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Liu N, Yan WT, Xiong K. Plantamajoside: A potentially novel botanical agent for diabetes mellitus management. World J Diabetes 2025; 16:104311. [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i5.104311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2025] [Accepted: 02/20/2025] [Indexed: 04/25/2025] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its associated complications are metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia, leading to high morbidity and reduced quality of life worldwide. This global healthcare problem imposes substantial personal and social burdens that warrant comprehensive and in-depth investigation. Plantamajoside (PMS), a naturally bioactive ingredient derived from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Plantaginis Herba, exhibits a range of pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antitumor effects, and has been traditionally utilized in clinical applications such as removing phlegm and clearing heat. However, the potential biological impact of PMS on DM remains largely unexplored. Recent research by Wang et al reported the therapeutic potential of PMS in type 2 DM (T2DM) and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms. Specifically, PMS mitigates endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells by upregulating DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C1, thereby alleviating pancreatic β-cell damage and ameliorating T2DM progression. Given the novel and protective effect of PMS on pancreatic β-cells, this natural ingredient emerges as an innovative and promising therapeutic strategy for improving DM outcomes. PMS has been shown to modulate key signaling pathways involved in multiple types of regulated cell death (RCD), such as apoptosis and autophagy. Various forms of RCD, including apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, and PANoptosis, contribute to the pathogenesis of DM and its associated complications. There is significant potential for PMS to exert protective effects on β-cells against these forms of RCD and to provide a multitarget approach to DM therapy. Therefore, further exploration into whether PMS shields pancreatic β-cells from these types of RCD, coupled with elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms, will facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic strategies for DM. Additionally, further investigation on PMS in conjunction with other therapeutic approaches is warranted to enhance therapeutic efficacy for DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wei-Tao Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
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Ayash R, Kabalan Y, Chamaa S. Sitagliptin reduces cytokine-induced β-cell apoptosis in prediabetes: A six-month interventional study. Eur J Pharmacol 2025; 999:177708. [PMID: 40345426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2025.177708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2025] [Accepted: 05/06/2025] [Indexed: 05/11/2025]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Islet inflammation, initiated by macrophage infiltration, which activates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), plays a crucial role in the early stage of diabetes. The study aimed to assess how initial treatment with sitagliptin affects inflammation-driven β-cell apoptosis by measuring plasma levels of Fas, Fas Ligand (Fas-L), and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in prediabetes. PATIENTS AND METHODS This prospective interventional study included 56 treatment-naïve patients with impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Participants received either 50 mg sitagliptin twice daily or 100 mg sitagliptin once daily for 6 months. Plasma levels of inflammatory apoptotic markers (Fas, Fas-L, and IL-1β) were measured by ELISA at baseline and after 6 months of treatment. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to evaluate changes in biomarker levels. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors associated with improved β-cell function, as assessed by HOMA-B. RESULTS After 24 weeks of treatment, significant reductions were observed in plasma levels of Fas, Fas-L, and IL-1β (p < 0.001). Glycemic parameters also improved significantly (p < 0.001). Regression analysis levels were strong negative predictors of HOMA-B (R2 = 29.8 %, p < 0.001) and remained significantly associated with improved HOMA-B after treatment (R2 = 73.8 %, p = 0.000), with additional contribution from IL-1β. CONCLUSION Sitagliptin demonstrates promising therapeutic effects in prediabetes by reducing inflammation-induced β-cell apoptosis. Its potential to suppress pro-apoptotic cytokines underscores its role as an early therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Ayash
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Syria.
| | - Younes Kabalan
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Syria
| | - Sahar Chamaa
- Department of biochemistry and microbiology, faculty of pharmacy,damascus, Syria
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Andrés-Blasco I, Gallego-Martínez A, Casaroli-Marano RP, Di Lauro S, Arévalo JF, Pinazo-Durán MD. Molecular-Genetic Biomarkers of Diabetic Macular Edema. J Clin Med 2024; 13:7426. [PMID: 39685883 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13237426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2024] [Revised: 11/23/2024] [Accepted: 12/02/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a leading cause of vision impairment and blindness among diabetic patients, requiring effective diagnostic and monitoring strategies. This systematic review aims to synthesize current knowledge on molecular biomarkers associated with DME, focusing on their potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and disease management. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, covering literature from 2004 to 2023. Out of 1074 articles initially identified, 48 relevant articles were included in this systematic review. Results: We found that molecules involved in several cellular processes, such as neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, vascular dysfunction, apoptosis, and cell-to-cell communication, exhibit differential expression profiles in various biological fluids when comparing diabetic individuals with or without macular edema. Conclusions: The study of these molecules could lead to the proper identification of specific biomarkers that may improve the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic management of DME patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Andrés-Blasco
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía"/Fisabio, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicina and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Research Network in Inflammatory Diseases and Immunopathology of Organs and Systems "REI-RICORS", RD21/0002/0032, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alex Gallego-Martínez
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía"/Fisabio, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicina and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pedro Casaroli-Marano
- Research Network in Inflammatory Diseases and Immunopathology of Organs and Systems "REI-RICORS", RD21/0002/0032, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvatore Di Lauro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinic Hopital, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jose Fernando Arévalo
- Research Network in Inflammatory Diseases and Immunopathology of Organs and Systems "REI-RICORS", RD21/0002/0032, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Maria Dolores Pinazo-Durán
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía"/Fisabio, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicina and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Research Network in Inflammatory Diseases and Immunopathology of Organs and Systems "REI-RICORS", RD21/0002/0032, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Yavuz O, Dincel GC, Yildirim S, El-Ashram S, Al-Olayan E. Impact of apoptosis and oxidative stress on pancreatic beta cell pathophysiology in streptozotocin-induced Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Tissue Cell 2024; 91:102552. [PMID: 39255742 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Hyperglycemia plays a crucial role in the islet cells, especially pancreatic beta cell death in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, a few research have concentrated on the pathophysiology of apoptosis and oxidative stress in T1DM. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of Caspase 3, Caspase 9, 8-OHdG, Glutathione Reductase, endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the pancreatic tissue of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1DM patients and to compare the cellular mechanisms underlying this metabolic disorder. METHODS For this purpose, a total of 20 Wistar albino rats were divided into two groups: Control (C) and Diabetes Mellitus (DM). In the DM group, T1DM was induced by STZ. Rats in the C group were injected intravenously with buffer solution. At the end of the day 20, rats were necropsied and immunohistochemical procedures were applied. RESULTS The immunohistochemical examination revealed, strong positive immunoreactions were observed in the islet cells of the DM groups, particularly when all antibody stains were considered. On the other hand, the C groups showed minimal changes. The difference between the C and DM groups in terms of all antibodies was statistically significant (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS In the present study, it was concluded that apoptosis, oxidative stress and NOS expressions were involved in islet cell destruction in pancreatic tissue in STZ-induced T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Yavuz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, 35890, Kiraz, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Gungor Cagdas Dincel
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Serkan Yildirim
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Türkiye
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong Province, China; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Ebtesam Al-Olayan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Javaid A, Omar N, Ahmad R, Mat Zin AA, Che Romli A, Isah Tsamiya R. Paederia foetida Ameliorates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Rats Models by Suppressing Apoptosis. PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE 2024; 47:1473-1489. [DOI: 10.47836/pjtas.47.4.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2025]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent global public health issues associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases, contributing to morbidity and mortality. Research has demonstrated that elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in diabetes can trigger apoptosis, exacerbating diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). This study investigates the cardioprotective effects of Paederia foetida in rats’ models of type 2 diabetes induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) treatment. The diabetic model was established in Sprague Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 40 mg/kg). Sprague Dawley rats were treated with varied concentrations of standardized extract of P. foetida (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg), administered orally once daily for four weeks. Standardized extract from P. foetida has a range of therapeutic potential, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic properties. The common metabolic disorder indices and myocardial apoptosis were investigated. The findings from this study demonstrated increased expression of Bcl-2 and decreased expression of Bcl-2 Associated X-protein BAX as indicated by IRS scoring in cardiomyocytes, suggesting that P. foetida has a significant protective effect on diabetic cardiomyopathy by decreasing apoptosis. Increased Bcl-2 and decreased BAX levels may be related to regulating oxidative stress and mitochondrial pathways involving myocardial apoptosis. P. foetida extract could be a potential intervention for attenuating cardiomyopathy in diabetes mellitus.
