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Kelly AR, Glover DJ. Information Transmission through Biotic-Abiotic Interfaces to Restore or Enhance Human Function. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 38729914 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Advancements in reliable information transfer across biotic-abiotic interfaces have enabled the restoration of lost human function. For example, communication between neuronal cells and electrical devices restores the ability to walk to a tetraplegic patient and vision to patients blinded by retinal disease. These impactful medical achievements are aided by tailored biotic-abiotic interfaces that maximize information transfer fidelity by considering the physical properties of the underlying biological and synthetic components. This Review develops a modular framework to define and describe the engineering of biotic and abiotic components as well as the design of interfaces to facilitate biotic-abiotic information transfer using light or electricity. Delineating the properties of the biotic, interface, and abiotic components that enable communication can serve as a guide for future research in this highly interdisciplinary field. Application of synthetic biology to engineer light-sensitive proteins has facilitated the control of neural signaling and the restoration of rudimentary vision after retinal blindness. Electrophysiological methodologies that use brain-computer interfaces and stimulating implants to bypass spinal column injuries have led to the rehabilitation of limb movement and walking ability. Cellular interfacing methodologies and on-chip learning capability have been made possible by organic transistors that mimic the information processing capacity of neurons. The collaboration of molecular biologists, material scientists, and electrical engineers in the emerging field of biotic-abiotic interfacing will lead to the development of prosthetics capable of responding to thought and experiencing touch sensation via direct integration into the human nervous system. Further interdisciplinary research will improve electrical and optical interfacing technologies for the restoration of vision, offering greater visual acuity and potentially color vision in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Kelly
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dominic J Glover
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Sass JO, Henke P, Mitrovic A, Weinmann M, Kluess D, Johannsen J, Sellin ML, Lembke U, Reimer D, Lork C, Jonitz-Heincke A, Bader R. Multifunctional Hybrid Material for Endoprosthetic Implants Based on Alumina-Toughened Zirconia Ceramics and Additively Manufactured TiNbTa Alloys. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1838. [PMID: 38673194 PMCID: PMC11051168 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Aseptic implant loosening after a total joint replacement is partially influenced by material-specific factors when cobalt-chromium alloys are used, including osteolysis induced by wear and corrosion products and stress shielding. Here, we aim to characterize a hybrid material consisting of alumina-toughened zirconia (ATZ) ceramics and additively manufactured Ti-35Nb-6Ta (TiNbTa) alloys, which are joined by a glass solder. The structure of the joint, the static and fatigue shear strength, the influence of accelerated aging, and the cytotoxicity with human osteoblasts are characterized. Furthermore, the biomechanical properties of the functional demonstrators of a femoral component for total knee replacements are evaluated. The TiNbTa-ATZ specimens showed a homogenous joint with statistically distributed micro-pores and a slight accumulation of Al-rich compounds at the glass solder-TiNbTa interface. Shear strengths of 26.4 ± 4.2 MPa and 38.2 ± 14.4 MPa were achieved for the TiNbTa-ATZ and Ti-ATZ specimens, respectively, and they were not significantly affected by the titanium material used, nor by accelerated aging (p = 0.07). All of the specimens survived 107 cycles of shear loading to 10 MPa. Furthermore, the TiNbTa-ATZ did not impair the proliferation and metabolic activity of the human osteoblasts. Functional demonstrators made of TiNbTa-ATZ provided a maximum bearable extension-flexion moment of 40.7 ± 2.2 Nm. The biomechanical and biological properties of TiNbTa-ATZ demonstrate potential applications for endoprosthetic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Oliver Sass
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Straße 142, D-18057 Rostock, Germany; (P.H.)
| | - Paul Henke
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Straße 142, D-18057 Rostock, Germany; (P.H.)
| | - Aurica Mitrovic
- ZM Praezisionsdentaltechnik GmbH, Breite Str. 16, D-18057 Rostock, Germany (C.L.)
| | | | - Daniel Kluess
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Straße 142, D-18057 Rostock, Germany; (P.H.)
- INNOPROFF GmbH, Joachim-Jungius-Straße 9, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan Johannsen
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Additive Manufacturing Technologies IAPT, Am Schleusengraben 14, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Marie-Luise Sellin
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Straße 142, D-18057 Rostock, Germany; (P.H.)
| | - Ulrich Lembke
- DOT GmbH, Charles-Darwin-Ring 1A, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Daniel Reimer
- FMZ GmbH, Charles-Darwin-Ring 3A, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Cornelia Lork
- ZM Praezisionsdentaltechnik GmbH, Breite Str. 16, D-18057 Rostock, Germany (C.L.)
| | - Anika Jonitz-Heincke
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Straße 142, D-18057 Rostock, Germany; (P.H.)
| | - Rainer Bader
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Straße 142, D-18057 Rostock, Germany; (P.H.)
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Sass JO, Sellin ML, Kauertz E, Johannsen J, Weinmann M, Stenzel M, Frank M, Vogel D, Bader R, Jonitz-Heincke A. Advanced Ti-Nb-Ta Alloys for Bone Implants with Improved Functionality. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:46. [PMID: 38391899 PMCID: PMC10889793 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The additive manufacturing of titanium-niobium-tantalum alloys with nominal chemical compositions Ti-xNb-6Ta (x = 20, 27, 35) by means of laser beam powder bed fusion is reported, and their potential as implant materials is elaborated by mechanical and biological characterization. The properties of dense specimens manufactured in different build orientations and of open porous Ti-20Nb-6Ta specimens are evaluated. Compression tests indicate that strength and elasticity are influenced by the chemical composition and build orientation. The minimum elasticity is always observed in the 90° orientation. It is lowest for Ti-20Nb-6Ta (43.2 ± 2.7 GPa) and can be further reduced to 8.1 ± 1.0 GPa for open porous specimens (p < 0.001). Furthermore, human osteoblasts are cultivated for 7 and 14 days on as-printed specimens and their biological response is compared to that of Ti-6Al-4V. Build orientation and cultivation time significantly affect the gene expression profile of osteogenic differentiation markers. Incomplete cell spreading is observed in specimens manufactured in 0° build orientation, whereas widely stretched cells are observed in 90° build orientation, i.e., parallel to the build direction. Compared to Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-Nb-Ta specimens promote improved osteogenesis and reduce the induction of inflammation. Accordingly, Ti-xNb-6Ta alloys have favorable mechanical and biological properties with great potential for application in orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Oliver Sass
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Straße 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Sellin
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Straße 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Elisa Kauertz
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Straße 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan Johannsen
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Additive Manufacturing Technologies IAPT, Am Schleusengraben 14, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Marcus Frank
- Medical Biology and Electron Microscopy Center, Rostock University Medical Center, Strempelstraße 14, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Danny Vogel
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Straße 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Rainer Bader
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Straße 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anika Jonitz-Heincke
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Straße 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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Marin E, Lanzutti A. Biomedical Applications of Titanium Alloys: A Comprehensive Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:114. [PMID: 38203968 PMCID: PMC10780041 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Titanium alloys have emerged as the most successful metallic material to ever be applied in the field of biomedical engineering. This comprehensive review covers the history of titanium in medicine, the properties of titanium and its alloys, the production technologies used to produce biomedical implants, and the most common uses for titanium and its alloys, ranging from orthopedic implants to dental prosthetics and cardiovascular devices. At the core of this success lies the combination of machinability, mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance. This unique combination of useful traits has positioned titanium alloys as an indispensable material for biomedical engineering applications, enabling safer, more durable, and more efficient treatments for patients affected by various kinds of pathologies. This review takes an in-depth journey into the inherent properties that define titanium alloys and which of them are advantageous for biomedical use. It explores their production techniques and the fabrication methodologies that are utilized to machine them into their final shape. The biomedical applications of titanium alloys are then categorized and described in detail, focusing on which specific advantages titanium alloys are present when compared to other materials. This review not only captures the current state of the art, but also explores the future possibilities and limitations of titanium alloys applied in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Marin
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Department Polytechnic of Engineering and Architecture, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Alex Lanzutti
- Department Polytechnic of Engineering and Architecture, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Sathishkumar S, Paulraj J, Chakraborti P, Muthuraj M. Comprehensive Review on Biomaterials and Their Inherent Behaviors for Hip Repair Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:4439-4464. [PMID: 37871169 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Developing biomaterials for hip prostheses is challenging and requires dedicated attention from researchers. Hip replacement is an inevitable and remarkable orthopedic therapy for enhancing the quality of patient life for those who have arthritis as well as trauma. Generally, five types of hip replacement procedures are successfully performed in the current medical market: total hip replacements, hip resurfacing, hemiarthroplasty, bipolar, and dual mobility systems. The average life span of artificial hip joints is about 15 years, and several studies have been conducted over the last 60 years to improve the performance and thereby increase the lifespan of artificial hip joints. Present-day prosthetic hip joints are linked to the wide availability of biomaterials. Metals, ceramics, and polymers are some of the most promising types of biomaterials; nevertheless, each biomaterial has advantages and disadvantages. Metals and ceramics fail in most applications owing to stress shielding and the emission of wear debris; ongoing research is being carried out to find a remedy to these unfavorable responses. Recent research found that polymers and composites based on polymers are significant alternative materials for artificial joints. With growing research and several biomaterials, recent reviews lag in effectively addressing hip implant materials' individual mechanical, tribological, and physiological behaviors. This Review comprehensively investigates the historical evolution of artificial hip replacement procedures and related biomaterials' mechanical, tribological, and biological characteristics. In addition, the most recent advances are also discussed to stimulate and guide future researchers as they seek more effective methods and synthesis of innovative biomaterials for hip arthroplasty application.
