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Gargalionis AN, Papavassiliou KA, Papavassiliou AG. Mechanotransduction Circuits in Human Pathobiology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3816. [PMID: 38612628 PMCID: PMC11011732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that mechanical forces exerted throughout the human body are critical for cellular and tissue homeostasis [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios N. Gargalionis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas A. Papavassiliou
- ‘Sotiria’ Hospital, Medical School, First University Department of Respiratory Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Bi M, Yang K, Yu T, Wu G, Li Q. Cell-based mechanisms and strategies of co-culture system both in vivo and vitro for bone tissue engineering. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115907. [PMID: 37984308 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of a functional vascular supply has been identified as a major challenge limiting the clinical introduction of stem cell-based bone tissue engineering (BTE) for the repair of large-volume bone defects (LVBD). Various approaches have been explored to improve the vascular supply in tissue-engineered constructs, and the development of strategies that could effectively induce the establishment of a functional vascular supply has become a major goal of BTE research. One of the state-of-the-art methods is to incorporate both angiogenic and osteogenic cells in co-culture systems. This review clarifies the key concepts involved, summarises the cell types and models used to date, and systematically evaluates their performance. We also discuss the cell-to-cell communication between these two cell types and the strategies explored in BTE constructs with angiogenic and osteogenic cells to optimise their functions. In addition, we outline unresolved issues and remaining obstacles that need to be overcome for further development in this field and eventual successful repair of LVBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengning Bi
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China; Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiwen Yang
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China; Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology &Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam Movement Science (AMS), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China.
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Bourne LE, Hesketh A, Sharma A, Bucca G, Bush PG, Staines KA. The effects of physiological and injurious hydrostatic pressure on murine ex vivo articular and growth plate cartilage explants: an RNAseq study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1278596. [PMID: 38144567 PMCID: PMC10740163 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1278596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chondrocytes are continuously exposed to loads placed upon them. Physiological loads are pivotal to the maintenance of articular cartilage health, while abnormal loads contribute to pathological joint degradation. Similarly, the growth plate cartilage is subject to various loads during growth and development. Due to the high-water content of cartilage, hydrostatic pressure is considered one of the main biomechanical influencers on chondrocytes and has been shown to play an important role in the mechano-regulation of cartilage. Methods Herein, we conducted RNAseq analysis of ex vivo hip cap (articular), and metatarsal (growth plate) cartilage cultures subjected to physiological (5 MPa) and injurious (50 MPa) hydrostatic pressure, using the Illumina platform (n = 4 replicates). Results Several hundreds of genes were shown to be differentially modulated by hydrostatic pressure, with the majority of these changes evidenced in hip cap cartilage cultures (375 significantly upregulated and 322 downregulated in 5 MPa versus control; 1022 upregulated and 724 downregulated in 50 MPa versus control). Conversely, fewer genes were differentially affected by hydrostatic pressure in the metatarsal cultures (5 significantly upregulated and 23 downregulated in 5 MPa versus control; 7 significantly upregulated and 19 downregulated in 50 MPa versus control). Using Gene Ontology annotations for Biological Processes, in the hip cap data we identified a number of pathways that were modulated by both physiological and injurious hydrostatic pressure. Pathways upregulated in response to 50 MPa versus control, included those involved in the generation of precursor metabolites and cellular respiration. Biological processes that were downregulated in this tissue included ossification, connective tissue development, and chondrocyte differentiation. Discussion Collectively our data highlights the divergent chondrocyte phenotypes in articular and growth plate cartilage. Further, we show that the magnitude of hydrostatic pressure application has distinct effects on gene expression and biological processes in hip cap cartilage explants. Finally, we identified differential expression of a number of genes that have previously been identified as osteoarthritis risk genes, including Ctsk, and Chadl. Together these data may provide potential genetic targets for future investigations in osteoarthritis research and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie E. Bourne
- Centre for Lifelong Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hesketh
- Centre for Lifelong Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Aikta Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giselda Bucca
- Centre for Lifelong Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G. Bush
- Centre for Lifelong Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A. Staines
- Centre for Lifelong Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
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Ahmed S, Rogers AV, Nowlan NC. Mechanical loading due to muscle movement regulates establishment of the collagen network in the developing murine skeleton. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:231023. [PMID: 37859832 PMCID: PMC10582611 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical loading is critical for collagen network maintenance and remodelling in adult skeletal tissues, but the role of loading in collagen network formation during development is poorly understood. We test the hypothesis that mechanical loading is necessary for the onset and maturation of spatial localization and structure of collagens in prenatal cartilage and bone, using in vivo and in vitro mouse models of altered loading. The majority of collagens studied was aberrant in structure or localization, or both, when skeletal muscle was absent in vivo. Using in vitro bioreactor culture system, we demonstrate that mechanical loading directly modulates the spatial localization and structure of collagens II and X. Furthermore, we show that mechanical loading in vitro rescues aspects of the development of collagens II and X from the effects of fetal immobility. In conclusion, our findings show that mechanical loading is a critical determinant of collagen network establishment during prenatal skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Ahmed
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Niamh C. Nowlan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Chang M, Takahashi Y, Miyahira K, Omuro Y, Montagne K, Yamada R, Gondo J, Kambe Y, Yasuno M, Masumoto N, Ushida T, Furukawa KS. Simultaneous Hydrostatic and Compressive Loading System for Mimicking the Mechanical Environment of Living Cartilage Tissue. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1632. [PMID: 37630168 PMCID: PMC10456493 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
In vivo, articular cartilage tissue is surrounded by a cartilage membrane, and hydrostatic pressure (HP) and compressive strain increase simultaneously with the compressive stress. However, it has been impossible to investigate the effects of simultaneous loading in vitro. In this study, a bioreactor capable of applying compressive stress under HP was developed to reproduce ex vivo the same physical loading environment found in cartilage. First, a HP stimulation unit was constructed to apply a cyclic HP pressure-resistant chamber by controlling a pump and valve. A compression-loading mechanism that can apply compressive stress using an electromagnetic force was implemented in the chamber. The synchronization between the compression and HP units was evaluated, and the stimulation parameters were quantitatively evaluated. Physiological HP and compressive strain were applied to the chondrocytes encapsulated in alginate and gelatin gels after applying high HP at 25 MPa, which induced damage to the chondrocytes. It was found that compressive stimulation increased the expression of genes related to osteoarthritis. Furthermore, the simultaneous application of compressive strain and HP, which is similar to the physiological environment in cartilage, had an inhibitory effect on the expression of genes related to osteoarthritis. HP alone also suppressed the expression of osteoarthritis-related genes. Therefore, the simultaneous hydrostatic and compressive stress-loading device developed to simulate the mechanical environment in vivo may be an important tool for elucidating the mechanisms of disease onset and homeostasis in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minki Chang
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (M.C.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yosuke Takahashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.); (R.Y.); (J.G.); (Y.K.); (T.U.)
| | - Kyosuke Miyahira
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.); (R.Y.); (J.G.); (Y.K.); (T.U.)
| | - Yuma Omuro
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (M.C.); (Y.O.)
| | - Kevin Montagne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.); (R.Y.); (J.G.); (Y.K.); (T.U.)
| | - Ryusei Yamada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.); (R.Y.); (J.G.); (Y.K.); (T.U.)
| | - Junki Gondo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.); (R.Y.); (J.G.); (Y.K.); (T.U.)
| | - Yu Kambe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.); (R.Y.); (J.G.); (Y.K.); (T.U.)
| | - Masashi Yasuno
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Engineering, Nippon Institute of Technology, Saitama 345-8501, Japan; (M.Y.); (N.M.)
| | - Noriyasu Masumoto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Engineering, Nippon Institute of Technology, Saitama 345-8501, Japan; (M.Y.); (N.M.)
| | - Takashi Ushida
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.); (R.Y.); (J.G.); (Y.K.); (T.U.)
| | - Katsuko S. Furukawa
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (M.C.); (Y.O.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.); (R.Y.); (J.G.); (Y.K.); (T.U.)
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Di X, Gao X, Peng L, Ai J, Jin X, Qi S, Li H, Wang K, Luo D. Cellular mechanotransduction in health and diseases: from molecular mechanism to therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:282. [PMID: 37518181 PMCID: PMC10387486 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular mechanotransduction, a critical regulator of numerous biological processes, is the conversion from mechanical signals to biochemical signals regarding cell activities and metabolism. Typical mechanical cues in organisms include hydrostatic pressure, fluid shear stress, tensile force, extracellular matrix stiffness or tissue elasticity, and extracellular fluid viscosity. Mechanotransduction has been expected to trigger multiple biological processes, such as embryonic development, tissue repair and regeneration. However, prolonged excessive mechanical stimulation can result in pathological processes, such as multi-organ fibrosis, tumorigenesis, and cancer immunotherapy resistance. Although the associations between mechanical cues and normal tissue homeostasis or diseases have been identified, the regulatory mechanisms among different mechanical cues are not yet comprehensively illustrated, and no effective therapies are currently available targeting mechanical cue-related signaling. This review systematically summarizes the characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of typical mechanical cues in normal conditions and diseases with the updated evidence. The key effectors responding to mechanical stimulations are listed, such as Piezo channels, integrins, Yes-associated protein (YAP) /transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). We also reviewed the key signaling pathways, therapeutic targets and cutting-edge clinical applications of diseases related to mechanical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingpeng Di
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoshuai Gao
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Liao Peng
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong Ai
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Shiqian Qi
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Kunjie Wang
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.
| | - Deyi Luo
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.
