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Farcy S, Hachour H, Bahi-Buisson N, Passemard S. Genetic Primary Microcephalies: When Centrosome Dysfunction Dictates Brain and Body Size. Cells 2023; 12:1807. [PMID: 37443841 PMCID: PMC10340463 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary microcephalies (PMs) are defects in brain growth that are detectable at or before birth and are responsible for neurodevelopmental disorders. Most are caused by biallelic or, more rarely, dominant mutations in one of the likely hundreds of genes encoding PM proteins, i.e., ubiquitous centrosome or microtubule-associated proteins required for the division of neural progenitor cells in the embryonic brain. Here, we provide an overview of the different types of PMs, i.e., isolated PMs with or without malformations of cortical development and PMs associated with short stature (microcephalic dwarfism) or sensorineural disorders. We present an overview of the genetic, developmental, neurological, and cognitive aspects characterizing the most representative PMs. The analysis of phenotypic similarities and differences among patients has led scientists to elucidate the roles of these PM proteins in humans. Phenotypic similarities indicate possible redundant functions of a few of these proteins, such as ASPM and WDR62, which play roles only in determining brain size and structure. However, the protein pericentrin (PCNT) is equally required for determining brain and body size. Other PM proteins perform both functions, albeit to different degrees. Finally, by comparing phenotypes, we considered the interrelationships among these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Farcy
- UMR144, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France;
- Inserm UMR-S 1163, Institut Imagine, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hassina Hachour
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, DMU INOV-RDB, APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France;
| | - Nadia Bahi-Buisson
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, DMU MICADO, APHP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France;
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMR-S 1163, Institut Imagine, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Passemard
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, DMU INOV-RDB, APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France;
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMR 1141, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
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2
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Association of Meier-Gorlin and microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II clinical features in an individual with CDK5RAP2 primary microcephaly. Eur J Med Genet 2023; 66:104733. [PMID: 36842471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2023.104733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly type 3 (MCPH3) caused by pathogenic variations in CDK5RAP2, is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, abnormality of skin pigmentation, ocular defects and severe microcephaly associated with neurodevelopmental delay. In this study, we expand the phenotype of MCPH3 as we describe a 10-year-old girl with a biallelic exonic frameshift variant in CDK5RAP2 displaying previously unreported features usually associated with Meier-Gorlin and microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (MOPDII). We further describe the clinical phenotype of this form of centrosomal-based primary microcephaly and emphasize the importance of skeletal defect screening in affected individuals.
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3
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Asif M, Abdullah U, Nürnberg P, Tinschert S, Hussain MS. Congenital Microcephaly: A Debate on Diagnostic Challenges and Etiological Paradigm of the Shift from Isolated/Non-Syndromic to Syndromic Microcephaly. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040642. [PMID: 36831309 PMCID: PMC9954724 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital microcephaly (CM) exhibits broad clinical and genetic heterogeneity and is thus categorized into several subtypes. However, the recent bloom of disease-gene discoveries has revealed more overlaps than differences in the underlying genetic architecture for these clinical sub-categories, complicating the differential diagnosis. Moreover, the mechanism of the paradigm shift from a brain-restricted to a multi-organ phenotype is only vaguely understood. This review article highlights the critical factors considered while defining CM subtypes. It also presents possible arguments on long-standing questions of the brain-specific nature of CM caused by a dysfunction of the ubiquitously expressed proteins. We argue that brain-specific splicing events and organ-restricted protein expression may contribute in part to disparate clinical manifestations. We also highlight the role of genetic modifiers and de novo variants in the multi-organ phenotype of CM and emphasize their consideration in molecular characterization. This review thus attempts to expand our understanding of the phenotypic and etiological variability in CM and invites the development of more comprehensive guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Asif
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Uzma Abdullah
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sigrid Tinschert
- Zentrum Medizinische Genetik, Medizinische Universität, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Muhammad Sajid Hussain
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence:
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4