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Straumal BB, Anisimova NY, Kiselevskiy MV, Novruzov KM, Korneva A, Gornakova AS, Kilmametov AR, Sommadossi S, Davdian G. Influence of the Phase Composition of Titanium Alloys on Cell Adhesion and Surface Colonization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7130. [PMID: 38005063 PMCID: PMC10672790 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The pivotal role of metal implants within the host's body following reconstructive surgery hinges primarily on the initial phase of the process: the adhesion of host cells to the implant's surface and the subsequent colonization by these cells. Notably, titanium alloys represent a significant class of materials used for crafting metal implants. This study, however, marks the first investigation into how the phase composition of titanium alloys, encompassing the volume fractions of the α, β, and ω phases, influences cell adhesion to the implant's surface. Moreover, the research delves into the examination of induced hemolysis and cytotoxicity. To manipulate the phase composition of titanium alloys, various parameters were altered, including the chemical composition of titanium alloys with iron and niobium, annealing temperature, and high-pressure torsion parameters. By systematically adjusting these experimental parameters, we were able to discern the distinct impact of phase composition. As a result, the study unveiled that the colonization of the surfaces of the examined Ti-Nb and Ti-Fe alloys by human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells exhibits an upward trend with the increasing proportion of the ω phase, concurrently accompanied by a decrease in the α and β phases. These findings signify a new avenue for advancing Ti-based alloys for both permanent implants and temporary fixtures, capitalizing on the ability to regulate the volume fractions of the α, β, and ω phases. Furthermore, the promising characteristics of the ω phase suggest the potential emergence of a third generation of biocompatible Ti alloys, the ω-based materials, following the first-generation α-Ti alloys and second-generation β alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris B. Straumal
- Osipyan Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Osipyan Str. 2, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (A.S.G.); (G.D.)
| | - Natalia Yu. Anisimova
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (N.N. Blokhin NMRCO), Moscow 115478, Russia; (N.Y.A.); (M.V.K.); (K.M.N.)
- Department of Casting Technologies and Artistic Processing of Materials, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Kiselevskiy
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (N.N. Blokhin NMRCO), Moscow 115478, Russia; (N.Y.A.); (M.V.K.); (K.M.N.)
- Department of Casting Technologies and Artistic Processing of Materials, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Keryam M. Novruzov
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (N.N. Blokhin NMRCO), Moscow 115478, Russia; (N.Y.A.); (M.V.K.); (K.M.N.)
| | - Anna Korneva
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta Str. 25, 30-059 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Alena S. Gornakova
- Osipyan Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Osipyan Str. 2, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (A.S.G.); (G.D.)
| | - Askar R. Kilmametov
- Process and Material Sciences Laboratory, LSPM—CNRS, Bâtiments L1/L2, 99 Av. Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France;
| | - Silvana Sommadossi
- Institute for Research in Engineering Sciences and Technologies National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, National University of Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400 (Q8300IBX), Patagonia, Neuquén 8300, Argentina;
| | - Gregory Davdian
- Osipyan Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Osipyan Str. 2, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (A.S.G.); (G.D.)
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Baltatu MS, Vizureanu P, Sandu AV, Solcan C, Hritcu LD, Spataru MC. Research Progress of Titanium-Based Alloys for Medical Devices. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2997. [PMID: 38001997 PMCID: PMC10669585 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials are currently a unique class of materials that are essential to improving the standard of human life and extending it. In the assent of the appearance of biomaterials that contain non-toxic elements, in this study, we examine a system of Ti25Mo7Zr15TaxSi (x = 0, 0.5, 0.75, 1 wt.%) for future medical applications. The alloys were developed in a vacuum electric arc furnace and then studied from a structural, mechanical and in vivo assessment (on rabbits) perspective. The effect of the silicon addition was clearly seen in both the structural and the mechanical characteristics, standing out as beta alloys with a dendritic structure and lowering the mechanical properties as a result of the silicon addition. In experimental rabbits, the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells was observed in the periosteum and peri-implant area, differentiating into osteoblasts and then into osteocytes. Osteoclasts were discovered within the cartilaginous islands that provide structural support to newly formed bone, playing a primary role in bone remodeling. The newly formed spongy tissue adhered to the fibrous capsule that surrounds the alloy, ensuring good osseointegration of metallic implants. The overexpression of Osteopontin, Metalloproteinase-2 (also known as gelatinase A), and Metallopeptidase-9 (also known as gelatinase B) underscores the processes of osteogenesis, bone mineralization, and normal bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Simona Baltatu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 41 “D. Mangeron” Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (M.S.B.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Petrica Vizureanu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 41 “D. Mangeron” Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (M.S.B.); (A.V.S.)
- Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, Dacia Blvd 26, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei Victor Sandu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 41 “D. Mangeron” Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (M.S.B.); (A.V.S.)
- Romanian Inventors Forum, Str. Sf. P. Movila 3, 700089 Iasi, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
- National Institute for Research and Development in Environmental Protection, 294 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Solcan
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Mihail Sadoveanu Street, No 3, 700490 Iasi, Romania; (L.D.H.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Luminița Diana Hritcu
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Mihail Sadoveanu Street, No 3, 700490 Iasi, Romania; (L.D.H.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Mihaela Claudia Spataru
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Mihail Sadoveanu Street, No 3, 700490 Iasi, Romania; (L.D.H.); (M.C.S.)
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Donato TAG, Sousa KDSJ, Kuroda PAB, Grandini CR. A New α + β Ti-15Nb Alloy with Low Elastic Modulus: Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation on Osteogenic Phenotype. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:452. [PMID: 37754866 PMCID: PMC10531885 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14090452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to produce Ti-15Nb alloy with a low elastic modulus, verify its biocompatibility, and determine whether the alloy indirectly influences cellular viability and morphology, as well as the development of the osteogenic phenotype in cells cultured for 2, 3, and 7 days derived from rat calvarias. Two heat treatments were performed to modify the mechanical properties of the alloy where the Ti-15Nb alloy was heated to 1000 °C followed by slow (-5 °C/min) (SC) and rapid cooling (RC). The results of structural and microstructural characterization (XRD and optical images) showed that the Ti-15Nb alloy was of the α + β type, with slow cooling promoting the formation of the α phase and rapid cooling the formation of the β phase, altering the values for the hardness and elastic modulus. Generally, a more significant amount of the α phase in the Ti-15Nb alloy increased the elastic modulus value but decreased the microhardness value. After the RC treatment, the results demonstrated that the Ti-15Nb alloy did not present cytotoxic effects on the osteogenic cells. In addition, we did not find variations in the cell quantity in the microscopy results that could suggest cell adhesion or proliferation modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiani Ayako Goto Donato
- Laboratório de Anelasticidade e Biomateriais, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil; (T.A.G.D.); (K.d.S.J.S.); (C.R.G.)
| | - Karolyne dos Santos Jorge Sousa
- Laboratório de Anelasticidade e Biomateriais, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil; (T.A.G.D.); (K.d.S.J.S.); (C.R.G.)
| | - Pedro Akira Bazaglia Kuroda
- Laboratório de Anelasticidade e Biomateriais, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil; (T.A.G.D.); (K.d.S.J.S.); (C.R.G.)
| | - Carlos Roberto Grandini
- Laboratório de Anelasticidade e Biomateriais, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil; (T.A.G.D.); (K.d.S.J.S.); (C.R.G.)
- Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine—IBTN, Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil
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Stróż A, Gawlikowski M, Balin K, Osak P, Kubisztal J, Zubko M, Maszybrocka J, Dudek K, Łosiewicz B. Biological Activity and Thrombogenic Properties of Oxide Nanotubes on the Ti-13Nb-13Zr Biomedical Alloy. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:375. [PMID: 37504870 PMCID: PMC10382023 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14070375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of implant treatment is dependent on the osseointegration of the implant. The main goal of this work was to improve the biofunctionality of the Ti-13Nb-13Zr implant alloy by the production of oxide nanotubes (ONTs) layers for better anchoring in the bone and use as an intelligent carrier in drug delivery systems. Anodization of the Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy was carried out in 0.5% HF, 1 M (NH4)2SO4 + 2% NH4F, and 1 M ethylene glycol + 4 wt.% NH4F electrolytes. Physicochemical characteristics of ONTs were performed by high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning Kelvin probe (SKP). Water contact angle studies were conducted using the sitting airdrop method. In vitro biological properties and release kinetics of ibuprofen were investigated. The results of TEM and XPS studies confirmed the formation of the single-walled ONTs of three generations on the bi-phase (α + β) Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy. The ONTs were composed of oxides of the alloying elements. The proposed surface modification method ensured good hemolytic properties, no cytotoxity for L-929 mouse cells, good adhesion, increased surface wettability, and improved athrombogenic properties of the Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy. Nanotubular surfaces allowed ibuprofen to be released from the polymer matrix according to the Gallagher-Corrigan model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Stróż
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Maciej Gawlikowski
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 40 Roosevelt, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Artificial Heart Laboratory, Professor Zbigniew Religa Foundation of Cardiac Surgery Development, 345a Wolności, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Balin
- August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Patrycja Osak
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Julian Kubisztal
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Maciej Zubko
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Joanna Maszybrocka
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Karolina Dudek
- Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, Refractory Materials Center, Łukasiewicz Research Network, Toszecka 99, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Bożena Łosiewicz
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
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10
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Konatu RT, Domingues DD, França R, Alves APR. XPS Characterization of TiO 2 Nanotubes Growth on the Surface of the Ti15Zr15Mo Alloy for Biomedical Applications. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:353. [PMID: 37504848 PMCID: PMC10381681 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14070353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ti15Zr15Mo (TMZ alloy) has been studied in recent years for biomedical applications, mainly due to phase beta formation. From the surface modification, it is possible to associate the volume and surface properties with a better biomedical response. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of using anodization to obtain TiO2 nanotubes due to the presence of valve-type metal (Zr) in their composition. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed to determine the surface chemical composition in both after-processing conditions (passive layer) and after-processing plus anodization (TiO2 nanotube growth). The anodization resulted in nanotubes with diameters and thicknesses of 126 ± 35 and 1294 ± 193 nm, respectively, and predominated anatase phase. Compared to the passive layer of titanium, which is less than ~10 nm, the oxide layer formed was continuous and thicker. High-resolution spectra revealed that the oxide layer of the element alloys contained different oxidation states. The major phase in all depths for the nanotube samples was TiO2. While the stable form of each oxide was found to predominate on the surface, the inner part of the oxide layer consisted of suboxides and metallic forms. This composition included different oxidation states of the substrate elements Ti, Zr, and Mo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginaldo Toshihiro Konatu
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Guaratingueta Campus, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Guaratinguetá 12516-410, Brazil
| | - Danielle Duque Domingues
- School of Engineering, Ilha Solteira Campus, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo 15385-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo França
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W2, Canada
| | - Ana Paula Rosifini Alves
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Guaratingueta Campus, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Guaratinguetá 12516-410, Brazil
- School of Engineering, Ilha Solteira Campus, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo 15385-000, Brazil
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11
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Yudin S, Alimov I, Volodko S, Gurianov A, Markova G, Kasimtsev A, Sviridova T, Permyakova D, Evstratov E, Cheverikin V, Moskovskikh D. Fabrication of Biomedical Ti-Zr-Nb by Reducing Metal Oxides with Calcium Hydride. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14050271. [PMID: 37233381 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14050271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a powder of Ti-18Zr-15Nb biomedical alloy with spongy morphology and with more than 95% vol. of β-Ti was obtained by reducing the constituent oxides with calcium hydride. The influence of the synthesis temperature, the exposure time, and the density of the charge (TiO2 + ZrO2 + Nb2O5 + CaH2) on the mechanism and kinetics of the calcium hydride synthesis of the Ti-18Zr-15Nb β-alloy was studied. Temperature and exposure time were established as crucial parameters with the help of regression analysis. Moreover, the correlation between the homogeneity of the powder obtained and the lattice microstrain of β-Ti is shown. As a result, temperatures above 1200 °C and an exposure time longer than 12 h are required to obtain a Ti-18Zr-15Nb powder with a single β-phase structure and uniformly distributed elements. The analysis of β-phase growth kinetics revealed that the formation of β-Ti occurs due to the solid-state diffusion interaction between Ti, Nb, and Zr under the calcium hydride reduction of TiO2 + ZrO2 + Nb2O5, and the spongy morphology of reduced α-Ti is inherited by the β-phase. Thus, the results obtained provide a promising approach for manufacturing biocompatible porous implants from β-Ti alloys that are believed to be attractive candidates for biomedical applications. Moreover, the current study develops and deepens the theory and practical aspects of the metallothermic synthesis of metallic materials and can be compelling to specialists in powder metallurgy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Yudin
