetrazoles/pharmacology
- Tissue Distribution
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guangying Du
- Guangying Du and Jingwei Tian, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, North Campus of Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China. Emails: ;
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2
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Lou J, Dong J, Xu R, Zeng H, Fang L, Wu Y, Liu Y, Wang S. Remodeling of the tumor microenvironment using an engineered oncolytic vaccinia virus improves PD-L1 inhibition outcomes. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20204186. [PMID: 34060602 PMCID: PMC8193643 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20204186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) immunotherapies have vastly improved therapeutic outcomes for patients with certain cancer types, but these responses only manifest in a small percentage of all cancer patients. The goal of the present study was to improve checkpoint therapy efficacy by utilizing an engineered vaccinia virus to improve the trafficking of lymphocytes to the tumor, given that such lymphocyte trafficking is positively correlated with patient checkpoint inhibitor response rates. We developed an oncolytic vaccinia virus (OVV) platform expressing manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) for use as both a monotherapy and together with anti-PD-L1. Intratumoral OVV-MnSOD injection in immunocompetent mice resulted in inflammation within poorly immunogenic tumors, thereby facilitating marked tumor regression. OVV-MnSOD administration together with anti-PD-L1 further improved antitumor therapy outcomes in models in which these monotherapy approaches were ineffective. Overall, our results emphasize the value of further studying these therapeutic approaches in patients with minimally or non-inflammatory tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Lou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Ninth People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jialin Dong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Ninth People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruijun Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Ninth People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Ninth People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Ninth People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Hematology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shibing Wang
- Molecular Diagnosis Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Zhang Y, Hu H, Liu W, Yan SM, Li Y, Tan L, Chen Y, Liu J, Peng Z, Yuan Y, Huang W, Yu F, He X, Li B, Zhang H. Amino acids and RagD potentiate mTORC1 activation in CD8 + T cells to confer antitumor immunity. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e002137. [PMID: 33883257 PMCID: PMC8061841 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the tumor microenvironment, tumor cells are able to suppress antitumor immunity by competing for essential nutrients, including amino acids. However, whether amino acid depletion modulates the activity of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is unclear. METHOD In this study, we evaluated the roles of amino acids and the Rag complex in regulating mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling in CD8+ TILs. RESULTS We discovered that the Rag complex, particularly RagD, was crucial for CD8+ T-cell antitumor immunity. RagD expression was positively correlated with the antitumor response of CD8+ TILs in both murine syngeneic tumor xenografts and clinical human colon cancer samples. On RagD deficiency, CD8+ T cells were rendered more dysfunctional, as demonstrated by attenuation of mTORC1 signaling and reductions in proliferation and cytokine secretion. Amino acids maintained RagD-mediated mTORC1 translocation to the lysosome, thereby achieving maximal mTORC1 activity in CD8+ T cells. Moreover, the limited T-cell access to leucine (LEU), overshadowed by tumor cell amino acid consumption, led to impaired RagD-dependent mTORC1 activity. Finally, combined with antiprogrammed cell death protein 1 antibody, LEU supplementation improved T-cell immunity in MC38 tumor-bearing mice in vivo. CONCLUSION Our results revealed that robust signaling of amino acids by RagD and downstream mTORC1 signaling were crucial for T-cell receptor-initiated antitumor immunity. The characterization the role of RagD and LEU in nutrient mTORC1 signaling in TILs might suggest potential therapeutic strategies based on the manipulation of RagD and its upstream pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongrong Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-Mei Yan
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuzhuang Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Likai Tan
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Yingshi Chen
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhilin Peng
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaochang Yuan
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjing Huang
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin He
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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4
