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Wang H, Wang Z, Wei C, Wang J, Xu Y, Bai G, Yao Q, Zhang L, Chen Y. Anticancer potential of indirubins in medicinal chemistry: Biological activity, structural modification, and structure-activity relationship. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113652. [PMID: 34161865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Indirubin is the crucial ingredient of Danggui Longhui Wan and Qing-Dai, traditional Chinese medicine herbal formulas used for the therapy of chronic myelocytic leukemia in China for hundreds of years. Although the monomeric indirubin has been used in China for the treatment human chronic myelocytic leukemia. However, due to low water solubility, poor pharmacokinetic properties and low therapeutic effects are the major obstacle, and had significantly limited its clinical application. Consequently, the attractive anticancer profile of indirubin has enthused numerous researchers to discover novel indirubin derivatives with improved pharmacodynamic activity as well as good pharmacokinetic property. In this paper, we comprehensively review the recent progress of anticancer potential of indirubins, structural modification and structure-activity relationship, which may provide useful direction for the further development of novel indirubins with improved pharmacological profiles for the treatment of various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Road, Zunyi, 563000, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Road, Zunyi, 563000, PR China
| | - Chunyong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Road, Zunyi, 563000, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Road, Zunyi, 563000, PR China
| | - Yingshu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Road, Zunyi, 563000, PR China
| | - Guohui Bai
- Key Laboratory of Oral Disease of Higher Schools in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Road, Zunyi, 563000, PR China.
| | - Qizheng Yao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Road, Zunyi, 563000, PR China.
| | - Yongzheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Road, Zunyi, 563000, PR China.
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Small Molecules in the Treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Focus on Indirubins. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081770. [PMID: 33917267 PMCID: PMC8068014 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review, the genetic landscape of squamous cell carcinoma is related to the potential targets of indirubin-based small molecules in cancer therapy. Being a component of traditional Chinese medicine, indirubins are used to treat chronic or inflammatory diseases, and have received increasing attention in cancer treatment due to their proapoptotic and antiproliferative activity. Frequent genetic alterations of squamous cell carcinomas are summarized, and it is discussed how these may render tumors susceptible to indirubin-based small molecule inhibitors. Abstract Skin cancers are the most common malignancies in the world. Among the most frequent skin cancer entities, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) ranks second (~20%) after basal cell carcinoma (~77%). In early stages, a complete surgical removal of the affected tissue is carried out as standard therapy. To treat advanced and metastatic cancers, targeted therapies with small molecule inhibitors are gaining increasing attention. Small molecules are a heterogeneous group of protein regulators, which are produced by chemical synthesis or fermentation. The majority of them belong to the group of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs), which specifically bind to certain RTKs and directly influence the respective signaling pathway. Knowledge of characteristic molecular alterations in certain cancer entities, such as SCC, can help identify tumor-specific substances for targeted therapies. Most frequently, altered genes in SCC include TP53, NOTCH, EGFR, and CCND1. For example, the gene CCND1, which codes for cyclin D1 protein, is upregulated in nearly half of SCC cases and promotes proliferation of affected cells. A treatment with the small molecule 5′-nitroindirubin-monoxime (INO) leads to inhibition of cyclin D1 and thus inhibition of proliferation. As a component of Danggui Longhui Wan, a traditional Chinese medicine, indirubins are used to treat chronic diseases and have been shown to inhibit inflammatory reactions. Indirubins are pharmacologically relevant small molecules with proapoptotic and antiproliferative activity. In this review, we discuss the current literature on indirubin-based small molecules in cancer treatment. A special focus is on the molecular biology of squamous cell carcinomas, their alterations, and how these are rendered susceptible to indirubin-based small molecule inhibitors. The potential molecular mechanisms of the efficacy of indirubins in killing SCC cells will be discussed as well.
