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Cui H, Zhu X, Yu X, Li S, Wang K, Wei L, Li R, Qin S. Advancements of astaxanthin production in Haematococcus pluvialis: Update insight and way forward. Biotechnol Adv 2025; 79:108519. [PMID: 39800086 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2025.108519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2024] [Revised: 12/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2025] [Indexed: 01/15/2025]
Abstract
The global market demand for natural astaxanthin (AXT) is growing rapidly owing to its potential human health benefits and diverse industry applications, driven by its safety, unique structure, and special function. Currently, the alga Haematococcus pluvialis (alternative name H. lacustris) has been considered as one of the best large-scale producers of natural AXT. However, the industry's further development faces two main challenges: the limited cultivation areas due to light-dependent AXT accumulation and the low AXT yield coupled with high production costs resulting from complex, time-consuming upstream biomass culture and downstream AXT extraction processes. Therefore, it is urgently to develop novel strategies to improve the AXT production in H. pluvialis to meet industrial demands, which makes its commercialization cost-effective. Although several strategies related to screening excellent target strains, optimizing culture condition for high biomass yield, elucidating the AXT biosynthetic pathway, and exploiting effective inducers for high AXT content have been applied to enhance the AXT production in H. pluvialis, there are still some unsolved and easily ignored perspectives. In this review, firstly, we summarize the structure and function of natural AXT focus on those from the algal H. pluvialis. Secondly, the latest findings regarding the AXT biosynthetic pathway including spatiotemporal specificity, transport, esterification, and storage are updated. Thirdly, we systematically assess enhancement strategies on AXT yield. Fourthly, the regulation mechanisms of AXT accumulation under various stresses are discussed. Finally, the integrated and systematic solutions for improving AXT production are proposed. This review not only fills the existing gap about the AXT accumulation, but also points the way forward for AXT production in H. pluvialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Yantai Institute of Technology, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Siming Li
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China.
| | - Le Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Runzhi Li
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Song Qin
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China.
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Tang D, Li X, Zhang L, Xiao P, Nie Y, Qiu F, Cheng Z, Li W, Zhao Y. Reactive oxygen species-mediated signal transduction and utilization strategies in microalgae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2025; 418:132004. [PMID: 39710205 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.132004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2024] [Revised: 12/10/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2024] [Indexed: 12/24/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucial in stress perception, the integration of environmental signals, and the activation of downstream response networks. This review emphasizes ROS-mediated signaling pathways in microalgae and presents an overview of strategies for leveraging ROS. Eight distinct signaling pathways mediated by ROS in microalgae have been summarized, including the calcium signaling pathway, the target of rapamycin signaling pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A signaling pathway, the ubiquitin/protease pathway, the ROS-regulated transcription factors and enzymes, the endoplasmic reticulum stress, and the retrograde ROS signaling. Moreover, this review outlines three strategies for utilizing ROS: two-stage cultivation, combined stress with phytohormones, and strain engineering. The physicochemical properties of various ROS, together with their redox reactions with downstream targets, have been elucidated to reveal the role of ROS in signal transduction processes while delineating the ROS-mediated signal transduction network within microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, PR China
| | - Xu Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, PR China.
| | - Pengying Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, PR China
| | - Yudong Nie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, PR China
| | - Facheng Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, PR China
| | - Zhiliang Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, PR China
| | - Wensheng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, PR China
| | - Yongteng Zhao
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering & Technological Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, PR China.