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Ou DL, Chen CW, Hsu CL, Chung CH, Feng ZR, Lee BS, Cheng AL, Yang MH, Hsu C. Regorafenib enhances antitumor immunity via inhibition of p38 kinase/Creb1/Klf4 axis in tumor-associated macrophages. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001657. [PMID: 33753566 PMCID: PMC7986673 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regorafenib and other multikinase inhibitors may enhance antitumor efficacy of anti-program cell death-1 (anti-PD1) therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Its immunomodulatory effects, besides anti-angiogenesis, were not clearly defined. METHODS In vivo antitumor efficacy was tested in multiple syngeneic liver cancer models. Murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were tested in vitro for modulation of polarization by regorafenib and activation of cocultured T cells. Markers of M1/M2 polarization were measured by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), arginase activity, flow cytometry, and ELISA. Knockdown of p38 kinase and downstream Creb1/Klf4 signaling on macrophage polarization were confirmed by using knockdown of the upstream MAPK14 kinase, chemical p38 kinase inhibitor, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Regorafenib (5 mg/kg/day, corresponding to about half of human clinical dosage) inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo similarly to DC-101 (anti-VEGFR2 antibody) but produced higher T cell activation and M1 macrophage polarization, increased the ratio of M1/M2 polarized BMDMs and proliferation/activation of cocultured T cells in vitro, indicating angiogenesis-independent immunomodulatory effects. Suppression of p38 kinase phosphorylation and downstream Creb1/Klf4 activity in BMDMs by regorafenib reversed M2 polarization. Regorafenib enhanced antitumor efficacy of adoptively transferred antigen-specific T cells. Synergistic antitumor efficacy between regorafenib and anti-PD1 was associated with multiple immune-related pathways in the tumor microenvironment. CONCLUSION Regorafenib may enhance antitumor immunity through modulation of macrophage polarization, independent of its anti-angiogenic effects. Optimization of regorafenib dosage for rational design of combination therapy regimen may improve the therapeutic index in the clinic.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Kruppel-Like Factor 4/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/enzymology
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/enzymology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Phenotype
- Phenylurea Compounds/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages/drug effects
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages/enzymology
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages/immunology
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Liang Ou
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lang Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Chung
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Rui Feng
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bin-Shyun Lee
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Lii Cheng
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Hwa Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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5
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Shin JH, Moreno-Nieves UY, Zhang LH, Chen C, Dixon AL, Linde MH, Mace EM, Sunwoo JB. AHR Regulates NK Cell Migration via ASB2-Mediated Ubiquitination of Filamin A. Front Immunol 2021; 12:624284. [PMID: 33717133 PMCID: PMC7943850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.624284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are effector cells of the innate immune system involved in defense against virus-infected and transformed cells. The effector function of NK cells is linked to their ability to migrate to sites of inflammation or damage. Therefore, understanding the factors regulating NK cell migration is of substantial interest. Here, we show that in the absence of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, NK cells have reduced capacity to migrate and infiltrate tumors in vivo. Analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that ankyrin repeat and SOCS Box containing 2 (Asb2) expression was dramatically decreased in Ahr-/- NK cells and that AhR ligands modulated its expression. Further, AhR directly regulated the promoter region of the Asb2 gene. Similar to what was observed with murine Ahr-/- NK cells, ASB2 knockdown inhibited the migration of human NK cells. Activation of AHR by its agonist FICZ induced ASB2-dependent filamin A degradation in NK cells; conversely, knockdown of endogenous ASB2 inhibited filamin A degradation. Reduction of filamin A increased the migration of primary NK cells and restored the invasion capacity of AHR-deficient NK cells. Our study introduces AHR as a new regulator of NK cell migration, through an AHR-ASB2-filamin A axis and provides insight into a potential therapeutic target for NK cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Ho Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Uriel Y. Moreno-Nieves
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Luhua H. Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Amera L. Dixon
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Miles H. Linde
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Emily M. Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - John B. Sunwoo
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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6
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Gu M, Zhou X, Sohn JH, Zhu L, Jie Z, Yang JY, Zheng X, Xie X, Yang J, Shi Y, Brightbill HD, Kim JB, Wang J, Cheng X, Sun SC. NF-κB-inducing kinase maintains T cell metabolic fitness in antitumor immunity. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:193-204. [PMID: 33398181 PMCID: PMC7855506 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-00829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprograming toward aerobic glycolysis is a pivotal mechanism shaping immune responses. Here we show that deficiency in NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) impairs glycolysis induction, rendering CD8+ effector T cells hypofunctional in the tumor microenvironment. Conversely, ectopic expression of NIK promotes CD8+ T cell metabolism and effector function, thereby profoundly enhancing antitumor immunity and improving the efficacy of T cell adoptive therapy. NIK regulates T cell metabolism via a NF-κB-independent mechanism that involves stabilization of hexokinase 2 (HK2), a rate-limiting enzyme of the glycolytic pathway. NIK prevents autophagic degradation of HK2 through controlling cellular reactive oxygen species levels, which in turn involves modulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), an enzyme that mediates production of the antioxidant NADPH. We show that the G6PD-NADPH redox system is important for HK2 stability and metabolism in activated T cells. These findings establish NIK as a pivotal regulator of T cell metabolism and highlight a post-translational mechanism of metabolic regulation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Colonic Neoplasms/enzymology
