1
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Zhang K, Yao E, Aung T, Chuang PT. The alveolus: Our current knowledge of how the gas exchange unit of the lung is constructed and repaired. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 159:59-129. [PMID: 38729684 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian lung completes its last step of development, alveologenesis, to generate sufficient surface area for gas exchange. In this process, multiple cell types that include alveolar epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts undergo coordinated cell proliferation, cell migration and/or contraction, cell shape changes, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions to produce the gas exchange unit: the alveolus. Full functioning of alveoli also involves immune cells and the lymphatic and autonomic nervous system. With the advent of lineage tracing, conditional gene inactivation, transcriptome analysis, live imaging, and lung organoids, our molecular understanding of alveologenesis has advanced significantly. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the constituents of the alveolus and the molecular pathways that control alveolar formation. We also discuss how insight into alveolar formation may inform us of alveolar repair/regeneration mechanisms following lung injury and the pathogenic processes that lead to loss of alveoli or tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Erica Yao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Thin Aung
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Pao-Tien Chuang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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2
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Cicconardi F, Milanetti E, Pinheiro de Castro EC, Mazo-Vargas A, Van Belleghem SM, Ruggieri AA, Rastas P, Hanly J, Evans E, Jiggins CD, Owen McMillan W, Papa R, Di Marino D, Martin A, Montgomery SH. Evolutionary dynamics of genome size and content during the adaptive radiation of Heliconiini butterflies. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5620. [PMID: 37699868 PMCID: PMC10497600 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Heliconius butterflies, a speciose genus of Müllerian mimics, represent a classic example of an adaptive radiation that includes a range of derived dietary, life history, physiological and neural traits. However, key lineages within the genus, and across the broader Heliconiini tribe, lack genomic resources, limiting our understanding of how adaptive and neutral processes shaped genome evolution during their radiation. Here, we generate highly contiguous genome assemblies for nine Heliconiini, 29 additional reference-assembled genomes, and improve 10 existing assemblies. Altogether, we provide a dataset of annotated genomes for a total of 63 species, including 58 species within the Heliconiini tribe. We use this extensive dataset to generate a robust and dated heliconiine phylogeny, describe major patterns of introgression, explore the evolution of genome architecture, and the genomic basis of key innovations in this enigmatic group, including an assessment of the evolution of putative regulatory regions at the Heliconius stem. Our work illustrates how the increased resolution provided by such dense genomic sampling improves our power to generate and test gene-phenotype hypotheses, and precisely characterize how genomes evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cicconardi
- School of Biological Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom.
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Edoardo Milanetti
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Italian Institute of Technology, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anyi Mazo-Vargas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Steven M Van Belleghem
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PR, Puerto Rico
- Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Pasi Rastas
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph Hanly
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, WA, 20052, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Elizabeth Evans
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PR, Puerto Rico
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - W Owen McMillan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Riccardo Papa
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PR, Puerto Rico
- Molecular Sciences and Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, Puerto Rico
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, Puerto Rico
| | - Daniele Di Marino
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
- Neuronal Death and Neuroprotection Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research-IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Arnaud Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, WA, 20052, USA
| | - Stephen H Montgomery
- School of Biological Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom.
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama.
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3
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Fulford AD, Enderle L, Rusch J, Hodzic D, Holder MV, Earl A, Oh RH, Tapon N, McNeill H. Expanded directly binds conserved regions of Fat to restrain growth via the Hippo pathway. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202204059. [PMID: 37071483 PMCID: PMC10120405 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202204059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a conserved and critical regulator of tissue growth. The FERM protein Expanded is a key signaling hub that promotes activation of the Hippo pathway, thereby inhibiting the transcriptional co-activator Yorkie. Previous work identified the polarity determinant Crumbs as a primary regulator of Expanded. Here, we show that the giant cadherin Fat also regulates Expanded directly and independently of Crumbs. We show that direct binding between Expanded and a highly conserved region of the Fat cytoplasmic domain recruits Expanded to the apicolateral junctional zone and stabilizes Expanded. In vivo deletion of Expanded binding regions in Fat causes loss of apical Expanded and promotes tissue overgrowth. Unexpectedly, we find Fat can bind its ligand Dachsous via interactions of their cytoplasmic domains, in addition to the known extracellular interactions. Importantly, Expanded is stabilized by Fat independently of Dachsous binding. These data provide new mechanistic insights into how Fat regulates Expanded, and how Hippo signaling is regulated during organ growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Fulford
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Leonie Enderle
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jannette Rusch
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Didier Hodzic
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Maxine V. Holder
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Alex Earl
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Robin Hyunseo Oh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nicolas Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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4
