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Li J, Chu LT, Hartanto H, Guo G, Liu L, Wu J, Wu M, Cui C, Wang G, Liu W, Kwong HK, Wu S, Chen TH. Microfluidic particle counter visualizing mucosal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract for rapid evaluation of immune protection. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2658-2668. [PMID: 38660972 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00118d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Mucosal antibodies in the upper respiratory tract are the earliest and most critical responders to prevent respiratory infections, providing an indication for the rapid evaluation of immune protection. Here, we report a microfluidic particle counter that directly visualizes mucosal antibody levels in nasal mucus. The mucosal anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies in nasal secretions first react with magnetic microparticles (MMPs) and polystyrene microparticles (PMPs) that are surface-modified to form a "MMPs-anti-spike RBD IgG-PMPs" complex when RBD is present. After magnetic separation and loading into the microfluidic particle counter, the free PMPs, which are reduced with increasing anti-spike RBD IgG antibody levels, are trapped by a microfluidic particle dam and accumulate in the trapping channel. A sensitive mode [limit of detection (LOD): 14.0 ng mL-1; sample-to-answer time: 70 min] and an equipment-free rapid mode (LOD: 37.4 ng mL-1; sample-to-answer time: 20 min) were achieved. Eighty-seven nasal secretion (NS) samples from vaccinees were analyzed using our microfluidic particle counter, and the results closely resemble those of the gold-standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The analysis shows that higher antibody levels were found in convalescent volunteers compared to noninfected volunteers. Together, we demonstrate a rapid kit that directly indicates immune status, which can guide vaccine strategy for individuals and the government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Lok Ting Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guang Dong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hogi Hartanto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Guihuan Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Jianpeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Minghui Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Chenyu Cui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Gaobo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Wengang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Hoi Kwan Kwong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Siying Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Ting-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Wietschel KA, Fechtner K, Antileo E, Abdurrahman G, Drechsler CA, Makuvise MK, Rose R, Voß M, Krumbholz A, Michalik S, Weiss S, Ulm L, Franikowski P, Fickenscher H, Bröker BM, Raafat D, Holtfreter S. Non-cross-reactive epitopes dominate the humoral immune response to COVID-19 vaccination - kinetics of plasma antibodies, plasmablasts and memory B cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1382911. [PMID: 38807606 PMCID: PMC11130424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1382911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in inducing protective immunity. While the serum antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination has been studied in depth, our knowledge of the underlying plasmablast and memory B cell (Bmem) responses is still incomplete. Here, we determined the antibody and B cell response to COVID-19 vaccination in a naïve population and contrasted it with the response to a single influenza vaccination in a primed cohort. In addition, we analyzed the antibody and B cell responses against the four endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs). Methods Measurement of specific plasma IgG antibodies was combined with functional analyses of antibody-secreting plasmablasts and Bmems. SARS-CoV-2- and HCoV-specific IgG antibodies were quantified with an in-house bead-based multiplexed immunoassay. Results The antibody and B cell responses to COVID-19 vaccination reflected the kinetics of a prime-boost immunization, characterized by a slow and moderate primary response and a faster and stronger secondary response. In contrast, the influenza vaccinees possessed robust immune memory for the vaccine antigens prior to vaccination, and the recall vaccination moderately boosted antibody production and Bmem responses. Antibody levels and Bmem responses waned several months after the 2nd COVID-19 vaccination, but were restored upon the 3rd vaccination. The COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibodies mainly targeted novel, non-cross-reactive S1 epitopes of the viral spike protein, while cross-reactive S2 epitopes were less immunogenic. Booster vaccination not only strongly enhanced neutralizing antibodies against an original SARS-CoV-2 strain, but also induced neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron BA.2 variant. We observed a 100% plasma antibody prevalence against the S1 subunits of HCoVs, which was not affected by vaccination. Discussion Overall, by complementing classical serology with a functional evaluation of plasmablasts and memory B cells we provide new insights into the specificity of COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibody and B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian A. Wietschel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kevin Fechtner
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elmer Antileo
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Goran Abdurrahman
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Chiara A. Drechsler
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Ruben Rose
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mathias Voß
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andi Krumbholz
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Labor Dr. Krause und Kollegen MVZ GmbH, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Weiss
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lena Ulm
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philipp Franikowski
- Institute for Educational Quality Improvement, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Fickenscher
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dina Raafat
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Yang D, Su M, Guo D, Zhao F, Wang M, Liu J, Zhou J, Sun Y, Yang X, Qi S, Li Z, Zhu Q, Xing X, Li C, Cao Y, Feng L, Sun D. Combination of S1-N-Terminal and S1-C-Terminal Domain Antigens Targeting Double Receptor-Binding Domains Bolsters Protective Immunity of a Nanoparticle Vaccine against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12235-12260. [PMID: 38696217 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
Variants of coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) frequently emerge, causing an incomplete match between the vaccine and variant strains, which affects vaccine efficacy. Designing vaccines with rapidly replaceable antigens and high efficacy is a promising strategy for the prevention of infection with PEDV variant strains. In our study, three different types of self-assembled nanoparticles (nps) targeting receptor-binding N-terminal domain (NTD) and C-terminal domain (CTD) of S1 protein, named NTDnps, CTDnps, and NTD/CTDnps, were constructed and evaluated as vaccine candidates against PEDV. NTDnps and CTDnps vaccines mediated significantly higher neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers than NTD and CTD recombinant proteins in mice. The NTD/CTDnps in varying ratios elicited significantly higher NAb titers when compared with NTDnps and CTDnps alone. The NTD/CTDnps (3:1) elicited NAb with titers up to 92.92% of those induced by the commercial vaccine. Piglets immunized with NTD/CTDnps (3:1) achieved a passive immune protection rate of 83.33% of that induced by the commercial vaccine. NTD/CTDnps (3:1) enhanced the capacity of mononuclear macrophages and dendritic cells to take up and present antigens by activating major histocompatibility complex I and II molecules to stimulate humoral and cellular immunity. These data reveal that a combination of S1-NTD and S1-CTD antigens targeting double receptor-binding domains strengthens the protective immunity of nanoparticle vaccines against PEDV. Our findings will provide a promising vaccine candidate against PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Mingjun Su
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Donghua Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Feiyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Meijiao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Jiaying Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Jingxuan Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Ying Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Qinghe Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Xing
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Chunqiu Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Yang Cao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Dongbo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
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4
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Lee R, Cheng S, Zhao J, Tsoi A, Lau K, Chan C, Li J, Hui D, Peiris M, Yen H. Cross-Reactive Antibody Responses to Coronaviruses Elicited by SARS-CoV-2 Infection or Vaccination. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2024; 18:e13309. [PMID: 38725111 PMCID: PMC11082085 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 possesses shared antigenic epitopes with other human coronaviruses. We investigated if COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection may boost cross-reactive antibodies to other human coronaviruses. METHODS Prevaccination and postvaccination sera from SARS-CoV-2 naïve healthy subjects who received three doses of the mRNA vaccine (BioNTech, BNT) or the inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac, CV) were used to monitor the level of cross-reactive antibodies raised against other human coronaviruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In comparison, convalescent sera from COVID-19 patients with or without prior vaccination history were also tested. Pseudoparticle neutralization assay was performed to detect neutralization antibody against MERS-CoV. RESULTS Among SARS-CoV-2 infection-naïve subjects, BNT or CV significantly increased the anti-S2 antibodies against Betacoronaviruses (OC43 and MERS-CoV) but not Alphacoronaviruses (229E). The prevaccination antibody response to the common cold human coronaviruses did not negatively impact the postvaccination antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. Cross-reactive antibodies that binds to the S2 protein of MERS-CoV were similarly detected from the convalescent sera of COVID-19 patients with or without vaccination history. However, these anti-S2 antibodies do not possess neutralizing activity in MERS-CoV pseudoparticle neutralization tests. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination may potentially modulate population immune landscape against previously exposed or novel human coronaviruses. The findings have implications for future sero-epidemiological studies on MERS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. H. Lee
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Samuel M. S. Cheng
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Jin Zhao
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Annie Y. S. Tsoi
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Kaman K. M. Lau
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - CoCo H. C. Chan
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - John K. C. Li
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - David S. C. Hui
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsCUHK, Prince of Wales HospitalHong KongChina
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Centre for Immunology & InfectionHong Kong Science ParkHong KongChina
| | - Hui‐Ling Yen
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
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5