- Directorate, L.L.C. Metsintez, 300041 Tula, Russia
- Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Department, Tula State University, 300012 Tula, Russia
- Center for Project Activities of the Moscow Polytechnic University, Moscow Polytechnic University, 107023 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Alimov
- Directorate, L.L.C. Metsintez, 300041 Tula, Russia
- Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Department, Tula State University, 300012 Tula, Russia
| | - Sergey Volodko
- Directorate, L.L.C. Metsintez, 300041 Tula, Russia
- Center of Functional Nano-Ceramics, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Gurianov
- Directorate, L.L.C. Metsintez, 300041 Tula, Russia
- Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Department, Tula State University, 300012 Tula, Russia
| | - Galina Markova
- Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Department, Tula State University, 300012 Tula, Russia
| | - Anatoly Kasimtsev
- Directorate, L.L.C. Metsintez, 300041 Tula, Russia
- Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Department, Tula State University, 300012 Tula, Russia
| | - Tatiana Sviridova
- Directorate, L.L.C. Metsintez, 300041 Tula, Russia
- Institute of New Materials and Nanotechnology, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Darya Permyakova
- Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Department, Tula State University, 300012 Tula, Russia
| | - Evgeny Evstratov
- The Department of Surface Physics and Chemistry and Ultrafine Powder Materials, A. A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Cheverikin
- Department of Physical Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Moskovskikh
- Center of Functional Nano-Ceramics, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, 119049 Moscow, Russia
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12
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Hussein MA, Kumar AM, Azeem MA, Sorour AA, Saravanan S. Ti-30Nb-3Ag alloy with improved corrosion resistance and antibacterial properties for orthopedic and dental applications produced by mechanical alloying. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 142:105851. [PMID: 37068434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Titanium alloys have gained popularity as a bioimplant material due to their biocompatibility, low modulus of elasticity, and increased strength. However, other issues, such as corrosion resistance, and infections can reduce the implant's lifespan. This paper aims to fabricate a new Ti-30Nb-3Ag at% alloy with enhanced in vitro corrosion and antibacterial properties by mechanical alloying (MA) followed by powder consolidation. XRD, SEM/EDX, and Vickers microhardness analyses were used to examine the phases compositions, microstructure, and microhardness, respectively. The in vitro corrosion performance of Ti-30Nb-3Ag alloy was inspected in a simulated body medium and artificial saliva. The alloy's antibacterial properties were evaluated in the gram-positive and negative bacterial medium. The results showed that after MA for 60 h, nanocrystalline β-Ti (BCC) and α-Ti (HCP) solid solutions were formed with crystallite sizes of 7.44 and 3.47 nm, respectively. The sintered sample exhibited densifications of 97%, with a microstructure composed of β-Ti, α-Ti, and a minor quantity of ultrafine Ti2Ag phase. The microhardness result showed that Ti-30Nb-3Ag alloy possesses HV 491.5. Ti-30Nb-3Ag alloy has a potent antibacterial capability of 85.75% and 88.81% relative to Ti-6Al-4V alloy and CP-Ti, respectively. In vitro corrosion results revealed that the Ti-30Nb-3Ag alloy exhibited the widespread passive area in the investigated anodic regions and presented the highest impedance values in comparison with the commercial alloys, confirming its improved corrosion resistance performance in both studied mediums. Ti-30Nb-3Ag alloy possibly be a competitive bioimplant material for orthopedic and dental uses owing to its enhanced biocorrosion and antibacterial properties compared to commercial Ti-6Al-4V alloy and CP-Ti.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hussein
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - A Madhan Kumar
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Azeem
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals(KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - A A Sorour
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals(KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Saravanan
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Usman K, Kang D, Jeong G, Alam K, Raveendran A, Ser J, Jang W, Cho H. The Surface Properties of Implant Materials by Deposition of High-Entropy Alloys (HEAs). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1123. [PMID: 36986017 PMCID: PMC10054136 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) contain more than five alloying elements in a composition range of 5-35% and with slight atomic size variation. Recent narrative studies on HEA thin films and their synthesis through deposition techniques such as sputtering have highlighted the need for determining the corrosion behaviors of such alloys used as biomaterials, for example, in implants. Coatings composed of biocompatible elements such as titanium, cobalt, chrome, nickel, and molybdenum at the nominal composition of Co30Cr20Ni20Mo20Ti10 were synthesized by means of high-vacuum radiofrequency magnetron (HVRF) sputtering. In scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, the coating samples deposited with higher ion densities were thicker than those deposited with lower ion densities (thin films). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results of the thin films heat treated at higher temperatures, i.e., 600 and 800 °C, revealed a low degree of crystallinity. In thicker coatings and samples without heat treatment, the XRD peaks were amorphous. The samples coated at lower ion densities, i.e., 20 µAcm-2, and not subjected to heat treatment yielded superior results in terms of corrosion and biocompatibility among all the samples. Heat treatment at higher temperatures led to alloy oxidation, thus compromising the corrosion property of the deposited coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Usman
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Doori Kang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonwoo Jeong
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Khurshed Alam
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Athira Raveendran
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhui Ser
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Woohyung Jang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoonsung Cho
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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14
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Chen H, Jiang N, Zhang J, Tan P, Wang M, Zhu S, Cao P. Micron/Submicron Scaled Hierarchical Ti Phosphate/Ti Oxide Hybrid Coating on 3D Printed Scaffolds for Improved Osteointegration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1274-1284. [PMID: 36802473 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printed implants have attracted substantial attention in the field of personalized medicine, but negative impacts on mechanical properties or initial osteointegration have limited their application. To address these problems, we prepared hierarchical Ti phosphate/Ti oxide (TiP-Ti) hybrid coatings on 3D printed Ti scaffolds. The surface morphology, chemical composition, and bonding strength of the scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scratch test. In vitro performance was analyzed by colonization and proliferation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). In vivo osteointegration of the scaffolds in rat femurs was assessed by micro-CT and histological analyses. The results demonstrated improved cell colonization and proliferation as well as excellent osteointegration obtained by incorporation of our scaffolds with the novel TiP-Ti coating. In conclusion, micron/submicron scaled Ti phosphate/Ti oxide hybrid coatings on 3D printed scaffolds have promising potential in future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Peijie Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Songsong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Pinyin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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15
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Bortolan CC, Copes F, Shekargoftar M, Sales VDOF, Paternoster C, Campanelli LC, Giguère N, Mantovani D. Electrochemical and in vitro biological behaviors of a Ti-Mo-Fe alloy specifically designed for stent applications. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2023.100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
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16
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Rangel A, Lam M, Hocini A, Humblot V, Ameyama K, Migonney V, Dirras G, Falentin-Daudre C. Bioactivation of New Harmonic Titanium Alloy to Improve and Control Cellular Response and differentiation. Ing Rech Biomed 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2023.100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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17
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Larsson L, Marattukalam JJ, Paschalidou EM, Hjörvarsson B, Ferraz N, Persson C. Biocompatibility of a Zr-Based Metallic Glass Enabled by Additive Manufacturing. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:5741-5753. [PMID: 36459395 PMCID: PMC9768811 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The present work explored the use of the selective laser melting (SLM) technique to develop a Zr-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) and investigate the influence of the process parameters on obtaining different levels of surface roughness. Moreover, the potential of the additively manufactured BMG Zr59.3Cu28.8Al10.4Nb1.5 (trade name AMLOY-ZR01) as an implant material was studied by evaluating the osteoblastic cell response to the alloy and its stability under simulated biological environments. The materials were characterized in terms of degree of crystallinity, surface roughness, and morphology, followed by a systematic investigation of the response of the MC3T3-E1 preosteoblastic cell line to the as-printed samples. The materials supported cell proliferation and differentiation of the preosteoblastic cells, with results comparable to the reference material Ti-6Al-4V. The surface microroughness and surface morphology (porous or groove-type laser tracks) investigated in this study did not have a significant effect on modulating the cell response. Ion release experiments showed a large increase in ion release under inflammatory conditions as compared to regular physiological conditions, which could be attributed to the increased local corrosion under inflammatory conditions. The findings in this work showed that the surface roughness of the additively manufactured BMG AMLOY-ZR01 can be tailored by controlling the laser power applied during the SLM process. The favorable cell response to the as-printed AMLOY-ZR01 represents of a significant advancement of the investigation of additively manufactured BMGs for orthopedic applications, while the results of the ion release study highlights the effect that inflammatory conditions could have on the degradation of the alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Larsson
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Box
534, Uppsala University, SE- 75121Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Björgvin Hjörvarsson
- Department
of Physics, Materials Physics, Box 530, Uppsala University, SE-75121Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natalia Ferraz
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanotechnology and Functional
Materials, Box 35, Uppsala University, SE- 75103Uppsala, Sweden,
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Box
534, Uppsala University, SE- 75121Uppsala, Sweden,
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18
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Chen C, Huang B, Liu Y, Liu F, Lee IS. Functional engineering strategies of 3D printed implants for hard tissue replacement. Regen Biomater 2022; 10:rbac094. [PMID: 36683758 PMCID: PMC9845531 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing technology with the rapid development of printing materials are widely recognized as a promising way to fabricate bioartificial bone tissues. In consideration of the disadvantages of bone substitutes, including poor mechanical properties, lack of vascularization and insufficient osteointegration, functional modification strategies can provide multiple functions and desired characteristics of printing materials, enhance their physicochemical and biological properties in bone tissue engineering. Thus, this review focuses on the advances of functional engineering strategies for 3D printed biomaterials in hard tissue replacement. It is structured as introducing 3D printing technologies, properties of printing materials (metals, ceramics and polymers) and typical functional engineering strategies utilized in the application of bone, cartilage and joint regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Bo Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, PR China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, PR China
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19
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Jimenez-Marcos C, Mirza-Rosca JC, Baltatu MS, Vizureanu P. Experimental Research on New Developed Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Applications. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9110686. [PMID: 36421087 PMCID: PMC9688035 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties and electrochemical behavior of two new titanium alloys, Ti20Mo7Zr and Ti20Mo7Zr0.5Si, are investigated in this paper. The alloys have been manufactured by vacuum arc remelting (VAR) technique and studied to determine their microstructure, corrosion behavior, and mechanical properties. Metallographic observations and quantitative microanalysis by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy SEM, and energy dispersive X-rays spectroscopy EDX were performed. Data about the three-point bending test and microhardness are presented. For electrochemical properties, three different environments were used: Ringer solution at 25 °C, Ringer solution at 40 °C simulating fever condition, and 3.5% NaCl solution. Metallographic investigation revealed the biphasic and dendritic structure of both samples when the procedures were performed. Electrochemical testing in body simulation fluid, fever conditions, and saline medium showed that the lower the proportion of silicon in the samples, the higher the corrosion resistance. The formation of a titanium oxide layer on the surface of both samples was noticed using quantitative EDX analysis. The three-point bending test for the two samples revealed that the presence of silicon decreases the modulus of elasticity; the surface of the samples displayed soft and hard phases in the microhardness test. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were carried out at different potentials, and the obtained spectra exhibit a two-time constant system, attesting double-layer passive film on the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Jimenez-Marcos
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria University, 35017 Tafira, Spain
| | - Julia Claudia Mirza-Rosca
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria University, 35017 Tafira, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.C.M.-R.); (M.S.B.); (P.V.)