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Suzuki T. [Research on Analysis of Final Diagnosis and Prognostic Factors, and Development of New Therapeutic Drugs for Malignant Tumors (Especially Malignant Pediatric Tumors)]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2020; 140:229-271. [PMID: 32009046 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Outcomes of treatment for malignant pediatric tumors including leukemia are improving by conventional multimodal treatment with strong chemotherapy, surgical resection, radiotherapy, and bone marrow transplantation. However, patients with advanced neuroblastoma, metastatic Ewing's sarcoma family of tumor (ESFT), and metastatic osteosarcoma continue to have an extremely poor prognosis. Therefore novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to improve their survival. Apoptotic cell death is a key mechanism for normal cellular homeostasis. Intact apoptotic mechanisms are pivotal for embryonic development, tissue remodeling, immune regulation, and tumor regression. Genetic aberrations disrupting programmed cell death often underpin tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Moreover, it has been suggested that apoptosis or cell differentiation proceeds to spontaneous regression in early stage neuroblastoma. Therefore apoptosis or cell differentiation is a critical event in this cancer. We extracted many compounds from natural plants (Angelica keiskei, Alpinia officiarum, Lycaria puchury-major, Brassica rapa) or synthesized cyclophane pyridine, indirubin derivatives, vitamin K3 derivatives, burchellin derivatives, and GANT61, and examined their effects on apoptosis, cell differentiation, and cell cycle in neuroblastoma and ESFT cell lines compared with normal cells. Some compounds were very effective against these tumor cells. These results suggest that they may be applicable as an efficacious and safe drug for the treatment of malignant pediatric tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University
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4
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Zhang Y, Du H, Liu H, He Q, Xu Z. Isatin dimers and their biological activities. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e1900299. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201900299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Zhou Zhang
- Teaching and Research Office of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guizhou China
| | - Hong‐Zhi Du
- Teaching and Research Office of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guizhou China
| | - Hai‐Lin Liu
- Teaching and Research Office of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guizhou China
| | - Qian‐Song He
- Teaching and Research Office of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guizhou China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Teaching and Research Office of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guizhou China
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Mohan L, Raghav D, Ashraf SM, Sebastian J, Rathinasamy K. Indirubin, a bis-indole alkaloid binds to tubulin and exhibits antimitotic activity against HeLa cells in synergism with vinblastine. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:506-517. [PMID: 29883946 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Indirubin, a bis-indole alkaloid used in traditional Chinese medicine has shown remarkable anticancer activity against chronic myelocytic leukemia. The present work was aimed to decipher the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for its anticancer attributes. Our findings suggest that indirubin inhibited the proliferation of HeLa cells with an IC50 of 40 μM and induced a mitotic block. At concentrations higher than its IC50, indirubin exerted a moderate depolymerizing effect on the interphase microtubular network and spindle microtubules in HeLa cells. Studies with goat brain tubulin indicated that indirubin bound to tubulin at a single site with a dissociation constant of 26 ± 3 μM and inhibited the in vitro polymerization of tubulin into microtubules in the presence of glutamate as well as microtubule-associated proteins. Molecular docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulation studies indicate that indirubin stably binds to tubulin at the interface of the α-β tubulin heterodimer. Further, indirubin stabilized the binding of colchicine on tubulin and promoted the cysteine residue modification by 5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid, indicating towards alteration of tubulin conformation upon binding. In addition, we found that indirubin synergistically enhanced the anti-mitotic and anti-proliferative activity of vinblastine, a known microtubule-targeted agent. Collectively our studies indicate that perturbation of microtubule polymerization dynamics could be one of the possible mechanisms behind the anti-cancer activities of indirubin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Mohan
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Darpan Raghav
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Shabeeba M Ashraf
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Jomon Sebastian
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Krishnan Rathinasamy
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India.
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Park WS, Park GJ, Han S, Ban S, Park MY, Kim SH, Kim SM, Kim YC, Kim HS, Shin YG, Yim DS. Human microdosing and mice xenograft data of AGM-130 applied to estimate efficacious doses in patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 80:363-369. [PMID: 28660432 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3373-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE AGM-130 is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that exhibits dose-dependent efficacy in xenograft mouse models. During preclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, mice and rats showed comparable PK parameters while dogs showed unusually high clearance (CL), which has made human PK prediction challenging. To address this discrepancy, we performed a human microdosing PK and developed a mouse PK/PD model in order to guide the first-in-human studies. METHODS A microdose of AGM-130 was given via intravenous injection to healthy subjects. Efficacy data obtained using MCF-7 breast cancer cells implanted in mice was analyzed using pre-existing tumor growth inhibition models. We simulated a human PK/PD profile with the PK parameters obtained from the microdose study and the PD parameters estimated from the xenograft PK/PD model. RESULTS The human CL of AGM-130 was 3.08 L/h/kg, which was comparable to CL in mice and rats. The time-courses of tumor growth in xenograft model was well described by a preexisting model. Our simulation indicated that the human doses needed for 50 and 90% inhibition of tumor growth were about 100 and 400 mg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of using microdose PK and xenograft PK/PD model to predict efficacious doses before the first-in-human trial in cancer patients. In addition, this work highlights the importance of integration of all of information in PK/PD analysis and illustrates how modeling and simulation can be used to add value in the early stages of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Su Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Korea
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gab-Jin Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Korea
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunghoon Han
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Korea
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sooho Ban
- Division of Drug Discovery, Anygen Co., Ltd, Gwangju, Korea
| | | | - San-Ho Kim
- Division of Drug Discovery, Anygen Co., Ltd, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seon-Myung Kim
- Division of Drug Discovery, Anygen Co., Ltd, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- Division of Drug Discovery, Anygen Co., Ltd, Gwangju, Korea
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Young G Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Yim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Korea.