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Kapten K, Orczyk K, Maeser A, Smolewska E. Interferon-γ Release Assay in the Assessment of Cellular Immunity-A Single-Centre Experience with mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2523. [PMID: 38731052 PMCID: PMC11084224 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: As the SARS-CoV-2 virus remains one of the main causes of severe respiratory system infections, the Food and Drug Administration strongly advises the continuation of current vaccination programs, including the distribution of updated boosters, especially in high-risk groups of patients. Therefore, there is an unceasing need for further research on the safety and, no less importantly, the clinical effectivity of the vaccines, with an extra focus on cohorts of patients with underlying health problems. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in possibly immunocompromised children with rheumatic disease while utilizing the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) as a marker for COVID-19 immunity in the study follow-up. Methods: This prospective study was performed in a group of 55 pediatric patients diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Eight participants were immunized with the Comirnaty mRNA vaccine before the research commenced, while the rest of the group (n = 47) had not been vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. At the study baseline, the cellular response to the virus antigen was measured using a specific quantitative IGRA in whole blood; subsequently, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 test was performed, marking the antibodies' levels in serum. Around four months after the enrollment of the last patient in the study, a follow-up survey regarding the events of COVID-19 infection within the cohort was conducted. Results: The study confirmed that all the vaccinated children developed specific T-cell (p = 0.0016) and humoral (p = 0.001 for IgA antibodies, p = 0.008 for IgG antibodies) responses to the inoculation, including those receiving biological treatment and those on conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. The study also showed the different patterns of immunity elicited both after infection and post-vaccination, with higher levels of antibodies and T-cell response after inoculation than after natural exposure to the pathogen. According to the follow-up survey, six children developed PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas the additional 10 patients admitted to having COVID-like symptoms with no laboratory verification. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations elicit valid immune responses in pediatric rheumatic patients. Including the assessment of T-cell immunity in the evaluation of inoculation-induced immunization can enhance the accuracy of sole humoral response assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kapten
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-738 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Orczyk
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 91-347 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Maeser
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Rheumatology, Central Teaching Hospital of Medical University of Lodz, 91-738 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Elzbieta Smolewska
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-738 Lodz, Poland;
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Chi H, Pepper M, Thomas PG. Principles and therapeutic applications of adaptive immunity. Cell 2024; 187:2052-2078. [PMID: 38670065 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity provides protection against infectious and malignant diseases. These effects are mediated by lymphocytes that sense and respond with targeted precision to perturbations induced by pathogens and tissue damage. Here, we review key principles underlying adaptive immunity orchestrated by distinct T cell and B cell populations and their extensions to disease therapies. We discuss the intracellular and intercellular processes shaping antigen specificity and recognition in immune activation and lymphocyte functions in mediating effector and memory responses. We also describe how lymphocytes balance protective immunity against autoimmunity and immunopathology, including during immune tolerance, response to chronic antigen stimulation, and adaptation to non-lymphoid tissues in coordinating tissue immunity and homeostasis. Finally, we discuss extracellular signals and cell-intrinsic programs underpinning adaptive immunity and conclude by summarizing key advances in vaccination and engineering adaptive immune responses for therapeutic interventions. A deeper understanding of these principles holds promise for uncovering new means to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions and Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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7
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Tan TJC, Verma AK, Odle A, Lei R, Meyerholz DK, Matreyek KA, Perlman S, Wong LYR, Wu NC. Evidence of antigenic drift in the fusion machinery core of SARS-CoV-2 spike. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317222121. [PMID: 38557175 PMCID: PMC11009667 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317222121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Antigenic drift of SARS-CoV-2 is typically defined by mutations in the N-terminal domain and receptor binding domain of spike protein. In contrast, whether antigenic drift occurs in the S2 domain remains largely elusive. Here, we perform a deep mutational scanning experiment to identify S2 mutations that affect binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike to three S2 apex public antibodies. Our results indicate that spatially diverse mutations, including D950N and Q954H, which are observed in Delta and Omicron variants, respectively, weaken the binding of spike to these antibodies. Although S2 apex antibodies are known to be nonneutralizing, we show that they confer protection in vivo through Fc-mediated effector functions. Overall, this study indicates that the S2 domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike can undergo antigenic drift, which represents a potential challenge for the development of more universal coronavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. C. Tan
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Abhishek K. Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242
| | - Abby Odle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242
| | - Ruipeng Lei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | | | - Kenneth A. Matreyek
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242
| | - Lok-Yin Roy Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242
- Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ07103
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ07103
| | - Nicholas C. Wu
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
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8
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Srivastava K, Carreño JM, Gleason C, Monahan B, Singh G, Abbad A, Tcheou J, Raskin A, Kleiner G, van Bakel H, Sordillo EM, Krammer F, Simon V. SARS-CoV-2-infection- and vaccine-induced antibody responses are long lasting with an initial waning phase followed by a stabilization phase. Immunity 2024; 57:587-599.e4. [PMID: 38395697 PMCID: PMC11066813 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
It is thought that mRNA-based vaccine-induced immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) wanes quickly, based mostly on short-term studies. Here, we analyzed the kinetics and durability of the humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination using >8,000 longitudinal samples collected over a 3-year period in New York City. Upon primary immunization, participants with pre-existing immunity mounted higher antibody responses faster and achieved higher steady-state antibody titers than naive individuals. Antibody kinetics were characterized by two phases: an initial rapid decay, followed by a stabilization phase with very slow decay. Booster vaccination equalized the differences in antibody concentration between participants with and without hybrid immunity, but the peak antibody titers decreased with each successive antigen exposure. Breakthrough infections increased antibodies to similar titers as an additional vaccine dose in naive individuals. Our study provides strong evidence that SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses are long lasting, with initial waning followed by stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles Gleason
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Monahan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anass Abbad
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Johnstone Tcheou
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ariel Raskin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giulio Kleiner
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emilia Mia Sordillo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Woodruff MC, Faliti CE, Sanz I. Systems biology of B cells in COVID-19. Semin Immunol 2024; 72:101875. [PMID: 38489999 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2024.101875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The integration of multi-'omic datasets into complex systems-wide assessments has become a mainstay in immunologic investigation. This focus on high-dimensional data collection and analysis was on full display in the investigation of COVID-19, the respiratory illness resulting from infection by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Particularly in the area of B cell biology, tremendous efforts in both cellular and serologic investigation have resulted in an increasingly detailed mapping of the coordinated effector, memory, and antibody secreting cell responses that underpin the development of humoral immunity in response to primary viral infection. Further, the rapid development and deployment of effective vaccines has allowed for the assessment of developing memory responses across a wide variety of immune contexts, including in patients with compromised immune function. The result has been a period of rapid gains in the understanding of B cell biology unrestricted to the study of COVID-19. Here, we outline the systems-level technologies that have been routinely implemented in these investigations throughout the pandemic, and discuss how their use has led to clear and applicable gains in pursuance of the amelioration of human infectious disease and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Caterina E Faliti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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10
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Kruglov AA, Bondareva MA, Gogoleva VS, Semin IK, Astrakhantseva IV, Zvartsev R, Lunin AS, Apolokhov VD, Shustova EY, Volok VP, Ustyugov AA, Ishmukhametov AA, Nedospasov SA, Kozlovskaya LI, Drutskaya MS. Inactivated whole virion vaccine protects K18-hACE2 Tg mice against the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant via cross-reactive T cells and nonneutralizing antibody responses. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350664. [PMID: 38088236 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a systemic inflammatory disease initiated by SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. Multiple vaccines against the Wuhan variant of SARS-CoV-2 have been developed including a whole virion beta-propiolactone-inactivated vaccine based on the B.1.1 strain (CoviVac). Since most of the population has been vaccinated by targeting the original or early variants of SARS-CoV-2, the emergence of novel mutant variants raises concern over possible evasion of vaccine-induced immune responses. Here, we report on the mechanism of protection by CoviVac, a whole virion-based vaccine, against the Omicron variant. CoviVac-immunized K18-hACE2 Tg mice were protected against both prototype B.1.1 and BA.1-like (Omicron) variants. Subsequently, vaccinated K18-hACE2 Tg mice rapidly cleared the infection via cross-reactive T-cell responses and cross-reactive, non-neutralizing antibodies recognizing the Omicron variant Spike protein. Thus, our data indicate that efficient protection from SARS-CoV-2 variants can be achieved by the orchestrated action of cross-reactive T cells and non-neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Kruglov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Systems Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina A Bondareva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Systems Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Violetta S Gogoleva