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Colonic Neoplasms/therapy
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Energy Metabolism
- Enzyme Stability
- Female
- Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Glycolysis
- Hexokinase/genetics
- Hexokinase/metabolism
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/enzymology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/transplantation
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/enzymology
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NADP/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/deficiency
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Microenvironment
- NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Meidi Gu
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaofei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jee Hyung Sohn
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lele Zhu
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zuliang Jie
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jin-Young Yang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoping Xie
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Precision for Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yaoyao Shi
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hans D Brightbill
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xuhong Cheng
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
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7
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Le Naour S, Knol AC, Pandolfino MC, Khammari A, Dréno B. Effect of Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase Inhibitor on the Cytotoxic Activity of Tumour-infiltrating Lymphocytes. Acta Derm Venereol 2019; 99:1186-1187. [PMID: 31408178 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-3285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Le Naour
- Department of Dermato-cancerology, CHU Nantes, CIC1413, CRCINA, University Nantes, FR-44093 Nantes, France
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8
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Lim EL, Okkenhaug K. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ is a regulatory T-cell target in cancer immunotherapy. Immunology 2019; 157:210-218. [PMID: 31107985 PMCID: PMC6587315 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour infiltration by regulatory T (Treg) cells contributes to suppression of the anti-tumour immune response, which limits the efficacy of immune-mediated cancer therapies. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway has key roles in mediating the function of many immune cell subsets, including Treg cells. Treg function is context-dependent and depends on input from different cell surface receptors, many of which can activate the PI3K pathway. In this review, we explore how PI3Kδ contributes to signalling through several major immune cell receptors, including the T-cell receptor and co-stimulatory receptors such as CD28 and ICOS, but is antagonized by the immune checkpoint receptors CTLA-4 and PD-1. Understanding how PI3Kδ inhibition affects Treg signalling events will help to inform how best to use PI3Kδ inhibitors in clinical cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Lyn Lim
- Laboratory of Experimental ImmunologyImmunology Frontier Research CentreOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Division of ImmunologyDepartment of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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9
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Kohanbash G, Carrera DA, Shrivastav S, Ahn BJ, Jahan N, Mazor T, Chheda ZS, Downey KM, Watchmaker PB, Beppler C, Warta R, Amankulor NA, Herold-Mende C, Costello JF, Okada H. Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations suppress STAT1 and CD8+ T cell accumulation in gliomas. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1425-1437. [PMID: 28319047 DOI: 10.1172/jci90644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase genes IDH1 and IDH2 are among the first genetic alterations observed during the development of lower-grade glioma (LGG). LGG-associated IDH mutations confer gain-of-function activity by converting α-ketoglutarate to the oncometabolite R-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). Clinical samples and gene expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) demonstrate reduced expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated genes and IFN-γ-inducible chemokines, including CXCL10, in IDH-mutated (IDH-MUT) tumors compared with IDH-WT tumors. Given these findings, we have investigated the impact of IDH mutations on the immunological milieu in LGG. In immortalized normal human astrocytes (NHAs) and syngeneic mouse glioma models, the introduction of mutant IDH1 or treatment with 2HG reduced levels of CXCL10, which was associated with decreased production of STAT1, a regulator of CXCL10. Expression of mutant IDH1 also suppressed the accumulation of T cells in tumor sites. Reductions in CXCL10 and T cell accumulation were reversed by IDH-C35, a specific inhibitor of mutant IDH1. Furthermore, IDH-C35 enhanced the efficacy of vaccine immunotherapy in mice bearing IDH-MUT gliomas. Our findings demonstrate a mechanism of immune evasion in IDH-MUT gliomas and suggest that specific inhibitors of mutant IDH may improve the efficacy of immunotherapy in patients with IDH-MUT gliomas.