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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Cheng X, Merz KH, Vatter S, Zeller J, Muehlbeyer S, Thommet A, Christ J, Wölfl S, Eisenbrand G. Identification of a Water-Soluble Indirubin Derivative as Potent Inhibitor of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor through Structural Modification of the Parent Natural Molecule. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4949-4962. [PMID: 28557430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Indirubins have been identified as potent ATP-competitive protein kinase inhibitors. Structural modifications in the 5- and 3'-position have been extensively investigated, but the impact of substituents in 5'-position is not equally well-studied. Here, we report the synthesis of new indirubin 3'- and 5'-derivatives in the search of water-soluble indirubins by introducing basic centers. Antiproliferative activity of all compounds in tumor cells was evaluated along with kinase inhibition of selected compounds. The results show the 3'-position to tolerate large substituents without compromising activity, whereas bulk and rigid substituents in 5'-position appear unfavorable. Screening molecular targets of water-soluble 3'-oxime ethers revealed 6ha as preferential inhibitor of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) in a panel of 22 protein kinases and in cells. Consistently, 6ha inhibited tumor cell growth in the NCI 60 cell line panel and induced apoptosis. The results indicate that the 5'-position provides limited space for chemical modifications and identify 6ha as a potent water-soluble indirubin-based IGF-1R inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlai Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Merz
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Sandra Vatter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jochen Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Stephan Muehlbeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andrea Thommet
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jochen Christ
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Department of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Kurita M, Hanada S, Ichimaru Y, Saito H, Tabata K, Asami S, Miyairi S, Suzuki T. Indirubin 3′-Epoxide Induces Caspase-Independent Cell Death in Human Neuroblastoma. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:993-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Takashi Suzuki
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University
- School of Medicine, Nihon University
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5-Nitro-5′-hydroxy-indirubin-3′-oxime (AGM130), an indirubin-3′-oxime derivative, inhibits tumor growth by inducing apoptosis against non-small cell lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 79:122-31. [PMID: 26342773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Indirubin and Indirubin Derivatives for Counteracting Proliferative Diseases. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:654098. [PMID: 26457112 PMCID: PMC4589628 DOI: 10.1155/2015/654098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Indirubin is the active component of Danggui Longhui Wan, a traditional Chinese medicine formulation. The encouraging clinical results from the 1980s obtained in chronic myelocytic leukemia patients treated with indirubin stimulated numerous studies on this compound. These investigations explored the use of indirubin in different types of cancer and reported the synthesis of novel derivatives with improved chemical and pharmacokinetic properties. In this paper, we review the impressive progress that has been made in elucidating the mechanistic understanding of how indirubin and its derivatives affect physiological and pathophysiological processes, mainly by inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of cell death. Furthermore, we survey the therapeutic use of these compounds in combating proliferative diseases such as cancer, restenosis, and psoriasis.