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Khatib NS, Monsen J, Ahmed S, Huang Y, Hoey DA, Nowlan NC. Mechanoregulatory role of TRPV4 in prenatal skeletal development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade2155. [PMID: 36696489 PMCID: PMC9876556 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biophysical cues are essential for guiding skeletal development, but the mechanisms underlying the mechanical regulation of cartilage and bone formation are unknown. TRPV4 is a mechanically sensitive ion channel involved in cartilage and bone cell mechanosensing, mutations of which lead to skeletal developmental pathologies. We tested the hypothesis that loading-driven prenatal skeletal development is dependent on TRPV4 activity. We first establish that mechanically stimulating mouse embryo hindlimbs cultured ex vivo stimulates knee cartilage growth, morphogenesis, and expression of TRPV4, which localizes to areas of high biophysical stimuli. We then demonstrate that loading-driven joint cartilage growth and shape are dependent on TRPV4 activity, mediated via control of cell proliferation and matrix biosynthesis, indicating a mechanism by which mechanical loading could direct growth and morphogenesis during joint formation. We conclude that mechanoregulatory pathways initiated by TRPV4 guide skeletal development; therefore, TRPV4 is a valuable target for the development of skeletal regenerative and repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal S. Khatib
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James Monsen
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Saima Ahmed
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yuming Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David A. Hoey
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh C. Nowlan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Murphy P, Rolfe RA. Building a Co-ordinated Musculoskeletal System: The Plasticity of the Developing Skeleton in Response to Muscle Contractions. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2023; 236:81-110. [PMID: 37955772 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-38215-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The skeletal musculature and the cartilage, bone and other connective tissues of the skeleton are intimately co-ordinated. The shape, size and structure of each bone in the body is sculpted through dynamic physical stimuli generated by muscle contraction, from early development, with onset of the first embryo movements, and through repair and remodelling in later life. The importance of muscle movement during development is shown by congenital abnormalities where infants that experience reduced movement in the uterus present a sequence of skeletal issues including temporary brittle bones and joint dysplasia. A variety of animal models, utilising different immobilisation scenarios, have demonstrated the precise timing and events that are dependent on mechanical stimulation from movement. This chapter lays out the evidence for skeletal system dependence on muscle movement, gleaned largely from mouse and chick immobilised embryos, showing the many aspects of skeletal development affected. Effects are seen in joint development, ossification, the size and shape of skeletal rudiments and tendons, including compromised mechanical function. The enormous plasticity of the skeletal system in response to muscle contraction is a key factor in building a responsive, functional system. Insights from this work have implications for our understanding of morphological evolution, particularly the challenging concept of emergence of new structures. It is also providing insight for the potential of physical therapy for infants suffering the effects of reduced uterine movement and is enhancing our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in skeletal tissue differentiation, with potential for informing regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Murphy
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Rebecca A Rolfe
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Hallas J, Janvier AJ, Hoettges KF, Henstock JR. Pneumatic piston hydrostatic bioreactor for cartilage tissue engineering. INSTRUMENTATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 51:273-289. [PMID: 36998771 PMCID: PMC10041975 DOI: 10.1080/10739149.2022.2124418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
During exercise, mechanical loads from the body are transduced into interstitial fluid pressure changes which are sensed as dynamic hydrostatic forces by cells in cartilage. The effects of these loading forces in health and disease are of interest to biologists, but the availability of affordable equipment for in vitro experimentation is an obstacle to research progress. Here, we report the development of a cost-effective hydropneumatic bioreactor system for research in mechanobiology. The bioreactor was assembled from readily available components (a closed-loop stepped motor and pneumatic actuator) and a minimal number of easily-machined crankshaft parts, whilst the cell culture chambers were custom designed by the biologists using CAD and entirely 3 D printed in PLA. The bioreactor system was shown to be capable of providing cyclic pulsed pressure waves at a user-defined amplitude and frequency ranging from 0 to 400 kPa and up to 3.5 Hz, which are physiologically relevant for cartilage. Tissue engineered cartilage was created from primary human chondrocytes and cultured in the bioreactor for five days with three hours/day cyclic pressure (300 kPa at 1 Hz), simulating moderate physical exercise. Bioreactor-stimulated chondrocytes significantly increased their metabolic activity (by 21%) and glycosaminoglycan synthesis (by 24%), demonstrating effective cellular transduction of mechanosensing. Our Open Design approach focused on using 'off-the-shelf' pneumatic hardware and connectors, open source software and in-house 3 D printing of bespoke cell culture containers to resolve long-standing problems in the availability of affordable bioreactors for laboratory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Hallas
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
- The Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, UK
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - A. J. Janvier
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
- The Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, UK
| | - K. F. Hoettges
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J. R. Henstock
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
- The Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, UK
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Zhang Y, Habibovic P. Delivering Mechanical Stimulation to Cells: State of the Art in Materials and Devices Design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110267. [PMID: 35385176 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical signals, such as growth factors, cytokines, and transcription factors are known to play a crucial role in regulating a variety of cellular activities as well as maintaining the normal function of different tissues and organs. If the biochemical signals are assumed to be one side of the coin, the other side comprises biophysical cues. There is growing evidence showing that biophysical signals, and in particular mechanical cues, also play an important role in different stages of human life ranging from morphogenesis during embryonic development to maturation and maintenance of tissue and organ function throughout life. In order to investigate how mechanical signals influence cell and tissue function, tremendous efforts have been devoted to fabricating various materials and devices for delivering mechanical stimuli to cells and tissues. Here, an overview of the current state of the art in the design and development of such materials and devices is provided, with a focus on their design principles, and challenges and perspectives for future research directions are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibovic
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
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Shen HX, Liu JZ, Yan XQ, Yang HN, Hu SQ, Yan XL, Xu T, El Haj AJ, Yang Y, Lü LX. Hydrostatic pressure stimulates the osteogenesis and angiogenesis of MSCs/HUVECs co-culture on porous PLGA scaffolds. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 213:112419. [PMID: 35227994 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In native bone tissue regeneration, blood vessels, providing oxygen and nutrition for tissues, can promote the regeneration of bone and accelerate the repair of a defected area. In this study, Poly(D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) inverse opal scaffolds with high pore interconnectivity were fabricated and further modified with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The rat bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were co-cultured onto the scaffolds to enhance vascularization for bone tissue regeneration. Cell attachment, viability, proliferation, and morphology were detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, live and dead staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Hydrostatic pressure with 0-279 KPa and 1 Hz one hour per day for 7 days was applied to tissue engineered bone constructs to investigate whether the loading stimulation can promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis mutually evaluated in parallel by multiple in vitro assays and in an in vivo chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. The results indicated that the immobilization of VEGF can improve biocompatibility of PLGA scaffolds and promote cell attachment and proliferation. The cell-scaffold constructs showed higher CD31 expression because of the angiogenic differentiation of rMSCs in hydrostatic loading culture condition in vitro. The in vivo CAM model experiment demonstrated that hydrostatic loading stimulated angiogenic differentiation of rMSCs can accelerate tubulogenesis. Furthermore, the new capillaries formed in cell-scaffold constructs were conducive to calcium deposition in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xian Shen
- The Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, School of the Secondary Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Jing-Zhi Liu
- The Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, School of the Secondary Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Yan
- The Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, School of the Secondary Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Hong-Ning Yang
- The Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, School of the Secondary Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Shu-Qun Hu
- The Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, School of the Secondary Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Xian-Liang Yan
- The Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, School of the Secondary Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China; Emergency Medicine Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Tie Xu
- The Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, School of the Secondary Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China; Emergency Medicine Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Alicia J El Haj
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK.
| | - Lan-Xin Lü
- The Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, School of the Secondary Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China; Emergency Medicine Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China.
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12
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Luo L, Foster NC, Man KL, Brunet M, Hoey DA, Cox SC, Kimber SJ, El Haj AJ. Hydrostatic pressure promotes chondrogenic differentiation and microvesicle release from human embryonic and bone marrow stem cells. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100401. [PMID: 34921593 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation plays in an important role in regulating stem cell differentiation and their release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this study, effects of low magnitude hydrostatic pressure (HP) on the chondrogenic differentiation and microvesicle release from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs) are examined. hESCs were differentiated into chondroprogenitors and then embedded in fibrin gels and subjected to HP (270 kPa, 1 Hz, 5 days per week). hBMSC pellets were differentiated in chondrogenic media and subjected to the same regime. HP significantly enhanced ACAN expression in hESCs. It also led to a significant increase in DNA content, sGAG content and total sGAG/DNA level in hBMSCs. Furthermore, HP significantly increased microvesicle protein content released from both cell types. These results highlight the benefit of HP bioreactor in promoting chondrogenesis and EV production for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Luo
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nicola C Foster
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke on Trent, UK
| | - Kenny L Man
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mathieu Brunet
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David A Hoey
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, & Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sophie C Cox
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Susan J Kimber
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alicia J El Haj
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke on Trent, UK
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13
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Mechanical Static Force Negatively Regulates Vitality and Early Skeletal Development in Zebrafish Embryos. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12062912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal system development and remodelling is regulated by several different factors, including hormones, cytokines, and mechanical forces. It is known that gravity and pressure stimulate mechanosensors on bone cells which transduce mechanical signals to chemical ones. Nevertheless, few data have been provided about the role of mechanical forces on embryo osteogenesis in vivo. Since the zebrafish is an elective model for developmental studies, in particular on bone formation and tissue mineralization, we analyzed in vivo the effects of a static mechanical force generated by a water column on fertilized zebrafish eggs. The results have shown that an increase in the hydrostatic pressure (HP) of up to 5.9% was lethal for 100% of treated embryos at 48 h post fertilization (hpf). A small decrease in length (−2%) and 49% mortality were found in the +4.4% HP embryos compared with the controls. To analyze skeletal development, we evaluated the number of mineralized vertebral bodies in the trunk at five days post fertilization. The embryos grown under +2.4% HP showed a physiological intramembranous mineralization of vertebral bodies whereas the embryos which grew with +3.4% HP showed a significant decrease in mineralization rate (−54%). Morphological analysis of cartilage and bones in embryos at +3.4% HP revealed a delay of both intramembranous and chondrogenic mineralization, respectively, in axial and head bones, whereas the chondrogenesis appeared normal. These data suggested that developing osteoblasts and different mineralization programs are sensitive to mechanical pressure when applied to early embryogenesis.