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Ma Y, Sun X, Sun Y, Li H, Li H, Jiao X. Synchronous enhancement of astaxanthin and lipid accumulation in Haematococcus lacustris through co-mutation of ethanol and atmospheric and room temperature plasma: Exploration of characteristics and underlying mechanisms. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 394:130305. [PMID: 38199438 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Haematococcus lacustris is a precious algal species renowned for its ability to simultaneous production of astaxanthin and lipid. However, its slow growth rate necessitates the development of appropriate mutagenesis methodologies to effectively enhance its synchronous production of both astaxanthin and lipid. This study introduced the co-mutation of Atmospheric and Room Temperature Plasma (ARTP) and ethanol. The performance and preliminary mechanisms underlying the combined accumulation of astaxanthin and lipid in H. lacustris under both mutations by ARTP and ethanol were comparatively analyzed. Combined astaxanthin and lipid contents relative to total cell mass in the 110-2 strain reached 54.4%, surpassing that of strain 0-3 and the control by 17.0% and 47.6% respectively. Transcriptome level analysis revealed how both ethanol and ARTP induction promote the expressions of carotenoid and lipid synthesis genes and related enzymatic activities. Upregulation of genes associated with cell activity contributed to lipid and astaxanthin metabolism in multi pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Ma
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055 China
| | - Xin Sun
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055 China.
| | - Youreng Sun
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haoyang Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055 China
| | - Hongwei Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055 China
| | - Xiangfei Jiao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055 China
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4
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Feng YX, Lin YJ, Tian P, Yu XZ. Proline interacts with Ca 2+-dependent signaling to enhance chromium tolerance in rice by manipulating nitrate reductase and sucrose phosphate synthase. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126655. [PMID: 37660866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The entrance of chromium (Cr) into the agricultural system would exert a negative influence on the carbon/nitrogen metabolism (CNM) of plants. In this study, we investigated the role of exogenous proline-mediated Ca2+-dependent signaling in the regulation of CNM in rice subjected to Cr(VI) stress, with emphasis on the involvement of nitrate reductase (NR) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS). Results demonstrated that proline effectively mitigated the growth inhibition of rice imposed by Cr(VI) stress, which is achieved by a reduction in cytoplasmic Ca and Cr content and the activation of the downstream Ca2+-dependent signaling pathway. Additionally, proline displayed a positive effect in modulating the expression and activities of NR and SPS under Cr(VI) stress, which are attributed to the cross-regulation between calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) and 14-3-3 proteins (14-3-3s). Consequently, nitrogen use efficiency and sucrose content in rice under Cr(VI) + proline treatments were higher than Cr(VI) treatments. Gene expression variation factors underscored that the regulation of proline on NR is crucial to the Ca2+-dependent signaling pathway, initiated by the interaction between CDPKs and 14-3-3s in rice plants during Cr(VI) stress. These results reveal that proline interacts with Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways to enhance Cr tolerance in rice by regulating NR and SPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xi Feng
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Juan Lin
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Tian
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Zhang Yu
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China.
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Wang Y, Yang S, Liu J, Wang J, Xiao M, Liang Q, Ren X, Wang Y, Mou H, Sun H. Realization process of microalgal biorefinery: The optional approach toward carbon net-zero emission. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165546. [PMID: 37454852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emission has already become a dire threat to the human race and Earth's ecology. Microalgae are recommended to be engineered as CO2 fixers in biorefinery, which play crucial roles in responding climate change and accelerating the transition to a sustainable future. This review sorted through each segment of microalgal biorefinery to explore the potential for its practical implementation and commercialization, offering valuable insights into research trends and identifies challenges that needed to be addressed in the development process. Firstly, the known mechanisms of microalgal photosynthetic CO2 fixation and the approaches for strain improvement were summarized. The significance of process regulation for strengthening fixation efficiency and augmenting competitiveness was emphasized, with a specific focus on CO2 and light optimization strategies. Thereafter, the massive potential of microalgal refineries for various bioresource production was discussed