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Kagan BJ, Gyngell C, Lysaght T, Cole VM, Sawai T, Savulescu J. The technology, opportunities, and challenges of Synthetic Biological Intelligence. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108233. [PMID: 37558186 PMCID: PMC7615149 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Integrating neural cultures developed through synthetic biology methods with digital computing has enabled the early development of Synthetic Biological Intelligence (SBI). Recently, key studies have emphasized the advantages of biological neural systems in some information processing tasks. However, neither the technology behind this early development, nor the potential ethical opportunities or challenges, have been explored in detail yet. Here, we review the key aspects that facilitate the development of SBI and explore potential applications. Considering these foreseeable use cases, various ethical implications are proposed. Ultimately, this work aims to provide a robust framework to structure ethical considerations to ensure that SBI technology can be both researched and applied responsibly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Gyngell
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tamra Lysaght
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor M Cole
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tsutomu Sawai
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Zips S, Huang B, Hotte S, Hiendlmeier L, Wang C, Rajamani K, Buriez O, Al Boustani G, Chen Y, Wolfrum B, Yamada A. Aerosol Jet-Printed High-Aspect Ratio Micro-Needle Electrode Arrays Applied for Human Cerebral Organoids and 3D Neurospheroid Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37469180 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The human brain is a complex and poorly accessible organ. Thus, new tools are required for studying the neural function in a controllable environment that preserves multicellular interaction and neuronal wiring. In particular, high-throughput methods that alleviate the need for animal experiments are essential for future studies. Recent developments of induced pluripotent stem cell technologies have enabled in vitro modeling of the human brain by creating three-dimensional brain tissue mimic structures. To leverage these new technologies, a systematic and versatile approach for evaluating neuronal activity at larger tissue depths within the regime of tens to hundreds of micrometers is required. Here, we present an aerosol-jet- and inkjet-printing-based method to fabricate microelectrode arrays, equipped with high-aspect ratio μ-needle electrodes that penetrate 3D neural network assemblies. The arrays have been successfully applied for electrophysiological recordings on interconnected neurospheroids formed on an engineered substrate and on cerebral organoids, both derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Zips
- Neuroelectronics─Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Boxin Huang
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Salammbô Hotte
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lukas Hiendlmeier
- Neuroelectronics─Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Chen Wang
- Neuroelectronics─Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Karthyayani Rajamani
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Buriez
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - George Al Boustani
- Neuroelectronics─Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yong Chen
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Neuroelectronics─Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ayako Yamada
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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3
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Bounik R, Cardes F, Ulusan H, Modena MM, Hierlemann A. Impedance Imaging of Cells and Tissues: Design and Applications. BME FRONTIERS 2022; 2022:1-21. [PMID: 35761901 PMCID: PMC7612906 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9857485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their label-free and noninvasive nature, impedance measurements have attracted increasing interest in biological research. Advances in microfabrication and integrated-circuit technology have opened a route to using large-scale microelectrode arrays for real-time, high-spatiotemporal-resolution impedance measurements of biological samples. In this review, we discuss different methods and applications of measuring impedance for cell and tissue analysis with a focus on impedance imaging with microelectrode arrays in in vitro applications. We first introduce how electrode configurations and the frequency range of the impedance analysis determine the information that can be extracted. We then delve into relevant circuit topologies that can be used to implement impedance measurements and their characteristic features, such as resolution and data-acquisition time. Afterwards, we detail design considerations for the implementation of new impedance-imaging devices. We conclude by discussing future fields of application of impedance imaging in biomedical research, in particular applications where optical imaging is not possible, such as monitoring of ex vivo tissue slices or microelectrode-based brain implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziyeh Bounik
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Cardes
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hasan Ulusan
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mario M. Modena
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Dong M, Oyunbaatar NE, Kanade PP, Kim DS, Lee DW. Real-Time Monitoring of Changes in Cardiac Contractility Using Silicon Cantilever Arrays Integrated with Strain Sensors. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3556-3563. [PMID: 34554741 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes the use of sensor-integrated silicon cantilever arrays to measure drug-induced cardiac toxicity in real time. The proposed cantilever sensors, unlike the conventional electrophysiological methods, aim to evaluate cardiac toxicity by measuring the contraction force of the cardiomyocytes corresponding to the target drugs. The surface of the silicon cantilever consists of microgrooves to maximize the alignment and the contraction force of the cardiomyocytes. This type of surface pattern also helps in the maturation of the cardiomyocytes by increasing the sarcomere length. The preliminary characterization of the cantilever sensors was performed on the cantilever surface, with the cardiomyocytes seeded with a density of 1000 cells/mm2, and the cardiac contractility was measured as a function of the culture days. The change in the contraction force of the cardiomyocytes due to the drug concentration was successfully measured through the integrated strain sensor in the culture media. The reliability of the sensor-integrated cantilevers and the feasibility of their mass production ensure that they meet the practical requirements in the medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Dong
- MEMS and Nanotechnology Laboratory, School of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Nomin-Erdene Oyunbaatar
- MEMS and Nanotechnology Laboratory, School of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Pooja P. Kanade
- MEMS and Nanotechnology Laboratory, School of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Dong-Su Kim
- MEMS and Nanotechnology Laboratory, School of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Dong-Weon Lee
- MEMS and Nanotechnology Laboratory, School of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Center for Next Generation Sensor Research and Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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Xu L, Hu C, Huang Q, Jin K, Zhao P, Wang D, Hou W, Dong L, Hu S, Ma H. Trends and recent development of the microelectrode arrays (MEAs). Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 175:112854. [PMID: 33371989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we reviewed the history of microelectrode arrays (MEAs), compared different microfabrication techniques applied to modern MEAs in terms of their material characters, device properties and application scenarios. Then we discussed the biocompatibility of different MEAs as well as corresponding strategy of improvement. At last, we analyzed the growing trend of MEAs' technical route, expected application of MEAs in the field of Electrical impedance tomography (EIT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqian Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China
| | - Chenxuan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China
| | - Qi Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China
| | - Kai Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Nanophotonics and Biophotonics, School of Science, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin province, 130022, PR China
| | - Ping Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Nanophotonics and Biophotonics, School of Science, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin province, 130022, PR China
| | - Dongping Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China
| | - Wei Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, NO.1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin province, 130021, PR China
| | - Lihua Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, NO.1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin province, 130021, PR China
| | - Siyi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China
| | - Hanbin Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China.