| | - Madalina Simona Baltatu
- Department of Technologies and Equipment for Materials Processing, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iaşi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (J.C.M.-R.); (M.S.B.); (P.V.)
| | - Petrica Vizureanu
- Department of Technologies and Equipment for Materials Processing, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iaşi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (J.C.M.-R.); (M.S.B.); (P.V.)
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20
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Wong KK, Hsu HC, Wu SC, Hung TL, Ho WF. Structure, Properties, and Corrosion Behavior of Ti-Rich TiZrNbTa Medium-Entropy Alloys with β+α″+α' for Biomedical Application. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7953. [PMID: 36431438 PMCID: PMC9696250 DOI: 10.3390/ma15227953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Five Ti-rich β+α″+α′ Ti−Zr−Nb−Ta biomedical medium-entropy alloys with excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance were developed by considering thermodynamic parameters and using the valence electron concentration formula. The results of this study demonstrated that the traditional valence electron concentration formula for predicting phases is not entirely applicable to medium-entropy alloys. All solution-treated samples with homogeneous compositions were obtained at a low temperature (900 °C) and within a short period (20 min). All solution-treated samples exhibited low elastic moduli ranging from 49 to 57 GPa, which were significantly lower than those of high-entropy alloys with β phase. Solution-treated Ti65−Zr29−Nb3−Ta3 exhibited an ultra-high bending strength (1102 MPa), an elastic recovery angle (>30°), and an ultra-low elastic modulus (49 GPa), which are attributed to its α″ volume fraction as high as more than 60%. The pitting potentials of all samples were higher than 1.8 V, and their corrosion current densities were lower than 10−5 A/cm3 in artificially simulated body fluid at 37 °C. The surface oxide layers on Ti65−Zr29−Nb3−Ta3 comprised TiO2, ZrO2, Nb2O5, and Ta2O5 (as discovered through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and provided the alloy with excellent corrosion and pitting resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Kin Wong
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chuan Hsu
- Department of Dental Technology and Materials Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40601, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ching Wu
- Department of Dental Technology and Materials Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40601, Taiwan
| | - Tun-Li Hung
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Fu Ho
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
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21
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Influence of processing parameters on dehydrogenation of TiH2 in the preparation of Ti–Nb: A review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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22
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Hoque ME, Showva NN, Ahmed M, Rashid AB, Sadique SE, El-Bialy T, Xu H. Titanium and titanium alloys in dentistry: current trends, recent developments, and future prospects. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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23
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Recent Developments in Additive-Manufactured Intermetallic Compounds for Bio-Implant Applications. J Med Biol Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-022-00753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
This paper reviews the recent developments of two newly developed intermetallic compounds (IMCs) of metallic glasses (MGs) and high-entropy alloys (HEAs) as potential implantable biomaterials.
Methods
The paper commences by summarizing the fundamental properties of recently developed MGs and high-entropy alloys (HEAs). A systematic review is presented of the recent literature about the use of AM technology in fabricating MG and HEA components for biological implant applications.
Results
The high strength, low Young’s modulus, and excellent corrosion resistance make these IMCs good candidates as bio-implantable materials. Recent studies have shown that additive manufacturing (AM) techniques provide an advantageous route for the preparation of glassy metallic components due to their intrinsically rapid cooling rates and ability to fabricate parts with virtually no size or complexity constraints. A practical example is conducted by AM producing a porous gradient Ti-based MG spinal cage. The produced MG powders and the in vivo test results on an 18 M-old Lanyu pig confirm the feasibility of the AM technique for producing implantable IMC-based prosthesis.
Conclusion
The non-crystalline structure of MGs alloy and the random crystalline composition of HEAs provide unique material properties that will substantially impact the development of future implantable prostheses.
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Chávez Díaz MP, Henche SA, Yanchuck MR, de Arriba CC, Sierra RC, Rincón MLE, Hallen JM. Implantation of heat treatment Ti6al4v alloys in femoral bone of Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2022; 33:70. [PMID: 36190567 PMCID: PMC9529715 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-022-06691-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Two heat treatments were carried out at below (Ti6Al4V800) and above (Ti6Al4V1050) the beta-phase transformation temperature (TTRANSUS = 980 °C), to study the effect of microstructural changes on osseointegration. The alloys were implanted in the femurs of hind legs of Wistar rats for 15, 30, and 60 days. Histology of the femur sections obtained for the first 15 days showed inflammatory tissue surrounding the implants and tissue contraction, which prevented osseointegration in early stages. After 30 days, trabecular bone, reduction of inflammatory tissue around the implants, and osseointegration were observed in Ti6Al4V as received and Ti6Al4V1050 alloys, while osseointegration was detected for the three alloys after 60 days. These results were supported through morphometric studies based on the analysis of Bone Implant Contact (BIC), where there was a larger bone contact after 60 days for the Ti6Al4V1050 alloy; indicating that microstructural features of the Ti6Al4V alloys influence their osseointegration, with the lamellar microstructure (Ti6Al4V1050), being the most responsive. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Paulina Chávez Díaz
- Centro de Estudios Científicos y Tecnológicos Número 7 Cuauhtémoc (CECyT 7), Ermita Iztapalapa 3241, Sta. María Aztahuacan, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, 09570, Mexico.
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas (CENIM-CSIC). Departamento de Ingeniería de Superficies, Corrosión y Durabilidad, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Soledad Aguado Henche
- Departamento de Cirugía, Ciencias Médicas y Sociales. Área Anatomía y Embriología Humana de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Ctra. Mad-Barc Km 33,600. Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Rubio Yanchuck
- Hospital Universitario La Paz. Servicio de Cirugía Plástica, Reparadora y Quemados, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Clemente de Arriba
- Departamento de Cirugía, Ciencias Médicas y Sociales. Área Anatomía y Embriología Humana de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Ctra. Mad-Barc Km 33,600. Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Román Cabrera Sierra
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Metalurgia y Materiales, UPALM Edificio 7, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, 07738, Mexico
| | - María Lorenza Escudero Rincón
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas (CENIM-CSIC). Departamento de Ingeniería de Superficies, Corrosión y Durabilidad, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Hallen
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Metalurgia y Materiales, UPALM Edificio 7, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, 07738, Mexico
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25
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Ding Z, Yuan Q, Wang H, Tang Y, Tan Y, He Q. Anticorrosion behaviour and tribological properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy coated with Nb 2O 5/Nb 2O 5-Mg/Mg layer by magnetron sputtering. RSC Adv 2022; 12:28196-28206. [PMID: 36320239 PMCID: PMC9540408 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04907d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium alloys are attracting increasing attention for the fabrication of temporary implants because of their superior biodegradability and biocompatibility. However, their high degradation rate under physiological conditions limits their clinical applications. In this work, a Nb2O5/Nb2O5-Mg/Mg multilayer coating was prepared on the surface of AZ31 magnesium alloy by magnetron sputtering in order to improve its corrosion resistance. The microstructure and performance of the layers were studied by SEM, AFM, EDS, and XPS, and a scratch tester, nanoindenter, friction tester, and electrochemical workstation, using Nb2O5 monolayer coating as a control. The results show that these two coatings significantly improved the mechanical, tribological, and anticorrosion performance of AZ31 magnesium alloy. Compared with a Nb2O5 monolayer coating, the multilayer coating exhibits an increased adhesion by about 10.6 times, and a decreased wear rate and corrosion current density by one order of magnitude, meaning higher damage resistance. This study provides a feasible strategy for enhancing the properties of ceramic layers on magnesium alloys for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Ding
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of TechnologyZhuzhou 412007China+86-731-22183858
| | - Qianhong Yuan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan University of TechnologyZhuzhou 412007China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan University of TechnologyZhuzhou 412007China
| | - Yinghong Tang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan University of TechnologyZhuzhou 412007China
| | - Yimin Tan
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of TechnologyZhuzhou 412007China+86-731-22183858
| | - Quanguo He
- School of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of TechnologyZhuzhou 412007China
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26
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Mori M, Guo T, Yamanaka K, Wang Z, Yoshida K, Onuki Y, Sato S, Chiba A, Misra RDK. The significance of thermomechanical processing on the cellular response of biomedical Co-Cr-Mo alloys. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 133:105360. [PMID: 35839635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Strengthening of biomedical Co-Cr-Mo alloys has been explored via thermomechanical processing for enhancing the durability of their biomedical applications. However, the effects of cold and hot deformation on the cellular activity continue to be unclear. In this study, we prepared Co-Cr-Mo alloy rods via cold swaging and hot-caliber rolling and studied the relationship between the microstructure and cellular response of pre-osteoblasts. The cold-swaged rod experienced strain-induced martensitic transformation, which increased the volume fraction of the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) ε-martensite to ∼60 vol.% with an increase in area reduction (r) to 30%. The 111γ fiber texture of the face-centered cubic (fcc) γ-matrix followed the Shoji-Nishiyama orientation relationship with ε-martensite. Cell culture results revealed beneficial effects of cold swaging on the cell response, in terms of adhesion, proliferation and morphology of cells, although increasing r did not significantly affect cellular metabolism levels. The addition of small content of Zr (0.04 wt.%) led to enhanced focal adhesion of cells, which became more significant at higher r. The microstructural evolution during hot-caliber rolling, namely, grain refinement without any phase transformation and strong texture development, did not appreciably affect the cellular activity. These findings are envisaged to facilitate alloy design and microstructural optimization for favorable tuning the osseointegration of biomedical Co-Cr-Mo alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manami Mori
- Department of General Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Sendai College, 48 Nodayama, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, 981-1239, Japan; Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ting Guo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China
| | - Kenta Yamanaka
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Zuyong Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China.