in detail, and the integration with contaminant reclamation was mentioned for economic and ecological benefits. Subsequently, economic and environmental impacts of microalgal biorefinery were evaluated via life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA) to lit up commercial feasibility. Finally, the current obstacles and future perspectives were discussed objectively to offer an impartial reference for future researchers and investors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shufang Yang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jia Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mengshi Xiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qingping Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xinmiao Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Marine Science research Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Haijin Mou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Han Sun
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Ciccia T, Pandard P, Ciffroy P, Urien N, Lafay L, Bado-Nilles A. Sub-lethal toxicity of five disinfection by-products on microalgae determined by flow cytometry - Lines of evidence for adverse outcome pathways. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115582. [PMID: 37862747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Standardised tests are often used to determine the ecotoxicity of chemicals and focus mainly on one or a few generic endpoints (e.g. mortality, growth), but information on the sub-cellular processes leading to these effects remain usually partial or missing. Flow cytometry (FCM) can be a practical tool to study the physiological responses of individual cells (such as microalgae) exposed to a stress via the use of fluorochromes and their morphology and natural autofluorescence. This work aimed to assess the effects of five chlorine-based disinfection by-products (DBPs) taken individually on growth and sub-cellular endpoints of the green microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata. These five DBPs, characteristic of a chlorinated effluent, are the following monochloroacetic acid (MCAA), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), bromochloroacetic acid (BCAA) and 1,1-dichloropropan-2-one (1,1-DCP). Results showed that 1,1-DCP had the strongest effect on growth inhibition (EC50 = 1.8 mg.L-1), followed by MCAA, TCAA, BCAA and DCAA (EC50 of 10.1, 15.7, 27.3 and 64.5 mg.L-1 respectively). Neutral lipid content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, red autofluorescence, green autofluorescence, size and intracellular complexity were significantly affected by the exposure to the five DBPs. Only mitochondrial membrane potential did not show any variation. Important cellular damages (>10%) were observed for only two of the chemicals (BCAA and 1,1-DCP) and were probably due to ROS formation. The most sensitive and informative sub-lethal parameter studied was metabolic activity (esterase activity), for which three types of response were observed. Combining all this information, an adverse outcome pathways framework was proposed to explain the effect of the targeted chemicals on R. subcapitata. Based on these results, both FCM sub-cellular analysis and conventional endpoint of algal toxicity were found to be complementary approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Ciccia
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), 6 Quai de Watier, 78401 Chatou Cedex 01, France.
| | - Pascal Pandard
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Philippe Ciffroy
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), 6 Quai de Watier, 78401 Chatou Cedex 01, France
| | - Nastassia Urien
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), 6 Quai de Watier, 78401 Chatou Cedex 01, France
| | - Léo Lafay
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), 6 Quai de Watier, 78401 Chatou Cedex 01, France
| | - Anne Bado-Nilles
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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Nishida Y, Berg PC, Shakersain B, Hecht K, Takikawa A, Tao R, Kakuta Y, Uragami C, Hashimoto H, Misawa N, Maoka T. Astaxanthin: Past, Present, and Future. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:514. [PMID: 37888449 PMCID: PMC10608541 DOI: 10.3390/md21100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AX), a lipid-soluble pigment belonging to the xanthophyll carotenoids family, has recently garnered significant attention due to its unique physical properties, biochemical attributes, and physiological effects. Originally recognized primarily for its role in imparting the characteristic red-pink color to various organisms, AX is currently experiencing a surge in interest and research. The growing body of literature in this field predominantly focuses on AXs distinctive bioactivities and properties. However, the potential of algae-derived AX as a solution to various global environmental and societal challenges that threaten life on our planet has not received extensive attention. Furthermore, the historical context and the role of AX in nature, as well as its significance in diverse cultures and traditional health practices, have not been comprehensively explored in previous works. This review article embarks on a comprehensive journey through the history leading up to the present, offering insights into the discovery of AX, its chemical and physical attributes, distribution in organisms, and biosynthesis. Additionally, it delves into the intricate realm of health benefits, biofunctional characteristics, and the current market status of AX. By encompassing these multifaceted aspects, this review aims to provide readers with a more profound understanding and a robust foundation for future scientific endeavors directed at addressing societal needs for sustainable nutritional and medicinal solutions. An updated summary of AXs health benefits, its present market status, and potential future applications are also included for a well-rounded perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishida