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Bu T, Li X, Wang L, Wu X, Gao S, Yun D, Li L, Sun F, Cheng CY. Regulation of sertoli cell function by planar cell polarity (PCP) protein Fjx1. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 571:111936. [PMID: 37119967 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Four-jointed box kinase 1 (Fjx1) is a planar cell protein (PCP) and a member of the Fat (FAT atypical cadherin 1)/Dchs (Dachsous cadherin-related protein)/Fjx1 PCP complex. Fjx1 is also a non-receptor Ser/Thr protein kinase capable of phosphorylating Fat1 at is extracellular cadherin domains when it is transport across the Golgi system. As such, Fjx1 is a Golgi-based regulator of Fat1 function by determining its extracellular deposition. Herein, Fjx1 was found to localize across the Sertoli cell cytoplasm, partially co-localized with the microtubules (MTs) across the seminiferous epithelium. It was most notable at the apical ES (ectoplasmic specialization) and basal ES, displaying distinctive stage-specific expression. The apical ES and basal ES are the corresponding testis-specific cell adhesion ultrastructures at the Sertoli-elongated spermatid and Sertoli cell-cell interface, respectively, consistent with the role of Fjx1 as a Golgi-associated Ser/Thr kinase that modulates the Fat (and/or Dchs) integral membrane proteins. Its knockdown (KD) by RNAi using specific Fjx1 siRNA duplexes versus non-targeting negative control siRNA duplexes was found to perturb the Sertoli cell tight junction function, as well as perturbing the function and organization of MT and actin. While Fjx1 KD did not affect the steady-state levels of almost two dozens of BTB-associated Sertoli cell proteins, including structural and regulatory proteins, its KD was found to down-regulate Fat1 (but not Fat2, 3, and 4) and to up-regulate Dchs1 (but not Dchs2) expression. Based on results of biochemical analysis, Fjx1 KD was found to be capable of abolishing phosphorylation of its putative substrate Fat1 at its Ser/Thr sites, but not at its Tyr site, illustrating an intimate functional relationship of Fjx1 and Fat1 in Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiao Bu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Xinyao Li
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Xiaolong Wu
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Sheng Gao
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Damin Yun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Linxi Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
| | - C Yan Cheng
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
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5
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Li R, Shao J, Jin YJ, Kawase H, Ong YT, Troidl K, Quan Q, Wang L, Bonnavion R, Wietelmann A, Helmbacher F, Potente M, Graumann J, Wettschureck N, Offermanns S. Endothelial FAT1 inhibits angiogenesis by controlling YAP/TAZ protein degradation via E3 ligase MIB2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1980. [PMID: 37031213 PMCID: PMC10082778 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of endothelial YAP/TAZ signaling is crucial for physiological and pathological angiogenesis. The mechanisms of endothelial YAP/TAZ regulation are, however, incompletely understood. Here we report that the protocadherin FAT1 acts as a critical upstream regulator of endothelial YAP/TAZ which limits the activity of these transcriptional cofactors during developmental and tumor angiogenesis by promoting their degradation. We show that loss of endothelial FAT1 results in increased endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and in various angiogenesis models in vivo. This effect is due to perturbed YAP/TAZ protein degradation, leading to increased YAP/TAZ protein levels and expression of canonical YAP/TAZ target genes. We identify the E3 ubiquitin ligase Mind Bomb-2 (MIB2) as a FAT1-interacting protein mediating FAT1-induced YAP/TAZ ubiquitination and degradation. Loss of MIB2 expression in endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo recapitulates the effects of FAT1 depletion and causes decreased YAP/TAZ degradation and increased YAP/TAZ signaling. Our data identify a pivotal mechanism of YAP/TAZ regulation involving FAT1 and its associated E3 ligase MIB2, which is essential for YAP/TAZ-dependent angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jingchen Shao
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Young-June Jin
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Haruya Kawase
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Yu Ting Ong
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Angiogenesis & Metabolism Laboratory, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Kerstin Troidl
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic, University Hospital Frankfurt and Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Qi Quan
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Lei Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Remy Bonnavion
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Astrid Wietelmann
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Small Animal Imaging Service Group, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Francoise Helmbacher
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Michael Potente
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Angiogenesis & Metabolism Laboratory, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Graumann
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Service Group, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Institute of Translational Proteomics, Department of Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nina Wettschureck
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Frankfurt, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Cardiopulmonary Institute, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Frankfurt, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
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6
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Shi DL. Planar cell polarity regulators in asymmetric organogenesis during development and disease. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:63-76. [PMID: 35809777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of planar cell polarity is critically required for a myriad of morphogenetic processes in metazoan and is accurately controlled by several conserved modules. Six "core" proteins, including Frizzled, Flamingo (Celsr), Van Gogh (Vangl), Dishevelled, Prickle, and Diego (Ankrd6), are major components of the Wnt/planar cell polarity pathway. The Fat/Dchs protocadherins and the Scrib polarity complex also function to instruct cellular polarization. In vertebrates, all these pathways are essential for tissue and organ morphogenesis, such as neural tube closure, left-right symmetry breaking, heart and gut morphogenesis, lung and kidney branching, stereociliary bundle orientation, and proximal-distal limb elongation. Mutations in planar polarity genes are closely linked to various congenital diseases. Striking advances have been made in deciphering their contribution to the establishment of spatially oriented pattern in developing organs and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. The challenge remains to clarify the complex interplay of different polarity pathways in organogenesis and the link of cell polarity to cell fate specification. Interdisciplinary approaches are also important to understand the roles of mechanical forces in coupling cellular polarization and differentiation. This review outlines current advances on planar polarity regulators in asymmetric organ formation, with the aim to identify questions that deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Li Shi
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China; Laboratory of Developmental Biology, CNRS-UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne University, 75005 Paris, France.