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Simon-Szabó L, Lizák B, Sturm G, Somogyi A, Takács I, Németh Z. Molecular Aspects in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes and Possible Preventive and Complementary Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9113. [PMID: 39201799 PMCID: PMC11354764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25169113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM), is increasing sharply worldwide. To reverse this, more effective approaches in prevention and treatment are needed. In our review, we sought to summarize normal insulin action and the pathways that primarily influence the development of T2DM. Normal insulin action involves mitogenic and metabolic pathways, as both are important in normal metabolic processes, regeneration, etc. However, through excess energy, both can be hyperactive or attenuated/inactive leading to disturbances in the cellular and systemic regulation with the consequence of cellular stress and systemic inflammation. In this review, we detailed the beneficial molecular changes caused by some important components of nutrition and by exercise, which act in the same molecular targets as the developed drugs, and can revert the damaged pathways. Moreover, these induce entire networks of regulatory mechanisms and proteins to restore unbalanced homeostasis, proving their effectiveness as preventive and complementary therapies. These are the main steps for success in prevention and treatment of developed diseases to rid the body of excess energy, both from stored fats and from overnutrition, while facilitating fat burning with adequate, regular exercise in healthy people, and together with necessary drug treatment as required in patients with insulin resistance and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Simon-Szabó
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Tuzolto u. 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (L.S.-S.); (B.L.)
| | - Beáta Lizák
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Tuzolto u. 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (L.S.-S.); (B.L.)
| | - Gábor Sturm
- Directorate of Information Technology Basic Infrastructure and Advanced Applications, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 78/b, 1082 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Anikó Somogyi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, Baross u., 1085 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - István Takács
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Koranyi S. u 2/a, 1083 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Zsuzsanna Németh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Koranyi S. u 2/a, 1083 Budapest, Hungary;
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Ghaffari-Nasab A, Ghiasi F, Keyhanmanesh R, Roshangar L, Salmani Korjan E, Nazarpoor N, Mirzaei Bavil F. Bone marrow-derived c-kit positive stem cell administration protects against diabetes-induced nephropathy in a rat model by reversing PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway and inhibiting cell apoptosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:603-615. [PMID: 37129768 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04750-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy has been proposed as a novel therapeutic strategy for diabetic nephropathy. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of systemic administration of rat bone marrow-derived c-kit positive (c-kit+) cells on diabetic nephropathy in male rats, focusing on PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway and apoptosis as a possible therapeutic mechanism. Twenty-eight animals were randomly classified into four groups: Control group (C), diabetic group (D), diabetic group, intravenously received 50 μl phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 3 × 105 c-kit- cells (D + ckit-); and diabetic group, intravenously received 50 μl PBS containing 3 × 105 c-Kit positive cells (D + ckit+). Control and diabetic groups intravenously received 50 μl PBS. C-kit+ cell therapy could reduce renal fibrosis, which was associated with attenuation of inflammation as indicated by decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels in the kidney tissue. In addition, c-kit+ cells restored the expression levels of PI3K, pAKT, and GSK-3β proteins. Furthermore, renal apoptosis was decreased following c-kit+ cell therapy, evidenced by the lower apoptotic index in parallel with the increased Bcl-2 and decreased Bax and Caspase-3 levels. Our results showed that in contrast to c-kit- cells, the administration of c-kit+ cells ameliorate diabetic nephropathy and suggested that c-kit+ cells could be an alternative cell source for attenuating diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Ghaffari-Nasab
- Faculty of Medicine, Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 51666-14766, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fariba Ghiasi
- Faculty of Medicine, Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 51666-14766, Iran
| | - Rana Keyhanmanesh
- Faculty of Medicine, Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 51666-14766, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Faculty of Medicine, Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 51666-14766, Iran
| | - Elnaz Salmani Korjan
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Navid Nazarpoor
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fariba Mirzaei Bavil
- Faculty of Medicine, Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 51666-14766, Iran.
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Luo L, Fan W, Qin J, Guo S, Xiao H, Tang Z. Pharmacological and Pathological Effects of Mulberry Leaf Extract on the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Mice. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:5403-5421. [PMID: 37504259 PMCID: PMC10378407 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45070343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the pharmacological and pathological effects of aqueous mulberry leaf extract on type 1 diabetes mellitus mice induced with an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Diabetic mice were randomized into six groups: control (normal group), model, metformin-treated mice, and high-dose, medium-dose, and low-dose mulberry. The mulberry-treated mice were divided into high-, medium-, and low-dose groups based on the various doses of aqueous mulberry leaf extract during gavage. The efficacy of the six-week intervention was evaluated by measuring levels of fasting plasma glucose, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase, glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and recording body weight. Results revealed that mulberry leaf extract exhibited an ideal hypoglycemic effect, and the high-dose group was the most affected. Histology analysis, glycogen staining and apoptosis detection were used to study the extract's effects on the liver, kidney, and pancreatic cells of diabetic mice, enabling the assessment of its effectiveness and complications on a clinical and theoretical basis. It was shown that a certain concentration of aqueous mulberry leaf extract repaired the islet cells of type 1 diabetes mellitus mice, promoting normal insulin secretion. Herein, it was confirmed that mulberry leaf could be used to develop new hypoglycemic drugs or functional health food with broad applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liru Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wei Fan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jingping Qin
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development, Changsha 410128, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shiyin Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhonghai Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development, Changsha 410128, China
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Prasad MK, Mohandas S, Ramkumar KM. Dysfunctions, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies of pancreatic β-cells in diabetes. Apoptosis 2023:10.1007/s10495-023-01854-0. [PMID: 37273039 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01854-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta-cell death has been established as a critical mediator in the progression of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Beta-cell death is associated with exacerbating hyperglycemia and insulin resistance and paves the way for the progression of DM and its complications. Apoptosis has been considered the primary mechanism of beta-cell death in diabetes. However, recent pieces of evidence have implicated the substantial involvement of several other novel modes of cell death, including autophagy, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis. These distinct mechanisms are characterized by their unique biochemical features and often precipitate damage through the induction of cellular stressors, including endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Experimental studies were identified from PubMed literature on different modes of beta cell death during the onset of diabetes mellitus. This review summarizes current knowledge on the crucial pathways implicated in pancreatic beta cell death. The article also focuses on applying natural compounds as potential treatment strategies in inhibiting these cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Krishna Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundhar Mohandas
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kunka Mohanram Ramkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Xuan C, Ding W, Zhan L, Xiong Y, Yu X, Cao W, Luo Y. Potential Mechanisms of Yiqi Jiedu Huayu Decoction in the Treatment of Diabetic Microvascular Complications Based on Network Analysis, Molecular Docking, and Experimental Validation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2023; 2023:5034687. [PMID: 39281806 PMCID: PMC11401727 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5034687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Background Diabetic microvascular complications are the main causes of organ dysfunction and even death in diabetic patients. Our previous studies confirmed the beneficial effects of Yiqi Jiedu Huayu Decoction (YJHD) on diabetic cardiomyopathy and diabetic nephropathy. It is not clear whether YJHD can treat multiple diabetic microvascular complications including diabetic retinopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and diabetic nephropathy through some common mechanisms. Methods TCMSP, SymMap, STITCH, Swiss Target Prediction, and SEA databases were used to collect and analyze the components and targets of YJHD. GeneCards, DrugBank, DisGeNET, OMIM, and GEO databases were used to obtain target genes for diabetic retinopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and diabetic nephropathy. The GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed on the DAVID and STRING platforms. Molecular docking was used to evaluate the binding sites and affinities of compounds and target proteins. Animal experiments were designed to validate the network pharmacology results. Results Through network pharmacological analysis, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis were identified as key pathological phenotypes for the treatment of diabetic microvascular complications with YJHD. In addition, JNK, p38, and ERK1/2 were predicted as key targets of YJHD in regulating the abovementioned pathological phenotypes. The results of animal experiments showed that YJHD could ameliorate retinal pathological changes of diabetes rats. YJHD can inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation in heart and kidney of diabetic rats. Molecular docking showed strong binding between compounds and JNK, p38, and ERK1/2. Berlambine may play a key role in the treatment process and is considered as a promising regulator of MAPK protein family. The regulatory effects of YJHD on JNK, p38, and ERK1/2 were demonstrated in animal experiments. Conclusions YJHD may play a therapeutic role in diabetic microvascular complications by regulating oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis. The regulation of JNK, p38, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation may be the key to its therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xuan
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Weisen Ding
- Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400021, China
| | - Ling Zhan
- Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400021, China
| | - Yanying Xiong
- Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400021, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400021, China
| | - Wenfu Cao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yan Luo
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400021, China
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11
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Wdowiak K, Walkowiak J, Pietrzak R, Bazan-Woźniak A, Cielecka-Piontek J. Bioavailability of Hesperidin and Its Aglycone Hesperetin—Compounds Found in Citrus Fruits as a Parameter Conditioning the Pro-Health Potential (Neuroprotective and Antidiabetic Activity)—Mini-Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132647. [PMID: 35807828 PMCID: PMC9268531 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hesperidin and hesperetin are polyphenols that can be found predominantly in citrus fruits. They possess a variety of pharmacological properties such as neuroprotective and antidiabetic activity. However, the bioavailability of these compounds is limited due to low solubility and restricts their use as pro-healthy agents. This paper described the limitations resulting from the low bioavailability of the presented compounds and gathered the methods aiming at its improvement. Moreover, this work reviewed studies providing pieces of evidence for neuroprotective and antidiabetic properties of hesperidin and hesperetin as well as providing a detailed look into the significance of reported modes of action in chronic diseases. On account of a well-documented pro-healthy activity, it is important to look for ways to overcome the problem of poor bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Wdowiak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Robert Pietrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (R.P.); (A.B.-W.)
| | - Aleksandra Bazan-Woźniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (R.P.); (A.B.-W.)