- Fuji Chemical Industries, Co., Ltd., 55 Yokohoonji, Kamiich-machi, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0405, Japan
| | | | - Behnaz Shakersain
- AstaReal AB, Signum, Forumvägen 14, Level 16, 131 53 Nacka, Sweden; (P.C.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Karen Hecht
- AstaReal, Inc., 3 Terri Lane, Unit 12, Burlington, NJ 08016, USA;
| | - Akiko Takikawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan;
| | - Ruohan Tao
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Yumeka Kakuta
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Chiasa Uragami
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi 921-8836, Japan;
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Development, 15 Shimogamo-morimoto-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
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Li X, Huff J, Crunkleton DW, Johannes TW. Light intensity and spectral quality modulation for improved growth kinetics and biochemical composition of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Biotechnol 2023; 375:28-39. [PMID: 37640267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Effective strategies to optimize algal growth and lipid productivity are critical for the sustainable production of biomass for various applications. Light management has emerged as a promising approach, but the intricate relationship between light intensity, spectral quality, and algal responses remains poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of different light qualities (blue, red-orange, and white-yellow) and intensities (45-305 μmol/m2·s) on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Red-orange light exhibited the highest promotion of biomass growth and lipid productivity, with specific growth rates of 1.968 (d-1) and biomass productivity of 0.284 (g/L/d) at 155 μmol/m2·s and 205 μmol/m2·s, respectively. Within the intensity range of 205 μmol/m2·s to 305 μmol/m2·s, lipid mass fractions ranged from 10.5% w/w to 11.0% w/w, accompanied by lipid concentrations ranging from 68.6 mg/L to 74.9 mg/L. Red-orange light positively influenced carbohydrate accumulation, while blue light promoted protein synthesis. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing light quality and intensity to enhance algal biomass productivity and manipulate biochemical composition. Understanding the complex relationship between light parameters and algal physiology will contribute to sustainable algal cultivation practices and the use of microalgae as a valuable bioresource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpeng Li
- Russell School of Chemical Engineering, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Jonathan Huff
- Russell School of Chemical Engineering, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, USA
| | - Daniel W Crunkleton
- Russell School of Chemical Engineering, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, USA
| | - Tyler W Johannes
- Russell School of Chemical Engineering, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, USA.
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Liu X, Ji B, Li A. Enhancing biolipid production and self-flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris by extracellular polymeric substances from granular sludge with CO 2 addition: Microscopic mechanism of microalgae-bacteria symbiosis. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 236:119960. [PMID: 37054610 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae-bacteria symbiotic systems were known to have great potential for simultaneous water purification and resource recovery, among them, microalgae-bacteria biofilm/granules have attracted much attention due to its excellent effluent quality and convenient biomass recovery. However, the effect of bacteria with attached-growth mode on microalgae, which has more significance for bioresource utilization, has been historically ignored. Thus, this study attempted to explore the responses of C. vulgaris to extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extracted from aerobic granular sludge (AGS), for enhancing the understanding of microscopic mechanism of attached microalgae-bacteria symbiosis. Results showed that the performance of C. vulgaris was effectively boosted with AGS-EPS treatment at 12-16 mg TOC/L, highest biomass production (0.32±0.01 g/L), lipid accumulation (44.33±5.69%) and flocculation ability (20.83±0.21%) were achieved. These phenotypes were promoted associated with bioactive microbial metabolites in AGS-EPS (N-acyl-homoserine lactones, humic acid and tryptophan). Furthermore, the addition of CO2 triggered carbon flow into the storage of lipids in C. vulgaris, and the synergistic effect of AGS-EPS and CO2 for improving microalgal flocculation ability was disclosed. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed up-regulation of synthesis pathways for fatty acid and triacylglycerol that was triggered by AGS-EPS. And within the context of CO2 addition, AGS-EPS substantially upregulated the expression of aromatic protein encoding genes, which further enhanced the self-flocculation of C. vulgaris. These findings provide novel insights into the microscopic mechanism of microalgae-bacteria symbiosis, and bring new enlightenment to wastewater valorization and carbon-neutral operation of wastewater treatment plants based on the symbiotic biofilm/biogranules system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education/State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bin Ji