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Lecomte A, Giantomasi L, Rancati S, Boi F, Angotzi GN, Berdondini L. Surface-Functionalized Self-Standing Microdevices Exhibit Predictive Localization and Seamless Integration in 3D Neural Spheroids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e2000114. [PMID: 33135377 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain organoids is an exciting technology proposed to advance studies on human brain development, diseases, and possible therapies. Establishing and applying such models, however, is hindered by the lack of technologies to chronically monitor neural activity. A promising new approach comprising self-standing biosensing microdevices capable of achieving seamless tissue integration during cell aggregation and culture. To date, there is little information on how to control the aggregation of such bioartificial 3D neural assemblies. Here, the growth of hybrid neurospheroids obtained by the aggregation of silicon sham microchips (100 × 100 × 50 μm3 ) with primary cortical cells is investigated. Results obtained via protein-binding microchips with different molecules reveal that surface functionalization can tune the integration and final 3D location of self-standing microdevices into neurospheroids. Morphological and functional characterization suggests that the presence of an integrated microdevice does not alter spheroid growth, cellular composition, nor functional development. Ultimately, cells and microdevices constituting such hybrid neurospheroids can be disaggregated for further single-cell analysis, and quantifications confirm an unaltered ratio of neurons and glia. These results uncover the potential of surface-engineered self-standing microdevices to grow untethered 3D brain tissue models with inbuilt bioelectronic sensors at predefined sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziliz Lecomte
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), NetS3 Lab, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Lidia Giantomasi
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), NetS3 Lab, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Silvia Rancati
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Neurobiology of miRNA Lab, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Fabio Boi
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), NetS3 Lab, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Gian Nicola Angotzi
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), NetS3 Lab, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Luca Berdondini
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), NetS3 Lab, Genova, 16163, Italy
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7
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Schwarz M, Jendrusch M, Constantinou I. Spatially resolved electrical impedance methods for cell and particle characterization. Electrophoresis 2019; 41:65-80. [PMID: 31663624 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Electrical impedance is an established technique used for cell and particle characterization. The temporal and spectral resolution of electrical impedance have been used to resolve basic cell characteristics like size and type, as well as to determine cell viability and activity. Such electrical impedance measurements are typically performed across the entire sample volume and can only provide an overall indication concerning the properties and state of that sample. For the study of heterogeneous structures such as cell layers, biological tissue, or polydisperse particle mixtures, an overall measured impedance value can only provide limited information and can lead to data misinterpretation. For the investigation of localized sample properties in complex heterogeneous structures/mixtures, the addition of spatial resolution to impedance measurements is necessary. Several spatially resolved impedance measurement techniques have been developed and applied to cell and particle research, including electrical impedance tomography, scanning electrochemical microscopy, and microelectrode arrays. This review provides an overview of spatially resolved impedance measurement methods and assesses their applicability for cell and particle characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Schwarz
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Iordania Constantinou
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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8
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Zips S, Grob L, Rinklin P, Terkan K, Adly NY, Weiß LJK, Mayer D, Wolfrum B. Fully Printed μ-Needle Electrode Array from Conductive Polymer Ink for Bioelectronic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:32778-32786. [PMID: 31424902 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are widely used platforms in bioelectronics to study electrogenic cells. In recent years, the processing of conductive polymers for the fabrication of three-dimensional electrode arrays has gained increasing interest for the development of novel sensor designs. Here, additive manufacturing techniques are promising tools for the production of MEAs with three-dimensional electrodes. In this work, a facile additive manufacturing process for the fabrication of MEAs that feature needle-like electrode tips, so-called μ-needles, is presented. To this end, an aerosol-jet compatible PEDOT:PSS and multiwalled carbon nanotube composite ink with a conductivity of 323 ± 75 S m-1 is developed and used in a combined inkjet and aerosol-jet printing process to produce the μ-needle electrode features. The μ-needles are fabricated with a diameter of 10 ± 2 μm and a height of 33 ± 4 μm. They penetrate an inkjet-printed dielectric layer to a height of 12 ± 3 μm. After successful printing, the electrochemical properties of the devices are assessed via cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. The μ-needles show a capacitance of 242 ± 70 nF at a scan rate of 5 mV s-1 and an impedance of 128 ± 22 kΩ at 1 kHz frequency. The stability of the μ-needle MEAs in aqueous electrolyte is demonstrated and the devices are used to record extracellular signals from cardiomyocyte-like HL-1 cells. This proof-of-principle experiment shows the μ-needle MEAs' cell-culture compatibility and functional integrity to investigate electrophysiological signals from living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Zips
- Neuroelectronics - Munich School of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Boltzmannstrasse 11 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Leroy Grob
- Neuroelectronics - Munich School of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Boltzmannstrasse 11 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Philipp Rinklin
- Neuroelectronics - Munich School of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Boltzmannstrasse 11 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Korkut Terkan
- Neuroelectronics - Munich School of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Boltzmannstrasse 11 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Nouran Yehia Adly
- Neuroelectronics - Munich School of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Boltzmannstrasse 11 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Lennart Jakob Konstantin Weiß
- Neuroelectronics - Munich School of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Boltzmannstrasse 11 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Institute of Complex Systems, Bioelectronics (ICS-8) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Neuroelectronics - Munich School of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Boltzmannstrasse 11 , 85748 Garching , Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems, Bioelectronics (ICS-8) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich , Germany
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Desbiolles BXE, de Coulon E, Bertsch A, Rohr S, Renaud P. Intracellular Recording of Cardiomyocyte Action Potentials with Nanopatterned Volcano-Shaped Microelectrode Arrays. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:6173-6181. [PMID: 31424942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Micronanotechnology-based multielectrode arrays have led to remarkable progress in the field of transmembrane voltage recording of excitable cells. However, providing long-term optoporation- or electroporation-free intracellular access remains a considerable challenge. In this study, a novel type of nanopatterned volcano-shaped microelectrode (nanovolcano) is described that spontaneously fuses with the cell membrane and permits stable intracellular access. The complex nanostructure was manufactured following a simple and scalable fabrication process based on ion beam etching redeposition. The resulting ring-shaped structure provided passive intracellular access to neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Intracellular action potentials were successfully recorded in vitro from different devices, and continuous recording for more than 1 h was achieved. By reporting transmembrane action potentials at potentially high spatial resolution without the need to apply physical triggers, the nanovolcanoes show distinct advantages over multielectrode arrays for the assessment of electrophysiological characteristics of cardiomyocyte networks at the transmembrane voltage level over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- B X E Desbiolles
- Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4 , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - E de Coulon
- Group Rohr, Department of Physiology , University of Bern , 3012 Bern , Switzerland
| | - A Bertsch
- Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4 , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - S Rohr
- Group Rohr, Department of Physiology , University of Bern , 3012 Bern , Switzerland
| | - P Renaud
- Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4 , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
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Obien MEJ, Frey U. Large-Scale, High-Resolution Microelectrode Arrays for Interrogation of Neurons and Networks. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 22:83-123. [PMID: 31073933 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11135-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
High-density microelectrode arrays (HD-MEAs) are increasingly being used for the observation and manipulation of neurons and networks in vitro. Large-scale electrode arrays allow for long-term extracellular recording of the electrical activity from thousands of neurons simultaneously. Beyond population activity, it has also become possible to extract information of single neurons at subcellular level (e.g., the propagation of action potentials along axons). In effect, HD-MEAs have become an electrical imaging platform for label-free extraction of the structure and activation of cells in cultures and tissues. The quality of HD-MEA data depends on the resolution of the electrode array and the signal-to-noise ratio. In this chapter, we begin with an introduction to HD-MEA signals. We provide an overview of the developments on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor or CMOS-based HD-MEA technology. We also discuss the factors affecting the performance of HD-MEAs and the trending application requirements that drive the efforts for future devices. We conclude with an outlook on the potential of HD-MEAs for advancing basic neuroscience and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Engelene J Obien
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.