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Hussain S, Nawaz A, Hamid M, Ullah W, Khan IN, Afshan M, Rehman A, Nawaz H, Halswick J, Rehman SU, Ahmad S, Muzammal M, Muhammad N, Jan A, Khan S, Windpassinger C, Khan MA. Mutation screening of multiple Pakistani MCPH families revealed novel and recurrent protein-truncating mutations of ASPM. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 69:2296-2303. [PMID: 34826358 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a heterogenetic disorder that affects brain's cerebral cortex size and leads to a reduction in the cranial vault. Along with the hallmark feature of reduced head circumference, microcephalic patients also exhibit a variable degree of intellectual disability as well. Genetic studies have reported 28 MCPH genes, most of which produce microtubule-associated proteins and are involved in cell division. Herein this study, 14 patients from seven Pashtun origin Pakistani families of primary microcephaly were analyzed. Mutation analysis was performed through targeted Sanger DNA sequencing on the basis of phenotype-linked genetic makeup. Genetic analysis in one family found a novel pathogenic DNA change in the abnormal spindle microtubule assembly (ASPM) gene (NM_018136.4:c.3871dupGA), while the rest of the families revealed recurrent nonsense mutation c.3978G>A (p.Trp1326*) in the same gene. The novel reported frameshift insertion presumably truncates the protein p.(Lys1291Glyfs*14) and deletes the N-terminus domains. Identification of novel ASPM-truncating mutation expands the mutational spectrum of the ASPM gene, while mapping of recurrent mutation c.3978G>A (p.Trp1326*) will aid in establishing its founder effect in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) inhabitant population of Pakistan and should be suggestively screened for premarital counseling of MCPH susceptible families. Most of the recruited families are related to first-degree consanguinity. Hence, all the family elders were counseled to avoid intrafamilial marriages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadam Hussain
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Malaika Hamid
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Nawaz Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mehak Afshan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Adil Rehman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Julia Halswick
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Shoaib-Ur Rehman
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Ahmad
- Gomal Centre of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Muzammal
- Gomal Centre of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Noor Muhammad
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Abid Jan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Saadullah Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Christian Windpassinger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Muzammil Ahmad Khan
- Gomal Centre of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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5
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Tátrai P, Gergely F. Centrosome function is critical during terminal erythroid differentiation. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108739. [PMID: 35678476 PMCID: PMC9289712 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells are produced by terminal erythroid differentiation, which involves the dramatic morphological transformation of erythroblasts into enucleated reticulocytes. Microtubules are important for enucleation, but it is not known if the centrosome, a key microtubule-organizing center, is required as well. Mice lacking the conserved centrosome component, CDK5RAP2, are likely to have defective erythroid differentiation because they develop macrocytic anemia. Here, we show that fetal liver-derived, CDK5RAP2-deficient erythroid progenitors generate fewer and larger reticulocytes, hence recapitulating features of macrocytic anemia. In erythroblasts, but not in embryonic fibroblasts, loss of CDK5RAP2 or pharmacological depletion of centrosomes leads to highly aberrant spindle morphologies. Consistent with such cells exiting mitosis without chromosome segregation, tetraploidy is frequent in late-stage erythroblasts, thereby giving rise to fewer but larger reticulocytes than normal. Our results define a critical role for CDK5RAP2 and centrosomes in spindle formation specifically during blood production. We propose that disruption of centrosome and spindle function could contribute to the emergence of macrocytic anemias, for instance, due to nutritional deficiency or exposure to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Tátrai
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteLi Ka Shing CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Solvo BiotechnologyBudapestHungary
| | - Fanni Gergely
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteLi Ka Shing CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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6
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Abstract
In this review, Phan et al. discuss the different models that have been proposed to explain how centrosome dysfunction impairs cortical development, and review the evidence supporting a unified model in which centrosome defects reduce cell proliferation in the developing cortex by prolonging mitosis and activating a mitotic surveillance pathway. Last, they also extend their discussion to centrosome-independent microcephaly mutations, such as those involved in DNA replication and repair Primary microcephaly is a brain growth disorder characterized by a severe reduction of brain size and thinning of the cerebral cortex. Many primary microcephaly mutations occur in genes that encode centrosome proteins, highlighting an important role for centrosomes in cortical development. Centrosomes are microtubule organizing centers that participate in several processes, including controlling polarity, catalyzing spindle assembly in mitosis, and building primary cilia. Understanding which of these processes are altered and how these disruptions contribute to microcephaly pathogenesis is a central unresolved question. In this review, we revisit the different models that have been proposed to explain how centrosome dysfunction impairs cortical development. We review the evidence supporting a unified model in which centrosome defects reduce cell proliferation in the developing cortex by prolonging mitosis and activating a mitotic surveillance pathway. Finally, we also extend our discussion to centrosome-independent microcephaly mutations, such as those involved in DNA replication and repair.