| | - Kazuo Yoshida
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan; Eiwa Co., Ltd., 405-45 Kasshi-cho, Kamaishi, 026-0001, Japan
| | - Yusuke Onuki
- Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Sciences, Ibaraki University, 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, 319-1106, Japan
| | - Shigeo Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, 316-8511, Japan
| | - Akihiko Chiba
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - R D K Misra
- Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
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Preparation and characterization of novel as-cast Ti-Mo-Nb alloys for biomedical applications. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11874. [PMID: 35831317 PMCID: PMC9279454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14820-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ti and its alloys are the most used metallic biomaterials devices due to their excellent combination of chemical and mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity to the human body. However, the current alloys available still have several issues, such as cytotoxicity of Al and V and high elastic modulus values, compared to human bone. β-type alloys, compared to α-type and (α + β)-type Ti alloys, have lower elastic modulus and higher mechanical strength. Then, new biomedical β-type alloys are being developed with non-cytotoxic alloying elements, such as Mo and Nb. Therefore, Ti-5Mo-xNb system alloys were prepared by argon arc melting. Chemical composition was evaluated by EDS analysis, and the density measurements were performed by Archimedes' method. The structure and microstructure of the alloys were obtained by X-ray diffraction and optical and scanning electron microscopy. Microhardness values were analyzed, and MTT and crystal violet tests were performed to assess their cytotoxicity. As the Nb concentration increases, the presence of the β-Ti phase also grows, with the Ti-5Mo-30Nb alloy presenting a single β-Ti phase. In contrast, the microhardness of the alloys decreases with the addition of Nb, except the Ti-5Mo-10Nb alloy, which has its microhardness increased probably due to the ω phase precipitation. Biological in-vitro tests showed that the alloys are not cytotoxic.
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28
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Munir K, Lin J, Wright PFA, Ozan S, Li Y, Wen C. Mechanical, corrosion, nanotribological, and biocompatibility properties of equal channel angular pressed Ti-28Nb-35.4Zr alloys for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2022; 149:387-398. [PMID: 35817341 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study systematically investigated the effect of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) on the microstructure, mechanical, corrosion, nano-tribological properties and biocompatibility of a newly developed β Ti-28Nb-35.4Zr (hereafter denoted TNZ) alloy. Results indicated that ECAP of the β TNZ alloy refined its microstructure by forming ultrafine grains without causing stress-induced phase transformation, leading to formation of a single β phase. The ECAP-processed TNZ alloy exhibited a compressive yield strength of 960 MPa, and high plastic deformation capacity without fracturing under compression loads. Potentiodynamic polarization tests revealed the higher tendency of ECAP-processed TNZ alloys to form passive oxide films on its surface, which exhibited a lower corrosion rate (0.44±0.07 µm/y) in Hanks' balanced salt solution compared to its as-cast counterpart (0.71±0.10 µm/y). Nanotribological testing also revealed higher resistance of the ECAP-processed TNZ alloy to abrasion, wear and scratching, when compared to its as-cast counterpart. Cytocompatibility and cell adhesion assessments of the ECAP-processed TNZ alloys showed a high viability (111%) of human osteoblast-like SaOS2 cells after 7 d of culturing. Moreover, the ECAP-processed TNZ alloy promoted adhesion and spreading of SaOS2 cells, which exhibited growth and proliferation on alloy surfaces. In summary, significantly enhanced mechanical, corrosion, and biological properties of ECAP-processed TNZ alloy advocate its suitability for load-bearing implant applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) provides a unique combination of enhanced mechanical and functional properties of materials by optimizing their microstructures and phase transformations. This study investigated the mechanical, nano-tribological, corrosion, and biocompatibility properties of a newly developed β Ti-28Nb-35.4Zr (TNZ) alloy processed via ECAP. Our findings indicated that ECAP of the β TNZ alloy refined its microstructure by forming ultrafine grains without causing stress-induced phase transformation. Compared to its as-cast counterpart, ECAP-processed TNZ exhibited significantly enhanced compressive yield strength, plastic deformation capacity, hardness, wear, and corrosion properties. Moreover, in vitro cytocompatibility and cell adhesion studies revealed high cellular viabilities, growth and proliferation of osteoblast-like SaOS2 cells on the ECAP-processed TNZ alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurram Munir
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Jixing Lin
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Paul F A Wright
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Sertan Ozan
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat 66100, Turkey
| | - Yuncang Li
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Cuie Wen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
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29
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Machine Learning Assisted Prediction of Microstructures and Young’s Modulus of Biomedical Multi-Component β-Ti Alloys. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12050796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the development of β-titanium (Ti) alloys with a low Young’s modulus as human implants has been the trend of research in biomedical materials. However, designing β-titanium alloys by conventional experimental methods is too costly and inefficient. Therefore, it is necessary to propose a method that can efficiently and reliably predict the microstructures and the mechanical properties of biomedical titanium alloys. In this study, a machine learning prediction method is proposed to accelerate the design of biomedical multi-component β-Ti alloys with low moduli. Prediction models of microstructures and Young’s moduli were built at first. The performances of the models were improved by introducing new experimental data. With the help of the models, a Ti–13Nb–12Ta–10Zr–4Sn (wt.%) alloy with a single β-phase microstructure and Young’s modulus of 69.91 GPa is successfully developed. This approach could also be used to design other advanced materials.
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30
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Effect of Thermomechanical Treatments on Microstructure, Phase Composition, Vickers Microhardness, and Young’s Modulus of Ti-xNb-5Mo Alloys for Biomedical Applications. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12050788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of new β-Ti alloys has been extensively studied in the medical field in recent times due to their more suitable mechanical properties, such as a relatively low Young’s modulus. This paper analyzes the influence of heat treatments (homogenization and annealing) and hot rolling on the microstructure, phase composition, and some mechanical properties of ternary alloys of the Ti-xNb-5Mo system, with an amount of Nb varying between 0 and 30 wt%. The samples are produced by argon arc melting. After melting, the samples are homogenized at 1000 °C for 24 h and are hot rolled and annealed at 1000 °C for 6 h with slow cooling. Structural and microstructural analyses are made using X-ray diffraction and optical and scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties are evaluated by Vickers microhardness and Young’s modulus. The amount of β phase increases after heat treatment and reduces after hot rolling. The microhardness and Young’s modulus of all heat-treated samples decrease when compared with the hot rolled ones. Some samples exhibit atypical Young’s modulus and microhardness values, such as 515 HV for the as-cast Ti-10Nb-5Mo sample, indicating the possible presence of ω phase in the microstructure. The Ti-30Nb-5Mo sample suffers less variation in its phase composition with thermomechanical treatments due to the β-stabilizing effect of the alloying elements. The studied mechanical properties indicate that the annealed Ti-30Nb-5Mo sample has potential for biomedical applications, exhibiting a Young’s modulus value of 69 GPa and a microhardness of 236 HV.
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31
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An Overview of Highly Porous Titanium Processed via Metal Injection Molding in Combination with the Space Holder Method. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12050783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, titanium foams have attracted greater interest from the biomedical industry due to their excellent chemical and mechanical biocompatibility when used as biomimetic implants. The porous structure plays an important role in bone adhesion to an implant, allowing its growth into the component. Moreover, the voids reduce the elastic modulus, promoting greater compatibility with the bone, avoiding the stress shielding effect. In this regard, metal injection molding is an attractive process for titanium foams manufacturing due to the high microstructural control and the possibility of producing, on a large scale, parts with complex near-net-shaped structures. In this review, recent discoveries and advantages regarding the processing of titanium powders and alloys via metal injection molding combined with the space holder method are presented. This approach can be used to obtain foams with high biocompatibility with the human body at a microstructural, chemical, and mechanical level.