- MaxWell Biosystems, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Urs Frey
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
- MaxWell Biosystems, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Pitsalidis C, Ferro MP, Iandolo D, Tzounis L, Inal S, Owens RM. Transistor in a tube: A route to three-dimensional bioelectronics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat4253. [PMID: 30397642 PMCID: PMC6203411 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat4253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Advances in three-dimensional (3D) cell culture materials and techniques, which more accurately mimic in vivo systems to study biological phenomena, have fostered the development of organ and tissue models. While sophisticated 3D tissues can be generated, technology that can accurately assess the functionality of these complex models in a high-throughput and dynamic manner is not well adapted. Here, we present an organic bioelectronic device based on a conducting polymer scaffold integrated into an electrochemical transistor configuration. This platform supports the dual purpose of enabling 3D cell culture growth and real-time monitoring of the adhesion and growth of cells. We have adapted our system to a 3D tubular geometry facilitating free flow of nutrients, given its relevance in a variety of biological tissues (e.g., vascular, gastrointestinal, and kidney) and processes (e.g., blood flow). This biomimetic transistor in a tube does not require photolithography methods for preparation, allowing facile adaptation to the purpose. We demonstrate that epithelial and fibroblast cells grow readily and form tissue-like architectures within the conducting polymer scaffold that constitutes the channel of the transistor. The process of tissue formation inside the conducting polymer channel gradually modulates the transistor characteristics. Correlating the real-time changes in the steady-state characteristics of the transistor with the growth of the cultured tissue, we extract valuable insights regarding the transients of tissue formation. Our biomimetic platform enabling label-free, dynamic, and in situ measurements illustrates the potential for real-time monitoring of 3D cell culture and compatibility for use in long-term organ-on-chip platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Pitsalidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - M. P. Ferro
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, Gardanne 13541, France
| | - D. Iandolo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - L. Tzounis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - S. Inal
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - R. M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
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White KA, Mulberry G, Sugaya K, Kim BN. On-chip Detection of Single Vesicle Release from Neuroblastoma Cells using Monolithic CMOS Bioelectronics. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2018:5065-5068. [PMID: 30441479 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8513219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma cells are often used as a cell model to study Parkinson's disease, which causes reduced dopamine release in substantia nigra, the midbrain that controls movements. In this paper, we developed a 1024-ch monolithic CMOS sensor array that has the spatiotemporal resolution as well as low-noise performance to monitor single vesicle release of dopamine from neuroblastoma cells. The CMOS device integrates 1024 on-chip electrodes with an individual size of $15 \mu \mathrm{m}\times 15 \mu \mathrm{m}$ and 1024 transimpedance amplifiers for each electrode, which are each capable of measuring sub-pA current. Thus, this device can be used to study the detailed molecular dynamics of dopamine secretion at single vesicle resolution.
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13
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Terutsuki D, Mitsuno H, Sakurai T, Okamoto Y, Tixier-Mita A, Toshiyoshi H, Mita Y, Kanzaki R. Increasing cell-device adherence using cultured insect cells for receptor-based biosensors. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172366. [PMID: 29657822 PMCID: PMC5882746 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors have a wide range of applications, and a bio-FET odorant sensor, based on insect (Sf21) cells expressing insect odorant receptors (ORs) with sensitivity and selectivity, has emerged. To fully realize the practical application of bio-FET odorant sensors, knowledge of the cell-device interface for efficient signal transfer, and a reliable and low-cost measurement system using the commercial complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) foundry process, will be indispensable. However, the interfaces between Sf21 cells and sensor devices are largely unknown, and electrode materials used in the commercial CMOS foundry process are generally limited to aluminium, which is reportedly toxic to cells. In this study, we investigated Sf21 cell-device interfaces by developing cross-sectional specimens. Calcium imaging of Sf21 cells expressing insect ORs was used to verify the functions of Sf21 cells as odorant sensor elements on the electrode materials. We found that the cell-device interface was approximately 10 nm wide on average, suggesting that the adhesion mechanism of Sf21 cells may differ from that of other cells. These results will help to construct accurate signal detection from expressed insect ORs using FETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Terutsuki
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Mitsuno
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Okamoto
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Agnès Tixier-Mita
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Toshiyoshi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Mita
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kanzaki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Transistor-Based Impedimetric Monitoring of Single Cells. LABEL-FREE MONITORING OF CELLS IN VITRO 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/11663_2017_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Hu N, Fang J, Zou L, Wan H, Pan Y, Su K, Zhang X, Wang P. High-efficient and high-content cytotoxic recording via dynamic and continuous cell-based impedance biosensor technology. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 18:94. [PMID: 27647147 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-016-0118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based bioassays were effective method to assess the compound toxicity by cell viability, and the traditional label-based methods missed much information of cell growth due to endpoint detection, while the higher throughputs were demanded to obtain dynamic information. Cell-based biosensor methods can dynamically and continuously monitor with cell viability, however, the dynamic information was often ignored or seldom utilized in the toxin and drug assessment. Here, we reported a high-efficient and high-content cytotoxic recording method via dynamic and continuous cell-based impedance biosensor technology. The dynamic cell viability, inhibition ratio and growth rate were derived from the dynamic response curves from the cell-based impedance biosensor. The results showed that the biosensors has the dose-dependent manners to diarrhetic shellfish toxin, okadiac acid based on the analysis of the dynamic cell viability and cell growth status. Moreover, the throughputs of dynamic cytotoxicity were compared between cell-based biosensor methods and label-based endpoint methods. This cell-based impedance biosensor can provide a flexible, cost and label-efficient platform of cell viability assessment in the shellfish toxin screening fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China. .,Division of Biomedical Engineering, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Jiaru Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Ling Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Hao Wan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Yuxiang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Kaiqi Su
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
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16
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Abstract
Biologically sensitive field-effect transistors (BioFETs) are one of the most abundant classes of electronic sensors for biomolecular detection. Most of the time these sensors are realized as classical ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) having non-metallized gate dielectrics facing an electrolyte solution. In ISFETs, a semiconductor material is used as the active transducer element covered by a gate dielectric layer which is electronically sensitive to the (bio-)chemical changes that occur on its surface. This review will provide a brief overview of the history of ISFET biosensors with general operation concepts and sensing mechanisms. We also discuss silicon nanowire-based ISFETs (SiNW FETs) as the modern nanoscale version of classical ISFETs, as well as strategies to functionalize them with biologically sensitive layers. We include in our discussion other ISFET types based on nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, metal oxides and so on. The latest examples of highly sensitive label-free detection of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules using SiNW FETs and single-cell recordings for drug screening and other applications of ISFETs will be highlighted. Finally, we suggest new device platforms and newly developed, miniaturized read-out tools with multichannel potentiometric and impedimetric measurement capabilities for future biomedical applications.