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7
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Rahmani N, Ahmadvand M, Khakpour G. Use of expanded carrier screening for retrospective diagnosis of two deceased siblings with Van Maldergem syndrome 2: case report. ASIAN BIOMED 2022; 16:322-328. [PMID: 37551355 PMCID: PMC10392142 DOI: 10.2478/abm-2022-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Van Maldergem syndrome (VMLDS) is a recessive disease which affects multiple organs including the face, ear, and limb extremities. It can be caused by pathogenic variants in either the gene DCHS1 or FAT4. Diagnosis of VMLDS is complicated, especially regarding its similarity of symptoms to Hennekam syndrome, another disorder caused by FAT4 variants. Reported patients are two infantile siblings with multiple congenital anomalies, who deceased without clinical diagnosis. Whole exome sequencing was exploited for expanded carrier screening (ECS) of their parents, which revealed a novel splicing variant in the gene FAT4, NM_024582.6: c.7018+1G>A. In silico analysis of the variant indicates loss of canonical donor splice site of intron 6. This variant is classified as pathogenic based on ACMG criteria. Reverse phenotyping of patients resulted in likely diagnosis of VMLDS2. This study reaffirms the possibility of using ECS, leading to the genetic diagnosis of a rare disease with complicated clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Rahmani
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran1449614535, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahmadvand
- Department of Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran1411713135, Iran
| | - Golnaz Khakpour
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran1449614535, Iran
- Department of Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Rassoul Akram Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran1445613131, Iran
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8
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Shi DL. Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling controls morphogenetic movements of gastrulation and neural tube closure. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:586. [PMID: 36369349 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastrulation and neurulation are successive morphogenetic processes that play key roles in shaping the basic embryonic body plan. Importantly, they operate through common cellular and molecular mechanisms to set up the three spatially organized germ layers and to close the neural tube. During gastrulation and neurulation, convergent extension movements driven by cell intercalation and oriented cell division generate major forces to narrow the germ layers along the mediolateral axis and elongate the embryo in the anteroposterior direction. Apical constriction also makes an important contribution to promote the formation of the blastopore and the bending of the neural plate. Planar cell polarity proteins are major regulators of asymmetric cell behaviors and critically involved in a wide variety of developmental processes, from gastrulation and neurulation to organogenesis. Mutations of planar cell polarity genes can lead to general defects in the morphogenesis of different organs and the co-existence of distinct congenital diseases, such as spina bifida, hearing deficits, kidney diseases, and limb elongation defects. This review outlines our current understanding of non-canonical Wnt signaling, commonly known as Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling, in regulating morphogenetic movements of gastrulation and neural tube closure during development and disease. It also attempts to identify unanswered questions that deserve further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Li Shi
- Institute of Medical Research, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China. .,Laboratory of Developmental Biology, CNRS-UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
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9
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Ayukawa T, Akiyama M, Hozumi Y, Ishimoto K, Sasaki J, Senoo H, Sasaki T, Yamazaki M. Tissue flow regulates planar cell polarity independently of the Frizzled core pathway. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111388. [PMID: 36130497 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) regulates the orientation of external structures. A core group of proteins that includes Frizzled forms the heart of the PCP regulatory system. Other PCP mechanisms that are independent of the core group likely exist, but their underlying mechanisms are elusive. Here, we show that tissue flow is a mechanism governing core group-independent PCP on the Drosophila notum. Loss of core group function only slightly affects bristle orientation in the adult central notum. This near-normal PCP results from tissue flow-mediated rescue of random bristle orientation during the pupal stage. Manipulation studies suggest that tissue flow can orient bristles in the opposite direction to the flow. This process is independent of the core group and implies that the apical extracellular matrix functions like a "comb" to align bristles. Our results reveal the significance of cooperation between tissue dynamics and extracellular substances in PCP establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Ayukawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masakazu Akiyama
- Meiji Institute for Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University, Tokyo 164-8525, Japan; Faculty of Science, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Hozumi
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kenta Ishimoto
- Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Junko Sasaki
- Department of Biochemical Pathophysiology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Haruki Senoo
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sasaki
- Department of Biochemical Pathophysiology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamazaki
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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10
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Zhang K, Yao E, Chuang E, Chen B, Chuang EY, Volk RF, Hofmann KL, Zaro B, Chuang PT. Wnt5a-Vangl1/2 signaling regulates the position and direction of lung branching through the cytoskeleton and focal adhesions. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001759. [PMID: 36026468 PMCID: PMC9469998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung branching morphogenesis requires reciprocal interactions between the epithelium and mesenchyme. How the lung branches are generated at a defined location and projected toward a specific direction remains a major unresolved issue. In this study, we investigated the function of Wnt signaling in lung branching in mice. We discovered that Wnt5a in both the epithelium and the mesenchyme plays an essential role in controlling the position and direction of lung branching. The Wnt5a signal is mediated by Vangl1/2 to trigger a cascade of noncanonical or planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. In response to noncanonical Wnt signaling, lung cells undergo cytoskeletal reorganization and change focal adhesions. Perturbed focal adhesions in lung explants are associated with defective branching. Moreover, we observed changes in the shape and orientation of the epithelial sheet and the underlying mesenchymal layer in regions of defective branching in the mutant lungs. Thus, PCP signaling helps define the position and orientation of the lung branches. We propose that mechanical force induced by noncanonical Wnt signaling mediates a coordinated alteration in the shape and orientation of a group of epithelial and mesenchymal cells. These results provide a new framework for understanding the molecular mechanisms by which a stereotypic branching pattern is generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erica Yao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ethan Chuang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Biao Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Evelyn Y. Chuang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Regan F. Volk
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine L. Hofmann
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Balyn Zaro
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Pao-Tien Chuang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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11
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Derpoorter C, Van Paemel R, Vandemeulebroecke K, Vanhooren J, De Wilde B, Laureys G, Lammens T. Whole genome sequencing and inheritance-based variant filtering as a tool for unraveling missing heritability in pediatric cancer. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 40:326-340. [PMID: 35876323 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2022.2101723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Survival rates for pediatric cancer have significantly increased the past decades, now exceeding 70-80% for most cancer types. The cause of cancer in children and adolescents remains largely unknown and a genetic susceptibility is considered in up to 10% of the cases, but most likely this is an underestimation. Families with multiple pediatric cancer patients are rare and strongly suggestive for an underlying predisposition to cancer. The absence of identifiable mutations in known cancer predisposing genes in such families could indicate undiscovered heritability. To discover candidate susceptibility variants, whole genome sequencing was performed on germline DNA of a family with two children affected by Burkitt lymphoma. Using an inheritance-based filtering approach, 18 correctly segregating coding variants were prioritized without a biased focus on specific genes or variants. Two variants in FAT4 and DCHS2 were highlighted, both involved in the Hippo signaling pathway, which controls tissue growth and stem cell activity. Similarly, a set of nine non-coding variants was prioritized, which might contribute, in differing degrees, to the increased cancer risk within this family. In conclusion, inheritance-based whole genome sequencing in selected families or cases is a valuable approach to prioritize variants and, thus, to further unravel genetic predisposition in childhood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Derpoorter
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Van Paemel
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Vandemeulebroecke