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14
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Mechanosensitive Osteogenesis on Native Cellulose Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. J Biomech 2022; 135:111030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Markides H, Foster NC, McLaren JS, Hopkins T, Black C, Oreffo ROC, Scammell BE, Echevarria I, White LJ, El Haj AJ. Short-Term Evaluation of Cellular Fate in an Ovine Bone Formation Model. Cells 2021; 10:1776. [PMID: 34359945 PMCID: PMC8305225 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ovine critical-sized defect model provides a robust preclinical model for testing tissue-engineered constructs for use in the treatment of non-union bone fractures and severe trauma. A critical question in cell-based therapies is understanding the optimal therapeutic cell dose. Key to defining the dose and ensuring successful outcomes is understanding the fate of implanted cells, e.g., viability, bio-distribution and exogenous infiltration post-implantation. This study evaluates such parameters in an ovine critical-sized defect model 2 and 7 days post-implantation. The fate of cell dose and behaviour post-implantation when combined with nanomedicine approaches for multi-model tracking and remote control using external magnetic fields is also addressed. Autologous STRO-4 selected mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were labelled with a fluorescent lipophilic dye (CM-Dil), functionalised magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and delivered to the site within a naturally derived bone extracellular matrix (ECM) gel. Encapsulated cells were implanted within a critical-sized defect in an ovine medial femoral condyle and exposed to dynamic gradients of external magnetic fields for 1 h per day. Sheep were sacrificed at 2 and 7 days post-initial surgery where ECM was harvested. STRO-4-positive (STRO-4+) stromal cells expressed osteocalcin and survived within the harvested gels at day 2 and day 7 with a 50% loss at day 2 and a further 45% loss at 7 days. CD45-positive leucocytes were also observed in addition to endogenous stromal cells. No elevation in serum C-reactive protein (CRP) or non-haem iron levels was observed following implantation in groups containing MNPs with or without magnetic field gradients. The current study demonstrates how numbers of therapeutic cells reduce substantially after implantation in the repair site. Cell death is accompanied by enhanced leucocyte invasion, but not by inflammatory blood marker levels. Crucially, a proportion of implanted STRO-4+ stromal cells expressed osteocalcin, which is indicative of osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, MNP labelling did not alter cell number or result in a further deleterious impact on stromal cells following implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hareklea Markides
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK; (H.M.); (T.H.); (I.E.)
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Nicola C. Foster
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Jane S. McLaren
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (J.S.M.); (L.J.W.)
| | - Timothy Hopkins
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK; (H.M.); (T.H.); (I.E.)
| | - Cameron Black
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (C.B.); (R.O.C.O.)
| | - Richard O. C. Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (C.B.); (R.O.C.O.)
| | - Brigitte E. Scammell
- Academic Orthopaedics, Trauma and Sports Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
| | - Iria Echevarria
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK; (H.M.); (T.H.); (I.E.)
| | - Lisa J. White
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (J.S.M.); (L.J.W.)
| | - Alicia J. El Haj
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK; (H.M.); (T.H.); (I.E.)
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
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16
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Bosiacki M, Gutowska I, Piotrowska K, Lubkowska A. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, P, Prostaglandin E2 in Bones and Parathyroid Hormone; 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; 17-β-estradiol; Testosterone and Somatotropin in Plasma of Aging Rats Subjected to Physical Training in Cold Water. Biomolecules 2021; 11:616. [PMID: 33919152 PMCID: PMC8143118 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to low temperatures can be considered a stressor, which when applied for a specific time can lead to adaptive reactions. In our study we hypothesized that cold, when applied to the entire body, may be a factor that positively modifies the aging process of bones by improving the mechanisms related to the body's mineral balance. Taking the above into account, the aim of the study was to determine the concentration of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorus (P) in bones, and to examine bone density and concentrations of the key hormones for bone metabolism, namely parathyroid hormone (PTH), somatotropin (GH), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 17-β estradiol, testosterone (T) in plasma, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the bone of aging rats subjected to physical training in cold water. The animals in the experiment were subjected to a series of swimming sessions for nine weeks. Study group animals (male and female respectively) performed swimming training in cold water at 5 ± 2 °C and in water with thermal comfort temperature (36 ± 2 °C). Control animals were kept in a sedentary condition. Immersion in cold water affects bone mineral metabolism in aging rats by changing the concentration of Ca, Mg, and P in the bone, altering bone mineral density and the concentration of key hormones involved in the regulation of bone mineral metabolism. The effect of cold-water immersion may be gender-dependent. In females, it decreases Ca and Mg content in bones while increasing bone density and 17-β estradiol and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels, and with a longer perspective in aging animals may be positive not only for bone health but also other estrogen-dependent tissues. In males, cold water swimming decreased PTH and PGE2 which resulted in a decrease in phosphorus content in bones (with no effect on bone density), an increase in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and increase in T and GH, and may have positive consequences especially in bones and muscle tissue for the prevention of elderly sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Bosiacki
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54 Str., 71-210 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Piotrowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Anna Lubkowska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54 Str., 71-210 Szczecin, Poland;
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Novel therapies for damaged and diseased bone are being developed in a preclinical testing process consisting of in vitro cell experiments followed by in vivo animal studies. The in vitro results are often not representative of the results observed in vivo. This could be caused by the complexity of the natural bone environment that is missing in vitro. Ex vivo bone explant cultures provide a model in which cells are preserved in their native three-dimensional environment. Herein, it is aimed to review the current status of bone explant culture models in relation to their potential in complementing the preclinical evaluation process with specific attention paid to the incorporation of mechanical loading within ex vivo culture systems. RECENT FINDINGS Bone explant cultures are often performed with physiologically less relevant bone, immature bone, and explants derived from rodents, which complicates translatability into clinical practice. Mature bone explants encounter difficulties with maintaining viability, especially in static culture. The integration of mechanical stimuli was able to extend the lifespan of explants and to induce new bone formation. Bone explant cultures provide unique platforms for bone research and mechanical loading was demonstrated to be an important component in achieving osteogenesis ex vivo. However, more research is needed to establish a representative, reliable, and reproducible bone explant culture system that includes both components of bone remodeling, i.e., formation and resorption, in order to bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo research in preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E A Cramer
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - K Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - S Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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18
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Price JC, Krause AL, Waters SL, El Haj AJ. Predicting Bone Formation in Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Seeded Hydrogels Using Experiment-Based Mathematical Modeling. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:1014-1023. [PMID: 32178595 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro bone formation by mesenchymal stromal cells encapsulated in type-1 collagen hydrogels is demonstrated after a 28-day in vitro culture period. Analysis of the hydrogels is carried out by X-ray microcomputed tomography, histology, and immunohistochemistry, which collectively demonstrates that bone formation in the hydrogels was quantifiably proportional to the initial collagen concentration, and subsequently the population density of seeded cells. This was established by varying the initial collagen concentration at a constant cell seeding density (3 × 105 cells/0.3 mL hydrogel), and separately varying cell seeding density at a constant collagen concentration (1 mg/mL). Using these data, a mathematical model is presented for the total hydrogel volume and mineralization volume based on the observed linear contraction dynamics of cell-seeded collagen gels. The model parameters are fitted by comparing the predictions of the mathematical model for the hydrogel and mineralized volumes on day 28 with the experimental data. The model is then used to predict the hydrogel and mineralization volumes for a range of hydrogel collagen concentrations and cell seeding densities, providing comprehensive input/output descriptors for generating mineralized hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. It is proposed that this quantitative approach will be a useful tool for generating in vitro manufactured bone tissue, defining input parameters that yield predictable output measures of tissue maturation. Impact statement This article describes a simple yet powerful quantitative description of in vitro tissue-engineered bone by combining experimental data with mathematical modeling. The overall aim of the article is to examine what is currently known about cell-mediated collagen contraction, and demonstrate that this phenomenon can be exploited to tailor bone formation by choosing a specific set of input parameters in the form of cell seeding density and collagen hydrogel concentration. Our study utilizes a clinically relevant cell source (human mesenchymal stem cells) with a biomaterial that has received regulatory approval for use in humans (collagen type 1), and hence could be useful for clinical applications, as well as furthering our understanding of cell/extracellular matrix interactions in determining in vitro bone tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Price
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
- Optics and Photonics Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew L Krause
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Waters
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia J El Haj
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
- Healthcare Technology Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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19
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Naqvi SM, Panadero Pérez JA, Kumar V, Verbruggen ASK, McNamara LM. A Novel 3D Osteoblast and Osteocyte Model Revealing Changes in Mineralization and Pro-osteoclastogenic Paracrine Signaling During Estrogen Deficiency. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:601. [PMID: 32656194 PMCID: PMC7326002 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent in vitro studies have revealed that the mechanobiological responses of osteoblasts and osteocytes are fundamentally impaired during estrogen deficiency. However, these two-dimensional (2D) cell culture studies do not account for in vivo biophysical cues. Thus, the objectives of this study are to (1) develop a three-dimensional (3D) osteoblast and osteocyte model integrated into a bioreactor and (2) apply this model to investigate whether estrogen deficiency leads to changes in osteoblast to osteocyte transition, mechanosensation, mineralization, and paracrine signaling associated with bone resorption by osteoclasts. MC3T3-E1s were expanded in media supplemented with estrogen (17β-estradiol). These cells were encapsulated in gelatin-mtgase before culture in (1) continued estrogen (E) or (2) no further estrogen supplementation. Constructs were placed in gas permeable and water impermeable cell culture bags and maintained at 5% CO2 and 37°C. These bags were either mechanically stimulated in a custom hydrostatic pressure (HP) bioreactor or maintained under static conditions (control). We report that osteocyte differentiation, characterized by the presence of dendrites and staining for osteocyte marker dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP1), was significantly greater under estrogen withdrawal (EW) compared to under continuous estrogen treatment (day 21). Mineralization [bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium] and gene expression associated with paracrine signaling for osteoclastogenesis [receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin OPG ratio] were significantly increased in estrogen deficient and mechanically stimulated cells. Interestingly, BSP and DMP-1 were also increased at day 1 and day 21, respectively, which play a role in regulation of biomineralization. Furthermore, the increase in pro-osteoclastogenic signaling may be explained by altered mechanoresponsiveness of osteoblasts or osteocytes during EW. These findings highlight the impact of estrogen deficiency on bone cell function and provide a novel in vitro model to investigate the mechanisms underpinning changes in bone cells after estrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Masooma Naqvi