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11
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Wang L, Li X, Liu X, Lu K, Chen NA, Li P, Lv X, Wang X. Enhancing effects of indirubin on the arsenic disulfide-induced apoptosis of human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:1940-1946. [PMID: 25789073 PMCID: PMC4356417 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.2941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the indirubin-enhanced effects of arsenic disulfide (As2S2) on the proliferation and apoptosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells in order to identify an optimum combination therapy. The human DLBCL cells, LY1 and LY8, were treated with different concentrations of indirubin for 24, 48 and 72 h. Next, the cells were treated with 10 μM As2S2 or a combination of 10 μM As2S2 and 20 μM indirubin for 48 h. Cell proliferation inhibition was detected using cell counting kit-8 and cell apoptosis was determined using flow cytometry. The expression levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and caspase-3 were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting. The DLBCL cell viability exhibited no significant changes at 24, 48 or 72 h with increasing indirubin concentration. In addition, the apoptotic rates of the LY1 and LY8 cells demonstrated no noticeable effects at 48 h with increasing indirubin concentration. Following treatment with the combination of indirubin and As2S2, the inhibitory and apoptotic rates of the cells were notably increased compared with those of the As2S2-treated group. The qPCR results revealed that indirubin alone had no enhancing effect upon the Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA expression ratio and caspase-3 mRNA expression. Western blot analysis revealed that indirubin alone had an enhancing effect upon the Bax/Bcl-2 protein ratio and procaspase-3 protein expression. In addition, the results demonstrated that the 21-KDa Bax protein was proteolytically cleaved into an 18-KDa Bax in the DLBCL cells treated with the combination of indirubin and As2S2. Indirubin alone did not inhibit proliferation or induce the apoptosis of the LY1 and LY8 cells. However, the combination of indirubin and As2S2 yielded enhancing effects. Therefore, the results of the present study demonstrated that with regard to antitumor activities, As2S2 served as the principal drug, whereas indirubin served as the adjuvant drug. The enhancing effect was due, in part, to the induction of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, which involves the cleavage of Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China ; Department of Hematology, Taian City Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Xianglu Li
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Kang Lu
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - N A Chen
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Peipei Li
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Lv
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China ; Institute of Diagnostics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Safdari Y, Khalili M, Farajnia S, Asgharzadeh M, Yazdani Y, Sadeghi M. Recent advances in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma--a review. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:1195-202. [PMID: 24912050 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The current review presents the results of the most recent studies performed on different aspects of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, including radiosensitivity induction, efficiency improvement of monoclonal antibodies using low-intensity ultrasound, chemical compounds such as toll-like receptor (TLC) agonists, dasatinib, resveratrol and niclosamide, nuclear inhibition of cancer using STAT3 decoy oligonucleotide, efficiency of anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies in detection of head and neck cancers and other related issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaghoub Safdari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Advanced Medical Science Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Khalili
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Yaghoub Yazdani
- Faculty of Advanced Medical Science Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Sadeghi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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LEE MINGYANG, LIU YIWEN, CHEN MINGHO, WU JINYI, HO HSINGYING, WANG QWAFUN, CHUANG JINGJING. Indirubin-3′-monoxime promotes autophagic and apoptotic death in JM1 human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells and K562 human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:2072-8. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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14
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Kim HM, Kim YC, Kim JI, Choi YS, Kim YG. DEVELOPMENT OF A LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INDIRUBIN-5-NITRO-3′-MONOXIME, A NOVEL CDK INHIBITOR, IN RAT PLASMA. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.629389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Mi Kim
- a Department of Pharmacology , College of Medicine, Dankook University , Cheonan , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- b Department of Life Science , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Kim
- b Department of Life Science , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Choi
- c College of Pharmacy, Dankook University , Cheonan , Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Gyoon Kim
- c College of Pharmacy, Dankook University , Cheonan , Republic of Korea