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Iaroslav K Semin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Systems Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Irina V Astrakhantseva
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, Krasnodarsky Krai, Russia
| | - Ruslan Zvartsev
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandr S Lunin
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasiliy D Apolokhov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Yu Shustova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktor P Volok
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey A Ustyugov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Aydar A Ishmukhametov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moskva, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei A Nedospasov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, Krasnodarsky Krai, Russia
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Liubov I Kozlovskaya
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moskva, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina S Drutskaya
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, Krasnodarsky Krai, Russia
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11
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Clark J, Hoxie I, Adelsberg DC, Sapse IA, Andreata-Santos R, Yong JS, Amanat F, Tcheou J, Raskin A, Singh G, González-Domínguez I, Edgar JE, Bournazos S, Sun W, Carreño JM, Simon V, Ellebedy AH, Bajic G, Krammer F. Protective effect and molecular mechanisms of human non-neutralizing cross-reactive spike antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.28.582613. [PMID: 38464151 PMCID: PMC10925278 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.28.582613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies correlate with protection against SARS-CoV-2. Recent studies, however, show that binding antibody titers, in the absence of robust neutralizing activity, also correlate with protection from disease progression. Non-neutralizing antibodies cannot directly protect from infection but may recruit effector cells thus contribute to the clearance of infected cells. Also, they often bind conserved epitopes across multiple variants. We characterized 42 human mAbs from COVID-19 vaccinated individuals. Most of these antibodies exhibited no neutralizing activity in vitro but several non-neutralizing antibodies protected against lethal challenge with SARS-CoV-2 in different animal models. A subset of those mAbs showed a clear dependence on Fc-mediated effector functions. We determined the structures of three non-neutralizing antibodies with two targeting the RBD, and one that targeting the SD1 region. Our data confirms the real-world observation in humans that non-neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 can be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Clark
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irene Hoxie
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel C. Adelsberg
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Iden A. Sapse
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Andreata-Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jeremy S. Yong
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Johnstone Tcheou
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ariel Raskin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Julia E. Edgar
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stylianos Bournazos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weina Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ali H. Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Goran Bajic
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Teng S, Hu Y, Wang Y, Tang Y, Wu Q, Zheng X, Lu R, Pan D, Liu F, Xie T, Wu C, Li YP, Liu W, Qu X. SARS-CoV-2 spike-reactive naïve B cells and pre-existing memory B cells contribute to antibody responses in unexposed individuals after vaccination. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1355949. [PMID: 38420128 PMCID: PMC10899457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1355949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Since December 2019, the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has presented considerable public health challenges. Multiple vaccines have been used to induce neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and memory B-cell responses against the viral spike (S) glycoprotein, and many essential epitopes have been defined. Previous reports have identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike-reactive naïve B cells and preexisting memory B cells in unexposed individuals. However, the role of these spike-reactive B cells in vaccine-induced immunity remains unknown. Methods To elucidate the characteristics of preexisting SARS-CoV-2 S-reactive B cells as well as their maturation after antigen encounter, we assessed the relationship of spike-reactive B cells before and after vaccination in unexposed human individuals. We further characterized the sequence identity, targeting domain, broad-spectrum binding activity and neutralizing activity of these SARS-CoV-2 S-reactive B cells by isolating monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from these B cells. Results The frequencies of both spike-reactive naïve B cells and preexisting memory B cells before vaccination correlated with the frequencies of spike-reactive memory B cells after vaccination. Isolated mAbs from spike-reactive naïve B cells before vaccination had fewer somatic hypermutations (SHMs) than mAbs isolated from spike-reactive memory B cells before and after vaccination, but bound SARS-CoV-2 spike in vitro. Intriguingly, these germline-like mAbs possessed broad binding profiles for SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, although with low or no neutralizing capacity. According to tracking of the evolution of IGHV4-4/IGKV3-20 lineage antibodies from a single donor, the lineage underwent SHMs and developed increased binding activity after vaccination. Discussion Our findings suggest that spike-reactive naïve B cells can be expanded and matured by vaccination and cocontribute to vaccine-elicited antibody responses with preexisting memory B cells. Selectively and precisely targeting spike-reactive B cells by rational antigen design may provide a novel strategy for next-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishan Teng
- School of Public Health & School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Hengyang Medical School & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Yabin Hu
- School of Public Health & School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Hengyang Medical School & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - You Wang
- School of Public Health & School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Hengyang Medical School & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Yinggen Tang
- School of Public Health & School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Hengyang Medical School & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingyu Zheng
- School of Public Health & School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Hengyang Medical School & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Rui Lu
- School of Public Health & School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Hengyang Medical School & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Dong Pan
- School of Public Health & School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Hengyang Medical School & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Fen Liu
- School of Public Health & School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Hengyang Medical School & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Tianyi Xie
- School of Public Health & School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Hengyang Medical School & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Chanfeng Wu
- School of Public Health & School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Hengyang Medical School & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenpei Liu
- School of Public Health & School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Hengyang Medical School & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaowang Qu
- School of Public Health & School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Hengyang Medical School & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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13
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Khan A, Khanzada MH, Khan K, Jalal K, Uddin R. Integrating core subtractive proteomics and reverse vaccinology for multi-epitope vaccine design against Rickettsia prowazekii endemic typhus. Immunol Res 2024; 72:82-95. [PMID: 37608125 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Rickettsia prowazekii is an intracellular, obligate, gram-negative coccobacillus responsible for epidemic typhus. Usually, the infected body louse or its excrement when rubbed into the skin abrasions transmits the disease. The infection with R. prowazekii causes the highest death rate (> 20% without antibiotic treatment and now 1-7%), followed by epidemic typhus, which often manifests in unsanitary conditions (up to 15-30%). Conventionally, vaccine design has required pathogen growth and both assays (in vivo and in vitro), which are costly and time-consuming. However, advancements in bioinformatics and computational biology have accelerated the development of effective vaccine designs, reducing the need for traditional, time-consuming laboratory experiments. Subtractive genomics and reverse vaccinology have become prominent computational methods for vaccine model construction. Therefore, the RefSeq sequence of Rickettsia prowazekii (strain Madrid E) (Proteome ID: UP000002480) was subjected to subtractive genomic analysis, including factors such as non-similarity to host proteome, essentiality, subcellular localization, antigenicity, non-allergenicity, and stability. Based on these parameters, the vaccine design process selected specific proteins such as outer membrane protein R (O05971_RICPR PETR; OmpR). Eventually, the OmpR was subjected to a reverse vaccinology approach that included molecular docking, immunological simulation, and the discovery of B-cell epitopes and MHC-I and MHC-II epitopes. Consequently, a chimeric or multi-epitope-based vaccine was proposed by selecting the V11 vaccine and its 3D structure modeling along with molecular docking against TLR and HLA protein, in silico simulation, and vector designing. The obtained results from this investigation resulted in a new perception of inhibitory ways against Rickettsia prowazekii by instigating novel immunogenic targets. To further assess the efficacy and protective ability of the newly designed V11 vaccine against Rickettsia prowazekii infections, additional evaluation such as in vitro or in vivo immunoassays is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariba Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Lab 103, PCMD ext. Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hassan Khanzada
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Lab 103, PCMD ext. Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Khan
- Lab 103, PCMD ext. Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Jalal
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Reaz Uddin
- Lab 103, PCMD ext. Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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14