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17
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Maoz BM, Herland A, Henry OYF, Leineweber WD, Yadid M, Doyle J, Mannix R, Kujala VJ, FitzGerald EA, Parker KK, Ingber DE. Organs-on-Chips with combined multi-electrode array and transepithelial electrical resistance measurement capabilities. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2294-2302. [PMID: 28608907 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00412e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate that microfluidic cell culture devices, known as Organs-on-a-Chips can be fabricated with multifunctional, real-time, sensing capabilities by integrating both multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) and electrodes for transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements into the chips during their fabrication. To prove proof-of-concept, simultaneous measurements of cellular electrical activity and tissue barrier function were carried out in a dual channel, endothelialized, heart-on-a-chip device containing human cardiomyocytes and a channel-separating porous membrane covered with a primary human endothelial cell monolayer. These studies confirmed that the TEER-MEA chip can be used to simultaneously detect dynamic alterations of vascular permeability and cardiac function in the same chip when challenged with the inflammatory stimulus tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or the cardiac targeting drug isoproterenol. Thus, this Organ Chip with integrated sensing capability may prove useful for real-time assessment of biological functions, as well as response to therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M Maoz
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA. and Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Anna Herland
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Olivier Y F Henry
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - William D Leineweber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Moran Yadid
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA. and Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - John Doyle
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA. and Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Robert Mannix
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA. and Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ville J Kujala
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA. and Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Edward A FitzGerald
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Kevin Kit Parker
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA. and Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA. and Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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18
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Obien MEJ, Gong W, Frey U, Bakkum DJ. CMOS-Based High-Density Microelectrode Arrays: Technology and Applications. SERIES IN BIOENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3957-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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19
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Datta-Chaudhuri T, Smela E, Abshire PA. System-on-Chip Considerations for Heterogeneous Integration of CMOS and Fluidic Bio-Interfaces. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2016; 10:1129-1142. [PMID: 28055826 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2016.2522402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CMOS chips are increasingly used for direct sensing and interfacing with fluidic and biological systems. While many biosensing systems have successfully combined CMOS chips for readout and signal processing with passive sensing arrays, systems that co-locate sensing with active circuits on a single chip offer significant advantages in size and performance but increase the complexity of multi-domain design and heterogeneous integration. This emerging class of lab-on-CMOS systems also poses distinct and vexing technical challenges that arise from the disparate requirements of biosensors and integrated circuits (ICs). Modeling these systems must address not only circuit design, but also the behavior of biological components on the surface of the IC and any physical structures. Existing tools do not support the cross-domain simulation of heterogeneous lab-on-CMOS systems, so we recommend a two-step modeling approach: using circuit simulation to inform physics-based simulation, and vice versa. We review the primary lab-on-CMOS implementation challenges and discuss practical approaches to overcome them. Issues include new versions of classical challenges in system-on-chip integration, such as thermal effects, floor-planning, and signal coupling, as well as new challenges that are specifically attributable to biological and fluidic domains, such as electrochemical effects, non-standard packaging, surface treatments, sterilization, microfabrication of surface structures, and microfluidic integration. We describe these concerns as they arise in lab-on-CMOS systems and discuss solutions that have been experimentally demonstrated.
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20
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Wydallis JB, Feeny RM, Wilson W, Kern T, Chen T, Tobet S, Reynolds MM, Henry CS. Spatiotemporal norepinephrine mapping using a high-density CMOS microelectrode array. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4075-4082. [PMID: 26333296 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00778j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A high-density amperometric electrode array containing 8192 individually addressable platinum working electrodes with an integrated potentiostat fabricated using Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) processes is reported. The array was designed to enable electrochemical imaging of chemical gradients with high spatiotemporal resolution. Electrodes are arranged over a 2 mm × 2 mm surface area into 64 subarrays consisting of 128 individual Pt working electrodes as well as Pt pseudo-reference and auxiliary electrodes. Amperometric measurements of norepinephrine in tissue culture media were used to demonstrate the ability of the array to measure concentration gradients in complex media. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidics were incorporated to control the chemical concentrations in time and space, and the electrochemical response at each electrode was monitored to generate electrochemical heat maps, demonstrating the array's imaging capabilities. A temporal resolution of 10 ms can be achieved by simultaneously monitoring a single subarray of 128 electrodes. The entire 2 mm × 2 mm area can be electrochemically imaged in 64 seconds by cycling through all subarrays at a rate of 1 Hz per subarray. Monitoring diffusional transport of norepinephrine is used to demonstrate the spatiotemporal resolution capabilities of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Wydallis
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, USA.
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21
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Biorealistic cardiac cell culture platforms with integrated monitoring of extracellular action potentials. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11067. [PMID: 26053434 PMCID: PMC4459200 DOI: 10.1038/srep11067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Current platforms for in vitro drug development utilize confluent, unorganized monolayers of heart cells to study the effect on action potential propagation. However, standard cell cultures are of limited use in cardiac research, as they do not preserve important structural and functional properties of the myocardium. Here we present a method to integrate a scaffolding technology with multi-electrode arrays and deliver a compact, off-the-shelf monitoring platform for growing biomimetic cardiac tissue. Our approach produces anisotropic cultures with conduction velocity (CV) profiles that closer resemble native heart tissue; the fastest impulse propagation is along the long axis of the aligned cardiomyocytes (CVL) and the slowest propagation is perpendicular (CVT), in contrast to standard cultures where action potential propagates isotropically (CVL ≈ CVT). The corresponding anisotropy velocity ratios (CVL/CVT = 1.38 - 2.22) are comparable with values for healthy adult rat ventricles (1.98 - 3.63). The main advantages of this approach are that (i) it provides ultimate pattern control, (ii) it is compatible with automated manufacturing steps and (iii) it is utilized through standard cell culturing protocols. Our platform is compatible with existing read-out equipment and comprises a prompt method for more reliable CV studies.