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Yoon HE, Kim SA, Choi HS, Ahn MY, Yoon JH, Ahn SG. Inhibition of Plk1 and Pin1 by 5'-nitro-indirubinoxime suppresses human lung cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2012; 316:97-104. [PMID: 22115795 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel indirubin derivative, 5'-nitro-indirubinoxime (5'-NIO), exhibits a strong anti-cancer activity against human cancer cells. Here, the 5'-NIO-mediated G1 cell cycle arrest in lung cancer cells was associated with a decrease in protein levels of polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) and peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase Pin1. Treatment with Plk1 siRNA or Pin1 inhibitor effectively inhibited the Rb phosphorylation, suggesting their regulatory role at G1 phase. In addition, the overexpression of Plk1 or Pin1 inhibited apoptotic signals following the cleavage of PARP in 5'-NIO-treated cells. These findings suggest that 5'-NIO have potential anti-cancer efficacy through the inhibition of Plk1 or/and Pin1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Eun Yoon
- Department of Pathology, Chosun University College of Dentistry, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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16
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Saito H, Tabata K, Hanada S, Kanda Y, Suzuki T, Miyairi S. Synthesis of methoxy- and bromo-substituted indirubins and their activities on apoptosis induction in human neuroblastoma cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5370-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Kim SA, Kwon SM, Kim JA, Kang KW, Yoon JH, Ahn SG. 5′-Nitro-indirubinoxime, an indirubin derivative, suppresses metastatic ability of human head and neck cancer cells through the inhibition of Integrin β1/FAK/Akt signaling. Cancer Lett 2011; 306:197-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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18
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Silver nanoparticles induce apoptosis and G2/M arrest via PKCζ-dependent signaling in A549 lung cells. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:1529-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Xu JJ, Dai XM, Liu HL, Guo WJ, Gao J, Wang CH, Li WB, Yao QZ. A novel 7-azaisoindigo derivative-induced cancer cell apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction mediated by oxidative stress. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 31:164-72. [PMID: 20865757 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This research focused on a novel 7-azaisoindigo derivative [namely N(1)-(n-butyl)-7-azaisoindigo, 7-AI-b], and investigated its molecular antitumor mechanism by exploring the means of cell death and the effects on mitochondrial function. 7-AI-b inhibited cancer cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent way. The morphological and nuclei changes in H(2) B-GFP-labeled HeLa cells were observed using a live cell system. The results suggested that cell death induced by 7-AI-b is closely related to apoptosis. 7-AI-b induced release of cytochrome C from mitochondria to cytosol and activation of caspase-3, showing that the apoptosis is mediated by the mitochondrial pathway. Furthermore, our data indicated that 7-AI-b triggers apoptosis through reactive oxygen species (ROS): cellular ROS levels were increased after 3 h exposure of 7-AI-b, which was reversed by the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine. As a consequence, 7-AI-b-mediated cell death, mitochondrial transmembrane potential collapse and ATP level were partly blocked by N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Further study showed that 7-AI-b could induce mitochondrial dysfunction: collapse of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and reduction of intracellular ATP level. In summary, the novel synthesized 7-AI-b was demonstrated to be effective in killing cancer cells via an ROS-promoted and mitochondria- and caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-jing Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
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20
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Yoon JH, Kim SA, Kim JI, Park JH, Ahn SG, Yoon JH. Inhibition of invasion and migration of salivary gland adenocarcinoma cells by 5'-nitro-indirubinoxime (5'-NIO). Head Neck 2010; 32:619-25. [PMID: 19827125 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5'-Nitro-indirubinoxime (5'-NIO) is a derivative of the bis-indole indirubin that exhibits anticancer activities. The present study investigated the anti-invasive action of 5'-NIO in salivary gland ductal adenocarcinoma, SGT cells. METHODS The wound-scratch, migration, and invasion assays were applied to determine the effect of 5'-NIO on the migration capacity and invasiveness of SGT cells. Reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot were performed to evaluate the impacts of 5'-NIO on the expression of beta1 integrin and matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 (gelatinase-A) and MMP-9 (gelatinase-B). RESULTS The viability of SGT cells was decreased by 5'-NIO in a dose-dependent manner, but not significant at the concentrations of 0.5 and 1 microM. Under the concentrations showing little cytotoxic effect, 5'-NIO exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the invasion and migration of SGT cells. Furthermore, 5'-NIO suppressed the mRNA and protein expression of beta1 integrin and MMP-2 and MMP-9. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that 5'-NIO, even at low concentrations, may effectively inhibit the invasion and migration of SGT cells by suppressing beta1 integrin-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Yoon
- Department of Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea.