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7
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Abstract
Centrioles are microtubule-based cylindrical structures that assemble the centrosome and template the formation of cilia. The proximal part of centrioles is associated with the pericentriolar material, a protein scaffold from which microtubules are nucleated. This activity is mediated by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) whose central role in centrosomal microtubule organization has been recognized for decades. However, accumulating evidence suggests that γTuRC activity at this organelle is neither restricted to the pericentriolar material nor limited to microtubule nucleation. Instead, γTuRC is found along the entire centriole cylinder, at subdistal appendages, and inside the centriole lumen, where its canonical function as a microtubule nucleator might be supplemented or replaced by a function in microtubule anchoring and centriole stabilization, respectively. In this Opinion, we discuss recent insights into the expanded repertoire of γTuRC activities at centrioles and how distinct subpopulations of γTuRC might act in concert to ensure centrosome and cilia biogenesis and function, ultimately supporting cell proliferation, differentiation and homeostasis. We propose that the classical view of centrosomal γTuRC as a pericentriolar material-associated microtubule nucleator needs to be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schweizer
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jens Lüders
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Candelo E, Sanz AM, Ramirez-Montaño D, Diaz-Ordoñez L, Granados AM, Rosso F, Nevado J, Lapunzina P, Pachajoa H. A Possible Association Between Zika Virus Infection and CDK5RAP2 Mutation. Front Genet 2021; 12:530028. [PMID: 33815457 PMCID: PMC8018576 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.530028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Flaviviridae family belongs to the Spondweni serocomplex, which is mainly transmitted by vectors from the Aedes genus. Zika virus (ZIKV) is part of this genus. It was initially reported in Brazil in December 2014 as an unknown acute generalized exanthematous disease and was subsequently identified as ZIKV infection. ZIKV became widespread all over Brazil and was linked with potential cases of microcephaly. Case report We report a case of a 28-year-old Colombian woman, who came to the Obstetric Department with an assumed conglomerate of fetal abnormalities detected via ultrasonography, which was performed at 29.5 weeks of gestation. The patient presented with multiple abnormalities, which range from a suggested Arnold–Chiari malformation, compromising the lateral and third ventricles, liver calcifications, bilateral pyelocalic dilatations, other brain anomalies, and microcephaly. At 12 weeks of gestation, the vertical transmission of ZIKV was suspected. At 38.6 weeks of gestation, the newborn was delivered, with the weight in the 10th percentile (3,180 g), height in the 10th percentile (48 cm), and cephalic circumference under the 2nd percentile (31 cm). Due to the physical findings, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed, revealing a small and deviated brain stem, narrowing of the posterior fossa, a giant posterior fossa cyst with ventricular dilatation, a severe cortical and white matter thinning, cerebellar vermis with hypoplasia, and superior and lateral displacement of the cerebellum. In addition, hydrocephalus was displayed by the axial sequence, and the cerebral cortex was also compromised with lissencephaly. Schizencephaly was found with left frontal open-lip, and no intracranial calcifications were found. Two novel heterozygous nonsense mutations were identified using whole-exome sequencing, and both are located in exon 8 under the affection of ZIKV congenital syndrome (CZS) that produced a premature stop codon resulting in the truncation of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 2 (CDK5RAP2) protein. Conclusion We used molecular and microbiological assessments to report the initial case of vertically transmitted ZIKV infection with congenital syndrome associated with a neurological syndrome, where a mutation in the CDK5RAP2 gene was also identified. The CDK5RAP2 gene encodes a pericentriolar protein that intervenes in microtubule nucleation and centriole attachment. Diallelic mutation has previously been associated with primary microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephania Candelo
- Universidad Icesi, Ear Institute University College London and Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia.,Center for Research on Congenital Anomalies and Rare Diseases (CIACER), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Diana Ramirez-Montaño
- Center for Research on Congenital Anomalies and Rare Diseases (CIACER), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Lorena Diaz-Ordoñez
