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Arman S, Tilley RD, Gooding JJ. A review of electrochemical impedance as a tool for examining cell biology and subcellular mechanisms: merits, limits, and future prospects. Analyst 2024; 149:269-289. [PMID: 38015145 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01423a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein the development of cellular impedance biosensors, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the general principles and terms associated with the cell-electrode interface is reviewed. This family of techniques provides quantitative and sensitive information into cell responses to stimuli in real-time with high temporal resolution. The applications of cell-based impedance biosensors as a readout in cell biology is illustrated with a diverse range of examples. The current state of the field, its limitations, the possible available solutions, and the potential benefits of developing biosensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedyousef Arman
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
- Australia Centre for Nanomedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Richard D Tilley
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
- Australia Centre for Nanomedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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2
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Zhuang J, Zhu C, Han R, Steuer A, Kolb JF, Shi F. Uncertainty Quantification and Sensitivity Analysis for the Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy of Changes to Intercellular Junctions Induced by Cold Atmospheric Plasma. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27185861. [PMID: 36144597 PMCID: PMC9503961 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The influence of pertinent parameters of a Cole-Cole model in the impedimetric assessment of cell-monolayers was investigated with respect to the significance of their individual contribution. The analysis enables conclusions on characteristics, such as intercellular junctions. Especially cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has been proven to influence intercellular junctions which may become a key factor in CAP-related biological effects. Therefore, the response of rat liver epithelial cells (WB-F344) and their malignant counterpart (WB-ras) was studied by electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Cell monolayers before and after CAP treatment were analyzed. An uncertainty quantification (UQ) of Cole parameters revealed the frequency cut-off point between low and high frequency resistances. A sensitivity analysis (SA) showed that the Cole parameters, R0 and α were the most sensitive, while Rinf and τ were the least sensitive. The temporal development of major Cole parameters indicates that CAP induced reversible changes in intercellular junctions, but not significant changes in membrane permeability. Sustained changes of τ suggested that long-lived ROS, such as H2O2, might play an important role. The proposed analysis confirms that an inherent advantage of EIS is the real time observation for CAP-induced changes on intercellular junctions, with a label-free and in situ method manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhuang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 215000, China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 215000, China
| | - Rui Han
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 215000, China
| | - Anna Steuer
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Juergen F. Kolb
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fukun Shi
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-051269588135
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3
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Oeyen M, Meyen E, Doijen J, Schols D. In-Depth Characterization of Zika Virus Inhibitors Using Cell-Based Electrical Impedance. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0049122. [PMID: 35862960 PMCID: PMC9431523 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00491-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we use electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS), an established cell-based electrical impedance (CEI) technology, to decipher the kinetic cytopathic effect (CPE) induced by Zika virus (ZIKV) in susceptible human A549 lung epithelial cells and to evaluate several classes of compounds with reported antiviral activity (two entry inhibitors and two replication inhibitors). To validate the assay, we compare the results with those obtained with more traditional in vitro methods based on cell viability and viral yield readouts. We demonstrate that CEI can detect viral infection in a sensitive manner and can be used to determine antiviral potency. Moreover, CEI has multiple benefits compared to conventional assays: the technique is less laborious and better at visualizing the dynamic antiviral activity profile of the compounds, while also it has the ability to determine interesting time points that can be selected as endpoints in assays without continuous readout. We describe several parameters to characterize the compounds' cytotoxicity and their antiviral activity profile. In addition, the CEI patterns provide valuable additional information about the presumed mechanism of action of these compounds. Finally, as a proof of concept, we used CEI to evaluate the antiviral activity of a small series of compounds, for which we demonstrate that the sulfonated polymer PRO2000 inhibits ZIKV with a response profile representative for a viral entry inhibitor. Overall, we demonstrate for the first time that CEI is a powerful technology to evaluate and characterize compounds against ZIKV replication in a real-time, label-free, and noninvasive manner. IMPORTANCE Zika virus can cause serious disease in humans. Unfortunately, no antiviral drugs are available to treat infection. Here, we use an impedance-based method to continuously monitor virus infection in-and damage to-human cells. We can determine the Zika viral dose with this technique and also evaluate whether antiviral compounds protect the cells from damage caused by virus replication. We also show that this technique can be used to further unravel the characteristics of these compounds, such as their toxicity to the cells, and that it might even give further insight in their mechanism of antiviral action. Finally, we also find a novel Zika virus inhibitor, PRO2000. Overall, in this study, we use the impedance technology to-for the first time-evaluate compounds with anti-Zika virus properties, and therefore it can add valuable information in the further search for antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Oeyen
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eef Meyen
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jordi Doijen
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Stupin DD, Kuzina EA, Abelit AA, Emelyanov AK, Nikolaev DM, Ryazantsev MN, Koniakhin SV, Dubina MV. Bioimpedance Spectroscopy: Basics and Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:1962-1986. [PMID: 33749256 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we aim to introduce the reader to the technique of electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with a focus on its biological, biomaterials, and medical applications. We explain the theoretical and experimental aspects of the EIS with the details essential for biological studies, i.e., interaction of metal electrodes with biological matter and liquids, strategies of measurement rate increasing, noise reduction in bio-EIS experiments, etc. We also give various examples of successful bio-EIS practical implementations in science and technology, from whole-body health monitoring and sensors for vision prosthetic care to single living cell examination platforms, virus disease research, biomolecules detection, and implementation of novel biomaterials. The present review can be used as a bio-EIS tutorial for students as well as a handbook for scientists and engineers because of the extensive references covering the contemporary research papers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil D Stupin