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Lapuente D, Winkler TH, Tenbusch M. B-cell and antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2: infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:144-158. [PMID: 37945737 PMCID: PMC10805925 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01095-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 prompted scientific, medical, and biotech communities to investigate infection- and vaccine-induced immune responses in the context of this pathogen. B-cell and antibody responses are at the center of these investigations, as neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are an important correlate of protection (COP) from infection and the primary target of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine modalities. In addition to absolute levels, nAb longevity, neutralization breadth, immunoglobulin isotype and subtype composition, and presence at mucosal sites have become important topics for scientists and health policy makers. The recent pandemic was and still is a unique setting in which to study de novo and memory B-cell (MBC) and antibody responses in the dynamic interplay of infection- and vaccine-induced immunity. It also provided an opportunity to explore new vaccine platforms, such as mRNA or adenoviral vector vaccines, in unprecedented cohort sizes. Combined with the technological advances of recent years, this situation has provided detailed mechanistic insights into the development of B-cell and antibody responses but also revealed some unexpected findings. In this review, we summarize the key findings of the last 2.5 years regarding infection- and vaccine-induced B-cell immunity, which we believe are of significant value not only in the context of SARS-CoV-2 but also for future vaccination approaches in endemic and pandemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lapuente
- Institut für klinische und molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Institut für klinische und molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Mayer L, Weskamm LM, Fathi A, Kono M, Heidepriem J, Krähling V, Mellinghoff SC, Ly ML, Friedrich M, Hardtke S, Borregaard S, Hesterkamp T, Loeffler FF, Volz A, Sutter G, Becker S, Dahlke C, Addo MM. MVA-based vaccine candidates encoding the native or prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike reveal differential immunogenicity in humans. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:20. [PMID: 38278816 PMCID: PMC10817990 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00801-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple vaccines were developed using platforms such as viral vectors and mRNA technology. Here, we report humoral and cellular immunogenicity data from human phase 1 clinical trials investigating two recombinant Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara vaccine candidates, MVA-SARS-2-S and MVA-SARS-2-ST, encoding the native and the prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, respectively. MVA-SARS-2-ST was more immunogenic than MVA-SARS-2-S, but both were less immunogenic compared to licensed mRNA- and ChAd-based vaccines in SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals. In heterologous vaccination, previous MVA-SARS-2-S vaccination enhanced T cell functionality and MVA-SARS-2-ST boosted the frequency of T cells and S1-specific IgG levels when used as a third vaccination. While the vaccine candidate containing the prefusion-stabilized spike elicited predominantly S1-specific responses, immunity to the candidate with the native spike was skewed towards S2-specific responses. These data demonstrate how the spike antigen conformation, using the same viral vector, directly affects vaccine immunogenicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Mayer
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Leonie M Weskamm
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anahita Fathi
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maya Kono
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Heidepriem
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Verena Krähling
- Institute for Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sibylle C Mellinghoff
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Centre for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), German CLL Group (GCLLSG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - My Linh Ly
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Monika Friedrich
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Hardtke
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Hesterkamp
- German Centre for Infection Research, Translational Project Management Office, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Felix F Loeffler
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Brunswick, Hanover, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute for Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christine Dahlke
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.
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16
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Prakash S, Dhanushkodi NR, Zayou L, Ibraim IC, Quadiri A, Coulon PG, Tifrea DF, Suzer B, Shaik AM, Chilukuri A, Edwards RA, Singer M, Vahed H, Nesburn AB, Kuppermann BD, Ulmer JB, Gil D, Jones TM, BenMohamed L. Cross-protection induced by highly conserved human B, CD4 +, and CD8 + T-cell epitopes-based vaccine against severe infection, disease, and death caused by multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1328905. [PMID: 38318166 PMCID: PMC10839970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created one of the largest global health crises in almost a century. Although the current rate of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections has decreased significantly, the long-term outlook of COVID-19 remains a serious cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with the mortality rate still substantially surpassing even that recorded for influenza viruses. The continued emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), including multiple heavily mutated Omicron sub-variants, has prolonged the COVID-19 pandemic and underscores the urgent need for a next-generation vaccine that will protect from multiple SARS-CoV-2 VOCs. Methods We designed a multi-epitope-based coronavirus vaccine that incorporated B, CD4+, and CD8+ T- cell epitopes conserved among all known SARS-CoV-2 VOCs and selectively recognized by CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells from asymptomatic COVID-19 patients irrespective of VOC infection. The safety, immunogenicity, and cross-protective immunity of this pan-variant SARS-CoV-2 vaccine were studied against six VOCs using an innovative triple transgenic h-ACE-2-HLA-A2/DR mouse model. Results The pan-variant SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (i) is safe , (ii) induces high frequencies of lung-resident functional CD8+ and CD4+ TEM and TRM cells , and (iii) provides robust protection against morbidity and virus replication. COVID-19-related lung pathology and death were caused by six SARS-CoV-2 VOCs: Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma or P1 (B.1.1.28.1), Delta (lineage B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529). Conclusion A multi-epitope pan-variant SARS-CoV-2 vaccine bearing conserved human B- and T- cell epitopes from structural and non-structural SARS-CoV-2 antigens induced cross-protective immunity that facilitated virus clearance, and reduced morbidity, COVID-19-related lung pathology, and death caused by multiple SARS-CoV-2 VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayam Prakash
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nisha R Dhanushkodi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Latifa Zayou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Izabela Coimbra Ibraim
- High Containment Facility, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Afshana Quadiri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Pierre Gregoire Coulon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Delia F Tifrea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, the University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Berfin Suzer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Amin Mohammed Shaik
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Amruth Chilukuri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Robert A Edwards
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, the University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Mahmoud Singer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Hawa Vahed
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Anthony B Nesburn
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Baruch D Kuppermann
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey B Ulmer
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Gil
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Trevor M Jones
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospitalist Program, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, the University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Immunology; University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
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17
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Lenart K, Arcoverde Cerveira R, Hellgren F, Ols S, Sheward DJ, Kim C, Cagigi A, Gagne M, Davis B, Germosen D, Roy V, Alter G, Letscher H, Van Wassenhove J, Gros W, Gallouët AS, Le Grand R, Kleanthous H, Guebre-Xabier M, Murrell B, Patel N, Glenn G, Smith G, Loré K. Three immunizations with Novavax's protein vaccines increase antibody breadth and provide durable protection from SARS-CoV-2. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:17. [PMID: 38245545 PMCID: PMC10799869 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00806-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune responses to Novavax's licensed NVX-CoV2373 nanoparticle Spike protein vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 remain incompletely understood. Here, we show in rhesus macaques that immunization with Matrix-MTM adjuvanted vaccines predominantly elicits immune events in local tissues with little spillover to the periphery. A third dose of an updated vaccine based on the Gamma (P.1) variant 7 months after two immunizations with licensed NVX-CoV2373 resulted in significant enhancement of anti-spike antibody titers and antibody breadth including neutralization of forward drift Omicron variants. The third immunization expanded the Spike-specific memory B cell pool, induced significant somatic hypermutation, and increased serum antibody avidity, indicating considerable affinity maturation. Seven months after immunization, vaccinated animals controlled infection by either WA-1 or P.1 strain, mediated by rapid anamnestic antibody and T cell responses in the lungs. In conclusion, a third immunization with an adjuvanted, low-dose recombinant protein vaccine significantly improved the quality of B cell responses, enhanced antibody breadth, and provided durable protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Lenart
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Arcoverde Cerveira
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrika Hellgren
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel J Sheward
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Changil Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Gagne
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brandon Davis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hélène Letscher
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Van Wassenhove
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Wesley Gros
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Gallouët
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Harry Kleanthous
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