- Center for Research on Congenital Anomalies and Rare Diseases (CIACER), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | | | | | - Julian Nevado
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, HospitalUniversitario La Paz, Madrid, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, HospitalUniversitario La Paz, Madrid, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Harry Pachajoa
- Center for Research on Congenital Anomalies and Rare Diseases (CIACER), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.,Genetics Department, Fundación Valledel Lili, Cali, Colombia
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9
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Jean F, Stuart A, Tarailo-Graovac M. Dissecting the Genetic and Etiological Causes of Primary Microcephaly. Front Neurol 2020; 11:570830. [PMID: 33178111 PMCID: PMC7593518 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.570830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH; “small head syndrome”) is a rare, heterogeneous disease arising from the decreased production of neurons during brain development. As of August 2020, the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database lists 25 genes (involved in molecular processes such as centriole biogenesis, microtubule dynamics, spindle positioning, DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, Wnt signaling, and cell cycle checkpoints) that are implicated in causing MCPH. Many of these 25 genes were only discovered in the last 10 years following advances in exome and genome sequencing that have improved our ability to identify disease-causing variants. Despite these advances, many patients still lack a genetic diagnosis. This demonstrates a need to understand in greater detail the molecular mechanisms and genetics underlying MCPH. Here, we briefly review the molecular functions of each MCPH gene and how their loss disrupts the neurogenesis program, ultimately demonstrating that microcephaly arises from cell cycle dysregulation. We also explore the current issues in the genetic basis and clinical presentation of MCPH as additional avenues of improving gene/variant prioritization. Ultimately, we illustrate that the detailed exploration of the etiology and inheritance of MCPH improves the predictive power in identifying previously unknown MCPH candidates and diagnosing microcephalic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Jean
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Amanda Stuart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Maja Tarailo-Graovac
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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10
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Comprehensive review on the molecular genetics of autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH). Genet Res (Camb) 2018; 100:e7. [PMID: 30086807 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672318000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary microcephaly (MCPH) is an autosomal recessive sporadic neurodevelopmental ailment with a trivial head size characteristic that is below 3-4 standard deviations. MCPH is the smaller upshot of an architecturally normal brain; a significant decrease in size is seen in the cerebral cortex. At birth MCPH presents with non-progressive mental retardation, while secondary microcephaly (onset after birth) presents with and without other syndromic features. MCPH is a neurogenic mitotic syndrome nevertheless pretentious patients demonstrate normal neuronal migration, neuronal apoptosis and neural function. Eighteen MCPH loci (MCPH1-MCPH18) have been mapped to date from various populations around the world and contain the following genes: Microcephalin, WDR62, CDK5RAP2, CASC5, ASPM, CENPJ, STIL, CEP135, CEP152, ZNF335, PHC1, CDK6, CENPE, SASS6, MFSD2A, ANKLE2, CIT and WDFY3, clarifying our understanding about the molecular basis of microcephaly genetic disorder. It has previously been reported that phenotype disease is caused by MCB gene mutations and the causes of this phenotype are disarrangement of positions and organization of chromosomes during the cell cycle as a result of mutated DNA, centriole duplication, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, microtubule dynamics, transcriptional control and the cell cycle checkpoint having some invisible centrosomal process that can manage the number of neurons that are produced by neuronal precursor cells. Furthermore, researchers inform us about the clinical management of families that are suffering from MCPH. Establishment of both molecular understanding and genetic advocating may help to decrease the rate of this ailment. This current review study examines newly identified genes along with previously identified genes involved in autosomal recessive MCPH.