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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R L S, Mini S. Neuroprotective effect of Morin via TrkB/Akt pathway against diabetes mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis in neuronal cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 32:695-704. [PMID: 35414346 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2065225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Long term Diabetes mellitus results in neuronal damage by increased intracellular glucose leading to oxidative stress. This condition is known as diabetic encephalopathy. Morin is a bioflavonoid, has significant antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study investigated whether the antioxidant properties of morin has beneficial effects on structural brain damage, neuronal apoptosis and dysregulation of TrkB/Akt signalling associated with diabetes. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were induced diabetes by an intraperitoneal injection of 40mg/kg of streptozotocin and kept untreated for 30 days to induce DE. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Morris water maze test followed by morin and metformin administration at the doses of 50 and 100mg/kg, respectively, for 60 days. After 60 days of treatment, animals were subjected to the behavioural test and sacrificed to collect blood and brain and checked biochemical parameters.The treatment with Morin could significantly reduce the escape latency time in Morris water maze test, blood glucose level, HbA1C, toxicity markers, lipid peroxidation products and protein carbonyl content, downregulated the expression of Bax, Caspase 3 and Cytochrome C and upregulated Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Akt, BDNF and TrkB expressions. Besides, enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, plasma insulin level. Histomorphological observations also confirmed the protective effect of morin on neuronal degeneration. Morin 50mg once daily for 60 days was the most effective dose with a significant reduction in diabetes mediated complications in the brain associated with neuronal apoptosis and dysregulation of TrkB/Akt signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyma R L
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - S Mini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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He Q, Xu JY, Gu J, Tong X, Wan Z, Gu Y, Fang C, Qin LQ. Piperine is capable of improving pancreatic β-cell apoptosis in high fat diet and streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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14
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Baptista MG, Ferreira CG, Albuquerque YM, D’assunção CG, Alves RC, Wanderley-Teixeira V, Teixeira ÁA. Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical evaluation of the frontal cerebral cortex in diabetic rats after treatment with melatonin. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2020; 40:1077-1087. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The central nervous system is vulnerable to complications caused by diabetes. These complications lead to increased oxidative stress in the brain, resulting in damage to the cerebral cortex, among other regions. Insulin and hypoglycemic agents are still the most widely used treatments. However, current research with an experimental model of diabetes suggests the use of antioxidants, such as melatonin. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that exogenous melatonin may decrease or prevent the effects of diabetes in the frontal cortex of the rat brain. Fifty albino rats were allocated into five groups: GC = rats without diabetes induction, GD = diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin, GDM = streptozotocin-induced and melatonin-treated diabetic rats, GDI = diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin and treated with insulin, GDMI = diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin and treated with melatonin and insulin simultaneously. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (60mg/kg). Insulin (5U/day) was administered subcutaneously and melatonin (10mg/kg) by drinking water; both treatments last days after. We analyzed animals’ weight, the cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, apoptosis, glycogen, and did morphometry and histopathology of the frontal cortex were analyzed. The results showed that the cerebral cortex of the diabetic animals presented axonal degeneration, reduced number of neurons in the cortex, reduced glycogen, increased IL-6 and TNF-α expression, high apoptotic index, and reduced animal weight and the brain. Treatment with melatonin associated or not with insulin prevented such effects. Thus, we conclude that melatonin associated with insulin may be an alternative for avoiding the impact of diabetes in the brain’s frontal cortex.
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Fukuoka CY, Vicari HP, Sipert CR, Bhawal UK, Abiko Y, Arana-Chavez VE, Simões A. Early effect of laser irradiation in signaling pathways of diabetic rat submandibular salivary glands. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236727. [PMID: 32750068 PMCID: PMC7402516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-power laser irradiation (LPLI) is clinically used to modulate inflammation, proliferation and apoptosis. However, its molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood. This study aimed to describe the effects of LPLI upon inflammatory, apoptotic and proliferation markers in submandibular salivary glands (SMGs) in an experimental model of chronic disorder, 24h after one time irradiation. Diabetes was induced in rats by the injection of streptozotocin. After 29 days, these animals were treated with LPLI in the SMG area, and euthanized 24h after this irradiation. Treatment with LPLI significantly decreased diabetes-induced high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression, while enhancing the activation of the transcriptional factor cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein. LPLI also reduced the expression of bax, a mitochondrial apoptotic marker, favoring the cell survival. These findings suggest that LPLI can hamper the state of chronic inflammation and favor homeostasis in diabetic rats SMGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Yuki Fukuoka
- Laboratory of Oral Biology, Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hugo Passos Vicari
- Laboratory of Oral Biology, Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Renata Sipert
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ujjal Kumar Bhawal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Abiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Victor Elias Arana-Chavez
- Laboratory of Oral Biology, Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alyne Simões
- Laboratory of Oral Biology, Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Demir E, Nedzvetsky VS, Ağca CA, Kirici M. Pristine C 60 Fullerene Nanoparticles Ameliorate Hyperglycemia-Induced Disturbances via Modulation of Apoptosis and Autophagy Flux. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2385-2397. [PMID: 32712876 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03097-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent metabolic disorder associated with multiple complications including neuropathy, memory loss and cognitive decline. Despite a long history of studies on diabetic complications, there are no effective therapeutic strategies for neuroprotection in diabetes. Hyperglycemia-induced imbalance in programmed cell death could initiate a decline in neural tissue cells viability. Various nanomaterials can induce either cell death or cell survival dependent on the type and surface features. Pristine C60 fullerene is a nontoxic nanomaterial, which exhibits antioxidant and cytoprotective properties. However, the precise molecular mechanism with which the C60 nanoparticle exerts cytoprotective effect in diabetic subjects has not yet been fully addressed. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether C60 fullerene prevents oxidative stress impairment and to explore the effects of C60 fullerene on apoptosis and autophagy in diabetes mellitus to clarify its potential mechanisms. These effects have been examined for olive oil extracted C60 fullerene on the hippocampus of STZ diabetic rats. Up-regulation of Caspase-3, Beclin-1 and oxidative stress indexes and down-regulation of Bcl-2 were observed in the brain of STZ-diabetic rats. The exposure to C60 fullerene for a period of 12 weeks ameliorate redox imbalance, hyperglycemia-induced disturbances in apoptosis and autophagy flux via modulation of Caspase-3, Bcl-2, Beclin-1 and LC3I/II contents. Furthermore, C60 fullerene ameliorated the LC3I/II ratio and prevented extremely increased autophagy flux. Contrarily, pristine C60 fullerene had no modulatory effect on all studied apoptotic and autophagy markers in non-diabetic groups. Therefore, oil extracted C60 fullerene exhibits cytoprotective effect in hyperglycemia-stressed hippocampal cells. The presented results confirm that pristine C60 fullerene nanoparticles can protect hippocampal cells against hyperglycemic stress via anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic effects and amelioration of autophagy flux. Moreover, C60 fullerene regulates a balance of autophagy via BCL-2/Beclin-1 reciprocal expression that could prevent functional disturbances in hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Demir
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Duzce University, 81620, Duzce, Turkey.
| | - Viktor S Nedzvetsky
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bingol University, 12000, Bingöl, Turkey
- Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Dnipro, 49050, Ukraine
| | - Can Ali Ağca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bingol University, 12000, Bingöl, Turkey
| | - Mahinur Kirici
- Department of Property Protection and Security, Bingol Social Sciences Vocational School, Bingol University, 12000, Bingöl, Turkey
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Waldman M, Arad M, Abraham NG, Hochhauser E. The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma Coactivator-1α-Heme Oxygenase 1 Axis, a Powerful Antioxidative Pathway with Potential to Attenuate Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:1273-1290. [PMID: 32027164 PMCID: PMC7232636 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significance: From studies of diabetic animal models, the downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α)-heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) axis appears to be a crucial event in the development of obesity and diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). In this review, we discuss the role of metabolic and biochemical stressors in the rodent and human pathophysiology of DCM. A crucial contributor for many cardiac pathologies is excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathologies, which lead to extensive cellular damage by impairing mitochondrial function and directly oxidizing DNA, proteins, and lipid membranes. We discuss the role of ROS production and inflammatory pathways with multiple contributing and confounding factors leading to DCM. Recent Advances: The relevant biochemical pathways that are critical to a therapeutic approach to treat DCM, specifically caloric restriction and its relation to the PGC-1α-HO-1 axis in the attenuation of DCM, are elucidated. Critical Issues: The increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2, a major contributor to unique cardiomyopathy characterized by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy with no effective clinical treatment. This review highlights the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of DCM and potential oxidative targets to attenuate oxidative stress and attenuate DCM. Future Directions: Targeting the PGC-1α-HO-1 axis is a promising approach to ameliorate DCM through improvement in mitochondrial function and antioxidant defenses. A pharmacological inducer to activate PGC-1α and HO-1 described in this review may be a promising therapeutic approach in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Waldman
- Cardiac Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Institute at Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Cardiac Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michael Arad
- Cardiac Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nader G. Abraham
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Edith Hochhauser
- Cardiac Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Institute at Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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MARTINS-PERLES JVC, ZIGNANI I, SOUZA SRGD, FREZ FCV, BOSSOLANI GDP, ZANONI JN. QUERCETIN SUPPLEMENTATION PREVENTS CHANGES IN THE SEROTONIN AND CASPASE-3 IMMUNOREACTIVE CELLS OF THE JEJUNUM OF DIABETIC RATS. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2019; 56:405-411. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.201900000-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Serotonin (5-HT) is present in the epithelial enterochromaffin cells (EC), mast cells of the lamina propria and enteric neurons. The 5-HT is involved in regulating motility, secretion, gut sensation, immune system and inflammation. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of diabetes and quercetin supplementation on serotoninergic cells and its cell loss by apoptosis in jejunal mucosa of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ-rats). METHODS: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: normoglycemic (C), normoglycemic supplemented with 40 mg/day quercetin (Q), diabetic (D) and diabetic supplemented with 40 mg/day quercetin (DQ). After 120 days, the jejunum was collected and fixated in Zamboni’s solution for 18 h. After obtaining cryosections, immunohistochemistry was performed to label 5-HT and caspase-3. Quantification of 5-HT and caspase-3 immunoreactive (IR) cells in the lamina propria, villi and crypts were performed. RESULTS: The diabetic condition displayed an increase of the number of 5-HT-IR cells in villi and crypts, while decreased number of these cells was observed in lamina propria in the jejunum of STZ-rats. In the diabetic animals, an increased density of apoptotic cells in epithelial villi and crypts of the jejunum was observed, whereas a decreased number of caspase-3-IR cells was observed in lamina propria. Possibly, quercetin supplementation slightly suppressed the apoptosis phenomena in the epithelial villi and crypts of the STZ-rats, however the opposite effect was observed on the 5-HT-IR cells of the lamina propria. Quercetin supplementation on healthy animals promoted few changes of serotoninergic function and apoptotic stimuli. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that quercetin supplementation mostly improved the serotonergic function affected by diabetes maybe due to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin.