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22
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Arya SK, Wong CC, Jeon YJ, Bansal T, Park MK. Advances in complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor-based integrated biosensor arrays. Chem Rev 2015; 115:5116-58. [PMID: 26017544 DOI: 10.1021/cr500554n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Arya
- Institute of Microelectronics, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117685
| | - Chee Chung Wong
- Institute of Microelectronics, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117685
| | - Yong Joon Jeon
- Institute of Microelectronics, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117685
| | - Tushar Bansal
- Institute of Microelectronics, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117685
| | - Mi Kyoung Park
- Institute of Microelectronics, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117685
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23
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Czeschik A, Rinklin P, Derra U, Ullmann S, Holik P, Steltenkamp S, Offenhäusser A, Wolfrum B. Nanostructured cavity devices for extracellular stimulation of HL-1 cells. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:9275-9281. [PMID: 25939765 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01690h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are state-of-the-art devices for extracellular recording and stimulation on biological tissue. Furthermore, they are a relevant tool for the development of biomedical applications like retina, cochlear and motor prostheses, cardiac pacemakers and drug screening. Hence, research on functional cell-sensor interfaces, as well as the development of new surface structures and modifications for improved electrode characteristics, is a vivid and well established field. However, combining single-cell resolution with sufficient signal coupling remains challenging due to poor cell-electrode sealing. Furthermore, electrodes with diameters below 20 µm often suffer from a high electrical impedance affecting the noise during voltage recordings. In this study, we report on a nanocavity sensor array for voltage-controlled stimulation and extracellular action potential recordings on cellular networks. Nanocavity devices combine the advantages of low-impedance electrodes with small cell-chip interfaces, preserving a high spatial resolution for recording and stimulation. A reservoir between opening aperture and electrode is provided, allowing the cell to access the structure for a tight cell-sensor sealing. We present the well-controlled fabrication process and the effect of cavity formation and electrode patterning on the sensor's impedance. Further, we demonstrate reliable voltage-controlled stimulation using nanostructured cavity devices by capturing the pacemaker of an HL-1 cell network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Czeschik
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich and JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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24
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Swaminathan VV, Dak P, Reddy B, Salm E, Duarte-Guevara C, Zhong Y, Fischer A, Liu YS, Alam MA, Bashir R. Electronic desalting for controlling the ionic environment in droplet-based biosensing platforms. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2015; 106:053105. [PMID: 25713471 PMCID: PMC4320148 DOI: 10.1063/1.4907351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the ionic environment in saline waters and aqueous electrolytes is useful for desalination as well as electronic biosensing. We demonstrate a method of electronic desalting at micro-scale through on-chip micro electrodes. We show that, while desalting is limited in bulk solutions with unlimited availability of salts, significant desalting of ≥1 mM solutions can be achieved in sub-nanoliter volume droplets with diameters of ∼250 μm. Within these droplets, by using platinum-black microelectrodes and electrochemical surface treatments, we can enhance the electrode surface area to achieve >99% and 41% salt removal in 1 mM and 10 mM salt concentrations, respectively. Through self-consistent simulations and experimental measurements, we demonstrate that conventional double-layer theory over-predicts the desalting capacity and, hence, cannot be used to model systems that are mass limited or undergoing significant salt removal from the bulk. Our results will provide a better understanding of capacitive desalination, as well as a method for salt manipulation in high-throughput droplet-based microfluidic sensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikhram Vilasur Swaminathan
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Piyush Dak
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Bobby Reddy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Eric Salm
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Carlos Duarte-Guevara
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Yu Zhong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Andrew Fischer
- Abbott Laboratories , 1921 Hurd Drive, Dept. 8482 LC2 M/S 2-33, Irving, Texas 75038, USA
| | - Yi-Shao Liu
- Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company , Hsinchu 300-78, Taiwan
| | - Muhammad A Alam
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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25
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Obien MEJ, Deligkaris K, Bullmann T, Bakkum DJ, Frey U. Revealing neuronal function through microelectrode array recordings. Front Neurosci 2015; 8:423. [PMID: 25610364 PMCID: PMC4285113 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microelectrode arrays and microprobes have been widely utilized to measure neuronal activity, both in vitro and in vivo. The key advantage is the capability to record and stimulate neurons at multiple sites simultaneously. However, unlike the single-cell or single-channel resolution of intracellular recording, microelectrodes detect signals from all possible sources around every sensor. Here, we review the current understanding of microelectrode signals and the techniques for analyzing them. We introduce the ongoing advancements in microelectrode technology, with focus on achieving higher resolution and quality of recordings by means of monolithic integration with on-chip circuitry. We show how recent advanced microelectrode array measurement methods facilitate the understanding of single neurons as well as network function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kosmas Deligkaris
- RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN Kobe, Japan ; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Douglas J Bakkum
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Frey
- RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN Kobe, Japan ; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Osaka, Japan ; Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich Basel, Switzerland
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26
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Kim YH, Kim GH, Kim AY, Baek NS, Jeong JI, Han YH, Shin BC, Chung MA, Jung SD. Optimisation of bi-layer resist overhang structure formation and SiO2 sputter-deposition process for fabrication of gold multi-electrode array. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11746h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we report the results on the optimization of the bi-layer lift-off resist (LOR) SiO2 sputter-deposition technique which is ideal for obtaining damage-free multi-electrode array (MEA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. H. Kim
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
- Synapse Device Creative Research Centre
- Daejeon
- South Korea
| | - G. H. Kim
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
- Synapse Device Creative Research Centre
- Daejeon
- South Korea
| | - A.-Y. Kim
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
- Synapse Device Creative Research Centre
- Daejeon
- South Korea
| | - N. S. Baek
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
- Synapse Device Creative Research Centre
- Daejeon
- South Korea
| | - J. I. Jeong
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
- Synapse Device Creative Research Centre
- Daejeon
- South Korea
| | - Y. H. Han
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
- Synapse Device Creative Research Centre
- Daejeon
- South Korea
| | - B. C. Shin
- Pusan National University
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
- Yangsan
- South Korea
| | - M.-A. Chung
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
- Synapse Device Creative Research Centre
- Daejeon
- South Korea
| | - S.-D. Jung
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
- Synapse Device Creative Research Centre
- Daejeon
- South Korea
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27