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Vanhooren
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bram De Wilde
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geneviève Laureys
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Lammens
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Helmbacher F. Astrocyte-intrinsic and -extrinsic Fat1 activities regulate astrocyte development and angiogenesis in the retina. Development 2022; 149:274046. [PMID: 35050341 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a stepwise process leading to blood vessel formation. In the vertebrate retina, endothelial cells are guided by astrocytes migrating along the inner surface, and the two processes are coupled by a tightly regulated cross-talks between the two cell types. Here, I have investigated how the FAT1 cadherin, a regulator of tissue morphogenesis that governs tissue cross-talk, influences retinal vascular development. Late-onset Fat1 inactivation in the neural lineage in mice, by interfering with astrocyte progenitor migration polarity and maturation, delayed postnatal retinal angiogenesis, leading to persistent vascular abnormalities in adult retinas. Impaired astrocyte migration and polarity were not associated with alterations of retinal ganglion cell axonal trajectories or of the inner limiting membrane. In contrast, inducible Fat1 ablation in postnatal astrocytes was sufficient to alter their migration polarity and proliferation. Altogether, this study uncovers astrocyte-intrinsic and -extrinsic Fat1 activities that influence astrocyte migration polarity, proliferation and maturation, disruption of which impacts retinal vascular development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Helmbacher
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, 13288 Marseille, France
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13
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Kotian N, Troike KM, Curran KN, Lathia JD, McDonald JA. A Drosophila RNAi screen reveals conserved glioblastoma-related adhesion genes that regulate collective cell migration. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6388037. [PMID: 34849760 PMCID: PMC8728034 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Migrating cell collectives are key to embryonic development but also contribute to invasion and metastasis of a variety of cancers. Cell collectives can invade deep into tissues, leading to tumor progression and resistance to therapies. Collective cell invasion is also observed in the lethal brain tumor glioblastoma (GBM), which infiltrates the surrounding brain parenchyma leading to tumor growth and poor patient outcomes. Drosophila border cells, which migrate as a small cell cluster in the developing ovary, are a well-studied and genetically accessible model used to identify general mechanisms that control collective cell migration within native tissue environments. Most cell collectives remain cohesive through a variety of cell–cell adhesion proteins during their migration through tissues and organs. In this study, we first identified cell adhesion, cell matrix, cell junction, and associated regulatory genes that are expressed in human brain tumors. We performed RNAi knockdown of the Drosophila orthologs in border cells to evaluate if migration and/or cohesion of the cluster was impaired. From this screen, we identified eight adhesion-related genes that disrupted border cell collective migration upon RNAi knockdown. Bioinformatics analyses further demonstrated that subsets of the orthologous genes were elevated in the margin and invasive edge of human GBM patient tumors. These data together show that conserved cell adhesion and adhesion regulatory proteins with potential roles in tumor invasion also modulate collective cell migration. This dual screening approach for adhesion genes linked to GBM and border cell migration thus may reveal conserved mechanisms that drive collective tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupama Kotian
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Katie M Troike
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kristen N Curran
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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14
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Yusuf IH, Garrett A, MacLaren RE, Issa PC. Retinal cadherins and the retinal cadherinopathies: Current concepts and future directions. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 90:101038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Agrawal N, Lawler K, Davidson CM, Keogh JM, Legg R, Barroso I, Farooqi IS, Brand AH. Predicting novel candidate human obesity genes and their site of action by systematic functional screening in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001255. [PMID: 34748544 PMCID: PMC8575313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of human obesity-associated genes can reveal new mechanisms to target for weight loss therapy. Genetic studies of obese individuals and the analysis of rare genetic variants can identify novel obesity-associated genes. However, establishing a functional relationship between these candidate genes and adiposity remains a significant challenge. We uncovered a large number of rare homozygous gene variants by exome sequencing of severely obese children, including those from consanguineous families. By assessing the function of these genes in vivo in Drosophila, we identified 4 genes, not previously linked to human obesity, that regulate adiposity (itpr, dachsous, calpA, and sdk). Dachsous is a transmembrane protein upstream of the Hippo signalling pathway. We found that 3 further members of the Hippo pathway, fat, four-jointed, and hippo, also regulate adiposity and that they act in neurons, rather than in adipose tissue (fat body). Screening Hippo pathway genes in larger human cohorts revealed rare variants in TAOK2 associated with human obesity. Knockdown of Drosophila tao increased adiposity in vivo demonstrating the strength of our approach in predicting novel human obesity genes and signalling pathways and their site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Agrawal
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Lawler
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine M. Davidson
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M. Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Legg
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Inês Barroso
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - I. Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea H. Brand
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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16
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Strutt H, Strutt D. How do the Fat-Dachsous and core planar polarity pathways act together and independently to coordinate polarized cell behaviours? Open Biol 2021; 11:200356. [PMID: 33561385 PMCID: PMC8061702 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar polarity describes the coordinated polarization of cells within the plane of a tissue. This is controlled by two main pathways in Drosophila: the Frizzled-dependent core planar polarity pathway and the Fat–Dachsous pathway. Components of both of these pathways become asymmetrically localized within cells in response to long-range upstream cues, and form intercellular complexes that link polarity between neighbouring cells. This review examines if and when the two pathways are coupled, focusing on the Drosophila wing, eye and abdomen. There is strong evidence that the pathways are molecularly coupled in tissues that express a specific isoform of the core protein Prickle, namely Spiny-legs. However, in other contexts, the linkages between the pathways are indirect. We discuss how the two pathways act together and independently to mediate a diverse range of effects on polarization of cell structures and behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Strutt
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - David Strutt
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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17
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Peyre L, Meyer M, Hofman P, Roux J. TRAIL receptor-induced features of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition increase tumour phenotypic heterogeneity: potential cell survival mechanisms. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:91-101. [PMID: 33257838 PMCID: PMC7782794 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01177-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuing efforts to exploit the death receptor agonists, such as the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), for cancer therapy, have largely been impaired by the anti-apoptotic and pro-survival signalling pathways leading to drug resistance. Cell migration, invasion, differentiation, immune evasion and anoikis resistance are plastic processes sharing features of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that have been shown to give cancer cells the ability to escape cell death upon cytotoxic treatments. EMT has recently been suggested to drive a heterogeneous cellular environment that appears favourable for tumour progression. Recent studies have highlighted a link between EMT and cell sensitivity to TRAIL, whereas others have highlighted their effects on the induction of EMT. This review aims to explore the molecular mechanisms by which death signals can elicit an increase in response heterogeneity in the metastasis context, and to evaluate the impact of these processes on cell responses to cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Peyre
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284, Inserm U 1081, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement de Nice (IRCAN), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 06107, Nice, France
| | - Mickael Meyer
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284, Inserm U 1081, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement de Nice (IRCAN), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 06107, Nice, France
| | - Paul Hofman
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284, Inserm U 1081, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement de Nice (IRCAN), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 06107, Nice, France
| | - Jérémie Roux
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284, Inserm U 1081, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement de Nice (IRCAN), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 06107, Nice, France.