- Alferov University, 8/3 Khlopina Street, Saint Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Kuzina
- Alferov University, 8/3 Khlopina Street, Saint Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - Anna A Abelit
- Alferov University, 8/3 Khlopina Street, Saint Petersburg 194021, Russia.,Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia
| | - Anton K Emelyanov
- Alferov University, 8/3 Khlopina Street, Saint Petersburg 194021, Russia.,Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, L'va Tolstogo Street. 6-8, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Dmitrii M Nikolaev
- Alferov University, 8/3 Khlopina Street, Saint Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - Mikhail N Ryazantsev
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii pr, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Sergei V Koniakhin
- Alferov University, 8/3 Khlopina Street, Saint Petersburg 194021, Russia.,Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
| | - Michael V Dubina
- Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparation of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency, Pudozhskaya 7, St. Petersburg 197110, Russia
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Das Mukhopadhyay C, Sharma P, Sinha K, Rajarshi K. Recent trends in analytical and digital techniques for the detection of the SARS-Cov-2. Biophys Chem 2021; 270:106538. [PMID: 33418105 PMCID: PMC7768211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current global outbreak of COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2 is an unprecedented humanitarian crisis. Considering the gravity of its impact there is an immediate need to develop a detection technique that is sensitive, specific, fast, and affordable for the clinical diagnosis of the disease. Real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)-based detection platforms are contemplated to be the gold standard to detect viral RNA. However, that may be susceptible to errors, and there is a risk of obtaining false results, which ultimately compromises the strategy of efficient disease management. Several modern techniques exhibiting assured results with enhanced sensitivity and specificity against the SARS-CoV-2 associated viral components or immune response against it have been developed and may be implemented. The review deals with the conventional RT-PCR detection techniques and compares them to other detection platforms viz., biosensor based detection of antigens, fluorescent or colorimetric detection systems including CRISPR-Cas 13 based SHERLOCK kit, CRISPR Cas-9 based FELUDA test kit, CRISPR DETECTR kit, Next Generation Sequencing or microarray-based kits. These modern techniques are great as a point of care detection methods but should be followed by RT PCR based detection for the confirmation of COVID-19 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitrangada Das Mukhopadhyay
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST), Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal 711103, India.
| | - Pramita Sharma
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST), Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal 711103, India
| | - Koel Sinha
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST), Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal 711103, India
| | - Keshav Rajarshi
- School of Community Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST), Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal 711103, India
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Ghassemi P, Harris KS, Ren X, Foster BM, Langefeld CD, Kerr BA, Agah M. Comparative Study of Prostate Cancer Biophysical and Migratory Characteristics via Iterative Mechanoelectrical Properties (iMEP) and Standard Migration Assays. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2020; 321:128522. [PMID: 32863589 PMCID: PMC7455013 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2020.128522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This study reveals a new microfluidic biosensor consisting of a multi-constriction microfluidic device with embedded electrodes for measuring the biophysical attributes of single cells. The biosensing platform called the iterative mechano-electrical properties (iMEP) analyzer captures electronic records of biomechanical and bioelectrical properties of cells. The iMEP assay is used in conjunction with standard migration assays, such as chemotaxis-based Boyden chamber and scratch wound healing assays, to evaluate the migratory behavior and biophysical properties of prostate cancer cells. The three cell lines evaluated in the study each represent a stage in the standard progression of prostate cancer, while the fourth cell line serves as a normal/healthy counterpart. Neither the scratch assay nor the chemotaxis assay could fully differentiate the four cell lines. Furthermore, there was not a direct correlation between wound healing rate or the migratory rate with the cells' metastatic potential. However, the iMEP assay, through its multiparametric dataset, could distinguish between all four cell line populations with p-value < 0.05. Further studies are needed to determine if iMEP signatures can be used for a wider range of human cells to assess the tumorigenicity of a cell population or the metastatic potential of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Ghassemi
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Koran S. Harris
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Xiang Ren
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Brittni M. Foster
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Carl D. Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, United States
| | - Bethany A. Kerr
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Masoud Agah
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Khan M, Hasan M, Hossain S, Ahommed M, Daizy M. Ultrasensitive detection of pathogenic viruses with electrochemical biosensor: State of the art. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 166:112431. [PMID: 32862842 PMCID: PMC7363606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Last few decades, viruses are a real menace to human safety. Therefore, the rapid identification of viruses should be one of the best ways to prevent an outbreak and important implications for medical healthcare. The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus which belongs to the single-stranded, positive-strand RNA viruses. The pandemic dimension spread of COVID-19 poses a severe threat to the health and lives of seven billion people worldwide. There is a growing urgency worldwide to establish a point-of-care device for the rapid detection of COVID-19 to prevent subsequent secondary spread. Therefore, the need for sensitive, selective, and rapid diagnostic devices plays a vital role in selecting appropriate treatments and to prevent the epidemics. During the last decade, electrochemical biosensors have emerged as reliable analytical devices and represent a new promising tool for the detection of different pathogenic viruses. This review summarizes the state of the art of different virus detection with currently available electrochemical detection methods. Moreover, this review discusses different fabrication techniques, detection principles, and applications of various virus biosensors. Future research also looks at the use of electrochemical biosensors regarding a potential detection kit for the rapid identification of the COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.Z.H. Khan
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh,Laboratory of Nano-bio and Advanced Materials Engineering (NAME), Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh,Corresponding author. Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh.