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Juan Alberto Panadero Pérez
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Vatsal Kumar
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Anneke S K Verbruggen
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Laoise M McNamara
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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20
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Strain shielding for cemented hip implants. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2020; 77:105027. [PMID: 32447179 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2020.105027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term survival of hip implants is of increasing relevance due to the rising life expectancy. The biomechanical effect of strain shielding as a result of implant insertion may lead to bone resorption, thus increasing risk for implant loosening and periprosthetic fractures. Patient-specific quantification of strain shielding could assist orthopedic surgeons in choosing the biomechanically most appropriate prosthesis. METHODS Validated quantitative CT-based finite element models of five femurs in intact and implanted states were considered to propose a systematic algorithm for strain shielding quantification. Three different strain measures were investigated and the most appropriate measure for strain shielding quantification is recommended. It is used to demonstrate a practical femur-specific implant selection among three common designs. FINDINGS Strain shielding measures demonstrated similar trends in all Gruen zones except zone 1, where the volumetric strain measure differed from von-Mises and maximum principal strains. The volumetric strain measure is in better agreement with clinical bone resorption records. It is also consistent with the biological mechanism of bone remodeling so it is recommended for strain shielding quantification. Applying the strain shielding algorithm on three different implants for a specific femur suggests that the collared design is preferable. Such quantitative biomechanical input is valuable for practical patient specific implant selection. INTERPRETATION Volumetric strain should be considered for strain shielding examination. The presented methodology may potentially enable patient-specific pre-operative strain shielding evaluation so to minimize strain shielding. It should be further used in a longitudinal study so to correlate between strain shielding predictions and clinical bone resorption.
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21
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Molladavoodi S, McMorran J, Gregory D. Mechanobiology of annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus cells in intervertebral discs. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:429-444. [PMID: 31844969 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is a chronic condition that can affect up to 80% of the global population. It is the number one cause of disability worldwide and has enormous socioeconomic consequences. One of the main causes of this condition is intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. IVD degenerative processes and inflammation associated with it has been the subject of many studies in both tissue and cell level. It is believed that the phenotype of the resident cells within the IVD directly affects homeostasis of the tissue. At the same time, IVDs located between vertebral bodies of spine are under various mechanical loading conditions in vivo. Therefore, investigating how mechanical loading can affect the behaviour of IVD cells has been a subject of many research articles. In this review paper, following a brief explanation of the anatomy of the IVD and its resident cells, we compiled mechanobiological studies of IVD cells (specifically, annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus cells) and synthesized and discussed the key findings of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Molladavoodi
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - John McMorran
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Diane Gregory
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada. .,Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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22
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Campsie P, Childs PG, Robertson SN, Cameron K, Hough J, Salmeron-Sanchez M, Tsimbouri PM, Vichare P, Dalby MJ, Reid S. Design, construction and characterisation of a novel nanovibrational bioreactor and cultureware for osteogenesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12944. [PMID: 31506561 PMCID: PMC6736847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49422-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In regenerative medicine, techniques which control stem cell lineage commitment are a rapidly expanding field of interest. Recently, nanoscale mechanical stimulation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been shown to activate mechanotransduction pathways stimulating osteogenesis in 2D and 3D culture. This has the potential to revolutionise bone graft procedures by creating cellular graft material from autologous or allogeneic sources of MSCs without using chemical induction. With the increased interest in mechanical stimulation of cells and huge potential for clinical use, it is apparent that researchers and clinicians require a scalable bioreactor system that provides consistently reproducible results with a simple turnkey approach. A novel bioreactor system is presented that consists of: a bioreactor vibration plate, calibrated and optimised for nanometre vibrations at 1 kHz, a power supply unit, which supplies a 1 kHz sine wave signal necessary to generate approximately 30 nm of vibration amplitude, and custom 6-well cultureware with toroidal shaped magnets incorporated in the base of each well for conformal attachment to the bioreactor’s magnetic vibration plate. The cultureware and vibration plate were designed using finite element analysis to determine the modal and harmonic responses, and validated by interferometric measurement. This helps ensure that the vibration plate and cultureware, and thus collagen and MSCs, all move as a rigid body, avoiding large deformations close to the resonant frequency of the vibration plate and vibration damping beyond the resonance. Assessment of osteogenic protein expression was performed to confirm differentiation of MSCs after initial biological experiments with the system, as well as atomic force microscopy of the 3D gel constructs during vibrational stimulation to verify that strain hardening of the gel did not occur. This shows that cell differentiation was the result of the nanovibrational stimulation provided by the bioreactor alone, and that other cell differentiating factors, such as stiffening of the collagen gel, did not contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Campsie
- SUPA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1QE, UK
| | - Peter G Childs
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Shaun N Robertson
- SUPA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1QE, UK
| | - Kenny Cameron
- School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK
| | - James Hough
- SUPA Institute for Gravitational Research, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Manuel Salmeron-Sanchez
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Penelope M Tsimbouri
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Institute for Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Parag Vichare
- School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Matthew J Dalby
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Institute for Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Stuart Reid
- SUPA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1QE, UK.
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23
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Does Juvenile Play Programme the Equine Musculoskeletal System? Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090646. [PMID: 31484397 PMCID: PMC6770595 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Locomotor play is a common behaviour expressed across a diverse range of species. As a cursorial animal, the horse is capable of locomotor activity within a relatively short time after birth. In the foal, spontaneous locomotor play occurs early in life and has an obvious role in the development of locomotor skills. The intensity and vigour of locomotor play increases with age and this, in turn, provides cumulative increases in the loads the musculoskeletal system experiences. These progressive cumulative loading cycles (bouts of locomotor play), in both the timing and magnitude, reflect the microstrain required to stimulate bone development based on the mechanostat theorem. Data from the published literature were presented to provide empirical support for this hypothesis. Thus, spontaneous locomotor play may be vital to ensure optimal bone development in the horse. Modern production systems need to provide appropriate opportunities for foals to perform spontaneous locomotor play to optimise bone development and reduce the risk of future musculoskeletal injury later in life. Abstract In mammals, play behaviour appears innate and, because of this, may provide insight into the frequency and intensity of load that is required to stimulate positive musculoskeletal development. The objective of this review was to explore the interaction between play and tissue (bone) development at a molecular through to whole-animal level, with specific focus on the horse as a model. The basis of our understanding of the response of bone to loading is the mechanostat theorem. This assumes that at a tissue level, bone attempts to keep localised strain within the physiological range of 1500–2500 microstrain. Loads above this range result in a modelling response to reduce strain, and strain below this threshold results in remodelling to maintain the localised physiological range. In foals, locomotor play is dramatic and vigorous, with cumulative increases in both intensity and complexity. Based on published literature describing locomotor play in foals and the microstrain at different gaits in the horse, it was proposed that locomotor play in foal aligns with the mechanostat theorem in both the magnitude and frequency of load cycles applied. The cumulative increases in the complexity and intensity of locomotor play as the foal develops, in turn, ensure the strain rates associated with play remain above the local physiological range and promote material and architectural changes in the distal limb bones. Thus, spontaneous locomotor play may be vital to ensure optimal bone development in the horse. Modern management systems need to provide appropriate opportunities for foals to perform spontaneous locomotor play to optimise bone development and reduce the risk of future musculoskeletal injury later in life.
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Deegan AJ, Hendrikson WJ, El Haj AJ, Rouwkema J, Yang Y. Regulation of endothelial cell arrangements within hMSC - HUVEC co-cultured aggregates. Biomed J 2019; 42:166-177. [PMID: 31466710 PMCID: PMC6717755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Micro-mass culturing or cellular aggregation is an effective method used to form mineralised bone tissue. Poor core cell viability, however, is often an impeding characteristic of large micro-mass cultures, and equally for large tissue-engineered bone grafts. Because of this, efforts are being made to enhance large graft perfusion, often through pre-vascularisation, which involves the co-culture of endothelial cells and bone cells or stem cells. Methods This study investigated the effects of different aggregation techniques and culture conditions on endothelial cell arrangements in mesenchymal stem cell and human umbilical vein endothelial cell co-cultured aggregates when endothelial cells constituted just 5%. Two different cellular aggregation techniques, i.e. suspension culture aggregation and pellet culture aggregation, were applied alongside two subsequent culturing techniques, i.e. hydrostatic loading and static culturing. Endothelial cell arrangements were assessed under such conditions to indicate potential pre-vascularisation. Results Our study found that the suspension culture aggregates cultured under hydrostatic loading offered the best environment for enhanced endothelial cell regional arrangements, closely followed by the pellet culture aggregates cultured under hydrostatic loading, the suspension culture aggregates cultured under static conditions, and the pellet culture aggregates cultured under static conditions. Conclusions The combination of particular aggregation techniques with dynamic culturing conditions appeared to have a synergistic effect on the cellular arrangements within the co-cultured aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Deegan
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - Wim J Hendrikson
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, AE, the Netherlands
| | - Alicia J El Haj
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - Jeroen Rouwkema
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Ying Yang
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom.