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Ballini M, Müller J, Livi P, Chen Y, Frey U, Stettler A, Shadmani A, Viswam V, Jones IL, Jäckel D, Radivojevic M, Lewandowska MK, Gong W, Fiscella M, Bakkum DJ, Heer F, Hierlemann A. A 1024-Channel CMOS Microelectrode Array With 26,400 Electrodes for Recording and Stimulation of Electrogenic Cells In Vitro. IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS 2014; 49:2705-2719. [PMID: 28502989 PMCID: PMC5424881 DOI: 10.1109/jssc.2014.2359219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To advance our understanding of the functioning of neuronal ensembles, systems are needed to enable simultaneous recording from a large number of individual neurons at high spatiotemporal resolution and good signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, stimulation capability is highly desirable for investigating, for example, plasticity and learning processes. Here, we present a microelectrode array (MEA) system on a single CMOS die for in vitro recording and stimulation. The system incorporates 26,400 platinum electrodes, fabricated by in-house post-processing, over a large sensing area (3.85 × 2.10 mm2) with sub-cellular spatial resolution (pitch of 17.5 μm). Owing to an area and power efficient implementation, we were able to integrate 1024 readout channels on chip to record extracellular signals from a user-specified selection of electrodes. These channels feature noise values of 2.4 μVrms in the action-potential band (300 Hz-10 kHz) and 5.4 μVrms in the local-field-potential band (1 Hz-300 Hz), and provide programmable gain (up to 78 dB) to accommodate various biological preparations. Amplified and filtered signals are digitized by 10 bit parallel single-slope ADCs at 20 kSamples/s. The system also includes 32 stimulation units, which can elicit neural spikes through either current or voltage pulses. The chip consumes only 75 mW in total, which obviates the need of active cooling even for sensitive cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ballini
- D-BSSE, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland. He is now with IMEC vzw, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Livi
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yihui Chen
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Frey
- D-BSSE, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland. He is now with the RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan
| | - Alexander Stettler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amir Shadmani
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vijay Viswam
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ian Lloyd Jones
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Jäckel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Milos Radivojevic
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marta K Lewandowska
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wei Gong
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michele Fiscella
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Douglas J Bakkum
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Heer
- D-BSSE, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland. He is now with Zurich Instruments AG, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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Liu Q, Wu C, Cai H, Hu N, Zhou J, Wang P. Cell-based biosensors and their application in biomedicine. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6423-61. [PMID: 24905074 DOI: 10.1021/cr2003129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Liu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
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Datta-Chaudhuri T, Abshire P, Smela E. Packaging commercial CMOS chips for lab on a chip integration. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1753-1766. [PMID: 24682025 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00135d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Combining integrated circuitry with microfluidics enables lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices to perform sensing, freeing them from benchtop equipment. However, this integration is challenging with small chips, as is briefly reviewed with reference to key metrics for package comparison. In this paper we present a simple packaging method for including mm-sized, foundry-fabricated dies containing complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits within LOCs. The chip is embedded in an epoxy handle wafer to yield a level, large-area surface, allowing subsequent photolithographic post-processing and microfluidic integration. Electrical connection off-chip is provided by thin film metal traces passivated with parylene-C. The parylene is patterned to selectively expose the active sensing area of the chip, allowing direct interaction with a fluidic environment. The method accommodates any die size and automatically levels the die and handle wafer surfaces. Functionality was demonstrated by packaging two different types of CMOS sensor ICs, a bioamplifier chip with an array of surface electrodes connected to internal amplifiers for recording extracellular electrical signals and a capacitance sensor chip for monitoring cell adhesion and viability. Cells were cultured on the surface of both types of chips, and data were acquired using a PC. Long term culture (weeks) showed the packaging materials to be biocompatible. Package lifetime was demonstrated by exposure to fluids over a longer duration (months), and the package was robust enough to allow repeated sterilization and re-use. The ease of fabrication and good performance of this packaging method should allow wide adoption, thereby spurring advances in miniaturized sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timir Datta-Chaudhuri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2160 A.V. Williams, College Park, Maryland, USA
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30
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In vivo neuronal action potential recordings via three-dimensional microscale needle-electrode arrays. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4868. [PMID: 24785307 PMCID: PMC4007096 DOI: 10.1038/srep04868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Very fine needle-electrode arrays potentially offer both low invasiveness and high spatial resolution of electrophysiological neuronal recordings in vivo. Herein we report the penetrating and recording capabilities of silicon-growth-based three-dimensional microscale-diameter needle-electrodes arrays. The fabricated needles exhibit a circular-cone shape with a 3-μm-diameter tip and a 210-μm length. Due to the microscale diameter, our silicon needles are more flexible than other microfabricated silicon needles with larger diameters. Coating the microscale-needle-tip with platinum black results in an impedance of ~600 kΩ in saline with output/input signal amplitude ratios of more than 90% at 40 Hz–10 kHz. The needles can penetrate into the whisker barrel area of a rat's cerebral cortex, and the action potentials recorded from some neurons exhibit peak-to-peak amplitudes of ~300 μVpp. These results demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo neuronal action potential recordings with a microscale needle-electrode array fabricated using silicon growth technology.
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31
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A cardiomyocyte-based biosensor for antiarrhythmic drug evaluation by simultaneously monitoring cell growth and beating. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 49:9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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32
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Kim BN, Herbst AD, Kim SJ, Minch BA, Lindau M. Parallel recording of neurotransmitters release from chromaffin cells using a 10×10 CMOS IC potentiostat array with on-chip working electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 41:736-44. [PMID: 23084756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitter release is modulated by many drugs and molecular manipulations. We present an active CMOS-based electrochemical biosensor array with high throughput capability (100 electrodes) for on-chip amperometric measurement of neurotransmitter release. The high-throughput of the biosensor array will accelerate the data collection needed to determine statistical significance of changes produced under varying conditions, from several weeks to a few hours. The biosensor is designed and fabricated using a combination of CMOS integrated circuit (IC) technology and a photolithography process to incorporate platinum working electrodes on-chip. We demonstrate the operation of an electrode array with integrated high-gain potentiostats and output time-division multiplexing with minimum dead time for readout. The on-chip working electrodes are patterned by conformal deposition of Pt and lift-off photolithography. The conformal deposition method protects the underlying electronic circuits from contact with the electrolyte that covers the electrode array during measurement. The biosensor was validated by simultaneous measurement of amperometric currents from 100 electrodes in response to dopamine injection, which revealed the time course of dopamine diffusion along the surface of the biosensor array. The biosensor simultaneously recorded neurotransmitter release successfully from multiple individual living chromaffin cells. The biosensor was capable of resolving small and fast amperometric spikes reporting release from individual vesicle secretions. We anticipate that this device will accelerate the characterization of the modulation of neurotransmitter secretion from neuronal and endocrine cells by pharmacological and molecular manipulations of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian N Kim
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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33
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Adiguzel Y, Kulah H. CMOS cell sensors for point-of-care diagnostics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 12:10042-66. [PMID: 23112587 PMCID: PMC3472815 DOI: 10.3390/s120810042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The burden of health-care related services in a global era with continuously increasing population and inefficient dissipation of the resources requires effective solutions. From this perspective, point-of-care diagnostics is a demanded field in clinics. It is also necessary both for prompt diagnosis and for providing health services evenly throughout the population, including the rural districts. The requirements can only be fulfilled by technologies whose productivity has already been proven, such as complementary metal-oxide-semiconductors (CMOS). CMOS-based products can enable clinical tests in a fast, simple, safe, and reliable manner, with improved sensitivities. Portability due to diminished sensor dimensions and compactness of the test set-ups, along with low sample and power consumption, is another vital feature. CMOS-based sensors for cell studies have the potential to become essential counterparts of point-of-care diagnostics technologies. Hence, this review attempts to inform on the sensors fabricated with CMOS technology for point-of-care diagnostic studies, with a focus on CMOS image sensors and capacitance sensors for cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekbun Adiguzel