| | - M.R. Hasan
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh,Institute of Nanoscience of Aragon, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain
| | - S.I. Hossain
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4 – 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M.S. Ahommed
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - M. Daizy
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh,Laboratory of Nano-bio and Advanced Materials Engineering (NAME), Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
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8
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Ghassemi P, Ren X, Foster BM, Kerr BA, Agah M. Post-enrichment circulating tumor cell detection and enumeration via deformability impedance cytometry. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 150:111868. [PMID: 31767345 PMCID: PMC6957725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood can provide valuable information when detecting, diagnosing, and monitoring cancer. This paper describes a system that consists of a constriction-based microfluidic sensor with embedded electrodes that can detect and enumerate cancer cells in blood. The biosensor measures impedance in terms of magnitude and phase at multiple frequencies as cells transit through the constriction channel. Cancer cells deform as they move through while blood cells remain intact, thus generating differential impedance profiles that can be used for detecting and counting CTCs. Two versions of this device are reported, one where the electrodes are embedded into the disposable microfluidic channel, and the other in which the disposable chip is externally fixed to a reusable substrate housing the electrodes. Both configurations were tested by spiking breast or prostate cancer cells into murine blood, and both detected all tumor cells passing through the narrow channels while being able to differentiate between the two cell lines. The chip in its current format has a throughput of 1 μL/min. While the throughput is scalable by integrating more constriction channels in parallel, the presented assay is intended for post-enrichment label-free enumeration and characterization of CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Ghassemi
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States.
| | - Xiang Ren
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States.
| | - Brittni M Foster
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, United States.
| | - Bethany A Kerr
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, United States.
| | - Masoud Agah
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States.
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Nahid MA, Campbell CE, Fong KSK, Barnhill JC, Washington MA. An evaluation of the impact of clinical bacterial isolates on epithelial cell monolayer integrity by the electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) method. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 169:105833. [PMID: 31904440 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Virulence is the relative capacity of a pathogenic microorganism to cause damage in susceptible host cells such as those found in airway passages and the gut. In this study, the effect of clinical bacterial isolates on the monolayer integrity of cultured human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) was evaluated using the Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) system. ECIS is a morphological biosensor which records electrical properties of cell-covered microelectrodes in an AC circuit including impedance (ohm), resistance (ohm), and capacitance (μFarad). In the current study, fluctuations in the electrical properties of cell-covered microelectrodes reflect dynamic changes in cell morphology resulting from disrupted cell monolayers following exposure to bacteria. Using the ECIS system, real-time changes of cell morphology and disruption of monolayer integrity of cell-cultures in vitro were revealed for A549 cells infected with either Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ESBL Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), or Enterococcus (VRE). We determined empirically that the optimal signal response was obtained for resistance (ohm) measurements at 4000 hertz. Following infection of A549 cells, the data revealed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa resulted in little change in microelectrode resistance (ohm @4 kHz) as compared to pathogen-free controls within the first 12 h. In contrast, E. coli, MRSA, and VRE caused significant changes in electrode resistance (ohm @4 kHz) values in the infected cells compared to controls over the first 5 h. Resistance (ohm @4 kHz) changes were also observed in cell monolayers infected with different bacterial concentrations for all isolates over 24 h. The highest concentration of bacteria caused the measured resistance (ohm @4 kHz) to drop faster than its' immediate lower concentration, suggesting a dose-dependent effect. Compared to live bacteria, cells exposed to heat-killed bacteria did not show significant changes in resistance (ohm @4 kHz) over 48 h post-exposure. Functionally, cytokine responses were different between cells treated with live and heat-killed bacteria. Of note, live bacteria induced IFNγ, IL-13, and IL-1β production in A549 cells, whereas heat-killed bacteria induced IL-8 production suggesting a differential interaction with cells that could reveal the underlying causes of resistance (ohm @4 kHz) changes. Our findings indicate that ECIS provides a means to quantify, automate, and measure bacterial virulence, which may have broader implications governing the course of treatment compared to traditional methods alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md A Nahid
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX, United States.