- SK Biosciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Johnson NV, Wall SC, Kramer KJ, Holt CM, Periasamy S, Richardson S, Suryadevara N, Andreano E, Paciello I, Pierleoni G, Piccini G, Huang Y, Ge P, Allen JD, Uno N, Shiakolas AR, Pilewski KA, Nargi RS, Sutton RE, Abu-Shmais AA, Parks R, Haynes BF, Carnahan RH, Crowe JE, Montomoli E, Rappuoli R, Bukreyev A, Ross TM, Sautto GA, McLellan JS, Georgiev IS. Discovery and Characterization of a Pan-betacoronavirus S2-binding antibody. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.15.575741. [PMID: 38293237 PMCID: PMC10827111 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.15.575741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Three coronaviruses have spilled over from animal reservoirs into the human population and caused deadly epidemics or pandemics. The continued emergence of coronaviruses highlights the need for pan-coronavirus interventions for effective pandemic preparedness. Here, using LIBRA-seq, we report a panel of 50 coronavirus antibodies isolated from human B cells. Of these antibodies, 54043-5 was shown to bind the S2 subunit of spike proteins from alpha-, beta-, and deltacoronaviruses. A cryo-EM structure of 54043-5 bound to the pre-fusion S2 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike defined an epitope at the apex of S2 that is highly conserved among betacoronaviruses. Although non-neutralizing, 54043-5 induced Fc-dependent antiviral responses, including ADCC and ADCP. In murine SARS-CoV-2 challenge studies, protection against disease was observed after introduction of Leu234Ala, Leu235Ala, and Pro329Gly (LALA-PG) substitutions in the Fc region of 54043-5. Together, these data provide new insights into the protective mechanisms of non-neutralizing antibodies and define a broadly conserved epitope within the S2 subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole V. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Steven C. Wall
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
| | - Kevin J. Kramer
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
| | - Clinton M. Holt
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sivakumar Periasamy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Simone Richardson
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | | | - Emanuele Andreano
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Ida Paciello
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Giulio Pierleoni
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena 53100, Italy
| | | | - Ying Huang
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Pan Ge
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - James D. Allen
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Naoko Uno
- Department of Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Andrea R. Shiakolas
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
| | - Kelsey A. Pilewski
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
| | - Rachel S. Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel E. Sutton
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alexandria A. Abu-Shmais
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert H. Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi Research S.r.l., Siena 53100, Italy
- VisMederi S.r.l, Siena 53100, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena 53100, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Department of Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Giuseppe A. Sautto
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Program in Computational Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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19
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Singh G, Abbad A, Kleiner G, Srivastava K, Gleason C, Carreño JM, Simon V, Krammer F. The post-COVID-19 population has a high prevalence of cross-reactive antibodies to spikes from all Orthocoronavirinae genera. mBio 2024; 15:e0225023. [PMID: 38112467 PMCID: PMC10790767 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02250-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE As demonstrated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, coronaviruses pose a significant pandemic threat. Here, we show that coronavirus disease 2019 mRNA vaccination can induce significant levels of cross-reactive antibodies against diverse coronavirus spike proteins. While these antibodies are binding antibodies that likely have little neutralization capacity and while their contribution to cross-protection is unclear, it is possible that they may play a role in protection from progression to severe disease with novel coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anass Abbad
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Giulio Kleiner
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Komal Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Charles Gleason
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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20
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Desai P, Karl CE, Ying B, Liang CY, Garcia-Salum T, Santana AC, Caten FT, Urban JF, Elbashir SM, Edwards DK, Ribeiro SP, Thackray LB, Sekaly RP, Diamond MS. Intestinal helminth infection impairs vaccine-induced T cell responses and protection against SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.14.575588. [PMID: 38293221 PMCID: PMC10827110 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.14.575588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Although vaccines have reduced COVID-19 disease burden, their efficacy in helminth infection endemic areas is not well characterized. We evaluated the impact of infection by Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hpb), a murine intestinal hookworm, on the efficacy of an mRNA vaccine targeting the Wuhan-1 spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Although immunization generated similar B cell responses in Hpb-infected and uninfected mice, polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were markedly reduced in Hpb-infected mice. Hpb-infected and mRNA vaccinated mice were protected against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain WA1/2020, but control of lung infection was diminished against an Omicron variant compared to animals immunized without Hpb infection. Helminth mediated suppression of spike-specific CD8+ T cell responses occurred independently of STAT6 signaling, whereas blockade of IL-10 rescued vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell responses. In mice, intestinal helminth infection impairs vaccine induced T cell responses via an IL-10 pathway and compromises protection against antigenically shifted SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritesh Desai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Courtney E. Karl
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chieh-Yu Liang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tamara Garcia-Salum
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ana Carolina Santana
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Felipe Ten Caten
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph F. Urban
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, and Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | | | | | - Susan P. Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Larissa B. Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rafick P. Sekaly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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21
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Krammer F. The role of vaccines in the COVID-19 pandemic: what have we learned? Semin Immunopathol 2024; 45:451-468. [PMID: 37436465 PMCID: PMC11136744 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-023-00996-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged late in 2019 and caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that has so far claimed approximately 20 million lives. Vaccines were developed quickly, became available in the end of 2020, and had a tremendous impact on protection from SARS-CoV-2 mortality but with emerging variants the impact on morbidity was diminished. Here I review what we learned from COVID-19 from a vaccinologist's perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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22
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Gao X, Wang X, Li S, Saif Ur Rahman M, Xu S, Liu Y. Nanovaccines for Advancing Long-Lasting Immunity against Infectious Diseases. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24514-24538. [PMID: 38055649 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases, particularly life-threatening pathogens such as small pox and influenza, have substantial implications on public health and global economies. Vaccination is a key approach to combat existing and emerging pathogens. Immunological memory is an essential characteristic used to evaluate vaccine efficacy and durability and the basis for the long-term effects of vaccines in protecting against future infections; however, optimizing the potency, improving the quality, and enhancing the durability of immune responses remains challenging and a focus for research involving investigation of nanovaccine technologies. In this review, we describe how nanovaccines can address the challenges for conventional vaccines in stimulating adaptive immune memory responses to protect against reinfection. We discuss protein and nonprotein nanoparticles as useful antigen platforms, including those with highly ordered and repetitive antigen array presentation to enhance immunogenicity through cross-linking with multiple B cell receptors, and with a focus on antigen properties. In addition, we describe how nanoadjuvants can improve immune responses by providing enhanced access to lymph nodes, lymphnode targeting, germinal center retention, and long-lasting immune response generation. Nanotechnology has the advantage to facilitate vaccine induction of long-lasting immunity against infectious diseases, now and in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Xinlian Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Shilin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | | | - Shanshan Xu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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23
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Schoefbaenker M, Neddermeyer R, Guenther T, Mueller MM, Romberg ML, Classen N, Hennies MT, Hrincius ER, Ludwig S, Kuehn JE, Lorentzen EU. Surrogate Virus Neutralisation Test Based on Nanoluciferase-Tagged Antigens to Quantify Inhibitory Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and Characterise Omicron-Specific Reactivity in a Vaccination Cohort. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1832. [PMID: 38140236 PMCID: PMC10748151 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific antibodies are crucial for protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Assessing functional antibodies through conventional or pseudotyped virus neutralisation tests (pVNT) requires high biosafety levels. Alternatively, the virus-free surrogate virus neutralisation test (sVNT) quantifies antibodies interfering with spike binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. We evaluated secreted nanoluciferase-tagged spike protein fragments as diagnostic antigens in the sVNT in a vaccination cohort. Initially, spike fragments were tested in a capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA), identifying the receptor binding domain (RBD) as the optimal diagnostic antigen. The sensitivity of the in-house sVNT applying the nanoluciferase-labelled RBD equalled or surpassed that of a commercial sVNT (cPass, GenScript Diagnostics) and an in-house pVNT four weeks after the first vaccination (98% vs. 94% and 72%, respectively), reaching 100% in all assays four weeks after the second and third vaccinations. When testing serum reactivity with Omicron BA.1 spike, the sVNT and pVNT displayed superior discrimination between wild-type- and variant-specific serum reactivity compared to a capture EIA. This was most pronounced after the first and second vaccinations, with the third vaccination resulting in robust, cross-reactive BA.1 construct detection. In conclusion, utilising nanoluciferase-labelled antigens permits the quantification of SARS-CoV-2-specific inhibitory antibodies. Designed as flexible modular systems, the assays can be readily adjusted for monitoring vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schoefbaenker
- Institute of Virology, Department of Molecular Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (M.S.); (E.R.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Rieke Neddermeyer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Clinical Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Stauffenberg-Str. 36, D-48151 Muenster, Germany; (R.N.); (T.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.-L.R.); (N.C.); (M.T.H.); (J.E.K.)