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11
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Miron J, Picard C, Nilsson N, Frappier J, Dea D, Théroux L, Poirier J. CDK5RAP2
gene and tau pathophysiology in late‐onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:787-796. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Miron
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre for the Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer's DiseaseMontréalQuébecCanada
- McGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Cynthia Picard
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre for the Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer's DiseaseMontréalQuébecCanada
- McGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Nathalie Nilsson
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
- McGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Josée Frappier
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Doris Dea
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Louise Théroux
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Judes Poirier
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre for the Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer's DiseaseMontréalQuébecCanada
- McGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
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12
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Myeloid and Lymphoid Neoplasms with Eosinophilia and Abnormalities of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, FGFR1, or t(8;9)(p22;p24.1);PCM1-JAK2. MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY LIBRARY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62146-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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13
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Alfares A, Alhufayti I, Alsubaie L, Alowain M, Almass R, Alfadhel M, Kaya N, Eyaid W. A new association between
CDK5RAP2
microcephaly and congenital cataracts. Ann Hum Genet 2017; 82:165-170. [DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alfares
- Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine Qassim University Qassim Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibtihal Alhufayti
- Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine Qassim University Qassim Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamia Alsubaie
- Division of Genetics Department of Pediatrics King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alowain
- Department of Medical Genetics King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Almass
- Department of Genetics King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Division of Genetics Department of Pediatrics King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Namik Kaya
- Department of Genetics King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa Eyaid
- Division of Genetics Department of Pediatrics King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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14
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Abdullah U, Farooq M, Mang Y, Marriam Bakhtiar S, Fatima A, Hansen L, Kjaer KW, Larsen LA, Faryal S, Tommerup N, Mahmood Baig S. A novel mutation in CDK5RAP2 gene causes primary microcephaly with speech impairment and sparse eyebrows in a consanguineous Pakistani family. Eur J Med Genet 2017; 60:627-630. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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15
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Ahmad I, Baig SM, Abdulkareem AR, Hussain MS, Sur I, Toliat MR, Nürnberg G, Dalibor N, Moawia A, Waseem SS, Asif M, Nagra H, Sher M, Khan MMA, Hassan I, Rehman SU, Thiele H, Altmüller J, Noegel AA, Nürnberg P. Genetic heterogeneity in Pakistani microcephaly families revisited. Clin Genet 2017; 92:62-68. [PMID: 28004384 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a rare and heterogeneous genetic disorder characterized by reduced head circumference, low cognitive prowess and, in general, architecturally normal brains. As many as 14 different loci have already been mapped. We recruited 35 MCPH families in Pakistan and could identify the genetic cause of the disease in 31 of them. Using homozygosity mapping complemented with whole-exome, gene panel or Sanger sequencing, we identified 12 novel mutations in 3 known MCPH-associated genes - 9 in ASPM, 2 in MCPH1 and 1 in CDK5RAP2. The 2 MCPH1 mutations were homozygous microdeletions of 164,250 and 577,594 bp, respectively, for which we were able to map the exact breakpoints. We also identified four known mutations - three in ASPM and one in WDR62. The latter was initially deemed to be a missense mutation but we demonstrate here that it affects splicing. As to ASPM, as many as 17 out of 27 MCPH5 families that we ascertained in our sample were found to carry the previously reported founder mutation p.Trp1326*. This study adds to the mutational spectra of four known MCPH-associated genes and updates our knowledge about the genetic heterogeneity of MCPH in the Pakistani population considering its ethnic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ahmad
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - S M Baig
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - A R Abdulkareem
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Genetic Engieneering and Biotechnology Institute, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - M S Hussain
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - I Sur
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - M R Toliat
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - G Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - N Dalibor
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Moawia
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - S S Waseem
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M Asif
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - H Nagra
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M Sher
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M M A Khan
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - I Hassan
- Plant Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - S Ur Rehman
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - H Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A A Noegel
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - P Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Pagnamenta AT, Howard MF, Knight SJL, Keays DA, Quaghebeur G, Taylor JC, Kini U. Activation of an exonic splice-donor site in exon 30 of CDK5RAP2 in a patient with severe microcephaly and pigmentary abnormalities. Clin Case Rep 2016; 4:952-956. [PMID: 27761245 PMCID: PMC5054469 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This report constitutes the first report of a cryptic exonic splice‐donor site in CDK5RAP2, highlights the importance of evaluating novel splice mutations, and suggests that the phenotypic range associated with CDK5RAP2 mutations may include skin pigmentary abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair T Pagnamenta
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Malcolm F Howard
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Samantha J L Knight
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | | | - Gerardine Quaghebeur
- Department of Neuroradiology Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Oxford UK
| | - Jenny C Taylor
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Usha Kini
- Department of Clinical Genetics Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Oxford UK
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17
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Functional characterization of CDK5 and CDK5R1 mutations identified in patients with non-syndromic intellectual disability. J Hum Genet 2015; 61:283-93. [PMID: 26657932 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5, regulatory subunit 1 (CDK5R1), encoding CDK5 activator p35, have a fundamental role in central nervous system (CNS) development and function, and are involved in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders, thus constituting strong candidate genes for the onset of intellectual disability (ID). We carried out a mutation screening of CDK5 and CDK5R1 coding regions and CDK5R1 3'-UTR on a cohort of 360 patients with non-syndromic ID (NS-ID) using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and direct sequencing. We found one novel silent mutation in CDK5 and one novel silent mutation in CDK5R1 coding regions, three novel intronic variations in CDK5, not causing any splicing defect, and four novel heterozygous variations in CDK5R1 3'-UTR. None of these variations was present in 450 healthy controls and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) databases. The functional study of CDK5R1 p.A108V mutation evidenced an impaired p35 cleavage by the calcium-dependent protease calpain. Moreover, luciferase constructs containing the CDK5R1 3'-UTR mutations showed altered gene expression levels. Eight known polymorphisms were also identified displaying different frequencies in NS-ID patients compared with the controls. In particular, the minor allele of CDK5R1 3'-UTR rs735555 polymorphism was associated with increased risk for NS-ID. In conclusion, our data suggest that mutations and polymorphisms in CDK5 and CDK5R1 genes may contribute to the onset of the NS-ID phenotype.