| | - Carmen E Campbell
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Keith S K Fong
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Jason C Barnhill
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Michael A Washington
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
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10
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Zhou W, Graham K, Lucendo-Villarin B, Flint O, Hay DC, Bagnaninchi P. Combining stem cell-derived hepatocytes with impedance sensing to better predict human drug toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 15:77-83. [PMID: 30572740 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1558208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background: The liver plays a central role in human drug metabolism. To model drug metabolism, the major cell type of the liver, the hepatocyte, is commonly used. Hepatocytes can be derived from human and animal sources, including pluripotent stem cells. Cell-based models have shown promise in modeling human drug exposure. The assays used in those studies are normally 'snap-shot' in nature, and do not provide the complete picture of human drug exposure. Research design and methods: In this study, we employ stem cell-derived hepatocytes and impedance sensing to model human drug toxicity. This impedance-based stem cell assay reports hepatotoxicity in real time after treatment with compounds provided by industry. Results: Using electric cell-substrate impedance Sensing (ECIS), we were able to accurately measure drug toxicity post-drug exposure in real time and more quickly than gold standard biochemical assays. Conclusions: ECIS is robust and non-destructive methodology capable of monitoring human drug exposure with superior performance to current gold standard 'snapshot' assays. We believe that the methodology presented within this article could prove valuable in the quest to better predict off-target effects of drugs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zhou
- a Department of Medical Oncology , Changzheng Hospital, Navy medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Karen Graham
- b MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Baltasar Lucendo-Villarin
- b MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Oliver Flint
- b MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - David C Hay
- b MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Pierre Bagnaninchi
- b MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
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11
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Reiman JM, Das B, Sindberg GM, Urban MD, Hammerlund MEM, Lee HB, Spring KM, Lyman-Gingerich J, Generous AR, Koep TH, Ewing K, Lilja P, Enders FT, Ekker SC, Huskins WC, Fadel HJ, Pierret C. Humidity as a non-pharmaceutical intervention for influenza A. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204337. [PMID: 30252890 PMCID: PMC6155525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a global problem infecting 5–10% of adults and 20–30% of children annually. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are attractive approaches to complement vaccination in the prevention and reduction of influenza. Strong cyclical reduction of absolute humidity has been associated with influenza outbreaks in temperate climates. This study tested the hypothesis that raising absolute humidity above seasonal lows would impact influenza virus survival and transmission in a key source of influenza virus distribution, a community school. Air samples and objects handled by students (e.g. blocks and markers) were collected from preschool classrooms. All samples were processed and PCR used to determine the presence of influenza virus and its amount. Additionally samples were tested for their ability to infect cells in cultures. We observed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the total number of influenza A virus positive samples (air and fomite) and viral genome copies upon humidification as compared to control rooms. This suggests the future potential of artificial humidification as a possible strategy to control influenza outbreaks in temperate climates. There were 2.3 times as many ILI cases in the control rooms compared to the humidified rooms, and whether there is a causal relationship, and its direction between the number of cases and levels of influenza virus in the rooms is not known. Additional research is required, but this is the first prospective study suggesting that exogenous humidification could serve as a scalable NPI for influenza or other viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Reiman
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Biswadeep Das
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Gregory M. Sindberg
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Urban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Madeleine E. M. Hammerlund
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Han B. Lee
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Katie M. Spring
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jamie Lyman-Gingerich
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin- Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alex R. Generous
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Tyler H. Koep
- Department of Biology Teaching and Learning, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kevin Ewing
- Aldrich Memorial Nursery School, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Phil Lilja
- DriSteem, Eden Prairie, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Felicity T. Enders
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. Ekker
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - W. Charles Huskins
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hind J. Fadel
- Department of Infectious Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chris Pierret
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Hong HJ, Koom WS, Koh WG. Cell Microarray Technologies for High-Throughput Cell-Based Biosensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E1293. [PMID: 28587242 PMCID: PMC5492771 DOI: 10.3390/s17061293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to the recent demand for high-throughput cellular assays, a lot of efforts have been made on miniaturization of cell-based biosensors by preparing cell microarrays. Various microfabrication technologies have been used to generate cell microarrays, where cells of different phenotypes are immobilized either on a flat substrate (positional array) or on particles (solution or suspension array) to achieve multiplexed and high-throughput cell-based biosensing. After introducing the fabrication methods for preparation of the positional and suspension cell microarrays, this review discusses the applications of the cell microarray including toxicology, drug discovery and detection of toxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
| | - Woong Sub Koom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
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13
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Évora A, de Freitas V, Mateus N, Fernandes I. The effect of anthocyanins from red wine and blackberry on the integrity of a keratinocyte model using ECIS. Food Funct 2017; 8:3989-3998. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01239j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins enhanced the healing rate of keratinocyte cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Évora
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- Porto
| | - Victor de Freitas
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- Porto
| | - Nuno Mateus
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- Porto
| | - Iva Fernandes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- Porto
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14
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Koo Y, Yun Y. Effects of polydeoxyribonucleotides (PDRN) on wound healing: Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS). MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 69:554-60. [PMID: 27612747 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polydeoxyribonucleotides (PDRN) have been explored as an effective treatment for tissue repair in peripheral artery occlusive disease, diabetic foot ulcers, and eye lotion. We report on the effect of polydeoxyribonucleotides (PDRN) on wound healing by using the electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) system and viability testing. Human osteoblasts (U2OS) and primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) were used to study the effect of PDRN on migration and proliferation. ECIS allowed the creation of a wound by applying high current, and then monitoring the healing process by measuring impedance in real time. The traditional culture-insert gap-closure migration assay was performed and compared with the ECIS wound assay. PDRN-treated U2OS and HDF cells affected cell motilities to wounding site. Viability test results show that HDF and U2OS proliferation depended on PDRN concentration. Based on the results, a PDRN compound can be useful in wound healing associated with bone and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmi Koo
- FIT BEST Laboratory, Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bio Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; NSF Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Yeoheung Yun
- FIT BEST Laboratory, Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bio Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; NSF Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA.