- Department of Water and Wastewater Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Anjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education/State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Patel AK, Tambat VS, Chen CW, Chauhan AS, Kumar P, Vadrale AP, Huang CY, Dong CD, Singhania RR. Recent advancements in astaxanthin production from microalgae: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128030. [PMID: 36174899 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have emerged as the best source of high-value astaxanthin producers. Algal astaxanthin possesses numerous bioactivities hence the rising demand for several health applications and is broadly used in pharmaceuticals, aquaculture, health foods, cosmetics, etc. Among several low-priced synthetic astaxanthin, natural astaxanthin is still irreplaceable for human consumption and food-additive uses. This review highlights the recent development in production enhancement and cost-effective extraction techniques that may apply to large-scale astaxanthin biorefinery. Primarily, the biosynthetic pathway of astaxanthin is elaborated with the key enzymes involved in the metabolic process. Moreover, discussed the latest astaxanthin enhancement strategies mainly including chemicals as product inducers and byproducts inhibitors. Later, various physical, chemical, and biological cell disruption methods are compared for cell disruption efficiency, and astaxanthin extractability. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive review of advancements in astaxanthin research covering scalable upstream and downstream astaxanthin bioproduction aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Patel
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vaibhav Sunil Tambat
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Centre, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ajeet Singh Chauhan
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akash Pralhad Vadrale
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yung Huang
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India; Sustainable Environment Research Centre, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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11
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Parkes R, Barone ME, Herbert H, Gillespie E, Touzet N. Antioxidant Activity and Carotenoid Content Responses of Three Haematococcus sp. (Chlorophyta) Strains Exposed to Multiple Stressors. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:4492-4510. [PMID: 35467238 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
There has been increasing demands worldwide for bioactive compounds of natural origins, especially for the nutraceutical and food-supplement sectors. In this context, microalgae are viewed as sustainable sources of molecules with an array of health benefits. For instance, astaxanthin is a xanthophyll pigment with powerful antioxidant capacity produced by microalgae such as the chlorophyte Haematococcus sp., which is regarded as the most suitable organism for the mass production of this pigment. In this study, three Haematococcus sp. strains were cultivated using a batch mode under favourable conditions to promote vegetative growth. Their environment was altered in a second phase using a higher and constant illumination regime combined with either exposure to blue LED light, an osmotic shock (with NaCl addition) or supplementation with a phytohormone (gibberellic acid, GA3), a plant extract (ginger), an herbicide (molinate) or an oxidant reagent (hydrogen peroxide). The effects of these stressors were evaluated in terms of antioxidant response and astaxanthin and β-carotene accumulation. Overall, strain CCAP 34/7 returned the highest Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) response (14.1-49.1 µmoL Trolox eq. g- 1 of DW), while the highest antioxidant response with the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) was obtained for strain RPFW01 (62.5-155 µmoL Trolox eq. g- 1 of DW). The highest β-β-carotene content was found in strain LAFW15 when supplemented with the ginger extract (4.8 mg. g- 1). Strain RPFW01 exposed to blue light returned the highest astaxanthin yield (2.8 mg. g- 1), 5-fold that of strain CCAP 34/7 on average. This study documents the importance of screening several strains when prospecting for species with potential to produce high-value metabolites. It highlights that strain-specific responses can ensue from exposure of cells to a variety of stressors, which is important for the adequate tailoring of a biorefinery pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Parkes
- School of Science, Department of Environmental Science, Centre for Environmental Research, Sustainability and Innovation, Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland.