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Karunakaran U, Lee JE, Elumalai S, Moon JS, Won KC. Myricetin prevents thapsigargin-induced CDK5-P66Shc signalosome mediated pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:59-66. [PMID: 31163256 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has deleterious effects on pancreatic β-cell function and survival in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) plays a critical role in β-cell failure under diabetic milieu conditions. However, little information is available on CDK5's ability to impair the function of β-cells via a chemical ER stress inducer thapsigargin. Myricetin, a natural flavonoid, has therapeutic potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, we examined the effect of CDK5 on thapsigargin-induced β-cell apoptosis, and explored the relationship between myricetin and CDK5. Exposure of beta cells with thapsigargin, induced a Src-mediated redox signaling (VAV2-Rac1-NOX) formation and CDK5 activation. Activated CDK5 induced antiapoptotic protein myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl-1) degradation which was associated with p66Shc serine 36 phosphorylation, causing beta cell apoptosis via mitochondrial dysfunction. Exposure of beta cells to myricetin resulted in an acute inhibition of Src-mediated redox signaling (VAV2-Rac1-NOX) formation and CDK5 activation. Myricetin inhibited CDK5 activation by directly binding to its ATP-binding pocket. Treatment with myricetin also enhanced the stability of Mcl-1 after thapsigargin treatment. Inhibition of CDK5 with myricetin or roscovitine, a CDK5 inhibitor attenuates thapsigargin induced p66Shc serine 36 phosphorylation and also reduced mitochondrial dysfunction by decreasing mitochondrial ROS and caspase-3 activation. In addition, myricetin was observed to enhance PDX-1 and insulin mRNA expression and potentiate glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Taken together, these findings indicate that thapsigargin-induced early molecular events lead to CDK5-p66Shc signalosome contributes to thapsigargin-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Myricetin blocked thapsigargin induced CDK5-p66Shc signalosome formation and prevented pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that thapsigargin initiated CDK5-p66Shc signalosome mediates the pancreatic beta cell dysfunction and myricetin protects the pancreatic beta cells through the inhibition of CDK5-p66Shc signalosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udayakumar Karunakaran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Gumi Medical Center, CHA University, Gumi, Republic of Korea
| | - Suma Elumalai
- Institute of Medical Science, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Sung Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyu Chang Won
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Institute of Medical Science, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Hepatic Dysfunction Caused by Consumption of a High-Fat Diet. Cell Rep 2018; 21:3317-3328. [PMID: 29241556 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major human health crisis that promotes insulin resistance and, ultimately, type 2 diabetes. The molecular mechanisms that mediate this response occur across many highly complex biological regulatory levels that are incompletely understood. Here, we present a comprehensive molecular systems biology study of hepatic responses to high-fat feeding in mice. We interrogated diet-induced epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic alterations using high-throughput omic methods and used a network modeling approach to integrate these diverse molecular signals. Our model indicated that disruption of hepatic architecture and enhanced hepatocyte apoptosis are among the numerous biological processes that contribute to early liver dysfunction and low-grade inflammation during the development of diet-induced metabolic syndrome. We validated these model findings with additional experiments on mouse liver sections. In total, we present an integrative systems biology study of diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance that uncovered molecular features promoting the development and maintenance of metabolic disease.
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do Nascimento de Oliveira V, Lima-Neto ABM, van Tilburg MF, de Oliveira Monteiro-Moreira AC, Duarte Pinto Lobo M, Rondina D, Fernandes VO, Montenegro APDR, Montenegro RM, Guedes MIF. Proteomic analysis to identify candidate biomarkers associated with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2018; 11:289-301. [PMID: 29942143 PMCID: PMC6005324 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s162008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) is one of the most common chronic diseases observed during childhood. The incidence of DM1 is increasing worldwide, and there is currently no way to prevent or delay the onset or to cure the disease. Most diseases, including diabetes, stem from abnormalities in the functioning of proteins, and some studies have reported the expression of protein variation to be involved in the development of DM1. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the differential expression of serum proteins in patients with DM1. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum of patients with DM1 (n=30) and healthy controls (n=30) was collected. A proteomic approach was used with depletion of albumin and immunoglobulin G chromatography on serum samples followed by data-independent, label-free mass spectrometric analysis. RESULTS A total of eight serum proteins were identified as being differentially expressed and involved in the immune system, lipid metabolism, and pathways of coagulation. DM1 was associated with the upregulation of six proteins: alpha-2-macroglobulin, apolipoprotein A-II, β2 glycoprotein I, Ig alpha-2 chain C region, alpha-1-microglobulin, and prothrombin. A total of two proteins were downregulated, including pregnancy zone protein and complement C4. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, these findings show differential expression of proteins revealing new proteins that may be involved in the development and progression of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valzimeire do Nascimento de Oliveira
- Collegiate Nutrition Science, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Ceará State University, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Collegiate Biotechnology, Northeast Network of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Ceará State University, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Correspondence: Valzimeire do Nascimento de Oliveira, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, bloco D, 1 andar, Sala 01, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, Tel +55 85 99991 3404, Email
| | | | - Maurício Fraga van Tilburg
- Collegiate Biotechnology, Northeast Network of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Ceará State University, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Davide Rondina
- School of Veterinary Science, Ceará State of University, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maria Izabel Florindo Guedes
- Collegiate Nutrition Science, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Ceará State University, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Collegiate Biotechnology, Northeast Network of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Ceará State University, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Adam SH, Giribabu N, Bakar NMA, Salleh N. Marantodes pumilum (Kacip fatimah) enhances in-vitro glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells and reduces pancreatic complications in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced male diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:716-726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Tomita T. Apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells in Type 1 diabetes. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2017; 17:183-193. [PMID: 28368239 PMCID: PMC5581966 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2017.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells after an asymptomatic period over years. Insulitis activates antigen presenting cells, which trigger activating CD4+ helper-T cells, releasing chemokines/cytokines. Cytokines activate CD8+ cytotoxic-T cells, which lead to β-cell destruction. Apoptosis pathway consists of extrinsic (receptor-mediated) and intrinsic (mitochondria-driven) pathway. Extrinsic pathway includes Fas pathway to CD4+-CD8+ interaction, whereas intrinsic pathway includes mitochondria-driven pathway at a balance between anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 and Bcl-xL and pro-apoptotic Bad, Bid, and Bik proteins. Activated cleaved caspse-3 is the converging point between extrinsic and intrinsic pathway. Apoptosis takes place only when pro-apoptotic proteins exceed anti-apoptotic proteins. Since the concordance rate of T1DM in identical twins is about 50%, environmental factors are involved in the development of T1DM, opening a door to find means to detect and prevent further development of autoimmune β-cell destruction for a therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Tomita
- Departments of Integrative Bioscience and Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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Rac1-NADPH oxidase signaling promotes CD36 activation under glucotoxic conditions in pancreatic beta cells. Redox Biol 2016; 11:126-134. [PMID: 27912197 PMCID: PMC5133656 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that cluster determinant 36 (CD36), a fatty acid transporter, plays a pivotal role in glucotoxicity-induced β-cell dysfunction. However, little is known about how glucotoxicity influences CD36 expression. Emerging evidence suggests that the small GTPase Rac1 is involved in the pathogenesis of beta cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2D). The primary objective of the current study was to determine the role of Rac1 in CD36 activation and its impact on β-cell dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. To address this question, we subjected INS-1 cells and human beta cells (1.1B4) to high glucose conditions (30mM) in the presence or absence of Rac1 inhibition either by NSC23766 (Rac1 GTPase inhibitor) or small interfering RNA. High glucose exposure in INS-1 and human beta cells (1.1b4) resulted in the activation of Rac1 and induced cell apoptosis. Rac1 activation mediates NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation leading to elevated ROS production in both cells. Activation of the Rac1-NOX complex by high glucose levels enhanced CD36 expression in INS-1 and human 1.1b4 beta cell membrane fractions. The inhibition of Rac1 by NSC23766 inhibited NADPH oxidase activity and ROS generation induced by high glucose concentrations in INS-1 & human 1.1b4 beta cells. Inhibition of Rac1-NOX complex activation by NSC23766 significantly reduced CD36 expression in INS-1 and human 1.1b4 beta cell membrane fractions. In addition, Rac1 inhibition by NSC23766 significantly reduced high glucose-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, NADPH oxidase inhibition by VAS2870 also attenuated high glucose-induced ROS generation and cell apoptosis. These results suggest that Rac1-NADPH oxidase dependent CD36 expression contributes to high glucose-induced beta cell dysfunction and cell death.