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15
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Tran TB, Baek C, Min J. Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) with Microelectrode Arrays for Investigation of Cancer Cell-Fibroblasts Interaction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153813. [PMID: 27088611 PMCID: PMC4835071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment, including stromal cells, surrounding blood vessels and extracellular matrix components, has been defined as a crucial factor that influences the proliferation, drug-resistance, invasion and metastasis of malignant epithelial cells. Among other factors, the communications and interaction between cancer cells and stromal cells have been reported to play pivotal roles in cancer promotion and progression. To investigate these relationships, an on-chip co-culture model was developed to study the cellular interaction between A549—human lung carcinoma cells and MRC-5—human lung epithelial cells in both normal proliferation and treatment conditions. In brief, a co-culture device consisting of 2 individual fluidic chambers in parallel, which were separated by a 100 μm fence was utilized for cell patterning. Microelectrodes arrays were installed within each chamber including electrodes at various distances away from the confrontation line for the electrochemical impedimetric sensing assessment of cell-to-cell influence. After the fence was removed and cell-to-cell contact occurred, by evaluating the impedance signal responses representing cell condition and behavior, both direct and indirect cell-to-cell interactions through conditioned media were investigated. The impact of specific distances that lead to different influences of fibroblast cells on cancer cells in the co-culture environment was also defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trong Binh Tran
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyoon Baek
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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16
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Xu Y, Xie X, Duan Y, Wang L, Cheng Z, Cheng J. A review of impedance measurements of whole cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 77:824-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Online Measurement of Real-Time Cytotoxic Responses Induced by Multi-Component Matrices, such as Natural Products, through Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS). Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27044-57. [PMID: 26569236 PMCID: PMC4661872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products are complex matrices of compounds that are prone to interfere with the label-dependent methods that are typically used for cytotoxicity screenings. Here, we developed a label-free Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS)-based cytotoxicity assay that can be applied in the assessment of the cytotoxicity of natural extracts. The conditions to measure the impedance using ECIS were first optimized in mice immortalized hypothalamic neurons GT1-7 cells. The performance of four natural extracts when tested using three conventional cytotoxicity assays in GT1-7 cells, was studied. Betula pendula (silver birch tree) was found to interfere with all of the cytotoxicity assays in which labels were applied. The silver birch extract was also proven to be cytotoxic and, thus, served as a proof-of-concept for the use of ECIS. The extract was fractionated and the ECIS method permitted the distinction of specific kinetic patterns of cytotoxicity on the fractions as well as the extract’s pure constituents. This study offers evidence that ECIS is an excellent tool for real-time monitoring of the cytotoxicity of complex extracts that are difficult to work with using conventional (label-based) assays. Altogether, it offers a very suitable cytotoxicity-screening assay making the work with natural products less challenging within the drug discovery workflow.
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18
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Cheng MS, Lau SH, Chan KP, Toh CS, Chow VT. Impedimetric cell-based biosensor for real-time monitoring of cytopathic effects induced by dengue viruses. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 70:74-80. [PMID: 25794961 PMCID: PMC7126431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe an impedimetric cell-based biosensor constructed from poly-l-lysine (PLL)-modified screen-printed carbon electrode for real-time monitoring of dengue virus (DENV) infection of surface-immobilized baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) fibroblast cells. Cytopathic effects (CPE) induced by DENV-2 New Guinea C strain (including degenerative morphological changes, detachment, membrane degradation and death of host cells), were reflected by drastic decrease in impedance signal response detected as early as ~30 hours post-infection (hpi). In contrast, distinct CPE by conventional microscopy was evident only at ~72 hpi at the corresponding multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. A parameter that describes the kinetics of cytopathogenesis, CIT50, which refers to the time taken for 50% reduction in impedance signal response, revealed an inverse linear relationship with virus titer and MOI. CIT50 values were also delayed by 31.5 h for each order of magnitude decrease in MOI. Therefore, based on the analysis of CIT50, the virus titer of a given sample can be determined from the measured impedance signal response. Furthermore, consistent impedance results were also obtained with clinical isolates of the four DENV serotypes verified by RT-PCR and cycle sequencing. This impedimetric cell-based biosensor represents a label-free and continuous approach for the dynamic measurement of cellular responses toward DENV infection, and for detecting the presence of infectious viral particles. Impedimetric cell-based biosensor detected negligible changes in cell morphology and adhesion caused by dengue virus infection. Dengue viral-induced cytopathic effects could be detected within ~30 hours post-infection. Virus titers may be estimated based on impedance signal responses. Advantages include non-invasive label-free measurement, reduced diagnosis time, and identification of infectious viruses. Potentially useful application for the analysis of clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Soon Cheng
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Suk Hiang Lau
- Host and Pathogen Interactivity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 5 Science Drive 2, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Kwai Peng Chan
- Virology Section, Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore
| | - Chee-Seng Toh
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Vincent T Chow
- Host and Pathogen Interactivity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 5 Science Drive 2, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore.