| | - Maria Elena Barone
- School of Science, Department of Environmental Science, Centre for Environmental Research, Sustainability and Innovation, Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Helen Herbert
- School of Science, Department of Environmental Science, Centre for Environmental Research, Sustainability and Innovation, Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Eoin Gillespie
- School of Science, Department of Environmental Science, Centre for Environmental Research, Sustainability and Innovation, Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Nicolas Touzet
- School of Science, Department of Environmental Science, Centre for Environmental Research, Sustainability and Innovation, Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland
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12
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Ling L, An Y, Wang D, Tang L, Du B, Shu Y, Bai Y, Guo C. Proteomic analysis reveals responsive mechanisms for saline-alkali stress in alfalfa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 170:146-159. [PMID: 34891071 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Saline-alkali stress is a major abiotic stress that limits plant growth, yield, and geographical distribution. Alfalfa is a perennial legume with the largest planting area in the world because of its high protein content, good palatability, and long utilization life. However, saline-alkali stress seriously affects alfalfa yield and quality. To better understand the saline-alkali stress response mechanisms of alfalfa, an isobaric tags proteomics method was used to compare and analyse alfalfa under saline-alkali stress for 0, 1, and 7 days, and 126 (1 vs. 0 days) and 1869 (7 vs. 0 days) differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were found. Through integrative analysis with differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we found correlated DEGs-DAPs of RNA and protein with similar expression trends at the mRNA and protein levels; these were mainly involved in ABA and Ca2+ signal pathways, regulation of photosynthesis, ROS scavenging, secondary metabolism, and transcription factors (TFs) related to saline-alkali stress. Some genes not exhibiting such trends may have been regulated post-transcriptionally. Furthermore, through transgenic experiments, MsFTL was found to significantly improve the saline-alkali tolerance of plants. Overall, our findings provide important clues for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of alfalfa to saline-alkali stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ling
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, No. 1 of Shida Road, Limin Development, China
| | - Yimin An
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, No. 1 of Shida Road, Limin Development, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, No. 1 of Shida Road, Limin Development, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, No. 1 of Shida Road, Limin Development, China
| | - Binghao Du
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, No. 1 of Shida Road, Limin Development, China
| | - Yongjun Shu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, No. 1 of Shida Road, Limin Development, China
| | - Yan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, No. 1 of Shida Road, Limin Development, China
| | - Changhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, No. 1 of Shida Road, Limin Development, China.
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13
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Wei J, Zhang X, Ai S, Huang Y, Yang X, Mei Y, Zhang K, Wang H. The effective astaxanthin productivities of immobilized Haematococcus pluvialis with bacterial cellulose. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126317. [PMID: 34780911 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Haematococcus pluvialis is traditionally cultivated in a suspension for astaxanthin production. This study presents the novel cultivation approach by immobilized H. pluvialis in bacterial cellulose (BC) produced from the symbiosis of Gluconacetobacter xylinus and H. pluvialis. It was observed that the immobilization itself was a regulator to increase the astaxanthin content. The key genes associated to astaxanthin synthesis, such as psy, lcy, bkt, chy, were significantly up-regulated after immobilization. BC immobilized gel can be utilized concurrently with different technologies to improve astaxanthin accumulation (e.g., amount of induction medium, area of biogel, et al). A small-scale screen panel photobioreactor was design to explore the application of the cultivation approach. Compared to suspended culture, the induction time was shortened from 7 days to 3 days. Astaxanthin productivity of red stage reached 343.2 mg·m-2·d-1. This was greater than that of many other cultivation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Wei
- College of Life Science, South-Center University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Life Science, South-Center University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Sijie Ai
- College of Life Science, South-Center University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yichen Huang
- College of Life Science, South-Center University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Life Science, South-Center University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yan Mei
- Vegetable Technical Service Center of Xining, Xining, Qinhai 810016, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Vegetable Technical Service Center of Xining, Xining, Qinhai 810016, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- College of Life Science, South-Center University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.