| | - Theresa Guenther
- Institute of Virology, Department of Clinical Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Stauffenberg-Str. 36, D-48151 Muenster, Germany; (R.N.); (T.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.-L.R.); (N.C.); (M.T.H.); (J.E.K.)
| | - Marlin M. Mueller
- Institute of Virology, Department of Clinical Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Stauffenberg-Str. 36, D-48151 Muenster, Germany; (R.N.); (T.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.-L.R.); (N.C.); (M.T.H.); (J.E.K.)
| | - Marie-Luise Romberg
- Institute of Virology, Department of Clinical Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Stauffenberg-Str. 36, D-48151 Muenster, Germany; (R.N.); (T.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.-L.R.); (N.C.); (M.T.H.); (J.E.K.)
| | - Nica Classen
- Institute of Virology, Department of Clinical Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Stauffenberg-Str. 36, D-48151 Muenster, Germany; (R.N.); (T.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.-L.R.); (N.C.); (M.T.H.); (J.E.K.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Marc T. Hennies
- Institute of Virology, Department of Clinical Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Stauffenberg-Str. 36, D-48151 Muenster, Germany; (R.N.); (T.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.-L.R.); (N.C.); (M.T.H.); (J.E.K.)
| | - Eike R. Hrincius
- Institute of Virology, Department of Molecular Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (M.S.); (E.R.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology, Department of Molecular Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (M.S.); (E.R.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Joachim E. Kuehn
- Institute of Virology, Department of Clinical Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Stauffenberg-Str. 36, D-48151 Muenster, Germany; (R.N.); (T.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.-L.R.); (N.C.); (M.T.H.); (J.E.K.)
| | - Eva U. Lorentzen
- Institute of Virology, Department of Clinical Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Stauffenberg-Str. 36, D-48151 Muenster, Germany; (R.N.); (T.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.-L.R.); (N.C.); (M.T.H.); (J.E.K.)
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24
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Huang M, Jia L, Ye S, Pang R, Ma C, Zhang J, Dai S, Zhang K, Dai Y, Fu Q, Zhang L. A real-world study on the effectiveness of BBIBP-CorV and CoronaVac in Nanjing area. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21533. [PMID: 38057587 PMCID: PMC10700467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the advent of COVID-19 vaccine, the long-term monitoring and evaluation of vaccine effectiveness worldwide has never stopped. Real-world research of the mainstream vaccines in China (BBIBP-CorV and CoronaVac) is extremely valuable as a supplement to clinical research data. Venous blood of this study was collected from 111 blood donors and from 6 volunteers, who had received 2 doses of SAR-CoV-2 vaccine. Cross-sectional study and cohort study was adopted. Venous blood of 11 COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors was collected as a positive control. The seroconversion rate of neutralizing antibodies in 111 vaccine recipients was 90.99% (101/111); The level of SAR-CoV-2 antibodies peaked around 28 days after inoculation, then fast descended followed by gentle descended until it was still detectable around 280 days later. The changes in antibody levels were similar to those of the 6 participants and those of convalescent plasma donors after infection. 5 of the 6 participants still maintained a high level of neutralizing antibodies (> 60% of the peak value) around 28 days after receiving 2 doses of vaccine; one participant had an antibody reaction that was almost always negative for 4 weeks. BBIBP-CorV and CoronaVac can produce good immune effects in most vaccinators aged 20 to 59 years in Nanjing area. Nevertheless, significant individual discrepancies of the humoral immunity are still existed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- Department of Blood Screening Laboratory, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Jia
- Department of Quality Management, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Apheresis Department, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongrong Pang
- Department of Blood Screening Laboratory, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengping Ma
- Department of Blood Screening Laboratory, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiajuan Zhang
- Department of Quality Management, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuming Dai
- Department of Quality Management, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Blood Source Management, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yudong Dai
- Blood Center Management Office, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Blood Center Management Office, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Libo Zhang
- Department of Blood Screening Laboratory, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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25
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Cao KT, Cobos-Uribe C, Knight N, Jonnalagadda R, Robinette C, Jaspers I, Rebuli ME. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces an intranasal mucosal response characterized by neutralizing antibodies. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. GLOBAL 2023; 2:100129. [PMID: 37781659 PMCID: PMC10290737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacig.2023.100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccine-induced systemic antibody profiles are well characterized; however, little is known about whether intranasal mucosal antibodies are induced or can neutralize virus in response to mRNA vaccination. Objective We sought to evaluate intranasal mucosal antibody production with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Methods SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgA concentrations and neutralization activity from sera and nasal mucosa via nasal epithelial lining fluid (NELF) collection were measured in SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-vaccinated healthy volunteers (N = 29) by using multiplex immunoassays. Data were compared before and after vaccination, between mRNA vaccine brands, and by sex. Results SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induced an intranasal immune response characterized by neutralizing mucosal antibodies. IgG antibodies displayed greater Spike 1 (S1) binding specificity than did IgA in serum and nasal mucosa. Nasal antibodies displayed greater neutralization activity against the receptor-binding domain than serum. Spikevax (Moderna)-vaccinated individuals displayed greater SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgA antibody concentrations than did Comirnaty (BioNTech/Pfizer)-vaccinated individuals in their serum and nasal epithelial lining fluid. Sex-dependent differences in antibody response were not observed. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces a robust systemic and intranasal antibody production with neutralizing capacity. Spikevax vaccinations elicit a greater antibody response than does Comirnaty vaccination systemically and intranasally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T. Cao
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Catalina Cobos-Uribe
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Noelle Knight
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Rithika Jonnalagadda
- UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Carole Robinette
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Meghan E. Rebuli
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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26
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Huang CQ, Vishwanath S, Carnell GW, Chan ACY, Heeney JL. Immune imprinting and next-generation coronavirus vaccines. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1971-1985. [PMID: 37932355 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines based on historical virus isolates provide limited protection from continuously evolving RNA viruses, such as influenza viruses or coronaviruses, which occasionally spill over between animals and humans. Despite repeated booster immunizations, population-wide declines in the neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have occurred. This has been compared to seasonal influenza vaccinations in humans, where the breadth of immune responses induced by repeat exposures to antigenically distinct influenza viruses is confounded by pre-existing immunity-a mechanism known as imprinting. Since its emergence, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved in a population with partial immunity, acquired by infection, vaccination or both. Here we critically examine the evidence for and against immune imprinting in host humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 and its implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) booster vaccine programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Qingzhou Huang
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sneha Vishwanath
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - George William Carnell
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Chun Yue Chan
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Luke Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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27
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Ravindran R, Kang H, McReynolds C, Sanghar GK, Chang WLW, Ramasamy S, Kolloli A, Kumar R, Subbian S, Hammock BD, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, Ikram A, Haczku A, Khan IH. Dynamics of temporal immune responses in nonhuman primates and humans immunized with COVID-19 vaccines. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287377. [PMID: 37856429 PMCID: PMC10586671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the humoral immune responses to a COVID-19 vaccine in a well-controlled rhesus macaque model compared to humans immunized with two mRNA vaccines over several months post-second dose. The plasma IgG levels against seven coronaviruses (including SARS-CoV-2) and antibody subtypes (IgG 1-4 and IgM) against SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated using multiplex assays. The neutralization capacity of plasma antibodies against the original SAR-CoV-2 isolate and nine variants was evaluated in vaccinated humans and non-human primates. Immunization of macaques and humans with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines induced a robust neutralizing antibody response. In non-SIV-infected adult macaques immunized with an adenoviral vector expressing S-RBD (n = 7) or N protein (n = 3), elevated levels of IgG and neutralizing antibodies were detected 2 weeks post-second dose. Immune responses to the S-RBD vaccine in SIV-infected adult macaques (n = 2) were similar to the non-SIV-infected animals. Adult humans immunized with Pfizer (n = 35) or Moderna (n = 18) vaccines developed IgG and neutralizing antibodies at 4 weeks post-second dose. In both vaccine groups, IgG 1 was the predominant subtype, followed by IgG 3. The IgG levels, including total and IgG 1,2,3 elicited by the Moderna vaccine, were significantly higher than the corresponding levels elicited by the Pfizer vaccine at 4 weeks post-second dose. A significant correlation was observed between the plasma total IgG antibody levels and neutralization titers in both macaques and humans. Furthermore, broad-spectrum neutralization antibodies against several variants of SARS-CoV-2 were detected in the plasma of both macaques and humans after two vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resmi Ravindran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Harsharonjit Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Cindy McReynolds