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21
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Choi SJ, Lee JE, Jeong SY, Im I, Lee SD, Lee EJ, Lee SK, Kwon SM, Ahn SG, Yoon JH, Han SY, Kim JI, Kim YC. 5,5'-substituted indirubin-3'-oxime derivatives as potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors with anticancer activity. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3696-706. [PMID: 20361800 DOI: 10.1021/jm100080z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the ability of indirubin derivatives to inhibit CDK2/cyclin E, a target of anticancer agents, we designed and synthesized a new series of indirubin-3'-oxime derivatives with combined substitutions at the 5 and 5' positions. A molecular docking study predicted the binding of derivatives with OH or halogen substitutions at the 5' position to the ATP binding site of CDK2, revealing the critical interactions that may explain the improved CDK2 inhibitory activity of these derivatives. Among the synthesized derivatives, the 5-nitro-5'-hydroxy analogue 3a and the 5-nitro-5'-fluoro analogue 5a displayed potent inhibitory activity against CDK2, with IC(50) values of 1.9 and 1.7 nM, respectively. These derivatives also showed antiproliferative activity against several human cancer cell lines, with IC(50) values of 0.2-3.3 microM. A representative analogue, 3a, showed greater than 500-fold selectivity for CDK relative to selected kinase panel and potent in vivo anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jeong Choi
- Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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22
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Schmit TL, Ledesma MC, Ahmad N. Modulating polo-like kinase 1 as a means for cancer chemoprevention. Pharm Res 2010; 27:989-98. [PMID: 20107874 PMCID: PMC2873067 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring agents have always been appreciated for their medicinal value for both their chemopreventive and therapeutic effects against cancer. In fact, the majority of the drugs we use today, including the anti-cancer agents, were originally derived from natural compounds, either in their native form or modified to enhance their bioavailability or specificity. It is believed that for maximum effectiveness, it will useful to design novel target-based agents for chemoprevention as well as the treatment of cancer. Recent studies have shown that the serine/threonine kinase polo-like kinase (Plk) 1 is widely overexpressed in a variety of cancers and is being increasingly appreciated as a target for cancer management. Additionally, several chemopreventive agents have been shown to inhibit Plk1 in cancer cells. In this review, we will discuss if Plk1 could also be a target for designing novel strategies for cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis L. Schmit
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Medical Science Center, Room 423, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mark C. Ledesma
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Medical Science Center, Room 423, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Medical Science Center, Room 423, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Yoon JH, Kim SA, Kwon SM, Park JH, Park HS, Kim YC, Yoon JH, Ahn SG. 5'-Nitro-indirubinoxime induces G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in salivary gland adenocarcinoma cells through the inhibition of Notch-1 signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1800:352-8. [PMID: 19914349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5'-Nitro-indirubinoxime (5'-NIO) is a new derivative of indirubin that exhibits anti-cancer activity in a variety of human cancer cells. However, its mechanism has not been fully clarified. METHODS Human salivary gland adenocarcinoma (SGT) cells were used in this study. Western blot and RT-PCR analyses were performed to determine cellular Notch levels. The cell cycle stage and level of apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS 5'-NIO significantly inhibited the mRNA levels of Notch-1 and Notch-3 and their ligands (Delta1, 2, 3, and Jagged-2) in SGT cells. Immunocytochemistry analysis showed that 5'-NIO specifically decreased the level of Notch-1 in the nucleus. In addition, 5'-NIO induced G1 cell cycle arrest by reducing levels of CDK4 and CDK6 in SGT cells. Using flow cytometry and immunoblotting analysis, we found that 5'-NIO induces apoptosis following the secretion of cytochrome c and the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-7. Intracellular Notch-1 overexpression led to a decrease in G1 phase arrest and an inhibition of 5'-NIO-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION These observations suggest that 5'-NIO induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by down-regulating Notch-1 signaling. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study identifies a new mechanism of 5'-NIO-mediated anti-tumor properties. Thus, 5'-NIO could be used as a candidate for salivary gland adenocarcinoma therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Yoon
- Department of Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea.
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Wee XK, Yeo WK, Zhang B, Tan VBC, Lim KM, Tay TE, Go ML. Synthesis and evaluation of functionalized isoindigos as antiproliferative agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7562-71. [PMID: 19783149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of functionalized isoindigos structurally related to meisoindigo (1-methylisoindigo), a therapeutic agent used for the treatment of a form of leukemia, were synthesized and evaluated for antiproliferative activities on a panel of human cancer cells. Two promising compounds (1-phenpropylisoindigo and 1-(p-methoxy-phenethyl)-isoindigo) that were more potent than meisoindigo and comparable to 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime on leukemic K562 and liver HuH7 cells were identified. Structure-activity relationships showed the importance of keeping one of the lactam NH in an unsubstituted state. Substitution of the other lactam NH with aryl or arylalkyl side chains retained or improved activity in most instances. An intact exocyclic double bond was also essential, possibly to maintain planarity and rigidity of the isoindigo scaffold. None of the compounds were found to inhibit CDK2 in an in vitro assay, in spite of reports linking the antiproliferative activities of meisoindigo and other isoindigos to CDK2 inhibition. Hence, these functionalized isoindigos disrupted cell growth and proliferation by other mechanistic pathways that did not involve CDK2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Kai Wee
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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25
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Lee YS, Yoon HJ, Oh JH, Park HJ, Lee EH, Song CW, Yoon S. 1,3-Dinitrobenzene induces apoptosis in TM4 mouse Sertoli cells: Involvement of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPK pathway. Toxicol Lett 2009; 189:145-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Anti-tumor activity of noble indirubin derivatives in human solid tumor models In Vitro. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:915-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-1614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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