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19
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Ramasamy S, Bennet D, Kim S. Drug and bioactive molecule screening based on a bioelectrical impedance cell culture platform. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:5789-809. [PMID: 25525360 PMCID: PMC4266242 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s71128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This review will present a brief discussion on the recent advancements of bioelectrical impedance cell-based biosensors, especially the electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) system for screening of various bioactive molecules. The different technical integrations of various chip types, working principles, measurement systems, and applications for drug targeting of molecules in cells are highlighted in this paper. Screening of bioactive molecules based on electric cell-substrate impedance sensing is a trial-and-error process toward the development of therapeutically active agents for drug discovery and therapeutics. In general, bioactive molecule screening can be used to identify active molecular targets for various diseases and toxicity at the cellular level with nanoscale resolution. In the innovation and screening of new drugs or bioactive molecules, the activeness, the efficacy of the compound, and safety in biological systems are the main concerns on which determination of drug candidates is based. Further, drug discovery and screening of compounds are often performed in cell-based test systems in order to reduce costs and save time. Moreover, this system can provide more relevant results in in vivo studies, as well as high-throughput drug screening for various diseases during the early stages of drug discovery. Recently, MEMS technologies and integration with image detection techniques have been employed successfully. These new technologies and their possible ongoing transformations are addressed. Select reports are outlined, and not all the work that has been performed in the field of drug screening and development is covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Ramasamy
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Devasier Bennet
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyo Kim
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea ; Graduate Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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20
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Shah P, Zhu X, Chen C, Hu Y, Li CZ. Lab-on-chip device for single cell trapping and analysis. Biomed Microdevices 2014; 16:35-41. [PMID: 23948962 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-013-9803-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Traditional cell assay gives us an average result of multiple cells and it is assumed that the resultant is the outcome of all cells in population. However, single cell studies have revealed that individual cells of same type may differ dramatically and these differences may have important role to play in cells functionality. Such information can be obscured in only studying cell population experimental approach. To uncover biological principles and ultimately to improve the detection and treatment of disease, new approaches are highly required to single cell analysis. We propose to fabricate a lab on chip device to study high throughput single cell nanotoxicity analysis. The chip incorporates independently addressable active microwell electrodes for cell manipulation and analysis. We employed positive-dielectrophoresis approach to quickly and efficiently capture single cells in each wells with having control over individual microwells. We examined change in impedance properties to verify cell capture in microwell and its health and present a novel model of single cell assay for nanotoxicity, and drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratikkumar Shah
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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21
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Pradhan R, Rajput S, Mandal M, Mitra A, Das S. Frequency dependent impedimetric cytotoxic evaluation of anticancer drug on breast cancer cell. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 55:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Birarda G, Bedolla DE, Mitri E, Pacor S, Grenci G, Vaccari L. Apoptotic pathways of U937 leukemic monocytes investigated by infrared microspectroscopy and flow cytometry. Analyst 2014; 139:3097-106. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00317a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infrared microspectroscopy and flow cytometry were used to study apoptosis in starved and CCCP-treated U937 monocyte cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Birarda
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste
- SISSI Beamline
- Trieste, Italy
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley, USA
| | | | - Elisa Mitri
- Università degli studi di Trieste
- Trieste, Italy
- CNR-IOM
- TASC Laboratory
- 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Grenci
- CNR-IOM
- TASC Laboratory
- 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI)
- National University of Singapore
| | - Lisa Vaccari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste
- SISSI Beamline
- Trieste, Italy
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23
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Poenar DP, Iliescu C, Boulaire J, Yu H. Label-free virus identification and characterization using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:433-40. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Poenar
- Novitas, Nanoelectronics Centre of Excellence; School of Electrical and Electronical Engineering; Nanyang Technological University (NTU); Singapore
| | - Ciprian Iliescu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (IBN); Singapore
| | - Jérôme Boulaire
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (IBN); Singapore
| | - Hanry Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (IBN); Singapore
- Department of Physiology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology; Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute; National University of Singapore; Singapore
- Department of Biological Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA USA
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24
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Tran TB, Cho S, Min J. Hydrogel-based diffusion chip with Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) integration for cell viability assay and drug toxicity screening. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 50:453-9. [PMID: 23911660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have provided a novel analytical integration between hydrogel-based cell chip and Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) technique to apply to a high-throughput, real-time cell viability assay and drug screening. For simulating the drug diffusion model, we have developed a hydrogel-based tissue-mimicking structure with microfluidic channel, without unwanted flow, to generate a gradient concentration with long-term stability. Along the gradient line, four individual micro-electrodes were installed to record the impedance signal changes, which result from the cell viability under drug effects. By watching for cellular impedance changes, we successfully estimated the cytotoxicity of the treatment corresponding to the various concentration values of stimuli, generated by the diffusion process along the channel. Reliable IC50 values and time-dose relationships were also achieved. With the feature of real-time monitoring capability, the advantages of non-invasion, label-free detection, time saving and simple manipulation, our integrative device has become a promising high throughput cell-based on-chip platform for cell viability assay and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trong Binh Tran
- Nano-Bio Energy Department, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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25
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Alexander FA, Celestin M, Price DT, Nanjundan M, Bhansali S. Design and validation of a multi-electrode bioimpedance system for enhancing spatial resolution of cellular impedance studies. Analyst 2013; 138:3728-34. [PMID: 23689543 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00176h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the design and evaluation of a multi-electrode design that improves upon the statistical significance and spatial resolution of cellular impedance data measured using commercial electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) systems. By evaluating cellular impedance using eight independent sensing electrodes, position-dependent impedance measurements can be recorded across the device and compare commonly used equivalent circuit and mathematical models for extraction of cell parameters. Data from the 8-electrode device was compared to data taken from commercial electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) system by deriving a relationship between equivalent circuit and mathematically modelled parameters. The impedance systems were evaluated and compared by investigating the effects of arsenic trioxide (As2O3), a well-established chemotherapeutic agent, on ovarian cancer cells. Impedance spectroscopy, a non-destructive, label-free technique, was used to continuously measure the frequency-dependent cellular properties, without adversely affecting the cells. The importance of multiple measurements within a cell culture was demonstrated; and the data illustrated that the non-uniform response of cells within a culture required redundant measurements in order to obtain statistically significant data, especially for drug discovery applications. Also, a correlation between equivalent circuit modelling and mathematically modelled parameters was derived, allowing data to be compared across different modelling techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Alexander
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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26
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Cheng MS, Toh CS. Novel biosensing methodologies for ultrasensitive detection of viruses. Analyst 2013; 138:6219-29. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01394d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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27
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Cell-Based Biosensors: Electrical Sensing in Microfluidic Devices. Diagnostics (Basel) 2012; 2:83-96. [PMID: 26859401 PMCID: PMC4665553 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics2040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based biosensors provide new horizons for medical diagnostics by adopting complex recognition elements such as mammalian cells in microfluidic devices that are simple, cost efficient and disposable. This combination renders possible a new range of applications in the fields of diagnostics and personalized medicine. The review looks at the most recent developments in cell-based biosensing microfluidic systems with electrical and electrochemical transduction, and relevance to medical diagnostics.