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14
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Ren Y, Sun H, Deng J, Huang J, Chen F. Carotenoid Production from Microalgae: Biosynthesis, Salinity Responses and Novel Biotechnologies. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:713. [PMID: 34940712 PMCID: PMC8708220 DOI: 10.3390/md19120713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are excellent biological factories for high-value products and contain biofunctional carotenoids. Carotenoids are a group of natural pigments with high value in social production and human health. They have been widely used in food additives, pharmaceutics and cosmetics. Astaxanthin, β-carotene and lutein are currently the three carotenoids with the largest market share. Meanwhile, other less studied pigments, such as fucoxanthin and zeaxanthin, also exist in microalgae and have great biofunctional potentials. Since carotenoid accumulation is related to environments and cultivation of microalgae in seawater is a difficult biotechnological problem, the contributions of salt stress on carotenoid accumulation in microalgae need to be revealed for large-scale production. This review comprehensively summarizes the carotenoid biosynthesis and salinity responses of microalgae. Applications of salt stress to induce carotenoid accumulation, potentials of the Internet of Things in microalgae cultivation and future aspects for seawater cultivation are also discussed. As the global market share of carotenoids is still ascending, large-scale, economical and intelligent biotechnologies for carotenoid production play vital roles in the future microalgal economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ren
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (H.S.); (J.D.)
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Han Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (H.S.); (J.D.)
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jinquan Deng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (H.S.); (J.D.)
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Junchao Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (H.S.); (J.D.)
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (H.S.); (J.D.)
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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15
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Yu BS, Sung YJ, Choi HI, Sirohi R, Sim SJ. Concurrent enhancement of CO 2 fixation and productivities of omega-3 fatty acids and astaxanthin in Haematococcus pluvialis culture via calcium-mediated homeoviscous adaptation and biomineralization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 340:125720. [PMID: 34365300 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Haematococcus pluvialis has attracted interest as a bio-platform for producing omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FA) and astaxanthin that have a great potential as anti-inflammatory drugs. This study aimed to concurrently enhance the CO2 fixation and the productivities of ω-3 FA and astaxanthin, which have been difficult to achieve because of the dissimilar culture methods for each goal, via calcium-mediated homeoviscous adaptation and biomineralization. As a result of 3 mM of Ca2+ addition, ω-3 FA content was improved by 31% due to Ca2+-induced homeoviscous adaptation. Biomineralization was promoted by the extracellular carbonic anhydrase, which resulted in 46.3% improvement in CO2 fixation. CaCO3 from the biomineralization was beneficially re-used in the H. pluvialis culture and triggered 178- and 522-fold increased biomass productivity and astaxanthin content, respectively, thanks to its anisotropic nature. The Ca2+-based productivity enhancement strategy was applied to large-scale culture which resulted improvement in overall bioprocess performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Sun Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Young Joon Sung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Hong Il Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
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16
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Ren Y, Deng J, Huang J, Wu Z, Yi L, Bi Y, Chen F. Using green alga Haematococcus pluvialis for astaxanthin and lipid co-production: Advances and outlook. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 340:125736. [PMID: 34426245 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is one of the secondary carotenoids involved in mediating abiotic stress of microalgae. As an important antioxidant and nutraceutical compound, astaxanthin is widely applied in dietary supplements and cosmetic ingredients. However, most astaxanthin in the market is chemically synthesized, which are structurally heterogeneous and inefficient for biological uptake. Astaxanthin refinery from Haematococcus pluvialis is now a growing industrial sector. H. pluvialis can accumulate astaxanthin to ∼5% of dry weight. As productivity is a key metric to evaluate the production feasibility, understanding the biological mechanisms of astaxanthin accumulation is beneficial for further production optimization. In this review, the biosynthesis mechanism of astaxanthin and production strategies are summarized. The current research on enhancing astaxanthin accumulation and the potential joint-production of astaxanthin with lipids was also discussed. It is conceivable that with further improvement on the productivity of astaxanthin and by-products, the algal-derived astaxanthin would be more accessible to low-profit applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ren
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jinquan Deng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Junchao Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhaoming Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lanbo Yi
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuge Bi
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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