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18
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Hehnly H, Canton D, Bucko P, Langeberg LK, Ogier L, Gelman I, Santana LF, Wordeman L, Scott JD. A mitotic kinase scaffold depleted in testicular seminomas impacts spindle orientation in germ line stem cells. eLife 2015; 4:e09384. [PMID: 26406118 PMCID: PMC4612572 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct orientation of the mitotic spindle in stem cells underlies organogenesis. Spindle abnormalities correlate with cancer progression in germ line-derived tumors. We discover a macromolecular complex between the scaffolding protein Gravin/AKAP12 and the mitotic kinases, Aurora A and Plk1, that is down regulated in human seminoma. Depletion of Gravin correlates with an increased mitotic index and disorganization of seminiferous tubules. Biochemical, super-resolution imaging, and enzymology approaches establish that this Gravin scaffold accumulates at the mother spindle pole during metaphase. Manipulating elements of the Gravin-Aurora A-Plk1 axis prompts mitotic delay and prevents appropriate assembly of astral microtubules to promote spindle misorientation. These pathological responses are conserved in seminiferous tubules from Gravin(-/-) mice where an overabundance of Oct3/4 positive germ line stem cells displays randomized orientation of mitotic spindles. Thus, we propose that Gravin-mediated recruitment of Aurora A and Plk1 to the mother (oldest) spindle pole contributes to the fidelity of symmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Hehnly
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, United States
| | - David Canton
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Paula Bucko
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Lorene K Langeberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Leah Ogier
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Irwin Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | - L Fernando Santana
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Linda Wordeman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - John D Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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19
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Jouan L, Ouled Amar Bencheikh B, Daoud H, Dionne-Laporte A, Dobrzeniecka S, Spiegelman D, Rochefort D, Hince P, Szuto A, Lassonde M, Barbelanne M, Tsang WY, Dion PA, Théoret H, Rouleau GA. Exome sequencing identifies recessive CDK5RAP2 variants in patients with isolated agenesis of corpus callosum. Eur J Hum Genet 2015. [PMID: 26197979 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is a common brain malformation which can be observed either as an isolated condition or as part of numerous congenital syndromes. Therefore, cognitive and neurological involvements in patients with ACC are variable, from mild linguistic and behavioral impairments to more severe neurological deficits. To date, the underlying genetic causes of isolated ACC remains elusive and causative genes have yet to be identified. We performed exome sequencing on three acallosal siblings from the same non-consanguineous family and identified compound heterozygous variants, p.[Gly94Arg];[Asn1232Ser], in the protein encoded by the CDK5RAP2 gene, also known as MCPH3, a gene previously reported to cause autosomal recessive primary microcephaly. Our findings suggest a novel role for this gene in the pathogenesis of isolated ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubna Jouan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bouchra Ouled Amar Bencheikh
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hussein Daoud
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Dionne-Laporte
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvia Dobrzeniecka
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dan Spiegelman
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Rochefort
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pascale Hince
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anna Szuto
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maryse Lassonde
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marine Barbelanne
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - William Y Tsang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick A Dion
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hugo Théoret
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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20
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Abstract
Mutations in the pericentrin (PCNT) gene cause Majewski osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (MOPDII). Recent work reveals that a discrete set of centrosome proteins require PCNT for their robust localization to mitotic spindle poles. Critically, this complex is crucial for mitotic spindle orientation and involved in the pathogenesis of MOPDII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Laurence Pelletier
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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21