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10
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Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) has shown to be up-regulated in several cancers and to play a role in angiogenesis and invasion. Most studies regarding TP have focused on cancer cells. Recently, evidences suggest that TP in cancer-infiltrating inflammatory cells (CIICs) also affect the cancer cell behavior. To evaluate the significance of TP expression of CIICs in gastric cancer, we assessed TP expression of cancer cells and CIICs separately using immunohistochemical assay on 116 paraffin-embedded tissue samples from stomach cancer patients and investigated their clinical significance. When subjects were divided into 4 groups according to the TP expression: cancer/matrix (+/+), C/M (+/-), C/M (-/+), and C/M (-/-), intratumoral microvessel density scores were higher in the C/M (+/-) group than in the C/M (-/-) group (p=0.02). For lymph node metastasis and survival, there were no significant differences among the 4 groups. However, there were significant differences in survival (p=0.035) and LN metastasis (p=0.023) between the two groups divided by TP expression of CIICs alone irrespective of TP expression of cancer cells. Taken together, this study suggested the TP expression in CIICs could affect lymph node metastasis and patients' survival in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung Soon Jang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Gyeong-Sang Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeong-Sang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Won Sup Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Gyeong-Sang Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeong-Sang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
- Gyeongnam Regional Cancer Center, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Lee
- Department of Pathology, Gyeong-Sang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hwal Woong Kim
- Department of Pathology, Gyeong-Sang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Gyung Hyuck Ko
- Department of Pathology, Gyeong-Sang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Woo Song Ha
- Department of Surgery, Gyeong-Sang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
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11
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Friedlein G, El Hage F, Vergnon I, Richon C, Saulnier P, Lécluse Y, Caignard A, Boumsell L, Bismuth G, Chouaib S, Mami-Chouaib F. Human CD5 protects circulating tumor antigen-specific CTL from tumor-mediated activation-induced cell death. J Immunol 2007; 178:6821-7. [PMID: 17513730 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.6821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously characterized several tumor-specific T cell clones from PBL and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of a lung cancer patient with identical TCR rearrangements and similar lytic potential, but with different antitumor response. A role of the TCR inhibitory molecule CD5 to impair reactivity of peripheral T cells against the tumor was found to be involved in this process. In this report, we demonstrate that CD5 also controls the susceptibility of specific T cells to activation-induced cell death (AICD) triggered by the tumor. Using a panel of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and PBL-derived clones expressing different levels of CD5, our results indicate that T lymphocyte AICD in response to the cognate tumor is inversely proportional to the surface expression level of CD5. They also suggest a direct involvement of CD5 in this process, as revealed by an increase in tumor-mediated T lymphocyte AICD following neutralization of the molecule with specific mAb. Mechanistically, our data indicate that down-regulation of FasL expression and subsequent inhibition of caspase-8 activation are involved in CD5-induced T cell survival. These results provide evidence for a role of CD5 in the fate of peripheral tumor-specific T cells and further suggest its contribution to regulate the extension of CTL response against tumor.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/blood
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- CD5 Antigens/immunology
- CD5 Antigens/metabolism
- CD5 Antigens/physiology
- Caspase 8/metabolism
- Caspase Inhibitors
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Enzyme Activation/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/blood
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Fas Ligand Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fas Ligand Protein/biosynthesis
- Fas Ligand Protein/genetics
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/enzymology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/immunology
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Friedlein
- Laboratoire "Immunologie des tumeurs humaines: Interaction effecteurs cytotoxiques-système tumoral," Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 753, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 54, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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12
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Shen X, Zhou J, Hathcock KS, Robbins P, Powell DJ, Rosenberg SA, Hodes RJ. Persistence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in adoptive immunotherapy correlates with telomere length. J Immunother 2007; 30:123-9. [PMID: 17198091 PMCID: PMC2151201 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000211321.07654.b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transfer of autologous tumor-specific tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in adoptive immunotherapy can mediate the regression of tumor in patients with metastatic melanoma. In this procedure, TILs from resected tumors are expanded in vitro, then administered to patients and further stimulated to proliferate in vivo by the administration of high dose IL-2. After in vitro expansion, TILs are often dominated by a few specific clonotypes, and recently it was reported that the persistence in vivo of one or more of these clonotypes correlated with positive therapeutic response. We and others have previously shown that repeated in