- METU-MEMS Research and Application Center, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Haluk Kulah
- METU-MEMS Research and Application Center, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; E-Mail:
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34
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Hofstetter M, Howgate J, Schmid M, Schoell S, Sachsenhauser M, Adigüzel D, Stutzmann M, Sharp ID, Thalhammer S. In vitro bio-functionality of gallium nitride sensors for radiation biophysics. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 424:348-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.06.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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35
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Miled MA, Massicotte G, Sawan M. Dielectrophoresis-based integrated Lab-on-Chip for nano and micro-particles manipulation and capacitive detection. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2012; 6:120-132. [PMID: 23852977 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2012.2185844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present in this paper a new Lab-on-Chip (LoC) architecture for dielectrophoresis-based cell manipulation, detection, and capacitive measurement. The proposed LoC is built around a CMOS full-custom chip and a microfluidic structure. The CMOS chip is used to deliver all parameters required to control the dielectrophoresis (DEP) features such as frequency, phase, and amplitude of signals spread on in-channel electrodes of the LoC. It is integrated to the LoC and experimental results are related to micro and nano particles manipulation and detection in a microfluidic platform. The proposed microsystem includes an on-chip 27-bit frequency divider, a digital phase controller with a 3.6° phase shift resolution and a 2.5 V dynamic range. The sensing module is composed of a 3 × 3 capacitive sensor array with 10 fF per mV sensitivity, and a dynamic range of 1.5 V. The obtained results show an efficient nano and micro-particles (PC05N, PA04N and PS03N) separation based on frequency segregation with low voltages less than 1.7 V and a fully integrated and reconfigurable system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Amine Miled
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Polystim Neurotechnologies Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4 Canada.
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36
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Introduction. CARBON NANOTUBES AS PLATFORMS FOR BIOSENSORS WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL AND ELECTRONIC TRANSDUCTION 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-31421-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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37
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Guimera A, Gabriel G, Plata-Cordero M, Montero L, Maldonado M, Villa R. A non-invasive method for an in vivo assessment of corneal epithelium permeability through tetrapolar impedance measurements. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 31:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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38
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Graham AHD, Robbins J, Bowen CR, Taylor J. Commercialisation of CMOS integrated circuit technology in multi-electrode arrays for neuroscience and cell-based biosensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2011; 11:4943-71. [PMID: 22163884 PMCID: PMC3231360 DOI: 10.3390/s110504943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The adaptation of standard integrated circuit (IC) technology as a transducer in cell-based biosensors in drug discovery pharmacology, neural interface systems and electrophysiology requires electrodes that are electrochemically stable, biocompatible and affordable. Unfortunately, the ubiquitous Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) IC technology does not meet the first of these requirements. For devices intended only for research, modification of CMOS by post-processing using cleanroom facilities has been achieved. However, to enable adoption of CMOS as a basis for commercial biosensors, the economies of scale of CMOS fabrication must be maintained by using only low-cost post-processing techniques. This review highlights the methodologies employed in cell-based biosensor design where CMOS-based integrated circuits (ICs) form an integral part of the transducer system. Particular emphasis will be placed on the application of multi-electrode arrays for in vitro neuroscience applications. Identifying suitable IC packaging methods presents further significant challenges when considering specific applications. The various challenges and difficulties are reviewed and some potential solutions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony H. D. Graham
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Jon Robbins
- Receptors & Signalling, Wolfson CARD, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Chris R. Bowen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK; E-Mail:
| | - John Taylor
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK; E-Mail:
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39
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Fabrication and characterization of 3D micro- and nanoelectrodes for neuron recordings. SENSORS 2010; 10:10339-55. [PMID: 22163473 PMCID: PMC3231021 DOI: 10.3390/s101110339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we discuss the fabrication and characterization of three dimensional (3D) micro- and nanoelectrodes with the goal of using them for extra- and intracellular studies. Two different types of electrodes will be described: high aspect ratio microelectrodes for studying the communication between cells and ultimately for brain slice recordings and small nanoelectrodes for highly localized measurements and ultimately for intracellular studies. Electrical and electrochemical characterization of these electrodes as well as the results of PC12 cell differentiation on chip will be presented and discussed.
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40
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Hofmann B, Maybeck V, Eick S, Meffert S, Ingebrandt S, Wood P, Bamberg E, Offenhäusser A. Light induced stimulation and delay of cardiac activity. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2588-2596. [PMID: 20689860 DOI: 10.1039/c003091k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This article shows the combination of light activatable ion channels and microelectrode array (MEA) technology for bidirectionally interfacing cells. HL-1 cultures, a mouse derived cardiomyocyte-like cell line, transfected with channelrhodopsin were stimulated with a microscope coupled 473 nm laser and recorded with custom built 64 electrode MEAs. Channelrhodopsin induced depolarization of the cell can evoke action potentials (APs) in single cells. Spreading of the AP over the cell layer can then be measured with good spatiotemporal resolution using MEA recordings. The possibility for light induced pacemaker switching in cultures was shown. Furthermore, the suppression of APs can also be achieved with the laser. Possible applications include cell analysis, e.g. pacemaker interference or induced pacemaker switching, and medical applications such as a combined cardiac pacemaker and defibrillator triggered by light. Since current prosthesis research focuses on bidirectionality, this system may be applied to any electrogenic cell, including neurons or muscles, to advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hofmann
- Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems-Bioelectronics (IBN-2) and Jara-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo-Brandt-Str., D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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41
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Aryasomayajula A, Derix J, Perike S, Gerlach G, Funk RH. DC microelectrode array for investigating the intracellular ion changes. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:1268-72. [PMID: 20656468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are extensively being used to study the electrical properties of cells. Most of the MEAs use metal electrodes which are in direct contact with the cells. When using DC currents, this leads to undesirable chemical influencing of the cell. Also, metal electrodes are unsuitable for the measuring of constant potentials. A new kind of MEA is developed which replaces the metal electrodes by electrolyte-filled microchannels with Ag/AgCl-electrodes at their ends. The surface of the DCMEA consists of a nanoporous membrane that acts as a homogenous cell substrate, thus avoiding any topographical guidance of the cells. It is adhered to a polydimethylsiloxane layer with four electrode channels embedded in it, using a novel plasma bonding method. A transparent polymer ground plate connects the channels to the silver electrodes as shown in Fig. 1. This MEA allows for the stimulation of the cells with stationary, non-homogenous electric fields, e.g. to simulate the electrical environment near wounds in vitro. It has been proposed in the literature that intracellular ions are involved during cell migration. The DCMEA can be used to simulate in vitro electric fields to investigate intracellular ion changes. By loading cells with ion specific fluorescence dyes, real-time ion kinetic changes can directly be carried out on DCMEA. These studies will be performed by using a time lapse video microscope. In this paper we present the detailed fabrication and testing of the new DCMEA. Results on intracellular ion flows will be presented using this DCMEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Aryasomayajula