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Yigit G, Brown KE, Kayserili H, Pohl E, Caliebe A, Zahnleiter D, Rosser E, Bögershausen N, Uyguner ZO, Altunoglu U, Nürnberg G, Nürnberg P, Rauch A, Li Y, Thiel CT, Wollnik B. Mutations in CDK5RAP2 cause Seckel syndrome. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2015; 3:467-80. [PMID: 26436113 PMCID: PMC4585455 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Seckel syndrome is a heterogeneous, autosomal recessive disorder marked by prenatal proportionate short stature, severe microcephaly, intellectual disability, and characteristic facial features. Here, we describe the novel homozygous splice-site mutations c.383+1G>C and c.4005-9A>G in CDK5RAP2 in two consanguineous families with Seckel syndrome. CDK5RAP2 (CEP215) encodes a centrosomal protein which is known to be essential for centrosomal cohesion and proper spindle formation and has been shown to be causally involved in autosomal recessive primary microcephaly. We establish CDK5RAP2 as a disease-causing gene for Seckel syndrome and show that loss of functional CDK5RAP2 leads to severe defects in mitosis and spindle organization, resulting in cells with abnormal nuclei and centrosomal pattern, which underlines the important role of centrosomal and mitotic proteins in the pathogenesis of the disease. Additionally, we present an intriguing case of possible digenic inheritance in Seckel syndrome: A severely affected child of nonconsanguineous German parents was found to carry heterozygous mutations in CDK5RAP2 and CEP152. This finding points toward a potential additive genetic effect of mutations in CDK5RAP2 and CEP152.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Yigit
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Karen E Brown
- Chromosome Biology Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esther Pohl
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Almuth Caliebe
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel Kiel, Germany
| | - Diana Zahnleiter
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Rosser
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children London, WC1N 3EH, UK
| | - Nina Bögershausen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Zehra Oya Uyguner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umut Altunoglu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gudrun Nürnberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Anita Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich Schwerzenbach-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Thomas Thiel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
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22
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Li MH, Arndt K, Das S, Weiss EM, Wu Y, Gwal K, Shekdar KV, Zackai EH. Compound heterozygoteCDK5RAP2mutations in a Guatemalan/Honduran child with autosomal recessive primary microcephaly, failure to thrive and speech delay. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167:1414-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mindy H Li
- Division of Human Genetics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly Arndt
- Department of Human Genetics; The University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois
| | - Soma Das
- Department of Human Genetics; The University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois
| | - Elliott M Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Division of Neonatology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Yaning Wu
- Division of Human Genetics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Kriti Gwal
- Department of Radiology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Karuna V Shekdar
- Department of Radiology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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23
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Tan CA, Topper S, Del Gaudio D, Nelakuditi V, Shchelochkov O, Nowaczyk MJM, Zeesman S, Brady L, Russell L, Meeks N, Sastry S, Arndt K, Kobiernicki F, Shaw R, Das S. Characterization of patients referred for non-specific intellectual disability testing: the importance of autosomal genes for diagnosis. Clin Genet 2015; 89:478-483. [PMID: 25693842 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetic testing for non-specific intellectual disability (ID) presents challenges in daily clinical practice. Historically, the focus of the genetic elucidation of non-specific ID has been on genes on the X chromosome, and recent research has brought attention to the growing contribution of autosomal genes. In addition, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has greatly improved the ability to simultaneously analyze multiple genetic loci, making large panel testing a practical approach to testing for non-specific ID. We performed NGS analysis of a total of 90 genes implicated in non-specific ID. The 90 genes included 56 X-linked genes and 34 autosomal genes. Pathogenic variants were identified in 11 of 52 (21%) patient samples. Nine of the eleven cases harbored mutations in autosomal genes including AP4B1, STXB1, SYNGAP1, TCF4 and UBE3A. Our mutation-positive cases provide further evidence supporting the prevalence of autosomal mutations in patients referred for non-specific ID testing and the utility of their inclusion in multi-gene panel analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Tan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S Topper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D Del Gaudio
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - V Nelakuditi
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - O Shchelochkov
- Division of Genetics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - M J M Nowaczyk
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - S Zeesman
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - L Brady
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - L Russell
- Department of Medical Genetics, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - N Meeks