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Shah BS, Chahine NO. Dynamic Hydrostatic Pressure Regulates Nucleus Pulposus Phenotypic Expression and Metabolism in a Cell Density-Dependent Manner. J Biomech Eng 2019; 140:2666887. [PMID: 29247254 DOI: 10.1115/1.4038758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic hydrostatic pressure (HP) loading can modulate nucleus pulposus (NP) cell metabolism, extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and induce transformation of notochordal NP cells into mature phenotype. However, the effects of varying cell density and dynamic HP magnitude on NP phenotype and metabolism are unknown. This study examined the effects of physiological magnitudes of HP loading applied to bovine NP cells encapsulated within three-dimensional (3D) alginate beads. Study 1: seeding density (1 M/mL versus 4 M/mL) was evaluated in unloaded and loaded (0.1 MPa, 0.1 Hz) conditions. Study 2: loading magnitude (0, 0.1, and 0.6 MPa) applied at 0.1 Hz to 1 M/mL for 7 days was evaluated. Study 1: 4 M/mL cell density had significantly lower adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen content, and increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). HP loading significantly increased ATP levels, and expression of aggrecan, collagen I, keratin-19, and N-cadherin in HP loaded versus unloaded groups. Study 2: aggrecan expression increased in a dose dependent manner with HP magnitude, whereas N-cadherin and keratin-19 expression were greatest in low HP loading compared to unloaded. Overall, the findings of the current study indicate that cell seeding density within a 3D construct is a critical variable influencing the mechanobiological response of NP cells to HP loading. NP mechanobiology and phenotypic expression was also found to be dependent on the magnitude of HP loading. These findings suggest that HP loading and culture conditions of NP cells may require complex optimization for engineering an NP replacement tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhranti S Shah
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Nadeen O Chahine
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, 14-1408E, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 e-mail:
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Aziz AH, Eckstein K, Ferguson VL, Bryant SJ. The effects of dynamic compressive loading on human mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis in the stiff layer of a bilayer hydrogel. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:946-959. [PMID: 30793536 DOI: 10.1002/term.2827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bilayer hydrogels with a soft cartilage-like layer and a stiff bone-like layer embedded with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are promising for osteochondral tissue engineering. The goals of this work were to evaluate the effects of dynamic compressive loading (2.5% applied strain, 1 Hz) on osteogenesis in the stiff layer and spatially map local mechanical responses (strain, stress, hydrostatic pressure, and fluid velocity). A bilayer hydrogel was fabricated from soft (24 kPa) and stiff (124 kPa) poly (ethylene glycol) hydrogels. With hMSCs embedded in the stiff layer, osteogenesis was delayed under loading evident by lower OSX and OPN expressions, alkaline phosphatase activity, and collagen content. At Day 28, mineral deposits were present throughout the stiff layer without loading but localized centrally and near the interface under loading. Local strains mapped by particle tracking showed substantial equivalent strain (~1.5%) transferring to the stiff layer. When hMSCs were cultured in stiff single-layer hydrogels subjected to similar strains, mineralization was inhibited. Finite element analysis revealed that hydrostatic pressures ≥~600 Pa correlated to regions lacking mineralization in both hydrogels. Fluid velocities were low (~1-10 nm/s) in the hydrogels with no apparent correlation to mineralization. Mineralization was recovered by inhibiting ERK1/2, indicating cell-mediated inhibition. These findings suggest that high strains (~1.5%) combined with higher hydrostatic pressures negatively impact osteogenesis, but in a manner that depends on the magnitude of each mechanical response. This work highlights the importance of local mechanical responses in mediating osteogenesis of hMSCs in bilayer hydrogels being studied for osteochondral tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H Aziz
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.,BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Kevin Eckstein
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Virginia L Ferguson
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.,Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.,Material Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Stephanie J Bryant
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.,BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.,Material Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
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Stavenschi E, Corrigan MA, Johnson GP, Riffault M, Hoey DA. Physiological cyclic hydrostatic pressure induces osteogenic lineage commitment of human bone marrow stem cells: a systematic study. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:276. [PMID: 30359324 PMCID: PMC6203194 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Physical loading is necessary to maintain bone tissue integrity. Loading-induced fluid shear is recognised as one of the most potent bone micromechanical cues and has been shown to direct stem cell osteogenesis. However, the effect of pressure transients, which drive fluid flow, on human bone marrow stem cell (hBMSC) osteogenesis is undetermined. Therefore, the objective of the study is to employ a systematic analysis of cyclic hydrostatic pressure (CHP) parameters predicted to occur in vivo on early hBMSC osteogenic responses and late-stage osteogenic lineage commitment. Methods hBMSC were exposed to CHP of 10 kPa, 100 kPa and 300 kPa magnitudes at frequencies of 0.5 Hz, 1 Hz and 2 Hz for 1 h, 2 h and 4 h of stimulation, and the effect on early osteogenic gene expression of COX2, RUNX2 and OPN was determined. Moreover, to decipher whether CHP can induce stem cell lineage commitment, hBMSCs were stimulated for 4 days for 2 h/day using 10 kPa, 100 kPa and 300 kPa pressures at 2 Hz frequency and cultured statically for an additional 1–2 weeks. Pressure-induced osteogenesis was quantified based on ATP release, collagen synthesis and mineral deposition. Results CHP elicited a positive, but variable, early osteogenic response in hBMSCs in a magnitude- and frequency-dependent manner, that is gene specific. COX2 expression elicited magnitude-dependent effects which were not present for RUNX2 or OPN mRNA expression. However, the most robust pro-osteogenic response was found at the highest magnitude (300 kPa) and frequency regimes (2 Hz). Interestingly, long-term mechanical stimulation utilising 2 Hz frequency elicited a magnitude-dependent release of ATP; however, all magnitudes promoted similar levels of collagen synthesis and significant mineral deposition, demonstrating that lineage commitment is magnitude independent. This therefore demonstrates that physiological levels of pressures, as low as 10 kPa, within the bone can drive hBMSC osteogenic lineage commitment. Conclusion Overall, these findings demonstrate an important role for cyclic hydrostatic pressure in hBMSCs and bone mechanobiology, which should be considered when studying pressure-driven fluid shear effects in hBMSCs mechanobiology. Moreover, these findings may have clinical implication in terms of bioreactor-based bone tissue engineering strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-1025-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stavenschi
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michele A Corrigan
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gillian P Johnson
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Mathieu Riffault
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin and RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David A Hoey
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland. .,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin and RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Reinwald Y, El Haj AJ. Hydrostatic pressure in combination with topographical cues affects the fate of bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells for bone tissue regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:629-640. [PMID: 28984025 PMCID: PMC5813264 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Topographical and mechanical cues are vital for cell fate, tissue development in vivo, and to mimic the native cell growth environment in vitro. To date, the combinatory effect of mechanical and topographical cues as not been thoroughly investigated. This study investigates the effect of PCL nanofiber alignment and hydrostatic pressure on stem cell differentiation for bone tissue regeneration. Bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells were seeded onto standard tissue culture plastic and electrospun random and aligned nanofibers. These substrates were either cultured statically or subjected to intermittent hydrostatic pressure at 270 kPa, 1 Hz for 60 min daily over 21 days in osteogenic medium. Data revealed higher cell metabolic activities for all mechanically stimulated cell culture formats compared with non-stimulated controls; and random fibers compared with aligned fibers. Fiber orientation influenced cell morphology and patterns of calcium deposition. Significant up-regulation of Collagen-I, ALP, and Runx-2 were observed for random and aligned fibers following mechanical stimulation; highest levels of osteogenic markers were expressed when hydrostatic pressure was applied to random fibers. These results indicate that fiber alignment and hydrostatic pressure direct stem cell fate and are important stimulus for tissue regeneration. © 2017 The Authors Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: A: 629-640, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Reinwald
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Medical School, Guy Hilton Research Centre, UHNMStoke‐on‐TrentUnited Kingdom
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and TechnologyNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Alicia J. El Haj
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Medical School, Guy Hilton Research Centre, UHNMStoke‐on‐TrentUnited Kingdom
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Pastrama MI, Scheiner S, Pivonka P, Hellmich C. A mathematical multiscale model of bone remodeling, accounting for pore space-specific mechanosensation. Bone 2018; 107:208-221. [PMID: 29170108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
While bone tissue is a hierarchically organized material, mathematical formulations of bone remodeling are often defined on the level of a millimeter-sized representative volume element (RVE), "smeared" over all types of bone microstructures seen at lower observation scales. Thus, there is no explicit consideration of the fact that the biological cells and biochemical factors driving bone remodeling are actually located in differently sized pore spaces: active osteoblasts and osteoclasts can be found in the vascular pores, whereas the lacunar pores host osteocytes - bone cells originating from former osteoblasts which were then "buried" in newly deposited extracellular bone matrix. We here propose a mathematical description which considers size and shape of the pore spaces where the biological and biochemical events take place. In particular, a previously published systems biology formulation, accounting for biochemical regulatory mechanisms such as the rank-rankl-opg pathway, is cast into a multiscale framework coupled to a poromicromechanical model. The latter gives access to the vascular and lacunar pore pressures arising from macroscopic loading. Extensive experimental data on the biological consequences of this loading strongly suggest that the aforementioned pore pressures, together with the loading frequency, are essential drivers of bone remodeling. The novel approach presented here allows for satisfactory simulation of the evolution of bone tissue under various loading conditions, and for different species; including scenarios such as mechanical dis- and overuse of murine and human bone, or in osteocyte-free bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Ioana Pastrama
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Karlsplatz 13/202, Vienna A-1040, Austria; KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Scheiner
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Karlsplatz 13/202, Vienna A-1040, Austria.