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18
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Lodge EJ, Xekouki P, Silva TS, Kochi C, Longui CA, Faucz FR, Santambrogio A, Mills JL, Pankratz N, Lane J, Sosnowska D, Hodgson T, Patist AL, Francis-West P, Helmbacher F, Stratakis CA, Andoniadou CL. Requirement of FAT and DCHS protocadherins during hypothalamic-pituitary development. JCI Insight 2020; 5. [PMID: 33108146 PMCID: PMC7714405 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary developmental defects lead to partial or complete hormone deficiency and significant health problems. The majority of cases are sporadic and of unknown cause. We screened 28 patients with pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) for mutations in the FAT/DCHS family of protocadherins that have high functional redundancy. We identified seven variants, four of which putatively damaging, in FAT2 and DCHS2 in six patients with pituitary developmental defects recruited through a cohort of patients with mostly ectopic posterior pituitary gland and/or pituitary stalk interruption. All patients had growth hormone deficiency and two presented with multiple hormone deficiencies and small glands. FAT2 and DCHS2 were strongly expressed in the mesenchyme surrounding the normal developing human pituitary. We analyzed Dchs2-/- mouse mutants and identified anterior pituitary hypoplasia and partially penetrant infundibular defects. Overlapping infundibular abnormalities and distinct anterior pituitary morphogenesis defects were observed in Fat4-/- and Dchs1-/- mouse mutants but all animal models displayed normal commitment to the anterior pituitary cell type. Together our data implicate FAT/DCHS protocadherins in normal hypothalamic-pituitary development and identify FAT2 and DCHS2 as candidates underlying pituitary gland developmental defects such as ectopic pituitary gland and/or pituitary stalk interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Lodge
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paraskevi Xekouki
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiane S. Silva
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Kochi
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Longui
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio R. Faucz
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alice Santambrogio
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - James L. Mills
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - John Lane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dominika Sosnowska
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Hodgson
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda L. Patist
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa Francis-West
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cynthia L. Andoniadou
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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19
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Rao-Bhatia A, Zhu M, Yin WC, Coquenlorge S, Zhang X, Woo J, Sun Y, Dean CH, Liu A, Hui CC, Shivdasani RA, McNeill H, Hopyan S, Kim TH. Hedgehog-Activated Fat4 and PCP Pathways Mediate Mesenchymal Cell Clustering and Villus Formation in Gut Development. Dev Cell 2020; 52:647-658.e6. [PMID: 32155439 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During development, intestinal epithelia undergo dramatic morphogenesis mediated by mesenchymal signaling to form villi, which are required for efficient nutrient absorption and host defense. Although both smooth-muscle-induced physical forces and mesenchymal cell clustering beneath emerging villi are implicated in epithelial folding, the underlying cellular mechanisms are unclear. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling can mediate both processes. We therefore analyzed its direct targetome and revealed GLI2 transcriptional activation of atypical cadherin and planar cell polarity (PCP) genes. By examining Fat4 and Dchs1 knockout mice, we demonstrate their critical roles in villus formation. Analyses of PCP-mutant mice and genetic interaction studies show that the Fat4-Dchs1 axis acts in parallel to the core-Vangl2 PCP axis to control mesenchymal cell clustering. Moreover, live light-sheet fluorescence microscopy and cultured PDGFRα+ cells reveal a requirement for PCP in their oriented cell migration guided by WNT5A. Therefore, mesenchymal PCP induced by Hh signaling drives cell clustering and subsequent epithelial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abilasha Rao-Bhatia
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Min Zhu
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Wen-Chi Yin
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sabrina Coquenlorge
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Janghee Woo
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Charlotte H Dean
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Aimin Liu
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, Centers for Cellular Dynamics and Molecular Investigation of Neurological Disorders, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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20
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Abstract
Planar cell polarization, PCP, describes a form of organization where every cell within a group acquires the same planar characteristics, whether it is orientation of cell division, direction of migration, or localization of a cellular structure. PCP is essential for correct organization of cells into tissues and building a proper body plan. Here we use Hydra, an organism with a single axis of symmetry and a very simple body plan to investigate the function of the cell adhesion molecules Fat-like and Dachsous. We show that Hydra Fat-like and Dachsous are planar polarized, providing a demonstration of planar polarization of proteins in a nonbilaterian organism. We also discover roles for Hydra Fat-like in cell adhesion, spindle orientation, and tissue organization. Fat, Fat-like, and Dachsous family cadherins are giant proteins that regulate planar cell polarity (PCP) and cell adhesion in bilaterians. Their evolutionary origin can be traced back to prebilaterian species, but their ancestral function(s) are unknown. We identified Fat-like and Dachsous cadherins in Hydra, a member of phylum Cnidaria a sister group of bilaterian. We found Hydra does not possess a true Fat homolog, but has homologs of Fat-like (HyFatl) and Dachsous (HyDs) that localize at the apical membrane of ectodermal epithelial cells and are planar polarized perpendicular to the oral–aboral axis of the animal. Using a knockdown approach we found that HyFatl is involved in local cell alignment and cell–cell adhesion, and that reduction of HyFatl leads to defects in tissue organization in the body column. Overexpression and knockdown experiments indicate that the intracellular domain (ICD) of HyFatl affects actin organization through proline-rich repeats. Thus, planar polarization of Fat-like and Dachsous cadherins has ancient, prebilaterian origins, and Fat-like cadherins have ancient roles in cell adhesion, spindle orientation, and tissue organization.