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32
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Mechanical and Fatigue Behavior of Cellular Structure Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Femoral Stems: A Finite Element Analysis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive loads acting on the hip joint fluctuate according to the type of activities produced by the human body. Repetitive loading is one of the factors that leads to fatigue failure of the implanted stems. The objective of this study is to develop lightweight femoral stems with cubic porous structures that will survive under fatigue loading. Cubic porous structures with different volumetric porosities were designed and subjected to compressive loading using finite element analysis (FEA) to measure the elastic moduli, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength. These porous structures were employed to design femoral stems containing mechanical properties under compressive loading close to the intact bone. Several arrangements of radial geometrical porous functionally graded (FG) and homogenous Ti-6Al-4V porous femoral stems were designed and grouped under three average porosities of 30%, 50%, and 70% respectively. The designed stems were simulated inside the femoral bone with physiological loads demonstrating three walking speeds of 1, 3, and 5 km/h using ABAQUS. Stresses at the layers of the functionally graded stem were measured and compared with the yield strength of the relevant porous structure to check the possibility of yielding under the subjected load. The Soderberg approach is employed to compute the safety factor (Nf > 1.0) for each design under each loading condition. Several designs were shortlisted as potential candidates for orthopedic implants.
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Im C, Park JH, Jeon YM, Kim JG, Jang YS, Lee MH, Jeon WY, Kim JM, Bae TS. Improvement of osseointegration of Ti–6Al–4V ELI alloy orthodontic mini-screws through anodization, cyclic pre-calcification, and heat treatments. Prog Orthod 2022; 23:11. [PMID: 35368222 PMCID: PMC8977256 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-022-00405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Mini-screws are widely used as temporary anchorages in orthodontic treatment, but have the disadvantage of showing a high failure rate of about 10%. Therefore, orthodontic mini-screws should have high biocompatibility and retention. Previous studies have demonstrated that the retention of mini-screws can be improved by imparting bioactivity to the surface. The method for imparting bioactivity proposed in this paper is to sequentially perform anodization, periodic pre-calcification, and heat treatments with a Ti–6Al–4V ELI alloy mini-screw.
Materials and methods
A TiO2 nanotube-structured layer was formed on the surface of the Ti–6Al–4V ELI alloy mini-screw through anodization in which a voltage of 20 V was applied to a glycerol solution containing 20 wt% H2O and 1.4 wt% NH4F for 60 min. Fine granular calcium phosphate precipitates of HA and octacalcium phosphate were generated as clusters on the surface through the cyclic pre-calcification and heat treatments. The cyclic pre-calcification treatment is a process of immersion in a 0.05 M NaH2PO4 solution and a saturated Ca(OH)2 solution at 90 °C for 1 min each.
Results
It was confirmed that the densely structured protrusions were precipitated, and Ca and P concentrations, which bind and concentrate endogenous bone morphogenetic proteins, increased on the surface after simulated body fluid (SBF) immersion test. In addition, the removal torque of the mini-screw fixed into rabbit tibias for 4 weeks was measured to be 8.70 ± 2.60 N cm.
Conclusions
A noteworthy point in this paper is that the Ca and P concentrations, which provide a scaffold suitable for endogenous bone formation, further increased over time after SBF immersion of the APH group specimens. The other point is that our mini-screws have a significantly higher removal torque compared to untreated mini-screws. These results represent that the mini-screw proposed in this paper can be used as a mini-screw for orthodontics.
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34
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Todai M, Fukunaga K, Nakano T. Athermal ω Phase and Lattice Modulation in Binary Zr-Nb Alloys. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062318. [PMID: 35329769 PMCID: PMC8949616 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
To further explore the potential of Zr-based alloys as a biomaterial that will not interfere with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the microstructural characteristics of Zr-xat.% Nb alloys (10 ≤ x ≤ 18), particularly the athermal ω phase and lattice modulation, were investigated by conducting electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements and transmission electron microscopy observations. The 10 Nb alloy and 12 Nb alloys had a positive temperature coefficient of electrical resistivity. The athermal ω phase existed in 10 Nb and 12 Nb alloys at room temperature. Alternatively, the 14 Nb and 18 Nb alloys had an anomalous negative temperature coefficient of the resistivity. The selected area diffraction pattern of the 14 Nb alloy revealed the co-occurrence of ω phase diffraction and diffuse satellites. These diffuse satellites were represented by gβ + q when the zone axis was [001] or [113], but not [110]. These results imply that these diffuse satellites appeared because the transverse waves consistent with the propagation and displacement vectors were q = <ζ ζ¯ 0>* for the ζ~1/2 and <110> directions. It is possible that the resistivity anomaly was caused by the formation of the athermal ω phase and transverse wave. Moreover, control of the athermal ω-phase transformation and occurrence of lattice modulation led to reduced magnetic susceptibility, superior deformation properties, and a low Young’s modulus in the Zr-Nb alloys. Thus, Zr-Nb alloys are promising MRI-compatible metallic biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Todai
- Department of Environmental Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Niihama College, 7-1 Yagumo-cho, Niihama 792-8580, Ehime, Japan;
| | - Keisuke Fukunaga
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Takayoshi Nakano
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-6879-7505
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35
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Nadammal N, Rajput M, Gupta SK, Ivanov E, Reddy AS, Suwas S, Chatterjee K. Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing of a Low-Modulus Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta Alloy for Orthopedic Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:8506-8517. [PMID: 35309459 PMCID: PMC8928530 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) was attempted here to additively manufacture a new generation orthopedic β titanium alloy Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta toward engineering patient-specific implants. Parts were fabricated using four different values of energy density (ED) input ranging from 46.6 to 54.8 J/mm3 through predefined laser beam parameters from prealloyed powders. All the conditions yielded parts of >98.5% of theoretical density. X-ray microcomputed tomography analyses of the fabricated parts revealed minimal imperfections with enhanced densification at a higher ED input. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated a marginally larger d-spacing and tensile residual stress at the highest ED input that is ascribed to the steeper temperature gradients. Cellular to columnar dendritic transformation was observed at the highest ED along with an increase in the size of the solidified features indicating the synergetic effects of the temperature gradient and solidification growth rate. Density measurements indicated ≈99.5% theoretical density achieved for an ED of 50.0 J/mm3. The maximum tensile strength of ≈660 MPa was obtained at an ED of 54.8 J/mm3 through the formation of the columnar dendritic substructure. High ductility ranging from 25 to 30% was observed in all the fabricated parts irrespective of ED. The assessment of cytocompatibility in vitro indicated good attachment and proliferation of osteoblasts on the fabricated samples that were similar to the cell response on commercially pure titanium, confirming the potential of the additively manufactured Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta as a suitable material for biomedical applications. Taken together, these results demonstrate the feasibility of L-PBF of Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta for potentially engineering patient-specific orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Nadammal
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Monika Rajput
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Gupta
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Eugene Ivanov
- Tosoh
SMD Inc., Grove City, Ohio 43123, United
States
| | | | - Satyam Suwas
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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36
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Effects of Radio Frequency Bias on the Structure Parameters and Mechanical Properties of Magnetron-Sputtered Nb Films. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to its highly unreactive nature and advanced biocompatibility, niobium (Nb) coating films are increasingly being used to improve the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of base implant materials. However, Nb films have relatively low yield strengths and surface hardness; therefore, it is necessary to explore a simple and low-cost method to improve their mechanical properties. Magnetron sputtering is a commonly used tool for Nb film deposition. Applying substrate bias can introduce Ar+ bombard to the film surface, which is effective to improve the film’s mechanical properties. As the direct current (DC) bias-sputtering tool requires an extra DC power supply, applying the negative bias by a radio frequency (RF) power source (usually installed in the sputtering system to conduct substrate pre-cleaning) will be more economical and convenient. Moreover, the RF bias was accompanied with higher ion density and energy compared to the DC bias. In this study, Nb films were deposited on silicon wafers by magnetron sputtering under different RF bias powers. The effects of the RF bias on the structural parameters and mechanical properties of the films were studied via stress measurements, X-ray diffraction, and indentation tests. The results show that the RF bias can change the crystal distribution, grain size, and lattice parameter of the film, as well as the mechanical properties. The stress of the Nb film was compressive; it increased markedly when an RF power was applied and saturated when the RF power was over 40 W. The hardness of the film increased from 4.17 GPa to 5.34 GPa with an elevating RF power from 0 W to 60 W. This study aimed to enhance the mechanical properties of the Nb films deposited by RF-biased sputtering, which provides wider potentials for Nb film as protective coatings for medical–biological implant bodies. Although the research was carried out on Si substrates to facilitate the study of film stress, we believe that the evolution trends of our results will also apply to other metal substrates, because the measured film mechanical properties are intrinsic.