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Giorda CB, Russo GT, Cercone S, De Cosmo S, Nicolucci A, Cucinotta D. Incidence and correlated factors of beta cell failure in a 4-year follow-up of patients with type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal analysis of the BETADECLINE study. Acta Diabetol 2016; 53:761-7. [PMID: 27193886 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-016-0868-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Type 2 diabetes is associated with progressive deterioration of beta cell function and loss of glycemic control, with increased morbidity and mortality from microvascular and macrovascular complications. Factors predictive of beta cell decline are needed. METHODS We have conducted a prospective evaluation of baseline predictors of beta cell dysfunction and insulin initiation in a cohort of outpatients with type 2 diabetes receiving stable treatment with oral hypoglycemic agents or dietary intervention, over a 4-year follow-up period. RESULTS Of 507 patients enrolled, 56 (10.8 %) experienced the study endpoint of initiation of insulin therapy. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses revealed that the likelihood of initiating insulin therapy during follow-up increased with longer diabetes duration and with higher baseline values for hemoglobin A1c, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, proinsulin, interleukin-6, Homeostatic Model Assessment-IR and lower values for Homeostatic Model Assessment-B. The likelihood of initiating insulin therapy increased by 46 % for each 1 % increase (10.9 mmol/mol) in baseline hemoglobin A1c and by 6 % for each unit increase (1 ng/l) in baseline IL-6 level. The risk was fourfold higher in the lowest versus highest Homeostatic Model Assessment-B quartile. Treatment with metformin plus a secretagogue increased the risk by fourfold. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that commonly measured parameters may predict treatment failure in type 2 diabetes and suggest that early treatment with metformin plus secretagogues may foretell this failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo B Giorda
- Metabolism and Diabetes Unit ASL TO5, Regione Piemonte, Via De Maria, 10023, Chieri (TO), Italy.
| | - Giuseppina T Russo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore De Cosmo
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Antonio Nicolucci
- Center for Outcomes Research and Clinical Epidemiology (CORE), Pescara, Italy
| | - Domenico Cucinotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Cao AL, Wang L, Chen X, Wang YM, Guo HJ, Chu S, Liu C, Zhang XM, Peng W. Ursodeoxycholic acid and 4-phenylbutyrate prevent endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced podocyte apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy. J Transl Med 2016; 96:610-22. [PMID: 26999661 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, resulting from the accumulation of misfolded and/or unfolded proteins in ER membranes, is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ER stress inhibitors ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) in the treatment of DN in db/db mice. Findings have revealed that diabetic db/db mice were more hyperglycemic than their non-diabetic controls, and exhibited a marked increase in body weight, water intake, urine volume, fasting plasma glucose, systolic blood pressure, glucose and insulin tolerance. UDCA (40 mg/kg/day) or 4-PBA (100 mg/kg/day) treatment for 12 weeks resulted in an improvement in these biochemical and physical parameters. Moreover, UDCA or 4-PBA intervention markedly decreased urinary albuminuria and attenuated mesangial expansion in diabetic db/db mice, compared with db/db mice treated with vehicle. These beneficial effects of UDCA or 4-PBA on DN were associated with the inhibition of ER stress, as evidenced by the decreased expression of BiP, phospho-IRE1α, phospho-eIF2α, CHOP, ATF-6 and spliced X-box binding protein-1 in vitro and in vivo. UDCA or 4-PBA prevented hyperglycemia-induced or high glucose (HG)-induced apoptosis in podocytes in vivo and in vitro via the inhibition of caspase-3 and caspase-12 activation. Autophagy deficiency was also seen in glomeruli in diabetic mice and HG-incubated podocytes, exhibiting decreased expression of LC3B and Beclin-1, which could be restored by UDCA or 4-PBA treatment. Taken together, our results have revealed an important role of ER stress in the development of DN, and UDCA or 4-PBA treatment may be a potential novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Li Cao
- Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Man Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng-Jiang Guo
- Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Chu
- Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Tomita T. Apoptosis in pancreatic β-islet cells in Type 2 diabetes. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2016; 16:162-79. [PMID: 27209071 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2016.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis plays important roles in the pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The etiology of T2DM is multifactorial, including obesity-associated insulin resistance, defective insulin secretion, and loss of β-cell mass through β-cell apoptosis. β-cell apoptosis is mediated through a milliard of caspase family cascade machinery in T2DM. The glucose-induced insulin secretion is the principle pathophysiology of diabetes and insufficient insulin secretion results in chronic hyperglycemia, diabetes. Recently, hyperglycemia-induced β-cell apoptosis has been extensively studied on the balance of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins (Bad, Bid, Bik, and Bax) and anti-apoptotic Bcl family (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) toward apoptosis in vitro isolated islets and insulinoma cell culture. Apoptosis can only occur when the concentration of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 exceeds that of anti-apoptotic proteins at the mitochondrial membrane of the intrinsic pathway. A bulk of recent research on hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis on β-cells unveiled complex details on glucose toxicity on β-cells in molecular levels coupled with cell membrane potential by adenosine triphosphate generation through K+ channel closure, opening Ca2+ channel and plasma membrane depolarization. Furthermore, animal models using knockout mice will shed light on the basic understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetes as a glucose metabolic disease complex, on the balance of anti-apoptotic Bcl family and pro-apoptotic genes. The cumulative knowledge will provide a better understanding of glucose metabolism at a molecular level and will lead to eventual prevention and therapeutic application for T2DM with improving medications.
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Yigit F, Gurel-Gurevin E, Isbilen-Basok B, Esener OBB, Bilal T, Keser O, Altiner A, Yilmazer N, Ikitimur-Armutak EI. Protective effect of Spirulina platensis against cell damage and apoptosis in hepatic tissue caused by high fat diet. Biotech Histochem 2016; 91:182-94. [PMID: 26820259 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2015.1114142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirulina platensis is a microalga that may be a source of antioxidants that can reduce body fat deposition. Consumption of a high fat diet produces elevated blood lipid levels, inflammation and apoptosis. We investigated the possible effects of S. platensis on the blood lipid profile, and liver inflammation and apoptosis in rats fed a high fat diet. Sixty-four young male rats were divided into eight equal groups. The control group was fed a basic diet. The experimental groups were fed a diet for 60 days that was prepared by mixing variable amounts of 43% vegetable oil and 10% cholesterol with or without 3% S. platensis mixed with the basal diet. Blood and liver tissue samples were collected from each animal. Serum samples were used to analyze lipid parameters, total antioxidant status and total oxidant status. iNOS and eNOS were determined by immunohistochemistry. TUNEL staining was used to detect apoptosis to investigate a possible connection between inflammation and apoptosis in the liver tissue. The relations between fat deposition and liver degeneration were assessed by Sirius red staining and alpha-smooth muscle actin immunostaining. S. platensis reduced serum HDL-C, LDL-C and triglyceride, increased HDL-C levels in rats fed a high fat diet to near control levels, and reduced iNOS levels and increased eNOS levels in the liver tissue compared to vegetable oil and cholesterol treated groups. The apoptotic index was reduced in the groups that were fed a high fat or a basic diet when supplemented with S. platensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yigit
- a Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology , Avcilar, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - E Gurel-Gurevin
- b Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology , Vezneciler, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - B Isbilen-Basok
- c Istanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry , Goztepe, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - O B B Esener
- a Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology , Avcilar, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - T Bilal
- d Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Nutrition of Nutritional Disease , Avcilar, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - O Keser
- d Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Nutrition of Nutritional Disease , Avcilar, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - A Altiner
- e Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry , Avcilar, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - N Yilmazer
- f Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology , Tekirdag , Turkey
| | - E I Ikitimur-Armutak
- a Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology , Avcilar, Istanbul , Turkey
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a metabolic disease that results from the autoimmune attack against insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Currently, there is no treatment to restore endogenous insulin secretion in patients with autoimmune diabetes. In the last years, the development of new therapies to induce long-term tolerance has been an important medical health challenge. Apoptosis is a physiological mechanism that contributes to the maintenance of immune tolerance. Apoptotic cells are a source of autoantigens that induce tolerance after their removal by antigen presenting cells (APCs) through a process called efferocytosis. Efferocytosis will not cause maturation in dendritic cells, one of the most powerful APCs, and this process could induce tolerance rather than autoimmunity. However, failure of this mechanism due to an increase in the rate of β-cells apoptosis and/or defects in efferocytosis results in activation of APCs, contributing to inflammation and to the loss of tolerance to self. In fact, T1D and other autoimmune diseases are associated to enhanced apoptosis of target cells and defective apoptotic cell clearance. Although further research is needed, the clinical relevance of immunotherapies based on apoptosis could prove to be very important, as it has translational potential in situations that require the reestablishment of immunological tolerance, such as autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes the effects of apoptosis of β-cells towards autoimmunity or tolerance and its application in the field of emerging immunotherapies.