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21
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Zhang K, Yao E, Lin C, Chou YT, Wong J, Li J, Wolters PJ, Chuang PT. A mammalian Wnt5a-Ror2-Vangl2 axis controls the cytoskeleton and confers cellular properties required for alveologenesis. eLife 2020; 9:e53688. [PMID: 32394892 PMCID: PMC7217702 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar formation increases the surface area for gas-exchange and is key to the physiological function of the lung. Alveolar epithelial cells, myofibroblasts and endothelial cells undergo coordinated morphogenesis to generate epithelial folds (secondary septa) to form alveoli. A mechanistic understanding of alveologenesis remains incomplete. We found that the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway is required in alveolar epithelial cells and myofibroblasts for alveologenesis in mammals. Our studies uncovered a Wnt5a-Ror2-Vangl2 cascade that endows cellular properties and novel mechanisms of alveologenesis. This includes PDGF secretion from alveolar type I and type II cells, cell shape changes of type I cells and migration of myofibroblasts. All these cellular properties are conferred by changes in the cytoskeleton and represent a new facet of PCP function. These results extend our current model of PCP signaling from polarizing a field of epithelial cells to conferring new properties at subcellular levels to regulate collective cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Erica Yao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Chuwen Lin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Yu-Ting Chou
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Julia Wong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Jianying Li
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Paul J Wolters
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Pao-Tien Chuang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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22
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Fat/Dachsous family cadherins in cell and tissue organisation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 62:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Gou J, Stotsky JA, Othmer HG. Growth control in the Drosophila wing disk. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 12:e1478. [PMID: 31917525 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of size and shape is a fundamental requirement of biological development and has been a subject of scientific study for centuries, but we still lack an understanding of how organisms know when to stop growing. Imaginal wing disks of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which are precursors of the adult wings, are an archetypal tissue for studying growth control. The growth of the disks is dependent on many inter- and intra-organ factors such as morphogens, mechanical forces, nutrient levels, and hormones that influence gene expression and cell growth. Extracellular signals are transduced into gene-control signals via complex signal transduction networks, and since cells typically receive many different signals, a mechanism for integrating the signals is needed. Our understanding of the effect of morphogens on tissue-level growth regulation via individual pathways has increased significantly in the last half century, but our understanding of how multiple biochemical and mechanical signals are integrated to determine whether or not a cell decides to divide is still rudimentary. Numerous fundamental questions are involved in understanding the decision-making process, and here we review the major biochemical and mechanical pathways involved in disk development with a view toward providing a basis for beginning to understand how multiple signals can be integrated at the cell level, and how this translates into growth control at the level of the imaginal disk. This article is categorized under: Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gou
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jay A Stotsky
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hans G Othmer
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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van Soldt BJ, Cardoso WV. Hippo-Yap/Taz signaling: Complex network interactions and impact in epithelial cell behavior. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 9:e371. [PMID: 31828974 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway has emerged as a crucial integrator of signals in biological events from development to adulthood and in diseases. Although extensively studied in Drosophila and in cell cultures, major gaps of knowledge still remain on how this pathway functions in mammalian systems. The pathway consists of a growing number of components, including core kinases and adaptor proteins, which control the subcellular localization of the transcriptional co-activators Yap and Taz through phosphorylation of serines at key sites. When localized to the nucleus, Yap/Taz interact with TEAD transcription factors to induce transcriptional programs of proliferation, stemness, and growth. In the cytoplasm, Yap/Taz interact with multiple pathways to regulate a variety of cellular functions or are targeted for degradation. The Hippo pathway receives cues from diverse intracellular and extracellular inputs, including growth factor and integrin signaling, polarity complexes, and cell-cell junctions. This review highlights the mechanisms of regulation of Yap/Taz nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and their implications for epithelial cell behavior using the lung as an intriguing example of this paradigm. This article is categorized under: Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Cytoplasmic Localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J van Soldt
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Wellington V Cardoso
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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25
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Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that plays an essential role in neuronal homeostasis and is perturbed in many neurological diseases. Transcriptional downregulation of fat was previously observed in a Drosophila model of the polyglutamine disease Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) and this was shown to be partially responsible for autophagy defects and neurodegeneration. However, it is still unclear whether a downregulation of mammalian Fat orthologues is associated with neurodegeneration in mice. We hereby show that all four Fat orthologues are transcriptionally downregulated in the cerebellum in a mouse model of DRPLA. To elucidate the possible roles of single Fat genes, this study concentrates on Fat3. This fat homologue is shown to be the most widely expressed in the brain. Conditional knockout (KO) of Fat3 in brains of adult mice was attempted using the inducible Thy1Cre(ERT2) SLICK H line. Behavioral and biochemical analysis revealed that mice with conditional KO of Fat3 in the brain display no abnormalities. This may be ascribed either to the limited efficiency of the KO strategy pursued or to the lack of effect of Fat3 KO on autophagy.