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28
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Parkinson's disease: leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 and autophagy, intimate enemies. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2012; 2012:151039. [PMID: 22970411 PMCID: PMC3437299 DOI: 10.1155/2012/151039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second common neurodegenerative disorder, after Alzheimer's disease. It is a clinical syndrome characterized by loss of dopamine-generating cells in the substancia nigra, a region of the midbrain. The etiology of Parkinson's disease has long been through to involve both genetic and environmental factors. Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene cause late-onset Parkinson's disease with a clinical appearance indistinguishable from Parkinson's disease idiopathic. Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic mechanism whereby a cell recycles or degrades damage proteins and cytoplasmic organelles. This degradative process has been associated with cellular dysfunction in neurodegenerative processes including Parkinson's disease. We discuss the role of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 in autophagy, and how the deregulations of this degradative mechanism in cells can be implicated in the Parkinson's disease etiology.
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29
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Real time monitoring of the cell viability during treatment with tumor-targeted toxins and saponins using impedance measurement. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 35:503-506. [PMID: 22498641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the application of an impedance-based measurement for the real time evaluation of targeted tumor therapies in cell culture (HeLa cells). We used a treatment procedure that is well established in cells and mice. Therein, tumor cells are treated with a combination of an epidermal growth factor-based targeted toxin named SE and particular plant glycosides called saponins. In the present study HeLa cells were seeded in different numbers onto interdigitated electrode structures integrated into the bottom of a 96 well plate. The cells were treated with SE in the presence and absence of the saponin SpnS-1 (isolated from Saponaria officinalis roots). The impedance was directly correlated with the viability of the cells. As expected from known end point measurements, a concentration dependent enhancement of toxicity was observed; however, with the impedance measurement we were for the first time able to trace the temporal changes of cell death during the combination treatment. This substantially added to the understanding of initial cellular mechanisms in the augmentation of the toxicity of targeted toxins by saponins and indicated the superiority of real time monitoring over end point assays. The method is less labor intensive and label-free with ease of monitoring the effects at each time point.
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30
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Kiilerich-Pedersen K, Poulsen CR, Jain T, Rozlosnik N. Polymer based biosensor for rapid electrochemical detection of virus infection of human cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 28:386-92. [PMID: 21840702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The demand in the field of medical diagnostics for simple, cost efficient and disposable devices is growing. Here, we present a label free, all-polymer electrochemical biosensor for detection of acute viral disease. The dynamics of a viral infection in human cell culture was investigated in a micro fluidic system on conductive polymer PEDOT:TsO microelectrodes by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and video time lapse microscopy. Employing this sensitive, real time electrochemical technique, we could measure the immediate cell response to cytomegalovirus, and detect an infection within 3h, which is several hours before the cytopathic effect is apparent with conventional imaging techniques. Atomic force microscopy and scanning ion conductance microscopy imaging consolidate the electrochemical measurements by demonstrating early virus induced changes in cell morphology of apparent programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Kiilerich-Pedersen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Oersteds Plads 345 East, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Phillips T, Jenkinson L, McCrae C, Thong B, Unitt J. Development of a high-throughput human rhinovirus infectivity cell-based assay for identifying antiviral compounds. J Virol Methods 2011; 173:182-8. [PMID: 21300110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations are associated with human rhinovirus (HRV) lung infections for which there are no current effective antiviral therapies. To date, HRV infectivity of cells in vitro has been measured by a variety of biochemical and immunological methods. This paper describes the development of a high-throughput HRV infectivity assay using HeLa OHIO cells and a chemiluminescent-based ATP cell viability system, CellTiter-Glo from Promega, to measure HRV-induced cytopathic effect (CPE). This CellTiter-Glo assay was validated with standard antiviral agents and employed to screen AstraZeneca compounds for potential antiviral activity. Compound potency values in this assay correlated well with the quantitative RT-PCR assay measuring HRV infectivity and replication in human primary airway epithelial cells. In order to improve pan-HRV screening capability, compound potency was also measured in the CellTiter-Glo assay with a combination of 3 different HRV serotypes. This HRV serotype combination assay could be used to identify quickly compounds with desirable broad spectrum antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Phillips
- Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, Bakewell Road, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, United Kingdom.