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BH3-Only protein bmf is required for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis in an in vivo model of HNF1α-MODY diabetes. Cell Death Discov 2015; 1:15041. [PMID: 27551471 PMCID: PMC4979461 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF-1α) gene can lead to diminished amounts of functional HNF-1α, resulting in the onset of a particularly severe form of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). We have previously shown that induction of a dominant-negative mutant of HNF-1α (DNHNF-1α) results in the activation of the bioenergetic stress sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), preceding the onset of apoptosis and the induction of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 homology domain-3-only protein Bmf (Bcl-2-modifying factor) as a mediator of DNHNF-1α-induced apoptosis. Through the knockout of bmf in a transgenic mouse model with DNHNF-1α suppression of HNF-1α function in pancreatic beta-cells, this study aimed to examine the effect of loss-of-function of this BH3-only protein on the disease pathology and progression, and further elucidate the role of Bmf in mediating DNHNF-1α-induced beta-cell loss. Morphological analysis revealed an attenuation in beta-cell loss in bmf-deficient diabetic male mice and preserved insulin content. Surprisingly, bmf deficiency was found to exacerbate hyperglycemia in both diabetic male and hyperglycemic female mice, and ultimately resulted in a decreased glucose-stimulated insulin response, implicating a role for Bmf in glucose homeostasis regulation independent of an effect on beta-cell loss. Collectively, our data demonstrate that Bmf contributes to the decline in beta-cells in a mouse model of HNF1A-MODY but is also required for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis in vivo.
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Fortin JS, Benoit-Biancamano MO. In Vitro Evaluation of Hypoglycemic Agents to Target Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide: A Key Protein Involved in Amyloid Deposition and Beta-Cell Loss. Can J Diabetes 2015; 39:373-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2015.01.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Grabiec AM, Angiolilli C, Hartkamp LM, van Baarsen LGM, Tak PP, Reedquist KA. JNK-dependent downregulation of FoxO1 is required to promote the survival of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 74:1763-71. [PMID: 24812285 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factors integrate environmental signals to modulate cell proliferation and survival, and alterations in FoxO function have been reported in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between inflammation and FoxO expression in RA, and to analyse the mechanisms and biological consequences of FoxO regulation in RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). METHODS RNA was isolated from RA patient and healthy donor (HD) peripheral blood and RA synovial tissue. Expression of FoxO1, FoxO3a and FoxO4 was measured by quantitative PCR. FoxO1 DNA binding, expression and mRNA stability in RA FLS were measured by ELISA-based assays, immunoblotting and quantitative PCR. FLS were transduced with adenovirus encoding constitutively active FoxO1 (FoxO1ADA) or transfected with small interfering RNA targeting FoxO1 to examine the effects on cell viability and gene expression. RESULTS FoxO1 mRNA levels were reduced in RA patient peripheral blood compared with HD blood, and RA synovial tissue FoxO1 expression correlated negatively with disease activity. RA FLS stimulation with interleukin 1β or tumour necrosis factor caused rapid downregulation of FoxO1. This effect was independent of protein kinase B (PKB), but dependent on c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-mediated acceleration of FoxO1 mRNA degradation. FoxO1ADA overexpression in RA FLS induced apoptosis associated with altered expression of genes regulating cell cycle and survival, including BIM, p27(Kip1) and Bcl-XL. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identify JNK-dependent modulation of mRNA stability as an important PKB-independent mechanism underlying FoxO1 regulation by cytokines, and suggest that reduced FoxO1 expression is required to promote FLS survival in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander M Grabiec
- Department of Experimental Immunology and Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara Angiolilli
- Department of Experimental Immunology and Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda M Hartkamp
- Department of Experimental Immunology and Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa G M van Baarsen
- Department of Experimental Immunology and Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul P Tak
- Department of Experimental Immunology and Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kris A Reedquist
- Department of Experimental Immunology and Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Badalzadeh R, Mokhtari B, Yavari R. Contribution of apoptosis in myocardial reperfusion injury and loss of cardioprotection in diabetes mellitus. J Physiol Sci 2015; 65:201-15. [PMID: 25726180 PMCID: PMC10717803 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-015-0365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is one of the major causes of death worldwide. Ischemia is a condition in which blood flow of the myocardium declines, leading to cardiomyocyte death. However, reperfusion of ischemic regions decreases the rate of mortality, but it can also cause later complications. In a clinical setting, ischemic heart disease is always coincident with other co-morbidities such as diabetes. The risk of heart disease increases 2-3 times in diabetic patients. Apoptosis is considered to be one of the main pathophysiological mechanisms of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Diabetes can disrupt the anti-apoptotic intracellular signaling cascades involved in myocardial protection. Therefore, targeting these changes may be an effective cardioprotective approach in the diabetic myocardium against ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this article, we review the interaction of diabetes with the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, focusing on the contribution of apoptosis in this context, and then discuss the alterations of pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic pathways probably responsible for the loss of cardioprotection in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Badalzadeh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behnaz Mokhtari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Raana Yavari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Chang TJ, Xu G, Juang JH. Islets and glucose homeostasis. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:358460. [PMID: 25821466 PMCID: PMC4363633 DOI: 10.1155/2015/358460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Jyun Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- *Tien-Jyun Chang:
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jyuhn-Huarng Juang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan
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Russo GT, Giorda CB, Cercone S, Nicolucci A, Cucinotta D, on behalf of BetaDecline Study Group. Factors associated with beta-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: the BETADECLINE study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109702. [PMID: 25347846 PMCID: PMC4210056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Beta-cell dysfunction is an early event in the natural history of type 2 diabetes. However, its progression is variable and potentially influenced by several clinical factors. We report the baseline data of the BetaDecline study, an Italian prospective multicenter study on clinical predictors of beta-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods Clinical, lifestyle, and laboratory data, including circulating levels of inflammatory markers and non-esterified fatty acids, were collected in 507 type 2 diabetic outpatients on stable treatment with oral hypoglycemic drugs or diet for more than 1 year. Beta-cell dysfunction was evaluated by calculating the proinsulin/insulin ratio (P/I). Results At baseline, the subjects in the upper PI/I ratio quartile were more likely to be men and receiving secretagogue drugs; they also showed a borderline longer diabetes duration (P = 0.06) and higher serum levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose, and triglycerides. An inverse trend across all PI/I quartiles was noted for BMI and serum levels of total cholesterol (T-C), LDL-C, HDL-C and C reactive protein (CRP), and with homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-B) and HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values (P<0.05 for all). At multivariate analysis, the risk of having a P/I ratio in the upper quartile was higher in the subjects on secretagogue drugs (odds ratio [OR] 4.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6–6.9) and in the males (OR 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1–2.9). Conclusions In the BetaDecline study population, baseline higher PI/I values, a marker of beta-cell dysfunction, were more frequent in men and in patients on secretagogues drugs. Follow-up of this cohort will allow the identification of clinical predictors of beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetic outpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina T. Russo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Antonio Nicolucci
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology Fondazione Mario Negri Sud, S. Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Cucinotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Anuradha R, Saraswati M, Kumar KG, Rani SH. Apoptosis of beta cells in diabetes mellitus. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 33:743-8. [PMID: 25093391 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Apoptosis in beta cells has been observed in response to diverse stimuli, such as glucose, cytokines, free fatty acids, leptin, and sulfonylureas, leading to the activation of polyol, hexosamine, and diacylglycerol/protein kinase-C (DAG/PKC) pathways that mediate oxidative and nitrosative stress causing the release of different cytokines. Cytokines induce the expression of Fas and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) by activating the transcription factor, nuclear factor-κb, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1) in the β cells in the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Cytokines produced in beta cells also induce proapoptotic members of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. The genetic alterations in apoptosis signaling machinery and the pathogenesis of diabetes include Fas, FasL, Akt, caspases, calpain-10, and phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten). The other gene products that are involved in diabetes are nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2), small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO), apolipoprotein CIII (ApoCIII), forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1), and Kruppel-like zinc finger protein Gli-similar 3 (GLIS3). The gene products having antiapoptotic nature are Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. Epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in type I and type II diabetes. Further studies on the apoptotic genes and gene products in diabetics may be helpful in pharmacogenomics and individualized treatment along with antioxidants targeting apoptosis in diabetes.