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Gursharan Kaur Sanghar
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - W L William Chang
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Santhamani Ramasamy
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Afsal Kolloli
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ranjeet Kumar
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Aamer Ikram
- National Institutes of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Angela Haczku
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Imran H Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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28
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Santos da Silva E, Servais JY, Kohnen M, Arendt V, Staub T, Krüger R, Fagherazzi G, Wilmes P, Hübschen JM, Ollert M, Perez-Bercoff D, Seguin-Devaux C. Validation of a SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate Neutralization Test Detecting Neutralizing Antibodies against the Major Variants of Concern. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14965. [PMID: 37834413 PMCID: PMC10573711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination elicit a broad range of neutralizing antibody responses against the different variants of concern (VOC). We established a new variant-adapted surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and assessed the neutralization activity against the ancestral B.1 (WT) and VOC Delta, Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5. Analytical performances were compared against the respective VOC to the reference virus neutralization test (VNT) and two CE-IVD labeled kits using three different cohorts collected during the COVID-19 waves. Correlation analyses showed moderate to strong correlation for Omicron sub-variants (Spearman's r = 0.7081 for BA.1, r = 0.7205 for BA.2, and r = 0.6042 for BA.5), and for WT (r = 0.8458) and Delta-sVNT (r = 0.8158), respectively. Comparison of the WT-sVNT performance with two CE-IVD kits, the "Icosagen SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody ELISA kit" and the "Genscript cPass, kit" revealed an overall good correlation ranging from 0.8673 to -0.8773 and a midway profile between both commercial kits with 87.76% sensitivity and 90.48% clinical specificity. The BA.2-sVNT performance was similar to the BA.2 Genscript test. Finally, a correlation analysis revealed a strong association (r = 0.8583) between BA.5-sVNT and VNT sVNT using a double-vaccinated cohort (n = 100) and an Omicron-breakthrough infection cohort (n = 91). In conclusion, the sVNT allows for the efficient prediction of immune protection against the various VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Santos da Silva
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.S.d.S.); (J.-Y.S.); (J.M.H.); (M.O.); (D.P.-B.)
| | - Jean-Yves Servais
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.S.d.S.); (J.-Y.S.); (J.M.H.); (M.O.); (D.P.-B.)
| | - Michel Kohnen
- National Service of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, 4 Rue Ernest Barblé, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (M.K.); (V.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Vic Arendt
- National Service of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, 4 Rue Ernest Barblé, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (M.K.); (V.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Therese Staub
- National Service of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, 4 Rue Ernest Barblé, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (M.K.); (V.A.); (T.S.)
| | | | | | - Rejko Krüger
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health; Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, 4 rue Ernest Barblé, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1AB Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg;
| | - Paul Wilmes
- Systems Ecology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, 7 Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Judith M. Hübschen
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.S.d.S.); (J.-Y.S.); (J.M.H.); (M.O.); (D.P.-B.)
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.S.d.S.); (J.-Y.S.); (J.M.H.); (M.O.); (D.P.-B.)
| | - Danielle Perez-Bercoff
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.S.d.S.); (J.-Y.S.); (J.M.H.); (M.O.); (D.P.-B.)
| | - Carole Seguin-Devaux
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.S.d.S.); (J.-Y.S.); (J.M.H.); (M.O.); (D.P.-B.)
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Yasugi M, Nakagama Y, Kaku N, Nitahara Y, Hatanaka N, Yamasaki S, Kido Y. Characteristics of epitope dominance pattern and cross-variant neutralisation in 16 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine sera. Vaccine 2023; 41:6248-6254. [PMID: 37673717 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 serological studies suggest that individual serum antibody repertoires can affect neutralisation breadth. Herein, we asked whether a BNT162b2 vaccine-induced epitope dominance pattern (i.e., predominant viral structural domain targeted by serum antibodies for virus neutralisation) affects cross-variant neutralisation. When a neutralisation assay against the ancestral strain was carried out using 16 vaccine sera preabsorbed with a recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) or an N-terminal domain (NTD) protein, three and 13 sera, respectively, showed lower neutralisation under NTD and RBD protein-preabsorbed conditions than under the other protein-preabsorbed conditions. This suggests that the NTD was responsible for virus neutralisation in three sera, whereas the other 13 sera elicited RBD-dominant neutralisation. The results also suggest the presence of infectivity-enhancing antibodies in four out of the 13 RBD-dominant sera. A neutralisation assay using SARS-CoV-2 variants revealed that NTD-dominant sera showed significantly reduced neutralising activity against the B.1.617.2 variant, whereas RBD-dominant sera retained neutralising activity even in the presence of infectivity-enhancing antibodies. Taken together, these results suggest the followings: (i) epitope dominance patterns are divided into at least two types: NTD-dominant and RBD-dominant; (ii) NTD-dominant sera have less potential to neutralise the B.1.617.2 variant than RBD-dominant sera; and (iii) infectivity-enhancing antibodies play a limited role in cross-variant neutralisation against the five variants tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayo Yasugi
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan; Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan; Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yu Nakagama
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kaku
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Nitahara
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan; Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan; Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan; Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan; Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Kido
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
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St. Germain R, Bossard EL, Corey L, Sholukh AM. Serum concentration of antigen-specific IgG can substantially bias interpretation of antibody-dependent phagocytosis assay readout. iScience 2023; 26:107527. [PMID: 37664583 PMCID: PMC10469534 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Because virus neutralization cannot solely explain vaccine-induced, antibody-mediated protection, antibody effector functions are being considered as a potential correlate of protection (CoP). However, measuring effector functions at a fixed serum dilution for high throughput purposes makes it difficult to distinguish between the effect of serum antibody concentration and antibody properties such as epitopes, subclass, and glycosylation. To address this issue, we evaluated antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) assay against SARS-CoV-2 spike. Adjustment of serum samples to the same concentration of antigen-specific IgG prior to the ADCP assay revealed concentration-independent differences in ADCP after mRNA vaccination in subjects with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection not detectable in assay performed with fixed serum dilution. Phagocytosis measured at different concentrations of spike-specific IgG strongly correlated with the area under the curve (AUC) indicating that ADCP assay can be performed at a standardized antibody concentration for the high throughput necessary for vaccine trial analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell St. Germain
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Emily L. Bossard
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anton M. Sholukh
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Quirk GE, Schoenle MV, Peyton KL, Uhrlaub JL, Lau B, Burgess JL, Ellingson K, Beitel S, Romine J, Lutrick K, Fowlkes A, Britton A, Tyner HL, Caban-Martinez AJ, Naleway A, Gaglani M, Yoon S, Edwards L, Olsho L, Dake M, LaFleur BJ, Nikolich JŽ, Sprissler R, Worobey M, Bhattacharya D. Determinants of de novo B cell responses to drifted epitopes in post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infections. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.09.12.23295384. [PMID: 37745498 PMCID: PMC10516057 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.23295384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced immunity may impact subsequent de novo responses to drifted epitopes in SARS-CoV-2 variants, but this has been difficult to quantify due to the challenges in recruiting unvaccinated control groups whose first exposure to SARS-CoV-2 is a primary infection. Through local, statewide, and national SARS-CoV-2 testing programs, we were able to recruit cohorts of individuals who had recovered from either primary or post-vaccination infections by either the Delta or Omicron BA.1 variants. Regardless of variant, we observed greater Spike-specific and neutralizing antibody responses in post-vaccination infections than in those who were infected without prior vaccination. Through analysis of variant-specific memory B cells as markers of de novo responses, we observed that Delta and Omicron BA.1 infections led to a marked shift in immunodominance in which some drifted epitopes elicited minimal responses, even in primary infections. Prior immunity through vaccination had a small negative impact on these de novo responses, but this did not correlate with cross-reactive memory B cells, arguing against competitive inhibition of naïve B cells. We conclude that dampened de novo B cell responses against drifted epitopes are mostly a function of altered immunodominance hierarchies that are apparent even in primary infections, with a more modest contribution from pre-existing immunity, perhaps due to accelerated antigen clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Quirk