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A cell-based impedance assay for monitoring transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:2376-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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33
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Studies on neuronal differentiation and signalling processes with a novel impedimetric biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:1407-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Xu S, Sharma H, Mutharasan R. Sensitive and selective detection of mycoplasma in cell culture samples using cantilever sensors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 105:1069-77. [PMID: 20014143 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this article we report a new biosensor-based method that is more sensitive and rapid than the current approach for detecting mycoplasma in cell culture samples. Piezoelectric-excited millimeter-sized cantilever (PEMC) sensors respond to mass change via resonant frequency change. They are sensitive at femtogram level and can be used directly in liquid for label-free detection. Common cell culture contaminant, Acholeplasma laidlawii was detected in both buffer and cell culture medium. Two different sources (positive control from a commercial kit and ATCC 23206) were analyzed using antibody-immobilized PEMC sensor. Resonant frequency decrease caused by binding of A. laidlawii was monitored in real-time using an impedance analyzer. Positive detection was confirmed by a second antibody binding. The limit of detection (LOD) was lower than 10(3) CFU/mL in cell culture medium using PEMC sensor while parallel ELISA assays showed LOD as 10(7) CFU/mL. This study shows that PEMC sensor can be used for sensitive and rapid mycoplasma detection in cell culture samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Banerjee P, Franz B, Bhunia AK. Mammalian cell-based sensor system. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 117:21-55. [PMID: 20091291 DOI: 10.1007/10_2009_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Use of living cells or cellular components in biosensors is receiving increased attention and opens a whole new area of functional diagnostics. The term "mammalian cell-based biosensor" is designated to biosensors utilizing mammalian cells as the biorecognition element. Cell-based assays, such as high-throughput screening (HTS) or cytotoxicity testing, have already emerged as dependable and promising approaches to measure the functionality or toxicity of a compound (in case of HTS); or to probe the presence of pathogenic or toxigenic entities in clinical, environmental, or food samples. External stimuli or changes in cellular microenvironment sometimes perturb the "normal" physiological activities of mammalian cells, thus allowing CBBs to screen, monitor, and measure the analyte-induced changes. The advantage of CBBs is that they can report the presence or absence of active components, such as live pathogens or active toxins. In some cases, mammalian cells or plasma membranes are used as electrical capacitors and cell-cell and cell-substrate contact is measured via conductivity or electrical impedance. In addition, cytopathogenicity or cytotoxicity induced by pathogens or toxins resulting in apoptosis or necrosis could be measured via optical devices using fluorescence or luminescence. This chapter focuses mainly on the type and applications of different mammalian cell-based sensor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Banerjee
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Department of Food & Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL, 35762, USA
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Yun YH, Bhattacharya A, Watts NB, Schulz MJ. A label-free electronic biosensor for detection of bone turnover markers. SENSORS 2009; 9:7957-69. [PMID: 22408488 PMCID: PMC3292091 DOI: 10.3390/s91007957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of a biosensor based on label-free immunosensing for the detection of the C-terminal telopeptide bone turnover marker from type-1 collagen. A self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of dithiodipropionic acid was deposited on a gold electrode. Then streptavidin and biotinylated anti-human C-terminal telopeptide antibody were successively conjugated on the self-assembled monolayer. Electrochemical impedance measurements were made to characterize each step of the SAM/streptavidin/biotinylated antibody binding. Subsequently, electrochemical impedance was measured with different concentrations of C-teminal telopeptide. A detection limit of 50 ng/mL and a dynamic range up to 3 μg/mL were achieved. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to develop a label-free immunosensor based on electrochemical impedance with DC bias for detection of bone-related degradation and rebuilding products. The electronic biosensor might eventually be used for quantitative point-of-care screening of bone health. It is hoped that analysis of bone turnover markers can indicate the beginning of bone diseases such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis so that treatment might start early when it is most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeo-Heung Yun
- Nanoworld and Smart Materials and Devices Laboratory, College of Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-513-556-2060; Fax: +1-513-556-3390
| | - Amit Bhattacharya
- Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Nelson B. Watts
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Bone Health and Osteoporosis Center, 222, Piedmont Avenue, Suite 6300, Cincinnati, OH 45219; E-Mail:
| | - Mark J. Schulz
- Nanoworld and Smart Materials and Devices Laboratory, College of Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; E-Mail:
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Distinguishing between apoptosis and necrosis using a capacitance sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:2586-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Banerjee P, Bhunia AK. Mammalian cell-based biosensors for pathogens and toxins. Trends Biotechnol 2009; 27:179-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ahmad A, Moore EJ. Comparison of Cell-Based Biosensors with Traditional Analytical Techniques for Cytotoxicity Monitoring and Screening of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Environment. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802564852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Impedance studies of bio-behavior and chemosensitivity of cancer cells by micro-electrode arrays. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:1305-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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Engineering of the membrane of fibroblast cells with virus-specific antibodies: A novel biosensor tool for virus detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 24:1033-6. [PMID: 18693110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel concept for the assay of viral antigens is described. The methodological approach is based on a membrane-engineering process involving the electroinsertion of virus-specific antibodies in the membranes of fibroblast cells. As a representative example, Vero fibroblasts were engineered with antibodies against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and used for the construction of an ultra-sensitive miniature cell biosensor system. The attachment of a homologous virus triggered specific changes to the cell membrane potential that were measured by appropriate microelectrodes, according to the principle of the bioelectric recognition assay (BERA). No change in the membrane potential was observed upon cell contact with the heterologous cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV). Fluorescence microscopy observations showed that attachment of CMV particles to membrane-engineered cells was associated with membrane hyperpolarization and increased [Ca(2+)](cyt). In an additional field-based application, we were able to detect CMV-infected tobacco plants at an essentially 100% level of accuracy.
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42
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Bao N, Wang J, Lu C. Recent advances in electric analysis of cells in microfluidic systems. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:933-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1899-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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43
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Rapid bioanalysis with chemical sensors: novel strategies for devices and artificial recognition membranes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1629-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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