vitro stimulation and clonal expansion of normal human T lymphocytes results in progressive decrease in telomerase activity and shortening of telomeres, ultimately resulting in replicative senescence. In the studies reported here, we therefore compared telomerase activity and telomere length in persistent and nonpersistent TIL clonotypes before transfer in vivo, and found a correlation between telomere length and clonal persistence. We also observed that TILs proliferate extensively in vivo in the days after transfer, but fail to induce substantial telomerase activity, and undergo rapid decreases in telomere length within days after transfer. Thus, in vivo loss of telomeres by clonotypes that have the shortest telomeres at the time of administration may drive these clones to replicative senescence, whereas cells with longer telomeres are able to persist and mediate antitumor effects. These findings are relevant both to predicting effectiveness of adoptive immunotherapy and in deriving strategies for improving effectiveness by sustaining telomere length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglei Shen
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Juhua Zhou
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Karen S. Hathcock
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Paul Robbins
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daniel J. Powell
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Steven A. Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Richard J. Hodes
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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13
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Michael-Robinson JM, Pandeya N, Walsh MD, Biemer-Huttmann AE, Eri RD, Buttenshaw RL, Lincoln D, Clouston AD, Jass JR, Radford-Smith GL. Characterization of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and apoptosis in colitis-associated neoplasia: comparison with sporadic colorectal cancer. J Pathol 2006; 208:381-7. [PMID: 16315333 DOI: 10.1002/path.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The development of colorectal cancer is a major complication for patients with chronic idiopathic colitis. Colitis-associated tumours tend to occur at a younger age and be more aggressive than sporadic colorectal cancers. While we have previously associated the presence of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and increased apoptosis in sporadic colorectal cancer with high-level microsatellite instability and improved prognosis, little is known of the relationship between these variables in colitis-associated colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to correlate TILs and tumour cell apoptosis in colitis-associated neoplasms stratified according to microsatellite instability. Twenty tumour and 11 dysplastic samples resected from 21 patients with long-standing colitis were analysed for microsatellite instability at 10 microsatellite markers. TIL distribution (CD3, CD8) and function (granzyme B) were quantified by immunohistochemistry. Neoplastic cell apoptosis was assessed using the M30 CytoDEATH antibody. These findings were compared with 40 microsatellite stable (MSS) sporadic colorectal cancers previously evaluated for TILs and neoplastic apoptosis. Low-level microsatellite instability was found in 1/20 colitis-associated tumours. All other colitis-associated lesions were designated MSS. CD3(+) and CD8(+) TIL counts were significantly higher in colitis-associated lesions compared with MSS sporadic colorectal cancer (p < 0.0001, p = 0.001 respectively). Despite their higher TIL density, colitis-associated tumours were more likely to present late (Dukes' stage C or D) (p = 0.02). Functionally, colitis-associated TILs demonstrated significantly less granzyme B expression compared to sporadic cancers (p = 0.002). The level of tumour cell apoptosis was similar between the two groups (sporadic, 1.53%; colitis cancers, 1.45%). In conclusion, MSS colitis-associated tumours have a higher prevalence of CD3(+)/CD8(+) TILs but no associated increase in tumour cell killing by apoptosis. Unlike cytotoxic T cells in sporadic colorectal cancer, TILs do not appear to enhance the prognosis of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. This may be related to an impairment of granzyme B expression within these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Michael-Robinson
- Crohn's and Colitis Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Research Foundation, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
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14
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Bodey B, Siegel SE, Kaiser HE. Immunocytochemical detection of members of the caspase cascade of apoptosis in childhood medulloblastomas. In Vivo 2005; 19:749-60. [PMID: 15999545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
During the process of programmed cell death (PCD), the cell disintegrates into small, membrane-bound apoptotic bodies. Caspase-3 is ubiquitously expressed in normal and neoplastically-transformed human cells and serves as an executioner in the apoptotic or PCD pathway. During our immunocytochemical study, a sensitive, four-step, alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antigen detection technique was employed. The results demonstrated the presence of apoptotic activity within the cellular microenvironment of childhood medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor. The observations identified the cytoplasmic presence of caspase-3 in more than 20% of neoplastic cells. The immunocytochemical expression pattern demonstrated a translocation tendency from the cytoplasm to the cell nuclei in the apoptotic cells in about 5% of the tumor cells. Caspase-3 presence was also detected in the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), representing the host's immune, mostly CD8+, cytotoxic, tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-directed effector cells. This phenomenon may play an important role in these tumors' maintenance of immune privilege and evasion of immune attacks. We suggest that the grade and intensity of apoptosis may not only have diagnostic and prognostic significance, but could also play a leading role in the biological (fourth modality) antineoplastic treatment of these highly malignant, neuroectodermal brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela Bodey