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Sato H, Chen P, Ashida M, Tsutsumi Y, Harada H, Hanawa T. Evaluation of cytocompatibility and osteoconductivity of Zr-14Nb-5Ta-1Mo alloy with MC3T3-E1 cells. Dent Mater J 2022; 41:421-428. [PMID: 35135939 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2021-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The cytocompatibility and osteoconductivity of the Zr-14Nb-5Ta-1Mo alloy were investigated using a mouse osteoblastic cell line (MC3T3-E1) to promote the application of this newly developed alloy in dental/medical treatment. The initial cell-attached morphology was visualized by fluorescent staining, and cells cultured on the Zr alloy showed similar cell adhesion behavior to cells cultured on titanium (Ti). In our 5-day proliferation investigation, similar cell numbers were obtained with both Zr alloy and Ti. These results indicate that the cytocompatibility of Zr alloy is similar to that of Ti. In addition, the similar results in the evaluation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and staining of deposited calcium using alizarin red S with both Zr alloy and Ti indicated that the osteoconductivity of the Zr alloy is similar to that of Ti. Our results prove the good cytocompatibility and osteoconductivity of the Zr-14Nb-5Ta-1Mo alloy, enabling its promotion for use in dental/medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Sato
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
| | - Peng Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
| | - Maki Ashida
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
| | - Yusuke Tsutsumi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU).,Research Center for Structural Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
| | - Hiroyuki Harada
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
| | - Takao Hanawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU).,Center for Advanced Medical Engineering Research and Development, Kobe University
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Sun K, Fu R, Liu X, Xu L, Wang G, Chen S, Zhai Q, Pauly S. Osteogenesis and angiogenesis of a bulk metallic glass for biomedical implants. Bioact Mater 2022; 8:253-266. [PMID: 34541400 PMCID: PMC8424448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantation is an essential issue in orthopedic surgery. Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), as a kind of novel materials, attract lots of attentions in biological field owing to their comprehensive excellent properties. Here, we show that a Zr61Ti2Cu25Al12 (at. %) BMG (Zr-based BMG) displays the best cytocompatibility, pronounced positive effects on cellular migration, and tube formation from in-vitro tests as compared to those of commercial-pure titanium and poly-ether-ether-ketone. The in-vivo micro-CT and histological evaluation demonstrate the Zr-based BMG can significantly promote a bone formation. Immunofluorescence tests and digital reconstructed radiographs manifest a stimulated effect on early blood vessel formation from the Zr-based BMG. Accordingly, the intimate connection and coupling effect between angiogenesis and osteogenesis must be effective during bone regeneration after implanting Zr-based BMG. Dynamic gait analysis in rats after implanting Zr-based BMG demonstrates a tendency to decrease the pain level during recovery, simultaneously, without abnormal ionic accumulation and inflammatory reactions. Considering suitable mechanical properties, we provide a realistic candidate of the Zr61Ti2Cu25Al12 BMG for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Sun
- Institute of Materials, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - R. Fu
- Department of Neurology, Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - X.W. Liu
- Sports Medicine Department of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - L.M. Xu
- Institute of Materials, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - G. Wang
- Institute of Materials, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - S.Y. Chen
- Sports Medicine Department of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Q.J. Zhai
- Institute of Materials, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - S. Pauly
- University of Applied Sciences Aschaffenburg, Würzburger Straße 45, D-63743, Aschaffenburg, Germany
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Ben Boubaker H, Laheurte P, Le Coz G, Biriaie SS, Didier P, Lohmuller P, Moufki A. Impact of the Loading Conditions and the Building Directions on the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical β-Titanium Alloy Produced In Situ by Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15020509. [PMID: 35057227 PMCID: PMC8779565 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to simulate micromachining of Ti-Nb medical devices produced in situ by selective laser melting, it is necessary to use constitutive models that allow one to reproduce accurately the material behavior under extreme loading conditions. The identification of these models is often performed using experimental tension or compression data. In this work, compression tests are conducted to investigate the impact of the loading conditions and the laser-based powder bed fusion (LB-PBF) building directions on the mechanical behavior of β-Ti42Nb alloy. Compression tests are performed under two strain rates (1 s−1 and 10 s−1) and four temperatures (298 K, 673 K, 873 K and 1073 K). Two LB-PBF building directions are used for manufacturing the compression specimens. Therefore, different metallographic analyses (i.e., optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction) have been carried out on the deformed specimens to gain insight into the impact of the loading conditions on microstucture alterations. According to the results, whatever the loading conditions are, specimens manufactured with a building direction of 45∘ exhibit higher flow stress than those produced with a building direction of 90∘, highlighting the anisotropy of the as-LB-PBFed alloy. Additionally, the deformed alloy exhibits at room temperature a yielding strength of 1180 ± 40 MPa and a micro-hardness of 310 ± 7 HV0.1. Experimental observations demonstrated two strain localization modes: a highly deformed region corresponding to the localization of the plastic deformation in the central region of specimens and perpendicular to the compression direction and an adiabatic shear band oriented with an angle of ±45 with respect to same direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Housseme Ben Boubaker
- Universite de Lorraine, CNRS, LEM3, Arts et Metiers ParisTech, 57070 Metz, France; (G.L.C.); (S.-S.B.); (P.D.); (P.L.); (A.M.)
- Universite de Lorraine, CNRS, LEM3, IMT, GIP InSIC, 88100 Saint Die des Vosges, France
- Correspondence: (H.B.B.); (P.L.)
| | - Pascal Laheurte
- Universite de Lorraine, CNRS, LEM3, Arts et Metiers ParisTech, 57070 Metz, France; (G.L.C.); (S.-S.B.); (P.D.); (P.L.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (H.B.B.); (P.L.)
| | - Gael Le Coz
- Universite de Lorraine, CNRS, LEM3, Arts et Metiers ParisTech, 57070 Metz, France; (G.L.C.); (S.-S.B.); (P.D.); (P.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Seyyed-Saeid Biriaie
- Universite de Lorraine, CNRS, LEM3, Arts et Metiers ParisTech, 57070 Metz, France; (G.L.C.); (S.-S.B.); (P.D.); (P.L.); (A.M.)
- Universite de Lorraine, CNRS, LEM3, IMT, GIP InSIC, 88100 Saint Die des Vosges, France
| | - Paul Didier
- Universite de Lorraine, CNRS, LEM3, Arts et Metiers ParisTech, 57070 Metz, France; (G.L.C.); (S.-S.B.); (P.D.); (P.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Paul Lohmuller
- Universite de Lorraine, CNRS, LEM3, Arts et Metiers ParisTech, 57070 Metz, France; (G.L.C.); (S.-S.B.); (P.D.); (P.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Abdelhadi Moufki
- Universite de Lorraine, CNRS, LEM3, Arts et Metiers ParisTech, 57070 Metz, France; (G.L.C.); (S.-S.B.); (P.D.); (P.L.); (A.M.)
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Glowka K, Zubko M, Świec P, Prusik K, Szklarska M, Chrobak D, Lábár JL, Stróż D. Influence of Molybdenum on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Ti 20Ta 20Nb 20(ZrHf) 20-xMo x (Where: x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20) High Entropy Alloys. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:393. [PMID: 35009538 PMCID: PMC8746432 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The presented work was focused on investigating the influence of the (hafnium and zirconium)/molybdenum ratio on the microstructure and properties of Ti20Ta20Nb20(ZrHf)20-xMox (where: x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 at.%) high entropy alloys in an as-cast state. The designed chemical composition was chosen due to possible future biomedical applications. Materials were obtained from elemental powders by vacuum arc melting technique. Phase analysis revealed the presence of dual body-centered cubic phases. X-ray diffraction showed the decrease of lattice parameters of both phases with increasing molybdenum concentration up to 10% of molybdenum and further increase of lattice parameters. The presence of two-phase matrix microstructure and hafnium and zirconium precipitates was proved by scanning and transmission electron microscopy observation. Mechanical property measurements revealed decreased micro- and nanohardness and reduced Young's modulus up to 10% of Mo content, and further increased up to 20% of molybdenum addition. Additionally, corrosion resistance measurements in Ringers' solution confirmed the high biomedical ability of studied alloys due to the presence of stable oxide layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Glowka
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A St., 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (K.G.); (P.Ś.); (K.P.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Maciej Zubko
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A St., 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (K.G.); (P.Ś.); (K.P.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (D.S.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Paweł Świec
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A St., 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (K.G.); (P.Ś.); (K.P.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Krystian Prusik
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A St., 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (K.G.); (P.Ś.); (K.P.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Magdalena Szklarska
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A St., 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (K.G.); (P.Ś.); (K.P.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Dariusz Chrobak
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A St., 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (K.G.); (P.Ś.); (K.P.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (D.S.)
| | - János L. Lábár
- Centre for Energy Research, Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Danuta Stróż
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A St., 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (K.G.); (P.Ś.); (K.P.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (D.S.)
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Otto JL, Fedotov I, Penyaz M, Schaum T, Kalenborn A, Kalin B, Sevryukov O, Walther F. Microstructure and Defect-Based Fatigue Mechanism Evaluation of Brazed Coaxial Ti/Al 2O 3 Joints for Enhanced Endoprosthesis Design. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247895. [PMID: 34947498 PMCID: PMC8707568 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alumina-based ceramic hip endoprosthesis heads have excellent tribological properties, such as low wear rates. However, stress peaks can occur at the point of contact with the prosthesis stem, increasing the probability of fracture. This risk should be minimized, especially for younger and active patients. Metal elevations at the stem taper after revision surgery without removal of a well-fixed stem are also known to increase the risk of fracture. A solution that also eliminates the need for an adapter sleeve could be a fixed titanium insert in the ceramic ball head, which would be suitable as a damping element to reduce the occurrence of stress peaks. A viable method for producing such a permanent titanium–ceramic joint is brazing. Therefore, a brazing method was developed for coaxial samples, and two modifications were made to the ceramic surface to braze a joint that could withstand high cyclic loading. This cyclic loading was applied in multiple amplitude tests in a self-developed test setup, followed by fractographic studies. Computed tomography and microstructural analyses—such as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy—were also used to characterize the process–structure–property relationships. It was found that the cyclic loading capacity can be significantly increased by modification of the surface structure of the ceramic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L. Otto
- Chair of Materials Test Engineering (WPT), TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (T.S.); (A.K.); (F.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ivan Fedotov
- Department of Materials Science, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia; (I.F.); (M.P.); (O.S.)
| | - Milena Penyaz
- Department of Materials Science, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia; (I.F.); (M.P.); (O.S.)
| | - Thorge Schaum
- Chair of Materials Test Engineering (WPT), TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (T.S.); (A.K.); (F.W.)
| | - Anke Kalenborn
- Chair of Materials Test Engineering (WPT), TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (T.S.); (A.K.); (F.W.)
| | - Boris Kalin
- Department of Materials Science, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia; (I.F.); (M.P.); (O.S.)
| | - Oleg Sevryukov
- Department of Materials Science, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia; (I.F.); (M.P.); (O.S.)
| | - Frank Walther
- Chair of Materials Test Engineering (WPT), TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (T.S.); (A.K.); (F.W.)