- Solid State Electronics Lab, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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42
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Knopfmacher O, Tarasov A, Fu W, Wipf M, Niesen B, Calame M, Schönenberger C. Nernst limit in dual-gated Si-nanowire FET sensors. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:2268-74. [PMID: 20499926 DOI: 10.1021/nl100892y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Field effect transistors (FETs) are widely used for the label-free detection of analytes in chemical and biological experiments. Here we demonstrate that the apparent sensitivity of a dual-gated silicon nanowire FET to pH can go beyond the Nernst limit of 60 mV/pH at room temperature. This result can be explained by a simple capacitance model including all gates. The consistent and reproducible results build to a great extent on the hysteresis- and leakage-free operation. The dual-gate approach can be used to enhance small signals that are typical for bio- and chemical sensing at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Knopfmacher
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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43
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Shahrokhi F, Abdelhalim K, Serletis D, Carlen PL, Genov R. The 128-channel fully differential digital integrated neural recording and stimulation interface. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2010; 4:149-161. [PMID: 23853339 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2010.2041350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a fully differential 128-channel integrated neural interface. It consists of an array of 8 X 16 low-power low-noise signal-recording and generation circuits for electrical neural activity monitoring and stimulation, respectively. The recording channel has two stages of signal amplification and conditioning with and a fully differential 8-b column-parallel successive approximation (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The total measured power consumption of each recording channel, including the SAR ADC, is 15.5 ¿W. The measured input-referred noise is 6.08 ¿ Vrms over a 5-kHz bandwidth, resulting in a noise efficiency factor of 5.6. The stimulation channel performs monophasic or biphasic voltage-mode stimulation, with a maximum stimulation current of 5 mA and a quiescent power dissipation of 51.5 ¿W. The design is implemented in 0.35-¿m complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology with the channel pitch of 200 ¿m for a total die size of 3.4 mm × 2.5 mm and a total power consumption of 9.33 mW. The neural interface was validated in in vitro recording of a low-Mg(2+)/high-K(+) epileptic seizure model in an intact hippocampus of a mouse.
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44
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Seker E, Berdichevsky Y, Begley MR, Reed ML, Staley KJ, Yarmush ML. The fabrication of low-impedance nanoporous gold multiple-electrode arrays for neural electrophysiology studies. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:125504. [PMID: 20203356 PMCID: PMC3136242 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/12/125504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Neural electrodes are essential tools for the study of the nervous system and related diseases. Low electrode impedance is a figure of merit for sensitive detection of neural electrical activity and numerous studies have aimed to reduce impedance. Unfortunately, most of these efforts have been tethered by a combination of poor functional coating adhesion, complicated fabrication techniques, and poor fabrication repeatability. We address these issues with a facile method for reliably producing multiple-electrode arrays with low impedance by patterning highly adherent nanoporous gold films using conventional microfabrication techniques. The high surface area-to-volume ratio of self-assembled nanoporous gold results in a more than 25-fold improvement in the electrode-electrolyte impedance, where at 1 kHz, 850 kOmega impedance for conventional Au electrodes is reduced to 30 kOmega for nanoporous gold electrodes. Low impedance provides a superior signal-to-noise ratio for detection of neural activity in noisy environments. We systematically studied the effect of film morphology on electrode impedance and successfully recorded field potentials from rat hippocampal slices. Here, we present our fabrication approach, the relationship between film morphology and impedance, and field potential recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkin Seker
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yevgeny Berdichevsky
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew R Begley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Michael L Reed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kevin J Staley
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed. (M L Yarmush)
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45
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46
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Neural stem cells from human cord blood on bioengineered surfaces—Novel approach to multiparameter bio-tests. Toxicology 2010; 270:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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47
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Kim JH, Kang G, Nam Y, Choi YK. Surface-modified microelectrode array with flake nanostructure for neural recording and stimulation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:85303. [PMID: 20101076 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/8/085303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel microelectrode modification method is reported for neural electrode engineering with a flake nanostructure (nanoflake). The nanoflake-modified electrodes are fabricated by combining conventional lithography and electrochemical deposition to implement a microelectrode array (MEA) on a glass substrate. The unique geometrical properties of nanoflake sharp tips and valleys are studied by optical, electrochemical and electrical methods in order to verify the advantages of using nanoflakes for neural recording devices. The in vitro recording and stimulation of cultured hippocampal neurons are demonstrated on the nanoflake-modified MEA and the clear action potentials are observed due to the nanoflake impedance reduction effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyun Kim
- Nano-Oriented Bio-Electronics Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Information Science & Technology, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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48
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Jurga M, Lipkowski AW, Lukomska B, Buzanska L, Kurzepa K, Sobanski T, Habich A, Coecke S, Gajkowska B, Domanska-Janik K. Generation of functional neural artificial tissue from human umbilical cord blood stem cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2009; 15:365-72. [PMID: 19719393 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based regenerative neurology is an emerging concept for treatment of diseases of central nervous system. Among variety of proposed procedures, one of the most promising is refilling of cystic cavities of injured brain parenchyma with artificial neural tissue. Recent studies revealed that after allogenic transplantation in rodents these tissue-engineered entities were shown efficient in repair of hypoxic/ischemic brain injury. Human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) was recognized to be an efficient and noncontroversial source of neural stem cells (NSC). The main purpose of this study was to generate HUCB-derived neural artificial tissue and investigate their functional properties. Neural organoids formed on human-originated biodegradable scaffolds within 3 weeks and resembled niche structure where immature stem cells (Oct4+ and Sox2+) and proliferating neuroblasts (Nestin+, GFAP+, and Ki67+) were present. Such aggregates were placed on multi-electrode chips and differentiated toward mature neurons (TUJ1+ and MAP2+). These three-dimensional aggregates in contrast to two-dimensional cultures formed functional circuits and generated spontaneous field/action potentials. Our results indicate that three-dimensional environment facilitates maturation of HUCB-derived NSC what should be considered regarding regenerative medicine application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Jurga
- Department of Neurorepair, Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland.
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49
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Jing G, Yao Y, Gnerlich M, Perry S, Tatic-Lucic S. Towards a multi-electrode array (MEA) system for patterned neural networks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proche.2009.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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50
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