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Zuo Z, Wu T, Lin M, Zhang S, Yan F, Yang Z, Wang Y, Wang C. Chronic exposure to tributyltin chloride induces pancreatic islet cell apoptosis and disrupts glucose homeostasis in male mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:5179-5186. [PMID: 24693970 DOI: 10.1021/es404729p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that organotin compounds such as triphenyltin or tributyltin (TBT) induce diabetes and insulin resistance. However, histopathological effects of organotin compounds on the Islets of Langerhans and exocrine pancreas are still unclear. In the present study, male KM mice were orally administered with TBT (0.5, 5, and 50 μg/kg) once every 3 days. The fasting plasma glucose levels significantly elevated, and the levels of serum insulin or glucagon decreased in the animals treated with TBT for 60 days. In animals treated for 45 days, the number of apoptotic cells in the islets and exocrine pancreas was elevated in a dose-dependent manner. The percentage of proliferating (PCNA-positive) cells was decreased in the islets, while it was increased in exocrine acinar cells. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) were present in vascular endothelium, ductal cells, and islet cells, but absent from pancreatic exocrine cells. TBT exposure decreased the production of estradiol and triiodothyronine and elevated the concentration of testosterone, and resulted in a decrease of ERα expression and an elevation of AR in the pancreas measured by Western boltting. The results suggested that TBT inhibited the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of islet cells via multipathways, causing a decrease of relative islet area in the animals treated for 60 days, which could result in a disruption of glucose homeostasis. The different presence of ERs and AR between the islets and exocrine pancreas might be one of reasons causing different effects on cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University , Xiamen, PR China
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Huynh K, Bernardo BC, McMullen JR, Ritchie RH. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: mechanisms and new treatment strategies targeting antioxidant signaling pathways. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 142:375-415. [PMID: 24462787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality among the diabetic population. Both experimental and clinical evidence suggest that diabetic subjects are predisposed to a distinct cardiomyopathy, independent of concomitant macro- and microvascular disorders. 'Diabetic cardiomyopathy' is characterized by early impairments in diastolic function, accompanied by the development of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The pathophysiology underlying diabetes-induced cardiac damage is complex and multifactorial, with elevated oxidative stress as a key contributor. We now review the current evidence of molecular disturbances present in the diabetic heart, and their role in the development of diabetes-induced impairments in myocardial function and structure. Our focus incorporates both the contribution of increased reactive oxygen species production and reduced antioxidant defenses to diabetic cardiomyopathy, together with modulation of protein signaling pathways and the emerging role of protein O-GlcNAcylation and miRNA dysregulation in the progression of diabetic heart disease. Lastly, we discuss both conventional and novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of left ventricular dysfunction in diabetic patients, from inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system, through recent evidence favoring supplementation of endogenous antioxidants for the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Novel therapeutic strategies, such as gene therapy targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase PI3K(p110α) signaling pathway, and miRNA dysregulation, are also reviewed. Targeting redox stress and protective protein signaling pathways may represent a future strategy for combating the ever-increasing incidence of heart failure in the diabetic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Huynh
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Julie R McMullen
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Barg E, Szopa J, Pesz KA, Gąsiorowski K. Indices of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia are correlated with lymphocyte proneness to apoptosis in obese or overweight low birth weight children. Horm Res Paediatr 2014; 79:293-9. [PMID: 23689125 DOI: 10.1159/000351012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Our aim was to study the relationship between markers of cell proneness to apoptosis and indices of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in children born with low birth weight (LBW). METHODS The study comprised 177 prepubertal children stratified by birth weight and their nutritional status into LBW (n = 138) and normal birth weight (NBW; n = 39) groups. We analyzed DNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes, separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), as well as the serum levels of cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting insulin and glucose, caspase 3, and BCL2. RESULTS LBW children with a BMI SDS >1.55 demonstrated increased content of the large fragments of the lymphocyte DNA [300-500 kb (DNA300-500 kb)] in electrophoretic slides (a marker of decreased chromatin stability and susceptibility of cells to apoptosis) compared to the NBW group. In these children the level of DNA300-500 kb exhibited a strong negative correlation with the serum level of antiapoptotic protein of BCL2 (r = -0.901). DNA300-500 kb significantly correlated with calculated indices of insulin resistance: HOMA-IR and QUICKI as well as with the indices of lipid homeostasis (Castelli and AIP). CONCLUSIONS Increased susceptibility of lymphocytes to apoptosis correlated with a higher risk of insulin resistance and lipid disturbance in overweight or obese LBW children. A comprehensive study of the proneness of cells to apoptosis should be implemented to further investigate the pathomechanism of the metabolic syndrome in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Barg
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw Medical University, PL–50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Lai X, Kang X, Zeng L, Li J, Yang Y, Liu D. The protective effects and genetic pathways of thorn grape seeds oil against high glucose-induced apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:10. [PMID: 24405938 PMCID: PMC3893577 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Excessive apoptosis of β-cell is closely related to diabetes mellitus. Chronic exposure to high glucose causes β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis in diabetes. Thorn grape (Vitis davidii Foex.) has been used to treat diabetes in Traditional Chinese medicine for many years. In our previous research, thorn grape seeds oil (TGSO) showed promising anti-diabetic effects in animal models. However, it is unknown whether TGSO played an anti-apoptotic role in the anti-diabetic effects and the mechanism regarding signal transduction pathway is unclear either. Methods The rattus pancreatic β-cell line RIN-m5F was treated with/without TGSO which was extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) fluid extraction and analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Cell apoptosis was detected by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), insulin secretion was assayed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and the apoptosis-related genes expressions were evaluated by quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Results TGSO, containing 87.02% unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), significantly reduced pancreatic β-cell apoptosis and protected the insulin secretion impaired by high glucose. The expressions of pro-apoptotic genes such as iNOS, Caspase-3, ATF-3, JNK, p38 and Fas were down-regulated while the anti-apoptotic genes Akt and Bcl-2/Bax were up-regulated. Conclusions The results indicated that TGSO protected β-cells from high glucose-induced apoptosis and its protective activity may be linked to mitochondrial pathway, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway and Fas signal pathway, which implied that TGSO might be an effective complementary or alternative medicine to reduce β-cell apoptosis and dysfunction.
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D'souza JJ, D'souza PP, Fazal F, Kumar A, Bhat HP, Baliga MS. Anti-diabetic effects of the Indian indigenous fruit Emblica officinalis Gaertn: active constituents and modes of action. Food Funct 2014; 5:635-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60366k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
Regulation of metabolic fuel homeostasis is a critical function of β-cells, which are located in the islets of Langerhans of the animal pancreas. Impairment of this β-cell function is a hallmark of pancreatic β-cell failure and may lead to development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. β-Cells are essentially "fuel sensors" that monitor and react to elevated nutrient load by releasing insulin. This response involves metabolic activation and generation of metabolic coupling factors (MCFs) that relay the nutrient signal throughout the cell and induce insulin biosynthesis and secretion. Glucose is the most important insulin secretagogue as it is the primary fuel source in food. Glucose metabolism is central to generation of MCFs that lead to insulin release, most notably ATP. In addition, other classes of nutrients are able to augment insulin secretion and these include members of the lipid and amino acid family of nutrients. Therefore, it is important to investigate the interplay between glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, as it is this mixed nutrient sensing that generate the MCFs required for insulin exocytosis. The mechanisms by which these nutrients are metabolized to generate MCFs, and how they impact on β-cell insulin release and function, are discussed in detail in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Keane
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Liu XH, Wang YP, Wang LX, Chen Z, Liu XY, Liu LB. Exendin-4 protects murine MIN6 pancreatic β-cells from interleukin-1β-induced apoptosis via the NF-κB pathway. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36:803-11. [PMID: 23609920 DOI: 10.3275/8938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and its potent analog, exendin-4, are well known to inhibit β- cell apoptosis and promote β-cell proliferation. Meanwhile, cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), stimulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nitric oxide overproduction leading to β-cell damage. However, the protective mechanisms of GLP-1 in β-cells exposed to cytokines have not been fully elucidated. AIMS In this study, the protective effects of exendin-4 on IL-1β-induced apoptosis were investigated in murine MIN6 pancreatic β-cells. The role of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in this process was also explored. METHODS The effects of exendin-4 pre-treatment on IL-1β-induced apoptosis were investigated by Hoechst/PI and Annexin V/PI staining. Levels of iNOS and NF-κB proteins were investigated by Western blotting and cytoplasmic nitrite levels were determined using Griess reagent. RESULTS IL-1β treatment (range, 5-40 ng/ml) for 24 h was positively correlated with nitrite production (R2=0.9668, p<0.01), a significant increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells (p<0.01) and a concomitant dose-dependent increase in cytoplasmic levels of iNOS and NF-κB p65 activation. N-acetyl- L-cysteine (NAC), NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), partially rescued apoptotic β-cells, suggesting involvement of NF-κB-iNOS-nitrite in this process. Exendin-4 (100 nM) treatment significantly decreased IL-1β-induced apoptosis (p<0.01), downregulated NF-κB activation and subsequently decreased iNOS and nitrite levels in IL-1β-induced β-cells (p<0.001), in a similar manner to L-NAME, PDTC and NAC. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that exendin-4 protects against IL-1β- induced apoptosis in β-cells via downregulation of the NF- κB-iNOS-nitrite pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- X H Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Institute of Endocrinology, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, People's Republic of China