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Abstract
The Hippo signalling pathway and its transcriptional co-activator targets Yorkie/YAP/TAZ first came to attention because of their role in tissue growth control. Over the past 15 years, it has become clear that, like other developmental pathways (e.g. the Wnt, Hedgehog and TGFβ pathways), Hippo signalling is a 'jack of all trades' that is reiteratively used to mediate a range of cellular decision-making processes from proliferation, death and morphogenesis to cell fate determination. Here, and in the accompanying poster, we briefly outline the core pathway and its regulation, and describe the breadth of its roles in animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Robert Davis
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nicolas Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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27
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Zheng Y, Pan D. The Hippo Signaling Pathway in Development and Disease. Dev Cell 2019; 50:264-282. [PMID: 31386861 PMCID: PMC6748048 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway regulates diverse physiological processes, and its dysfunction has been implicated in an increasing number of human diseases, including cancer. Here, we provide an updated review of the Hippo pathway; discuss its roles in development, homeostasis, regeneration, and diseases; and highlight outstanding questions for future investigation and opportunities for Hippo-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9040, USA
| | - Duojia Pan
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9040, USA.
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Hakanen J, Ruiz-Reig N, Tissir F. Linking Cell Polarity to Cortical Development and Malformations. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:244. [PMID: 31213986 PMCID: PMC6558068 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity refers to the asymmetric distribution of signaling molecules, cellular organelles, and cytoskeleton in a cell. Neural progenitors and neurons are highly polarized cells in which the cell membrane and cytoplasmic components are compartmentalized into distinct functional domains in response to internal and external cues that coordinate polarity and behavior during development and disease. In neural progenitor cells, polarity has a prominent impact on cell shape and coordinate several processes such as adhesion, division, and fate determination. Polarity also accompanies a neuron from the beginning until the end of its life. It is essential for development and later functionality of neuronal circuitries. During development, polarity governs transitions between multipolar and bipolar during migration of postmitotic neurons, and directs the specification and directional growth of axons. Once reaching final positions in cortical layers, neurons form dendrites which become compartmentalized to ensure proper establishment of neuronal connections and signaling. Changes in neuronal polarity induce signaling cascades that regulate cytoskeletal changes, as well as mRNA, protein, and vesicle trafficking, required for synapses to form and function. Hence, defects in establishing and maintaining cell polarity are associated with several neural disorders such as microcephaly, lissencephaly, schizophrenia, autism, and epilepsy. In this review we summarize the role of polarity genes in cortical development and emphasize the relationship between polarity dysfunctions and cortical malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Hakanen
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nuria Ruiz-Reig
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
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29
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Sousa B, Pereira J, Paredes J. The Crosstalk Between Cell Adhesion and Cancer Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1933. [PMID: 31010154 PMCID: PMC6515343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells preferentially use aerobic glycolysis over mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation for energy production, and this metabolic reprogramming is currently recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Oncogenic signaling frequently converges with this metabolic shift, increasing cancer cells' ability to produce building blocks and energy, as well as to maintain redox homeostasis. Alterations in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion promote cancer cell invasion, intravasation, anchorage-independent survival in circulation, and extravasation, as well as homing in a distant organ. Importantly, during this multi-step metastatic process, cells need to induce metabolic rewiring, in order to produce the energy needed, as well as to impair oxidative stress. Although the individual implications of adhesion molecules and metabolic reprogramming in cancer have been widely explored over the years, the crosstalk between cell adhesion molecular machinery and metabolic pathways is far from being clearly understood, in both normal and cancer contexts. This review summarizes our understanding about the influence of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion in the metabolic behavior of cancer cells, with a special focus concerning the role of classical cadherins, such as Epithelial (E)-cadherin and Placental (P)-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Sousa
- Ipatimup-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S, Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Pereira
- Ipatimup-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S, Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Paredes
- Ipatimup-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S, Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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Zhang H, Bagherie-Lachidan M, Badouel C, Enderle L, Peidis P, Bremner R, Kuure S, Jain S, McNeill H. FAT4 Fine-Tunes Kidney Development by Regulating RET Signaling. Dev Cell 2019; 48:780-792.e4. [PMID: 30853441 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
FAT4 mutations lead to several human diseases that disrupt the normal development of the kidney. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In studying the duplex kidney phenotypes observed upon deletion of Fat4 in mice, we have uncovered an interaction between the atypical cadherin FAT4 and RET, a tyrosine kinase receptor essential for kidney development. Analysis of kidney development in Fat4-/- kidneys revealed abnormal ureteric budding and excessive RET signaling. Removal of one copy of the RET ligand Gdnf rescues Fat4-/- kidney development, supporting the proposal that loss of Fat4 hyperactivates RET signaling. Conditional knockout analyses revealed a non-autonomous role for Fat4 in regulating RET signaling. Mechanistically, we found that FAT4 interacts with RET through extracellular cadherin repeats. Importantly, expression of FAT4 perturbs the assembly of the RET-GFRA1-GDNF complex, reducing RET signaling. Thus, FAT4 interacts with RET to fine-tune RET signaling, establishing a juxtacrine mechanism controlling kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Mazdak Bagherie-Lachidan
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Caroline Badouel
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Leonie Enderle
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Philippos Peidis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Rod Bremner
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Satu Kuure
- GM-unit at Laboratory Animal Centre, HiLIFE and Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Helen McNeill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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31
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Early girl is a novel component of the Fat signaling pathway. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007955. [PMID: 30699121 PMCID: PMC6370246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila protocadherins Dachsous and Fat regulate growth and tissue polarity by modulating the levels, membrane localization and polarity of the atypical myosin Dachs. Localization to the apical junctional membrane is critical for Dachs function, and the adapter protein Vamana/Dlish and palmitoyl transferase Approximated are required for Dachs membrane localization. However, how Dachs levels are regulated is poorly understood. Here we identify the early girl gene as playing an essential role in Fat signaling by limiting the levels of Dachs protein. early girl mutants display overgrowth of the wings and reduced cross vein spacing, hallmark features of mutations affecting Fat signaling. Genetic experiments reveal that it functions in parallel with Fat to regulate Dachs. early girl encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase, physically interacts with Dachs, and regulates its protein stability. Concomitant loss of early girl and approximated results in accumulation of Dachs and Vamana in cytoplasmic punctae, suggesting that it also regulates their trafficking to the apical membrane. Our findings establish a crucial role for early girl in Fat signaling, involving regulation of Dachs and Vamana, two key downstream effectors of this pathway. During development, organs grow to achieve a consistent final size. The evolutionarily conserved Hippo signaling network plays a central role in organ size control, and when dysregulated can be associated with cancer and other diseases. Fat signaling is one of several upstream pathways that impinge on Hippo signaling to regulate organ growth. We describe here identification of the Drosophila early girl gene as a new component of the Fat signaling pathway. We show that Early girl controls Fat signaling by regulating the levels of the Dachs protein. However Early girl differs from other Fat signaling regulators in that it doesn’t influence planar cell polarity or control the polarity of Dachs localization. early girl encodes a conserved protein that is predicted to influence protein stability, and it can physically associate with Dachs. We also discovered that Early girl acts together with another protein, called Approximated, to regulate the sub-cellular localization of Dachs and a Dachs-interacting protein called Vamana. Altogether, our observations establish Early girl as an essential component of Fat signaling that acts to regulate the levels and localization of Dachs and Vamana.