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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15
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Abstract
CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are severely deficient in cytolysis, a defect that may permit tumor escape from immune-mediated destruction. Because lytic function is dependent upon TCR signaling, we have tested the hypothesis that primary TIL have defective signaling by analysis of the localization and activation status of TIL proteins important in TCR-mediated signaling. Upon conjugate formation with cognate target cells in vitro, TIL do not recruit granzyme B+ granules, the microtubule-organizing center, F-actin, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, nor proline rich tyrosine kinase-2 to the target cell contact site. In addition, TIL do not flux calcium nor demonstrate proximal tyrosine kinase activity, deficiencies likely to underlie failure to fully activate the lytic machinery. Confocal microscopy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer analyses demonstrate that TIL are triggered by conjugate formation in that the TCR, p56lck, CD3zeta, LFA-1, lipid rafts, ZAP70, and linker for activation of T cells localize at the TIL:tumor cell contact site, and CD43 and CD45 are excluded. However, proximal TCR signaling is blocked upon conjugate formation because the inhibitory motif of p56lck is rapidly phosphorylated (Y505) and COOH-terminal Src kinase is recruited to the contact site, while Src homology 2 domain-containing protein phosphatase 2 is cytoplasmic. Our data support a novel mechanism explaining how tumor-induced inactivation of proximal TCR signaling regulates lytic function of antitumor T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/deficiency
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- CD2 Antigens/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Separation
- Cytoplasmic Granules/immunology
- Cytoplasmic Granules/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/enzymology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Phosphorylation
- Phosphotyrosine/metabolism
- Protein Transport/immunology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/deficiency
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Mythili Koneru
- Department of Cell Biology and Kaplan Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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16
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Owen JL, Iragavarapu-Charyulu V, Gunja-Smith Z, Herbert LM, Grosso JF, Lopez DM. Up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in T lymphocytes of mammary tumor bearers: role of vascular endothelial growth factor. J Immunol 2004; 171:4340-51. [PMID: 14530359 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.8.4340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a matrix-degrading enzyme, is crucial in tumor invasion and metastasis and is implicated in leukocyte extravasation. In this report, we demonstrate that during growth of the D1-7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene-3 mammary tumor in BALB/c mice, there is progressive up-regulation of MMP-9 in splenic T cells at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Our previous work has identified several factors produced by this tumor, including PGE(2), GM-CSF, and phosphatidyl serine; however, none of these agents induces increased production of MMP-9 by normal splenic T cells. Although not produced by the tumor, TNF-alpha and IL-6 are up-regulated in both macrophages and B cells in tumor-bearing mice. Exposure of normal T cells to these two cytokines, however, also fails to up-regulate MMP-9 production. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is produced by many tumors, and we determined that the mammary tumor used in our studies expresses high levels of this angiogenic growth factor. Importantly, splenic T cells from tumor bearers constitutively produce increased amounts of VEGF, and treatment of normal T cells with VEGF results in up-regulated MMP-9 production. Of crucial importance is the finding that tumor-infiltrating T cells also produce high levels of VEGF and MMP-9. Our studies indicate that VEGF can act directly on T lymphocytes and that elevated VEGF levels may contribute to the aberrant MMP-9 secretion by mammary tumor bearers' T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Owen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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17
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Erovic BM, Pelzmann M, Turhani D, Pammer J, Niederberger V, Neuchrist C, Grasl MC, Thurnher D. Differential expression pattern of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Acta Otolaryngol 2003; 123:950-3. [PMID: 14626203 DOI: 10.1080/00016480310016118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The enzyme cyclooxygenase catalyzes the first step of the synthesis of prostanoids Cyclooxygenase has been shown to exist in two distinct isoforms: cyclooxygenase-1 is constitutively expressed as a housekeeping enzyme in most tissues whereas the inducible cyclooxygenase-2 has been reported to be involved in inflammatory processes and in the carcinogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution patterns of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in peritumoral lymphocytic infiltrates and tumor cells of head and neck carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using paraffin-embedded tumor specimens from 24 patients suffering from oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal and oral squamous cell carcinomas. RESULTS We observed that cyclooxygenase-2 immunoreactivity, compared to that of cyclooxygenase-1, was significantly increased in peritumoral lymphocytic infiltrates as well as in tumor cells. CONCLUSION The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in both tumor specimens and the surrounding peritumoral lymphocytic infiltrates supports the hypothesis that cyclooxygenase may be one of several important links between chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boban M Erovic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Vienna Medical School, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Berstein LM, Larionov AA, Poroshina TE, Zimarina TS, Leenman EE. Aromatase (CYP19) expression in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and blood mononuclears. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2002; 128:173-6. [PMID: 11935306 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-002-0322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2001] [Accepted: 12/28/2001] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify the role of lymphocytes as a possible source of estrogens. METHODS In the present study, lymphocytes were isolated from 11 surgical samples of breast cancer after tumor enzyme digestion and Ficoll/Verographine procedure. Simultaneously, using the latter procedure, mononuclears were separated from the blood of 15 female volunteers. RESULTS Expression of the aromatase (CYP19) gene was readily demonstrated by standard RT-PCR in blood mononuclears cultivated in the presence of 10% fetal calf serum for 48 h. In the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) of breast cancer patients, CYP19 expression was discovered only with the aid of nested PCR. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained suggest that aromatase gene expression is presented in TIL at a rather low level. Nevertheless, this can have some functional significance for the estrogen-dependent growth of breast cancer tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Berstein
- Lab. of Oncoendocrinology, Prof. N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Aaltoma SH, Lipponen PK, Kosma VM. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and its prognostic value in prostate cancer. Anticancer Res 2001; 21:3101-6. [PMID: 11712818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was evaluated in prostate cancer and the results were compared with other prognostic factors and patients outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical and histopathological data and follow-up information of 198 prostate cancer (PC) patients treated between the years 1973 and 1992 at Kuopio University Hospital, Finland were collected from patient files. Archival tumor specimens were used for immunohistochemical analysis of iNOS. The expression of iNOS was analysed by light microscopy and the expression was scored into 3 grades (negative weak or strong). RESULTS iNOS was expressed in tumor cells and in inflammatory cells inside and around the tumor. Normal and hyperplastic prostate tissues adjacent to tumors were negative or weakly positive for iNOS. The strong iNOS expression in tumor cells was related to high T-classification (p=0.001), metastasis (p=0.06), high Gleason score (p=0.0004), DNA aneuploidy (p=0.0001) and perineural infiltration (p=0.0001). iNOS expression was not linked with the density of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes or the expression of p53. The mean values of Ki-67, mitotic index and S-phase fraction were higher in tumors strongly expressing iNOS. In univariate survival analysis the strong expression of iNOS was a significant predictor of poor survival in the entire cohort (p=0.0002) and in the MO patients (p=0.008), but was not an independent predictor of survival in Cox's multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION iNOS has been related to stimulative and suppressive effects on cancer cell growth, but the prognostic value of iNOS has not been previously studied in PC. Here we could demonstrate an association between strong iNOS expression and rapid cancer cell proliferation rate, dedifferentiation and advanced stage cancer. The strong iNOS expression was a predictor of poor survival in univariate analysis, but was inferior to established prognostic factors in multivariate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Aaltoma
- Department of Urology, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.
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20
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Zaks TZ, Chappell DB, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP. Fas-mediated suicide of tumor-reactive T cells following activation by specific tumor: selective rescue by caspase inhibition. J Immunol 1999; 162:3273-9. [PMID: 10092779 PMCID: PMC2239009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T lymphocytes that specifically recognize tumor cells can be isolated and expanded ex vivo. While the lytic properties of these cells have been well described, their fate upon encounter with cognate tumor is not known. We performed reverse 51Cr release assays in which the lymphocyte effectors rather than the tumor cell targets were radioactively labeled. We found that melanoma tumor cells caused the apoptotic death of tumor-specific T cells only upon specific MHC class I-restricted recognition. This death was entirely blockable by the addition of an Ab directed against the Fas death receptor (APO-1, CD95). Contrary to the prevailing view that tumor cells cause the death of anti-tumor T cells by expressing Fas ligand (FasL), our data suggested that FasL was instead expressed by T lymphocytes upon activation. While the tumor cells did not express FasL by any measure (including RT-PCR), functional FasL (as well as FasL mRNA) was consistently found on activated anti-tumor T cells. We could successfully block the activation-induced cell death with z-VAD-fmk, a tripeptide inhibitor of IL-1 beta-converting enzyme homologues, or with anti-Fas mAbs. Most importantly, these interventions did not inhibit T cell recognition as measured by IFN-gamma release, nor did they adversely affect the specific lysis of tumor cell targets. These results imply that Fas-mediated activation-induced cell death could be a limiting factor in the in vivo efficacy of adoptive transfer of class I-restricted CD8+ T cells and provide a means of potentially enhancing their growth in vitro as well as their function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Z Zaks
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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21