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Liu X, Liu R, Zhao XM, Chen L. Detecting early-warning signals of type 1 diabetes and its leading biomolecular networks by dynamical network biomarkers. BMC Med Genomics 2013; 6 Suppl 2:S8. [PMID: 23819540 PMCID: PMC3654886 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-6-s2-s8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex disease and harmful to human health, and most of the existing biomarkers are mainly to measure the disease phenotype after the disease onset (or drastic deterioration). Until now, there is no effective biomarker which can predict the upcoming disease (or pre-disease state) before disease onset or disease deterioration. Further, the detail molecular mechanism for such deterioration of the disease, e.g., driver genes or causal network of the disease, is still unclear. METHODS In this study, we detected early-warning signals of T1D and its leading biomolecular networks based on serial gene expression profiles of NOD (non-obese diabetic) mice by identifying a new type of biomarker, i.e., dynamical network biomarker (DNB) which forms a specific module for marking the time period just before the drastic deterioration of T1D. RESULTS Two dynamical network biomarkers were obtained to signal the emergence of two critical deteriorations for the disease, and could be used to predict the upcoming sudden changes during the disease progression. We found that the two critical transitions led to peri-insulitis and hyperglycemia in NOD mice, which are consistent with other independent experimental results from literature. CONCLUSIONS The identified dynamical network biomarkers can be used to detect the early-warning signals of T1D and predict upcoming disease onset before the drastic deterioration. In addition, we also demonstrated that the leading biomolecular networks are causally related to the initiation and progression of T1D, and provided the biological insight into the molecular mechanism of T1D. Experimental data from literature and functional analysis on DNBs validated the computational results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, SIBS-Novo Nordisk Translational Research Centre for PreDiabetes, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Kim HY, Kim K. Regulation of signaling molecules associated with insulin action, insulin secretion and pancreatic β-cell mass in the hypoglycemic effects of Korean red ginseng in Goto-Kakizaki rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 142:53-58. [PMID: 22543177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Korean red ginseng (KRG) has long history as herbal remedy for antidiabetic effect. AIM OF THE STUDY To study molecular mechanisms by which KRG ameliorates diabetes mellitus, we investigated whether the supplementation with the aqueous extract of KRG as a dietary admixture (1%, w/w) regulates the expressions of signaling molecules that are associated with insulin action, insulin secretion and pancreatic β-cell mass in spontaneously diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. METHODS An aqueous extract of KRG was supplemented for the estimated dosage to be 0.2 g/kg rat/day beginning at 5 weeks of age for 12 weeks in male GK rats. Plasma glucose levels were measured every 4 weeks. The expressions of signaling molecules that are associated with insulin action, insulin secretion and β-cell mass in tissues were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS The 12-week supplementation with KRG significantly (P<0.05) decreased blood glucose compared to control. It up-regulated the expression of glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 in adipose tissue, and down-regulated the expression of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP)-1B in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. It also up-regulated the expression of insulin and down-regulated the expression of uncoupling protein (UCP) 2, Bax and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in pancreas. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that GLUT4, PTP-1B, insulin, UCP2, Bax and PARP may be the primary targets of KRG that result in increase in insulin action and in insulin secretion, and decrease in β-cell mass, and that cause the normalization in glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Kim
- Division for Metabolism and Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 516 Baekhyun-dong, Bundang-gu, Songnam-si, Kyonggi-do 463-746, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang B, Yang L, Yu L, Lin B, Hou Y, Wu J, Huang Q, Han Y, Guo L, Ouyang Q, Zhang B, Lu L, Zhang X. Acetylcholinesterase is associated with apoptosis in β cells and contributes to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus pathogenesis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2012; 44:207-16. [PMID: 22236578 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmr121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expression is pivotal during apoptosis. Indeed, AChE inhibitors partially protect cells from apoptosis. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is characterized in part by pancreatic β-cell apoptosis. Here, we investigated the role of AChE in the development of IDDM and analyzed protective effects of AChE inhibitors. Multiple low-dose streptozotocin (MLD-STZ) administration resulted in IDDM in a mouse model. Western blot analysis, cytochemical staining, and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect AChE expression in MIN6 cells, primary β cells, and apoptotic pancreatic β cells of MLD-STZ-treated mice. AChE inhibitors were administered intraperitoneally to the MLD-STZ mice for 30 days. Blood glucose, plasma insulin, and creatine levels were measured, and glucose tolerance tests were performed. The effects of AChE inhibitors on MIN6 cells were also evaluated. AChE expression was induced in the apoptotic MIN6 cells and primary β cells in vitro and pancreatic islets in vivo when treated with STZ. Induction and progressive accumulation of AChE in the pancreatic islets were associated with apoptotic β cells during IDDM development. The administration of AChE inhibitors effectively decreased hyperglycemia and incidence of diabetes, and restored plasma insulin levels and plasma creatine clearance in the MLD-STZ mice. AChE inhibitors partially protected MIN6 cells from the damage caused by STZ treatment. Induction and accumulation of AChE in pancreatic islets and the protective effects of AChE inhibitors on the onset and development of IDDM indicate a close relationship between AChE and IDDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate Student School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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Riboulet-Chavey A, Diraison F, Siew LK, Wong FS, Rutter GA. AMP-activated protein kinase regulates glucagon secretion from mouse pancreatic alpha cells. Diabetologia 2011; 54:125-34. [PMID: 20938634 PMCID: PMC6101198 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), encoded by Prkaa genes, is emerging as a key regulator of overall energy homeostasis and the control of insulin secretion and action. We sought here to investigate the role of AMPK in controlling glucagon secretion from pancreatic islet alpha cells. METHODS AMPK activity was modulated in vitro in clonal alphaTC1-9 cells and isolated mouse pancreatic islets using pharmacological agents and adenoviruses encoding constitutively active or dominant negative forms of AMPK. Glucagon secretion was measured during static incubation by radioimmunoassay. AMPK activity was assessed by both direct phosphotransfer assay and by western (immuno-)blotting of the phosphorylated AMPK α subunits and the downstream target acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1. Intracellular free [Ca²(+)] was measured using Fura-Red. RESULTS Increasing glucose concentrations strongly inhibited AMPK activity in clonal pancreatic alpha cells. Forced increases in AMPK activity in alphaTC1-9 cells, achieved through the use of pharmacological agents including metformin, phenformin and A-769662, or via adenoviral transduction, resulted in stimulation of glucagon secretion at both low and high glucose concentrations, whereas AMPK inactivation inhibited both [Ca²(+)](i) increases and glucagon secretion at low glucose. Transduction of isolated mouse islets with an adenovirus encoding AMPK-CA under the control of the preproglucagon promoter increased glucagon secretion selectively at elevated glucose concentrations. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION AMPK is strongly regulated by glucose in pancreatic alpha cells, and increases in AMPK activity are sufficient and necessary for the stimulation of glucagon release in vitro. Modulation of AMPK activity in alpha cells may therefore provide a novel approach to controlling blood glucose concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Riboulet-Chavey
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College, London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Frédérique Diraison
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College, London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - L. Khai Siew
- Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, School of Medical Sciences, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, School of Medical Sciences, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Guy A. Rutter
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College, London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Abstract
The chapters throughout this volume illustrate the many contributions of mitochondria to the maintenance of normal cell and tissue function, experienced as the health of the individual. Mitochondria are essential for maintaining aspects of physiology as fundamental as cellular energy balance, the modulation of calcium signalling, in defining cellular redox balance, and they house significant biosynthetic pathways. Mitochondrial numbers and volume within cells are regulated and have an impact on their functional roles, while, especially in the CNS (central nervous system), mitochondrial trafficking is critical to ensure the cellular distribution and strategic localization of mitochondria, presumably driven by local energy demand. Maintenance of a healthy mitochondrial population involves a complex system of quality control, involving degrading misfolded proteins, while damaged mitochondria are renewed by fusion or removed by autophagy. It seems evident that mechanisms that impair any of these processes will impair mitochondrial function and cell signalling pathways, leading to disordered cell function which manifests as disease. As gatekeepers of cell life and cell death, mitochondria regulate both apoptotic and necrotic cell death, and so at its most extreme, disturbances involving these pathways may trigger untimely cell death. Conversely, the lack of appropriate cell death can lead to inappropriate tissue growth and development of tumours, which are also characterized by altered mitochondrial metabolism. The centrality of mitochondrial dysfunction to a surprisingly wide range of major human diseases is slowly becoming recognized, bringing with it the prospect of novel therapeutic approaches to treat a multitude of unpleasant and pervasive diseases.
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Xue HY, Niu DY, Gao GZ, Lin QY, Jin LJ, Xu YP. Aucubin modulates Bcl-2 family proteins expression and inhibits caspases cascade in H2O2-induced PC12 cells. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:3561-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wang LX, Wang YP, Chen Z, Liu XY, Liu XH, Liu L, Chen WJ, Liu LB. Exendin-4 protects murine pancreatic β-cells from dexamethasone-induced apoptosis through PKA and PI-3K signaling. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 90:297-304. [PMID: 20889222 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the effect and mechanism of exendin-4 on dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells. METHODS Murine MIN6 pancreatic β-cells were treated with dexamethasone (100 nmol/l) over 48h following pretreatment with exendin-4 (100 nmol/l). Cell viability was determined using an MTT assay. The percentage of apoptotic cells was determined through fluorescence microscopy analysis after Hochest/PI staining and a flow cytometric assay after Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Caspase 3 activity was measured using the caspase 3 activity assay kit. Expression of cyt-c, bcl-2, bax, AKT, and phosphorylated AKT was detected by western blot. RESULTS Exendin-4 reduced the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis when β-cells were exposed to dexamethasone. Exendin-4 down-regulated caspase 3 activity, reduced cytochrome c levels in cytoplasm, and increased Bcl-2 protein levels and the Bcl-2 to Bax ratio in dexamethasone-treated β-cells. These exendin-4 effects were blocked in the presence of an inhibitor of the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3K) pathway or of the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Exendin-4 reversed dexamethasone-mediated inhibition of Akt phosphorylation, which was abrogated by the PI-3K and PKA inhibitors. CONCLUSION PI-3K and PKA signaling are involved in the exendin-4-mediated modulation of β-cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Xi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Institute of Endocrinology, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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