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Fat-regulated adaptor protein Dlish binds the growth suppressor Expanded and controls its stability and ubiquitination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1319-1324. [PMID: 30606799 PMCID: PMC6347691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811891116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To regulate the growth and size of organs, cells can use information from their neighbors to modify intracellular mediators of cell proliferation. The intracellular Hippo pathway is a widely utilized nexus for growth control in animals, but its regulation by extracellular signals is not fully understood. We here identify a pathway that regulates organ size in Drosophila, triggered by the transmembrane receptor, the giant protocadherin Fat. We show that the Fat-regulated SH3 domain adaptor protein Dlish binds to and reduces the stability of the growth suppressor Expanded, a known regulator of the Hippo pathway. The destabilization of Expanded by Dlish works in parallel to a previously established pathway in which Dlish increases levels of the growth-stimulating protein Dachs. The Drosophila protocadherin Fat controls organ size through the Hippo pathway, but the biochemical links to the Hippo pathway components are still poorly defined. We previously identified Dlish, an SH3 domain protein that physically interacts with Fat and the type XX myosin Dachs, and showed that Fat’s regulation of Dlish levels and activity helps limit Dachs-mediated inhibition of Hippo pathway activity. We here characterize a parallel growth control pathway downstream of Fat and Dlish. Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry to search for Dlish partners, we find that Dlish binds the FERM domain growth repressor Expanded (Ex); Dlish SH3 domains directly bind sites in the Ex C terminus. We further show that, in vivo, Dlish reduces the subapical accumulation of Ex, and that loss of Dlish blocks the destabilization of Ex caused by loss of Fat. Moreover, Dlish can bind the F-box E3 ubiquitin ligase Slimb and promote Slimb-mediated ubiquitination of Expanded in vitro. Both the in vitro and in vivo effects of Dlish on Ex require Slimb, strongly suggesting that Dlish destabilizes Ex by helping recruit Slimb-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes to Ex.
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33
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Suzuki Y, Chou J, Garvey SL, Wang VR, Yanes KO. Evolution and Regulation of Limb Regeneration in Arthropods. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 68:419-454. [PMID: 31598866 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23459-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration has fascinated both scientists and non-scientists for centuries. Many organisms can regenerate, and arthropod limbs are no exception although their ability to regenerate is a product shaped by natural and sexual selection. Recent studies have begun to uncover cellular and molecular processes underlying limb regeneration in several arthropod species. Here we argue that an evo-devo approach to the study of arthropod limb regeneration is needed to understand aspects of limb regeneration that are conserved and divergent. In particular, we argue that limbs of different species are comprised of cells at distinct stages of differentiation at the time of limb loss and therefore provide insights into regeneration involving both stem cell-like cells/precursor cells and differentiated cells. In addition, we review recent studies that demonstrate how limb regeneration impacts the development of the whole organism and argue that studies on the link between local tissue damage and the rest of the body should provide insights into the integrative nature of development. Molecular studies on limb regeneration are only beginning to take off, but comparative studies on the mechanisms of limb regeneration across various taxa should not only yield interesting insights into development but also answer how this remarkable ability evolved across arthropods and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA.
| | - Jacquelyn Chou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Sarah L Garvey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Victoria R Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Katherine O Yanes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
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Gou J, Lin L, Othmer HG. A Model for the Hippo Pathway in the Drosophila Wing Disc. Biophys J 2018; 115:737-747. [PMID: 30041810 PMCID: PMC6103738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although significant progress has been made toward understanding morphogen-mediated patterning in development, control of the size and shape of tissues via local and global signaling is poorly understood. In particular, little is known about how cell-cell interactions are involved in the control of tissue size. The Hippo pathway in the Drosophila wing disc involves cell-cell interactions via cadherins, which lead to modulation of Yorkie, a cotranscriptional factor that affects control of the cell cycle and growth, and studies involving over- and underexpression of components of this pathway reveal conditions that lead to tissue over- or undergrowth. Here, we develop a mathematical model of the Hippo pathway that can qualitatively explain these observations, made in both whole-disc mutants and mutant-clone experiments. We find that a number of nonintuitive experimental results can be explained by subtle changes in the balances between inputs to the Hippo pathway and suggest some predictions that can be tested experimentally. We also show that certain components of the pathway are polarized at the single-cell level, which replicates observations of planar cell polarity. Because the signal transduction and growth control pathways are highly conserved between Drosophila and mammalian systems, the model we formulate can be used as a framework to guide future experimental work on the Hippo pathway in both Drosophila and mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gou
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hans G Othmer
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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