| | - Peter Pivonka
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia; St. Vincent's Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Clinical Science Building, 29 Regent Street, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Christian Hellmich
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Karlsplatz 13/202, Vienna A-1040, Austria
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30
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Maeda E, Nakagaki M, Ichikawa K, Nagayama K, Matsumoto T. Effects of cyclic compression on the mechanical properties and calcification process of immature chick bone tissue in culture. Bone Rep 2017; 6:120-128. [PMID: 28435849 PMCID: PMC5393170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Contribution of mechanical loading to tissue growth during both the development and post-natal maturation is of a particular interest, as its understanding would be important to strategies in bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The present study has been performed to investigate how immature bone responds to mechanical loading using an ex vivo culture system. A slice of the tibia, with the thickness of 3 mm, was obtained from 0-day-old chick. For the ex vivo culture experiment in conjunction with cyclic compressive loading, we developed a custom-made, bioreactor system where both the load and the deformation applied to the specimen was recorded. Cyclic compression, with an amplitude of 0.3 N corresponding to 1 to 2% compressive strain, was applied to immature bone specimen during a 3-day culture period at an overall loading rate 3–4 cycles/min, in the presence of β-glycerol phosphate and dexamethasone in culture medium. The stress-strain relationship was obtained at the beginning and the end of the culture experiment. In addition, analyses for alkaline phosphate release, cell viability and tissue calcification were also performed. It was exhibited that elastic moduli of bone slices were significantly elevated at the end of the 3-day culture in the presence of cyclic compression, which was a similar phenomenon to significant elevation of the elastic moduli of bone tissue by the maturation from 0-day old to 3-day old. By contrast, no significant changes in the moduli were observed in the absence of cyclic compression or in deactivated, cell-free samples. The increases in the moduli were coincided with the increase in calcified area in the bone samples. It was confirmed that immature bone can respond to compressive loading in vitro and demonstrate the growth of bone matrix, similar to natural, in vivo maturation. The elevation of the elastic moduli was attributable to the increased calcified area and the realignment of collagen fibers parallel to the loading direction. The ex vivo loading system established here can be further applied to study responses to mechanical loading in osteogenesis as well as callus maturation for better understanding of factors to consider in successful bone regeneration with mechanical factors. We examined how immature bone responds to cyclic compressive loading, using a newly established tissue loading system. Loading culture of 0-day-old chick tibia slice for 3 days significantly increased elastic moduli and calcified area. The moduli and calcified area after 3-day loading culture were comparable with those from 3-day-old chick tibia. No increases in the moduli or in calcified area were observed in non-loaded samples and deactivated samples. It was suggested that cyclic compressive loading is an essential factor of normal bone growth in ex vivo bone culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eijiro Maeda
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masashi Nakagaki
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Ichikawa
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nagayama
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan.,Micro-Nano Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Japan
| | - Takeo Matsumoto
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
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Guo Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang H, Guo C, Zhang X, Bei C. Effect of the same mechanical loading on osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Chin J Traumatol 2017; 18:150-6. [PMID: 26643241 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of the same mechanical loading on osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis in vitro. METHODS Primary osteoblasts, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs, cultured in osteoinductive medium) and RAW264.7 cells cultured in osteoclast inductive medium were all subjected to a 1000 μstrain (μs) at 1 Hz cyclic mechanical stretch for 30 min (twice a day). RESULTS After mechanical stimulation, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteocalcin protein level of the osteoblasts and BMSCs were all enhanced, and the mRNA levels of ALP and collagen type I increased. Additionally, extracellular-deposited calcium of both osteoblasts and BMSCs increased. At the same time, the activity of secreted tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells, matrix metalloproteinase-9 protein levels of RAW264.7 cells and the extracellular calcium solvency all decreased. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that 1000 μs cyclic mechanical loading enhanced osteoblasts activity, promoted osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs and restrained osteoclastogenesis of RAW264.7 cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guo
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
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Abstract
Bone, despite its relatively inert appearance, is a tissue that is capable of adapting to its environment. Wolff’s law, first described in the 19th century, describes the ability of bone to change structure depending on the mechanical forces applied to it. The mechanostat model extended this principle and suggested that the amount of strain a bone detects depends on bone strength and the amount of muscle force applied to the bone. Experimental studies have found that low-magnitude, high-frequency mechanical loading is considered to be the most effective at increasing bone formation. The osteocyte is considered to be the master regulator of the bone response to mechanical loading. Deformation of bone matrix by mechanical loading is thought to result in interstitial fluid flow within the lacunar–canalicular system, which may activate osteocyte mechanosensors, leading to changes in osteocyte gene expression and ultimately increased bone formation and decreased bone resorption. However, repetitive strain applied to bone can result in microcracks, which may propagate and coalesce, and if not repaired predispose to catastrophic fracture. Osteocytes are a key component in this process, whereby apoptotic osteocytes in an area of microdamage promote targeted remodeling of the damaged bone. If fractures do occur, fracture repair can be divided into 2 types: primary and secondary healing. Secondary fracture repair is the most common and is a multistage process consisting of hematoma formation and acute inflammation, callus formation, and finally remodeling, whereby bone may return to its original form.
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Abubakar AA, Noordin MM, Azmi TI, Kaka U, Loqman MY. The use of rats and mice as animal models in ex vivo bone growth and development studies. Bone Joint Res 2016; 5:610-618. [PMID: 27965220 PMCID: PMC5227059 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.512.bjr-2016-0102.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo animal experimentation has been one of the cornerstones of biological and biomedical research, particularly in the field of clinical medicine and pharmaceuticals. The conventional in vivo model system is invariably associated with high production costs and strict ethical considerations. These limitations led to the evolution of an ex vivo model system which partially or completely surmounted some of the constraints faced in an in vivo model system. The ex vivo rodent bone culture system has been used to elucidate the understanding of skeletal physiology and pathophysiology for more than 90 years. This review attempts to provide a brief summary of the historical evolution of the rodent bone culture system with emphasis on the strengths and limitations of the model. It encompasses the frequency of use of rats and mice for ex vivo bone studies, nutritional requirements in ex vivo bone growth and emerging developments and technologies. This compilation of information could assist researchers in the field of regenerative medicine and bone tissue engineering towards a better understanding of skeletal growth and development for application in general clinical medicine.Cite this article: A. A. Abubakar, M. M. Noordin, T. I. Azmi, U. Kaka, M. Y. Loqman. The use of rats and mice as animal models in ex vivo bone growth and development studies. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:610-618. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.512.BJR-2016-0102.R2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abubakar
- Department of Pre-Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - M M Noordin
- Department of Pre-Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - T I Azmi
- Department of Pre-Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - U Kaka
- Department of Pre-Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - M Y Loqman
- Department of Pre-Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
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Chen J, Yuan Z, Liu Y, Zheng R, Dai Y, Tao R, Xia H, Liu H, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Liu W, Cao Y, Zhou G. Improvement of In Vitro Three-Dimensional Cartilage Regeneration by a Novel Hydrostatic Pressure Bioreactor. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:982-991. [PMID: 28297584 PMCID: PMC5442788 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro three‐dimensional (3D) cartilage regeneration is a promising strategy for repair of cartilage defects. However, inferior mechanical strength and tissue homogeneity greatly restricted its clinical translation. Simulation of mechanical stress through a bioreactor is an important approach for improving in vitro cartilage regeneration. The current study developed a hydrostatic pressure (HP) bioreactor based on a novel pressure‐transmitting mode achieved by slight deformation of a flexible membrane in a completely sealed stainless steel device. The newly developed bioreactor efficiently avoided the potential risks of previously reported pressure‐transmitting modes and simultaneously addressed a series of important issues, such as pressure scopes, culture chamber sizes, sealability, contamination control, and CO2 balance. The whole bioreactor system realized stable long‐term (8 weeks) culture under high HP (5–10 MPa) without the problems of medium leakage and contamination. Furthermore, the results of in vitro 3D tissue culture based on a cartilage regeneration model revealed that HP provided by the newly developed bioreactor efficiently promoted in vitro 3D cartilage formation by improving its mechanical strength, thickness, and homogeneity. Detailed analysis in cell proliferation, cartilage matrix production, and cross‐linking level of collagen macromolecules, as well as density and alignment of collagen fibers, further revealed the possible mechanisms that HP regulated in vitro cartilage regeneration. The current study provided a highly efficient and stable bioreactor system for improving in vitro 3D cartilage regeneration and thus will help to accelerate its clinical translation. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:982–991
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyuan Yuan
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College, Wei Fang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Dai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huitang Xia