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Wang RF, Johnston SL, Southwood S, Sette A, Rosenberg SA. Recognition of an antigenic peptide derived from tyrosinase-related protein-2 by CTL in the context of HLA-A31 and -A33. J Immunol 1998; 160:890-7. [PMID: 9551926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) derived from tumor-bearing patients recognize tumor-associated Ags presented by MHC class I molecules. The infusion of TIL586 along with IL-2 into the autologous patient with metastatic melanoma resulted in the objective regression of tumor. Two T cell epitopes derived from tumor Ags, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1 and TRP-2, were shown to be recognized by HLA-A31 restricted TIL586 and its T cell clones. In this study we tested the hypothesis that these two peptides can be recognized by CTL from non-HLA-A31 patients with melanoma. It was found that both peptides were capable of binding to HLA-A3, -A11, -A31, -A33, and -A68 of the HLA-A3 supertype. Importantly, we found that HLA-A33-positive TIL1244 and its T cell clones can recognize TRP197-205 presented by both HLA-A31 and -A33 molecules, suggesting that a single TCR can recognize peptide/A31 and peptide/A33 complexes. However, peptide titration experiments showed that the affinity of TCR receptor to peptide/A33 could be higher than that to the peptide/A31. These studies have important implications for the development of peptide-based cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Wang
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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22
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Bershteĭn LM, Poroshina TE, Zimarina TS, Larionov AA, Uporov AV. [Conversion of androstenedione in the lymphocytes infiltrating the breast tumor tissue]. Biull Eksp Biol Med 1997; 124:440-3. [PMID: 9410179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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23
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Abstract
A ca. 45-kDa protein which was recently identified and purified to homogeneity from a solid tumor cell line as a T-cell mitogen was found to have significant sequence similarities with human monocyte/neutrophil elastase inhibitor (EI) [1]. Since EI is a known substrate for elastase, a determination of whether a cell surface expressed elastase-like molecule might be the binding protein for this 45-kDa factor and mediate mitogenic signal transduction was undertaken. First, the surface of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, TIL 660, the indicator cell line used for the purification of this mitogen, was shown to stain positively with an anti-elastase antibody using flow cytofluorometry for quantitation. Then, after observing an inverse correlation between cell surface staining and the proliferative status of the TILs, behavior which might be expected of a growth factor receptor upon activation, mitogenic signal transduction was attempted through the elastase-like molecules of the lymphocytes' plasma membrane with the anti-elastase antibody in the role of mitogen. A greater than 4-fold mitogenic stimulation was observed when this antibody was covalently linked to latex beads; in contrast, addition of the soluble form of the same antibody did not result in any increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation into the cells' DNA. Hence, these data support induced clustering of an elastase-like molecule on the lymphocyte surface as a mediator of mitogenesis and suggest that the binding protein for mitogenic signal transduction induced by the 45-kDa protein, a member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily of proteins, is a molecule with structure similar to a serine protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Z Packard
- OncoImmunin, Inc., College Park, MD 20742, USA
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24
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Abstract
A grave prognosis is usually associated with leukemic skin infiltrates (leukemia cutis). However, some leukemic skin infiltrates are clinically similar to reactive non-leukemic infiltrates in patients with leukemia; thus it is of great importance to distinguish them. Fifty-four cases which were thought clinically to be leukemia cutis underwent immunophenotyping with a panel of nine T, B, monocytic, and macrophage markers using paraffin sections. Immunohistochemistry helped identify 44 cases with leukemia cutis and 10 with reactive infiltrates. In all cases of leukemia cutis, the staining patterns of skin infiltrates were concordant with cell type in the bone marrow. Furthermore, the panel of markers was usually helpful in distinguishing reactive from leukemia infiltrates, especially in cases with chronic lymphatic leukemia. Immunohistochemistry is a valuable adjunct in histopathologic differentiation of skin infiltrates in most cases of leukemia. With formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsies, we recommend that CD45 (LCA), CD45RO (UCHL-1), CD3, CD20 (L-26), CD43 (Leu-22), CD68 (KP-1), lysozyme, and chloroacetate esterase be considered in cases of systemic leukemia with cutaneous papules and nodules that prove difficult to interpret with routine section.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD20
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/immunology
- Biopsy
- Bone Marrow/enzymology
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- CD3 Complex/analysis
- Cell Movement
- Dermatitis/diagnosis
- Dermatitis/immunology
- Dermatitis/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry/standards
- Leukemia/diagnosis
- Leukemia/immunology
- Leukemia/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemic Infiltration/diagnosis
- Leukemic Infiltration/immunology
- Leukemic Infiltration/pathology
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/analysis
- Leukosialin
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/enzymology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Macrophages/enzymology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muramidase/analysis
- Paraffin
- Sialoglycoproteins/analysis
- Skin/chemistry
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/pathology
- Staining and Labeling
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Ratnam
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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