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - S Sastry
- Division of Genetic and Metabolic Disorders, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - K Arndt
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - F Kobiernicki
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R Shaw
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S Das
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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24
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Faheem M, Naseer MI, Rasool M, Chaudhary AG, Kumosani TA, Ilyas AM, Pushparaj P, Ahmed F, Algahtani HA, Al-Qahtani MH, Saleh Jamal H. Molecular genetics of human primary microcephaly: an overview. BMC Med Genomics 2015; 8 Suppl 1:S4. [PMID: 25951892 PMCID: PMC4315316 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-8-s1-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterised by microcephaly present at birth and non-progressive mental retardation. Microcephaly is the outcome of a smaller but architecturally normal brain; the cerebral cortex exhibits a significant decrease in size. MCPH is a neurogenic mitotic disorder, though affected patients demonstrate normal neuronal migration, neuronal apoptosis and neural function. Twelve MCPH loci (MCPH1-MCPH12) have been mapped to date from various populations around the world and contain the following genes: Microcephalin, WDR62, CDK5RAP2, CASC5, ASPM, CENPJ, STIL, CEP135, CEP152, ZNF335, PHC1 and CDK6. It is predicted that MCPH gene mutations may lead to the disease phenotype due to a disturbed mitotic spindle orientation, premature chromosomal condensation, signalling response as a result of damaged DNA, microtubule dynamics, transcriptional control or a few other hidden centrosomal mechanisms that can regulate the number of neurons produced by neuronal precursor cells. Additional findings have further elucidated the microcephaly aetiology and pathophysiology, which has informed the clinical management of families suffering from MCPH. The provision of molecular diagnosis and genetic counselling may help to decrease the frequency of this disorder.
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25
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Chen CT, Hehnly H, Yu Q, Farkas D, Zheng G, Redick SD, Hung HF, Samtani R, Jurczyk A, Akbarian S, Wise C, Jackson A, Bober M, Guo Y, Lo C, Doxsey S. A unique set of centrosome proteins requires pericentrin for spindle-pole localization and spindle orientation. Curr Biol 2014; 24:2327-2334. [PMID: 25220058 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Majewski osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (MOPDII) is caused by mutations in the centrosome gene pericentrin (PCNT) that lead to severe pre- and postnatal growth retardation. As in MOPDII patients, disruption of pericentrin (Pcnt) in mice caused a number of abnormalities including microcephaly, aberrant hemodynamics analyzed by in utero echocardiography, and cardiovascular anomalies; the latter being associated with mortality, as in the human condition. To identify the mechanisms underlying these defects, we tested for changes in cell and molecular function. All Pcnt(-/-) mouse tissues and cells examined showed spindle misorientation. This mouse phenotype was associated with misdirected ventricular septal growth in the heart, decreased proliferative symmetric divisions in brain neural progenitors, and increased misoriented divisions in fibroblasts; the same phenotype was seen in fibroblasts from three MOPDII individuals. Misoriented spindles were associated with disrupted astral microtubules and near complete loss of a unique set of centrosome proteins from spindle poles (ninein, Cep215, centriolin). All these proteins appear to be crucial for microtubule anchoring and all interacted with Pcnt, suggesting that Pcnt serves as a molecular scaffold for this functionally linked set of spindle pole proteins. Importantly, Pcnt disruption had no detectable effect on localization of proteins involved in the cortical polarity pathway (NuMA, p150(glued), aPKC). Not only do these data reveal a spindle-pole-localized complex for spindle orientation, but they identify key spindle symmetry proteins involved in the pathogenesis of MOPDII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ting Chen
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester MA
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester MA
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Debby Farkas
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Guoqiang Zheng
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester MA
| | - Sambra D Redick
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester MA
| | - Hui-Fang Hung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester MA
| | - Rajeev Samtani
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Agata Jurczyk
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester MA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester MA.,Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York NY
| | - Carol Wise
- Sarah M. and Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children
| | - Andrew Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh U.K
| | - Michael Bober
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, A.I. Dupont Hospital for Children, Wilmington DE
| | - Yin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester MA
| | - Cecilia Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Stephen Doxsey
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester MA
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