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College, Wei Fang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hairong Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Cao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangdong Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College, Wei Fang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Chandaria VV, McGinty J, Nowlan NC. Characterising the effects of in vitro mechanical stimulation on morphogenesis of developing limb explants. J Biomech 2016; 49:3635-3642. [PMID: 27743631 PMCID: PMC5765238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces due to fetal movements play an important role in joint shape morphogenesis, and abnormalities of the joints relating to abnormal fetal movements can have long-term health implications. While mechanical stimulation during development has been shown to be important for joint shape, the relationship between the quantity of mechanical stimulation and the growth and shape change of developing cartilage has not been quantified. In this study, we culture embryonic chick limb explants in vitro in order to reveal how the magnitude of applied movement affects key aspects of the developing joint shape. We hypothesise that joint shape is affected by movement magnitude in a dose-dependent manner, and that a movement regime most representative of physiological fetal movements will promote characteristics of normal shape development. Chick hindlimbs harvested at seven days of incubation were cultured for six days, under either static conditions or one of three different dynamic movement regimes, then assessed for joint shape, cell survival and proliferation. We demonstrate that a physiological magnitude of movement in vitro promotes the most normal progression of joint morphogenesis, and that either under-stimulation or over-stimulation has detrimental effects. Providing insight into the optimal level of mechanical stimulation for cartilage growth and morphogenesis is pertinent to gaining a greater understanding of the etiology of conditions such as developmental dysplasia of the hip, and is also valuable for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikesh V Chandaria
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James McGinty
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Niamh C Nowlan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Rosa N, Simoes R, Magalhães FD, Marques AT. From mechanical stimulus to bone formation: A review. Med Eng Phys 2016; 37:719-28. [PMID: 26117332 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a remarkable tissue that can respond to external stimuli. The importance of mechanical forces on the mass and structural development of bone has long been accepted. This adaptation behaviour is very complex and involves multidisciplinary concepts, and significant progress has recently been made in understanding this process. In this review, we describe the state of the art studies in this area and highlight current insights while simultaneously clarifying some basic yet essential topics related to the origin of mechanical stimulus in bone, the biomechanisms associated with mechanotransduction, the nature of physiological bone stimuli and the test systems most commonly used to study the mechanical stimulation of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Rosa
- DEMec, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Simoes
- Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, School of Technology, Campus do IPCA, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal; Institute for Polymers and Composites IPC/I3N, University of Minho, Campus de Azurem, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fernão D Magalhães
- LEPABE - Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Antonio Torres Marques
- DEMec, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Neßler KHL, Henstock JR, El Haj AJ, Waters SL, Whiteley JP, Osborne JM. The influence of hydrostatic pressure on tissue engineered bone development. J Theor Biol 2016; 394:149-159. [PMID: 26796221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hydrostatic pressure stimulation of an appropriately cell-seeded porous scaffold within a bioreactor is a promising method for engineering bone tissue external to the body. We propose a mathematical model, and employ a suite of candidate constitutive laws, to qualitatively describe the effect of applied hydrostatic pressure on the quantity of minerals deposited in such an experimental setup. By comparing data from numerical simulations with experimental observations under a number of stimulation protocols, we suggest that the response of bone cells to an applied pressure requires consideration of two components; (i) a component describing the cell memory of the applied stimulation, and (ii) a recovery component, capturing the time cells require to recover from high rates of mineralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H L Neßler
- Department of Mathematics, University of Kaiserslautern, Postfach 3049, 67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany; Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK.
| | - J R Henstock
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Apex Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK.
| | - A J El Haj
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK.
| | - S L Waters
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - J P Whiteley
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK.
| | - J M Osborne
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK; School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Overcoming translational challenges - The delivery of mechanical stimuli in vivo. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 69:162-72. [PMID: 26482595 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite major medical advances, non-union bone fractures and skeletal defects continue to place significant burden on the patient, the clinicians and the healthcare system as a whole. Current bone substitute approaches are still limited in effectiveness and to date no adequate bone substitute material has been developed for routine clinical application. Tissue engineering presents a novel approach to tackling this clinical burden and developing an acceptable solution for the treatment of skeletal defects. Over the past three decades the field has evolved to appreciate the key biological, material and physical parameters influencing the development of a cell-based tissue engineered therapy and to create associated technologies to exploit such parameters. In recent years a number of therapies have started progressing along the pre-clinical pipeline to build a case for regulatory approval and ultimately clinical adoption. However, little emphasis has been given to the translational challenges faced when moving from "bench-to-bedside". One particular challenge lies in the delivery of functional mechanical stimuli to implanted cell populations to activate and promote osteogenic activities. This review introduces novel bio-magnetic approaches to overcoming this challenge.
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Ren L, Yang P, Wang Z, Zhang J, Ding C, Shang P. Biomechanical and biophysical environment of bone from the macroscopic to the pericellular and molecular level. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 50:104-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sachs F. Mechanical transduction by ion channels: A cautionary tale. World J Neurol 2015; 5:74-87. [PMID: 28078202 PMCID: PMC5221657 DOI: 10.5316/wjn.v5.i3.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical transduction by ion channels occurs in all cells. The physiological functions of these channels have just begun to be elaborated, but if we focus on the upper animal kingdom, these channels serve the common sensory services such as hearing and touch, provide the central nervous system with information on the force and position of muscles and joints, and they provide the autonomic system with information about the filling of hollow organs such as blood vessels. However, all cells of the body have mechanosensitive channels (MSCs), including red cells. Most of these channels are cation selective and are activated by bilayer tension. There are also K+ selective MSCs found commonly in neurons where they may be responsible for both general anesthesia and knockout punches in the boxing ring by hyperpolarizing neurons to reduce excitability. The cationic MSCs are typically inactive under normal mechanical stress, but open under pathologic stress. The channels are normally inactive because they are shielded from stress by the cytoskeleton. The cationic MSCs are specifically blocked by the externally applied peptide GsMtx4 (aka, AT-300). This is the first drug of its class and provides a new approach to many pathologies since it is nontoxic, non-immunogenic, stable in a biological environment and has a long pharmacokinetic lifetime. Pathologies involving excessive stress are common. They produce cardiac arrhythmias, contraction in stretched dystrophic muscle, xerocytotic and sickled red cells, etc. The channels seem to function primarily as “fire alarms”, providing feedback to the cytoskeleton that a region of the bilayer is under excessive tension and needs reinforcing. The eukaryotic forms of MSCs have only been cloned in recent years and few people have experience working with them. “Newbies” need to become aware of the technology, potential artifacts, and the fundamentals of mechanics. The most difficult problem in studying MSCs is that the actual stimulus, the force applied to the channel, is not known. We don’t have direct access to the channels themselves but only to larger regions of the membrane as seen in patches. Cortical forces are shared by the bilayer, the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. How much of an applied stimulus reaches the channel is unknown. Furthermore, many of these channels exist in spatial domains where the forces within a domain are different from forces outside the domain, although we often hope they are proportional. This review is intended to be a guide for new investigators who want to study mechanosensitive ion channels.
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Reinwald Y, Leonard KHL, Henstock JR, Whiteley JP, Osborne JM, Waters SL, Levesque P, El Haj AJ. Evaluation of the growth environment of a hydrostatic force bioreactor for preconditioning of tissue-engineered constructs. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:1-14. [PMID: 24967717 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioreactors have been widely acknowledged as valuable tools to provide a growth environment for engineering tissues and to investigate the effect of physical forces on cells and cell-scaffold constructs. However, evaluation of the bioreactor environment during culture is critical to defining outcomes. In this study, the performance of a hydrostatic force bioreactor was examined by experimental measurements of changes in dissolved oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and pH after mechanical stimulation and the determination of physical forces (pressure and stress) in the bioreactor through mathematical modeling and numerical simulation. To determine the effect of hydrostatic pressure on bone formation, chick femur skeletal cell-seeded hydrogels were subjected to cyclic hydrostatic pressure at 0-270 kPa and 1 Hz for 1 h daily (5 days per week) over a period of 14 days. At the start of mechanical stimulation, dissolved O2 and CO2 in the medium increased and the pH of the medium decreased, but remained within human physiological ranges. Changes in physiological parameters (O2, CO2, and pH) were reversible when medium samples were placed in a standard cell culture incubator. In addition, computational modeling showed that the distribution and magnitude of physical forces depends on the shape and position of the cell-hydrogel constructs in the tissue culture format. Finally, hydrostatic pressure was seen to enhance mineralization of chick femur skeletal cell-seeded hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Reinwald
- 1 Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele , Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Mechanical loads which are macroscopically acting onto bony organs, are known to influence the activities of biological cells located in the pore spaces of bone, in particular so the signaling and production processes mediated by osteocytes. The exact mechanisms by which osteocytes are actually able to “feel” the mechanical loading and changes thereof, has been the subject of numerous studies, and, while several hypotheses have been brought forth over time, this topic has remained a matter of debate. Relaxation times reported in a recent experimental study of Gardinier et al. (Bone 46(4):1075–1081, 2010) strongly suggest that the lacunar pores are likely to experience, during typical physiological load cycles, not only fluid transport, but also undrained conditions. The latter entail the buildup of lacunar pore pressures, which we here quantify by means of a thorough multiscale modeling approach. In particular, the proposed model is based on classical poroelasticity theory, and able to account for multiple pore spaces. First, the model reveals distinct nonlinear dependencies of the resulting lacunar (and vascular) pore pressures on the underlying bone composition, highlighting the importance of a rigorous multiscale approach for appropriate computation of the aforementioned pore pressures. Then, the derived equations are evaluated for macroscopic (uniaxial as well as hydrostatic) mechanical loading of physiological magnitude. The resulting model-predicted pore pressures agree very well with the pressures that have been revealed, by means of in vitro studies, to be of adequate magnitude for modulating the responses of biological cells, including osteocytes. This underlines that osteocytes may respond to many types of loading stimuli at the same time, in particular so to fluid flow and hydrostatic pressure.