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A state-of-the-art review of the fabrication and characteristics of titanium and its alloys for biomedical applications. Biodes Manuf 2021; 5:371-395. [PMID: 34721937 PMCID: PMC8546395 DOI: 10.1007/s42242-021-00170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys have been among the most commonly used materials for biomedical applications since the 1950s. Due to the excellent mechanical tribological properties, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties of titanium, it is getting much attention as a biomaterial for implants. Furthermore, titanium promotes osseointegration without any additional adhesives by physically bonding with the living bone at the implant site. These properties are crucial for producing high-strength metallic alloys for biomedical applications. Titanium alloys are manufactured into the three types of α, β, and α + β. The scientific and clinical understanding of titanium and its potential applications, especially in the biomedical field, are still in the early stages. This review aims to establish a credible platform for the current and future roles of titanium in biomedicine. We first explore the developmental history of titanium. Then, we review the recent advancement of the utility of titanium in diverse biomedical areas, its functional properties, mechanisms of biocompatibility, host tissue responses, and various relevant antimicrobial strategies. Future research will be directed toward advanced manufacturing technologies, such as powder-based additive manufacturing, electron beam melting and laser melting deposition, as well as analyzing the effects of alloying elements on the biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties of titanium. Moreover, the role of titania nanotubes in regenerative medicine and nanomedicine applications, such as localized drug delivery system, immunomodulatory agents, antibacterial agents, and hemocompatibility, is investigated, and the paper concludes with the future outlook of titanium alloys as biomaterials. Graphic abstract ![]()
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The Effect of the Corrosion Medium on Silane Coatings Deposited on Titanium Grade 2 and Titanium Alloy Ti13Nb13Zr. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216350. [PMID: 34771877 PMCID: PMC8585128 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The present paper focuses on the fabrication of coatings based on vinyltrimethoxysilane and the influence of various corrosion media on the coatings produced. Coatings were deposited on two substrate materials, namely, titanium Grade 2 and titanium alloy Ti13Nb13Zr, by immersion in a solution containing vinyltrimethoxysilane, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, acetic acid and distilled water. The obtained coatings were characterized in terms of surface morphology, adhesion to the substrate and corrosion resistance. As corrosion solutions, four different simulated physiological fluids, which differed in the contents of individual ions, and a 1 mol dm−3 NaBr solution were used. The chloride ions contained in the simulated physiological fluids did not lead to pitting corrosion of titanium Grade 2 and titanium alloy Ti13Nb13Zr. This investigation shows that titanium undergoes pitting corrosion in a bromide ion medium. It is demonstrated that the investigated coatings slow down corrosion processes in all corrosion media examined.
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New Titanium Alloys, Promising Materials for Medical Devices. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14205934. [PMID: 34683526 PMCID: PMC8536995 DOI: 10.3390/ma14205934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Titanium alloys are used in medical devices due to their mechanical properties, but also for their corrosion resistance. The natural passivation of titanium-based biomaterials, on the surface of which a dense and coherent film of nanometric thickness is formed, composed mainly of TiO2, determines an apparent bioactivity of them. In this paper, the method of obtaining new Ti20MoxSi alloys (x = 0.0, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0) is presented, their microstructure is analyzed, and their electrochemical responses in Ringer´s solution were systematically investigated by linear polarization, cyclic potential dynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The alloys corrosion resistance is high, and no evidence of localized breakdown of the passive layer was observed. There is no regularity determined by the composition of the alloys, in terms of corrosion resistance, but it seems that the most resistant is Ti20Mo1.0Si.
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Chiu WT, Fuchiwaki K, Umise A, Tahara M, Inamura T, Hosoda H. Investigations of Effects of Intermetallic Compound on the Mechanical Properties and Shape Memory Effect of Ti-Au-Ta Biomaterials. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195810. [PMID: 34640207 PMCID: PMC8510109 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the world population aging, biomedical materials, such as shape memory alloys (SMAs) have attracted much attention. The biocompatible Ti-Au-Ta SMAs, which also possess high X-ray contrast for the applications like guidewire utilized in surgery, were studied in this work. The alloys were successfully prepared by physical metallurgy techniques and the phase constituents, microstructures, chemical compositions, shape memory effect (SME), and superelasticity (SE) of the Ti-Au-Ta SMAs were also examined. The functionalities, such as SME, were revealed by the introduction of the third element Ta; in addition, obvious improvements of the alloy performances of the ternary Ti-Au-Ta alloys were confirmed while compared with that of the binary Ti-Au alloy. The Ti3Au intermetallic compound was both found crystallographically and metallographically in the Ti-4 at.% Au-30 at.% Ta alloy. The strength of the alloy was promoted by the precipitates of the Ti3Au intermetallic compound. The effects of the Ti3Au precipitates on the mechanical properties, SME, and SE were also investigated in this work. Slight shape recovery was found in the Ti-4 at.% Au-20 at.% Ta alloy during unloading of an externally applied stress.
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Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Biocompatible Alloy, Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta-Sn. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910611. [PMID: 34638960 PMCID: PMC8509052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many current-generation biomedical implants are fabricated from the Ti-6Al-4V alloy because it has many attractive properties, such as low density and biocompatibility. However, the elastic modulus of this alloy is much larger than that of the surrounding bone, leading to bone resorption and, eventually, implant failure. In the present study, we synthesized and performed a detailed analysis of a novel low elastic modulus Ti-based alloy (Ti-28Nb-5Zr-2Ta-2Sn (TNZTS alloy)) using a variety of methods, including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and tensile test. Additionally, the in vitro biocompatibility of the TNZTS alloy was evaluated using SCP-1, SaOs-2, and THP-1 cell lines and primary human osteoblasts. Compared to Ti-6Al-4V, the elastic modulus of TNZTS alloy was significantly lower, while measures of its in vitro biocompatibility are comparable. O2 plasma treatment of the surface of the alloy significantly increased its hydrophilicity and, hence, its in vitro biocompatibility. TNZTS alloy specimens did not induce the release of cytokines by macrophages, indicating that such scaffolds would not trigger inflammatory responses. The present results suggest that the TNZTS alloy may have potential as an alternative to Ti-6Al-4V.
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Antibacterial effect of TiAg alloy motivated by Ag-containing phases. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 128:112266. [PMID: 34474825 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The precipitates in Ti-Ag alloy made an important contribution to antibacterial activity. In order to study this specific effects, Ti-Ag samples with different forms of precipitates were produced by powder metallurgy and ingot metallurgy followed by heat treatment: Ti-Ag(T4) with no precipitate, Ti-Ag(as-cast) and Ti-Ag(T6) with Ti2Ag and Ti-Ag(PM) with Ti2Ag and Ag-rich phase. Microstructure was analyzed by scanning electronic microscope (SEM), and the antibacterial effects, expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS), protein leakage and biocompatibility were investigated by plate count method, staining technology and cell test. The antibacterial ability was in the following order from low to high: Ti-Ag(T4) < Ti-Ag(as-cast) < Ti-Ag(T6) < Ti-Ag(PM). It was elucidated that Ag-containing phase was the major controlling factor of Ti-Ag antibacterial property and Ti-Ag(PM) with micro-size Ti2Ag and Ag-rich phase exhibited high antibacterial activity. It was proposed that the existence of Ag-containing phases induced high expression of ROS in bacteria, which destroyed the homeostasis of the bacteria and eventually leads to the rupture of the bacterial membrane. Cell test indicated that Ti-Ag samples had no adverse effect on cells and had good biocompatibility.
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Phase Transformations upon Ageing in Ti15Mo Alloy Subjected to Two Different Deformation Methods. METALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/met11081230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ti15Mo alloy was subjected to two techniques of intensive plastic deformation, namely high pressure torsion and rotary swaging at room temperature. The imposed strain resulted in the formation of an ultrafine-grained structure in both deformed conditions. Detailed inspection of the microstructure revealed the presence of grains with a size of around 100 nm in both conditions. The microstructure after rotary swaging also contained elongated grains with a length up to 1 µm. Isothermal ageing at 400 °C and 500 °C up to 16 h was applied to both conditions to investigate the kinetics of precipitation of the α phase and the recovery of lattice defects. Positron annihilation spectroscopy indicated that the recovery of lattice defects in the β matrix had already occurred at 400 °C and, in terms of positron trapping, was partly compensated by the precipitation of incoherent α particles. At 500 °C the recovery was fully offset by the formation of incoherent α/β interfaces. Contrary to common coarse-grained material, in which the α phase precipitates in the form of lamellae, precipitation of small and equiaxed α particles occurred in the deformed condition. A refined two-phase equiaxed microstructure with α particles and β grain sizes below 1 μm is achievable by simple rotary swaging followed by ageing.
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Siegel A, Laporte S, Sauter-Starace F. Johnson-Cook Parameter Identification for Commercially Pure Titanium at Room Temperature under Quasi-Static Strain Rates. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3887. [PMID: 34300807 PMCID: PMC8304854 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To simulate mechanical shocks on an intracranial implant called WIMAGINE®, Clinatec chose a Johnson-Cook model to account for the viscoplastic behavior of grade 2 titanium in a dynamic study using Radioss©. METHODS Thirty tensile specimens were subjected to tensile tests at room temperature, and the influence of the strain rate (8 × 10-3 and 8 × 10-2 s-1) and sandblasting was analyzed. Relaxations were included in the tests to analyze viscosity phenomena. RESULTS A whole set of parameters was identified for the elastic and plastic parts. Strain rate influence on stress was negligible at these strain rates. As expected, the sandblasting hardened the material during the tests by decreasing the hardening parameters, while local necking occurred at an earlier strain. CONCLUSIONS This article provides the parameters of a Johnson-Cook model to simulate the elastoplastic behavior of pure titanium (T40, grade 2) in Finite Element Model (FEM) software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Siegel
- Clinatec, CEA, LETI, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France;
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Sébastien Laporte
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, F-75013 Paris, France;
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Ion R, Cabon G, Gordin DM, Ionica E, Gloriant T, Cimpean A. Endothelial Cell Responses to a Highly Deformable Titanium Alloy Designed for Vascular Stent Applications. J Funct Biomater 2021; 12:33. [PMID: 34068852 PMCID: PMC8162573 DOI: 10.3390/jfb12020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium alloys are widely used for biomedical applications due to their good biocompatibility. Nevertheless, they cannot be used for balloon expandable stents due to a lack of ductility compared to cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloys and stainless steels. In this study, a new highly deformable Ti-16Nb-8Mo alloy was designed for such an application. However, the biological performance of a stent material is strongly influenced by the effect exerted on the behavior of endothelial cells. Therefore, the cellular responses of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), including morphological characteristics, cell viability and proliferation, and functional markers expression, were investigated to evaluate the biocompatibility of the alloy in the present study. The in vitro results demonstrated the suitability of this alloy for use as endovascular stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Ion
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (R.I.); (E.I.)
| | - Gaëtan Cabon
- University of Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes—UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France; (G.C.); (D.-M.G.); (T.G.)
| | - Doina-Margareta Gordin
- University of Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes—UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France; (G.C.); (D.-M.G.); (T.G.)
| | - Elena Ionica
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (R.I.); (E.I.)
| | - Thierry Gloriant
- University of Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes—UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France; (G.C.); (D.-M.G.); (T.G.)
| | - Anisoara Cimpean
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (R.I.); (E.I.)
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