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Shea CA, Rolfe RA, Murphy P. The importance of foetal movement for co-ordinated cartilage and bone development in utero : clinical consequences and potential for therapy. Bone Joint Res 2015; 4:105-16. [PMID: 26142413 PMCID: PMC4602203 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.47.2000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Construction of a functional skeleton is accomplished
through co-ordination of the developmental processes of chondrogenesis,
osteogenesis, and synovial joint formation. Infants whose movement in
utero is reduced or restricted and who subsequently suffer
from joint dysplasia (including joint contractures) and thin hypo-mineralised
bones, demonstrate that embryonic movement is crucial for appropriate
skeletogenesis. This has been confirmed in mouse, chick, and zebrafish
animal models, where reduced or eliminated movement consistently yields
similar malformations and which provide the possibility of experimentation
to uncover the precise disturbances and the mechanisms by which
movement impacts molecular regulation. Molecular genetic studies have
shown the important roles played by cell communication signalling
pathways, namely Wnt, Hedgehog, and transforming growth factor-beta/bone
morphogenetic protein. These pathways regulate cell behaviours such
as proliferation and differentiation to control maturation of the
skeletal elements, and are affected when movement is altered. Cell
contacts to the extra-cellular matrix as well as the cytoskeleton
offer a means of mechanotransduction which could integrate mechanical
cues with genetic regulation. Indeed, expression of cytoskeletal
genes has been shown to be affected by immobilisation. In addition
to furthering our understanding of a fundamental aspect of cell control
and differentiation during development, research in this area is
applicable to the engineering of stable skeletal tissues from stem
cells, which relies on an understanding of developmental mechanisms
including genetic and physical criteria. A deeper understanding
of how movement affects skeletogenesis therefore has broader implications
for regenerative therapeutics for injury or disease, as well as
for optimisation of physical therapy regimes for individuals affected
by skeletal abnormalities. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2015;4:105–116
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Shea
- Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, D2, Ireland
| | | | - P Murphy
- Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, D2, Ireland
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Foster NC, Henstock JR, Reinwald Y, El Haj AJ. Dynamic 3D culture: models of chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:19-33. [PMID: 25777047 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The formation of cartilage from stem cells during development is a complex process which is regulated by both local growth factors and biomechanical cues, and results in the differentiation of chondrocytes into a range of subtypes in specific regions of the tissue. In fetal development cartilage also acts as a precursor scaffold for many bones, and mineralization of this cartilaginous bone precursor occurs through the process of endochondral ossification. In the endochondral formation of bones during fetal development the interplay between cell signalling, growth factors, and biomechanics regulates the formation of load bearing bone, in addition to the joint capsule containing articular cartilage and synovium, generating complex, functional joints from a single precursor anlagen. These joint tissues are subsequently prone to degeneration in adult life and have poor regenerative capabilities, and so understanding how they are created during development may provide useful insights into therapies for diseases, such as osteoarthritis, and restoring bone and cartilage lost in adulthood. Of particular interest is how these tissues regenerate in the mechanically dynamic environment of a living joint, and so experiments performed using 3D models of cartilage development and endochondral ossification are proving insightful. In this review, we discuss some of the interesting models of cartilage development, such as the chick femur which can be observed in ovo, or isolated at a specific developmental stage and cultured organotypically in vitro. Biomaterial and hydrogel-based strategies which have emerged from regenerative medicine are also covered, allowing researchers to make informed choices on the characteristics of the materials used for both original research and clinical translation. In all of these models, we illustrate the essential importance of mechanical forces and mechanotransduction as a regulator of cell behavior and ultimate structural function in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola C Foster
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Guy Hilton Research Centre University of Keele, ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
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45
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Pemberton GD, Childs P, Reid S, Nikukar H, Tsimbouri PM, Gadegaard N, Curtis ASG, Dalby MJ. Nanoscale stimulation of osteoblastogenesis from mesenchymal stem cells: nanotopography and nanokicking. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:547-60. [PMID: 25723089 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have large regenerative potential to replace damaged cells from several tissues along the mesodermal lineage. The potency of these cells promises to change the longer term prognosis for many degenerative conditions currently suffered by our aging population. We have endeavored to demonstrate our ability to induce osteoblatogenesis in MSCs using high-frequency (1000-5000 Hz) piezo-driven nanodisplacements (16-30 nm displacements) in a vertical direction. MATERIALS & METHODS Osteoblastogenesis has been determined by the upregulation of osteoblasic genes such as osteonectin (ONN), RUNX2 and Osterix, assessed via quantitative real-time PCR; the increase of osteocalcin (OCN) and osteopontin (OPN) at the protein level and the deposition of calcium phosphate determined by histological staining. RESULTS Intriguingly, we have observed a relationship between nanotopography and piezo-stimulated mechanotransduction and possibly see evidence of two differing osteogenic mechanisms at work. These data provide confidence in nanomechanotransduction for stem cell differentiation without dependence on soluble factors and complex chemistries. CONCLUSION In the future it is envisaged that this technology may have beneficial therapeutic applications in the healthcare industry, for conditions whose overall phenotype maybe characterized by weak or damaged bones (e.g., osteoporosis and bone fractures), and which can benefit from having an increased number of osteoblastic cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D Pemberton
- Centre for cell Engineering, Institute for Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciencies, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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Henstock JR, Rotherham M, Rashidi H, Shakesheff KM, El Haj AJ. Remotely Activated Mechanotransduction via Magnetic Nanoparticles Promotes Mineralization Synergistically With Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2: Applications for Injectable Cell Therapy. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1363-74. [PMID: 25246698 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone requires dynamic mechanical stimulation to form and maintain functional tissue, yet mechanical stimuli are often lacking in many therapeutic approaches for bone regeneration. Magnetic nanoparticles provide a method for delivering these stimuli by directly targeting cell-surface mechanosensors and transducing forces from an external magnetic field, resulting in remotely controllable mechanotransduction. In this investigation, functionalized magnetic nanoparticles were attached to either the mechanically gated TREK1 K+ channel or the (integrin) RGD-binding domains of human mesenchymal stem cells. These cells were microinjected into an ex vivo chick fetal femur (embryonic day 11) that was cultured organotypically in vitro as a model for endochondral bone formation. An oscillating 25-mT magnetic field delivering a force of 4 pN per nanoparticle directly against the mechanoreceptor induced mechanotransduction in the injected mesenchymal stem cells. It was found that cells that received mechanical stimuli via the nanoparticles mineralized the epiphyseal injection site more extensively than unlabeled control cells. The nanoparticle-tagged cells were also seeded into collagen hydrogels to evaluate osteogenesis in tissue-engineered constructs: in this case, inducing mechanotransduction by targeting TREK1 resulted in a 2.4-fold increase in mineralization and significant increases in matrix density. In both models, the combination of mechanical stimulation and sustained release of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) from polymer microspheres showed a significant additive effect on mineralization, increasing the effectiveness of BMP2 delivery and demonstrating that nanoparticle-mediated mechanotransduction can be used synergistically with pharmacological approaches for orthopedic tissue engineering to maximize bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Henstock
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Rotherham
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hassan Rashidi
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M Shakesheff
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia J El Haj
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Costa PF, Martins A, Neves NM, Gomes ME, Reis RL. Automating the processing steps for obtaining bone tissue-engineered substitutes: from imaging tools to bioreactors. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:567-77. [PMID: 24673688 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bone diseases and injuries are highly incapacitating and result in a high demand for tissue substitutes with specific biomechanical and structural features. Tissue engineering has already proven to be effective in regenerating bone tissue, but has not yet been able to become an economically viable solution due to the complexity of the tissue, which is very difficult to be replicated, eventually requiring the utilization of highly labor-intensive processes. Process automation is seen as the solution for mass production of cellularized bone tissue substitutes at an affordable cost by being able to reduce human intervention as well as reducing product variability. The combination of tools such as medical imaging, computer-aided fabrication, and bioreactor technologies, which are currently used in tissue engineering, shows the potential to generate automated production ecosystems, which will, in turn, enable the generation of commercially available products with widespread clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro F Costa
- 1 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho , Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
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Xu T, Yang K, You H, Chen A, Wang J, Xu K, Gong C, Shao J, Ma Z, Guo F, Qi J. Regulation of PTHrP expression by cyclic mechanical strain in postnatal growth plate chondrocytes. Bone 2013; 56:304-11. [PMID: 23831868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical loading has been widely considered to be a crucial regulatory factor for growth plate development, but the exact mechanisms of this regulation are still not completely understood. In the growth plate, parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) regulates chondrocyte differentiation and longitudinal growth. Cyclic mechanical strain has been demonstrated to influence growth plate chondrocyte differentiation and metabolism, whereas the relationship between cyclic mechanical strain and PTHrP expression is not clear. The objective of this study was to investigate whether short-term cyclic tensile strain regulates PTHrP expression in postnatal growth plate chondrocytes in vitro and to explore whether the organization of cytoskeletal F-actin microfilaments is involved in this process. To this end, we obtained growth plate chondrocytes from 2-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats and sorted prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes using immunomagnetic beads coated with anti-CD200 antibody. The sorted chondrocytes were subjected to cyclic tensile strain of varying magnitude and duration at a frequency of 0.5 Hz. We found that cyclic strain regulates PTHrP expression in a magnitude- and time-dependent manner. Incubation of chondrocytes with cytochalasin D, an actin microfilament-disrupting reagent, blocked the induction of PTHrP expression in response to strain. The results suggest that short-term cyclic tensile strain induces PTHrP expression in postnatal growth plate prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes and that PTHrP expression by these chondrocytes may subsequently affect growth plate development. The results also support the idea that the organization of cytoskeletal F-actin microfilaments plays an important role in mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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