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Marta V Schoenle
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kameron L Peyton
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Branden Lau
- University of Arizona Genomics Core and the Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jefferey L Burgess
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Katherine Ellingson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Shawn Beitel
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - James Romine
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Karen Lutrick
- College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ashley Fowlkes
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Amadea Britton
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Harmony L Tyner
- St. Luke's Regional Health Care System, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Allison Naleway
- Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Manjusha Gaglani
- Baylor Scott & White Health and Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Sarang Yoon
- Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Dake
- Office of the Senior Vice-President for Health Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Janko Ž Nikolich
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ryan Sprissler
- University of Arizona Genomics Core and the Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
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McNamara RP, Maron JS, Boucau J, Roy V, Webb NE, Bertera HL, Barczak AK, Positives Study Staff T, Franko N, Logue JK, Kemp M, Li JZ, Zhou L, Hsieh CL, McLellan JS, Siedner MJ, Seaman MS, Lemieux JE, Chu HY, Alter G. Anamnestic humoral correlates of immunity across SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. mBio 2023; 14:e0090223. [PMID: 37535402 PMCID: PMC10470538 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00902-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
While immune correlates against SARS-CoV-2 are typically defined at peak immunogenicity following vaccination, immunologic responses that expand selectively during the anamnestic response following infection can provide mechanistic and detailed insights into the immune mechanisms of protection. Moreover, whether anamnestic correlates are conserved across variants of concern (VOC), including the Delta and more distant Omicron VOC, remains unclear. To define the anamnestic correlates of immunity, across VOCs, we deeply profiled the humoral immune response in individuals infected with sequence-confirmed Delta or Omicron VOC after completing the vaccination series. While limited acute N-terminal domain and receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific immune expansion was observed following breakthrough infection, a significant immunodominant expansion of opsonophagocytic Spike-specific antibody responses focused largely on the conserved S2-domain of SARS-CoV-2 was observed. This S2-specific functional humoral response continued to evolve over 2-3 weeks following Delta or Omicron breakthrough, targeting multiple VOCs and common coronaviruses. Strong responses were observed on the fusion peptide (FP) region and the heptad repeat 1 (HR1) region adjacent to the RBD. Notably, the FP is highly conserved across SARS-related coronaviruses and even non-SARS-related betacoronavirus. Taken together, our results point to a critical role of highly conserved, functional S2-specific responses in the anamnestic antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection across VOCs. These humoral responses linked to virus clearance can guide next-generation vaccine-boosting approaches to confer broad protection against future SARS-related coronaviruses. IMPORTANCE The Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is the primary target of antibody-based recognition. Selective pressures, be it the adaption to human-to-human transmission or evasion of previously acquired immunity, have spurred the emergence of variants of the virus such as the Delta and Omicron lineages. Therefore, understanding how antibody responses are expanded in breakthrough cases of previously vaccinated individuals can provide insights into key correlates of protection against current and future variants. Here, we show that vaccinated individuals who had documented COVID-19 breakthrough showed anamnestic antibody expansions targeting the conserved S2 subdomain of Spike, particularly within the fusion peptide region. These S2-directed antibodies were highly leveraged for non-neutralizing, phagocytic functions and were similarly expanded independent of the variant. We propose that through deep profiling of anamnestic antibody responses in breakthrough cases, we can identify antigen targets susceptible to novel monoclonal antibody therapy or vaccination-boosting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. McNamara
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jenny S. Maron
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas E. Webb
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harry L. Bertera
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy K. Barczak
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - The Positives Study Staff
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas Franko
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Logue
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Megan Kemp
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jonathan Z. Li
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ling Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Mark J. Siedner
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob E. Lemieux
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helen Y. Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Vollenberg R, Lorentzen EU, Kühn J, Nowacki TM, Meier JA, Trebicka J, Tepasse PR. Humoral Immunity in Immunosuppressed IBD Patients after the Third SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: A Comparison with Healthy Control Subjects. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1411. [PMID: 37766088 PMCID: PMC10536352 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic is a result of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Vaccination against COVID-19 is crucial for preventing severe illness and controlling the pandemic. This study aimed to examine how immunosuppressed patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) responded to the third mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. The patients were undergoing treatments such as anti-TNF (infliximab, adalimumab), anti-α4ß7 integrin (vedolizumab), anti-IL12/23 (ustekinumab) and azathioprine (purine analog). Their responses were compared to those of healthy individuals. METHODS In this prospective study, 81 IBD patients and 15 healthy controls were enrolled 2-4 months after receiving the third mRNA vaccination. This study measured IgG antibody levels against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein's receptor binding domain (RBD) and assessed potential neutralization capacity using a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT). RESULTS Overall, immunosuppressed IBD patients (without SARS-CoV-2 infection) exhibited significantly lower levels of anti-S-IgG (anti-RBD-IgG) and binding inhibition in the sVNT after the third vaccination compared to healthy controls. Patients under anti-TNF therapy showed notably reduced anti-S-IgG levels after the booster vaccination, in contrast to those receiving ustekinumab and azathioprine (p = 0.030, p = 0.031). IBD patients on anti-TNF therapy demonstrated significantly increased anti-S-IgG levels following prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (p = 0.020). CONCLUSION Even after the third vaccination, immunosuppressed IBD patients exhibited diminished humoral immunity compared to healthy controls, especially those on anti-TNF therapy. Cases of penetrating infections led to considerably higher antibody levels in IBD patients under anti-TNF therapy compared to uninfected patients. Further investigation through prospective studies in immunosuppressed IBD patients is needed to determine whether this effectively safeguards against future infections or severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Vollenberg
- Department of Medicine B for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Clincial Infectiology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (J.T.); (P.-R.T.)
| | - Eva Ulla Lorentzen
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany (J.K.)
| | - Joachim Kühn
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany (J.K.)
| | - Tobias Max Nowacki
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology, Marienhospital Steinfurt, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Jörn Arne Meier
- Department of Medicine B for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Clincial Infectiology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (J.T.); (P.-R.T.)
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Medicine B for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Clincial Infectiology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (J.T.); (P.-R.T.)
| | - Phil-Robin Tepasse
- Department of Medicine B for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Clincial Infectiology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (J.T.); (P.-R.T.)
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Hederman AP, Natarajan H, Heyndrickx L, Ariën KK, Wiener JA, Wright PF, Bloch EM, Tobian AAR, Redd AD, Blankson JN, Rottenstreich A, Zarbiv G, Wolf D, Goetghebuer T, Marchant A, Ackerman ME. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination elicits broad and potent antibody effector functions to variants of concern in vulnerable populations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5171. [PMID: 37620337 PMCID: PMC10449910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40960-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants have continuously emerged in the face of effective vaccines. Reduced neutralization against variants raises questions as to whether other antibody functions are similarly compromised, or if they might compensate for lost neutralization activity. Here, the breadth and potency of antibody recognition and effector function is surveyed following either infection or vaccination. Considering pregnant women as a model cohort with higher risk of severe illness and death, we observe similar binding and functional breadth for healthy and immunologically vulnerable populations, but considerably greater functional antibody breadth and potency across variants associated with vaccination. In contrast, greater antibody functional activity targeting the endemic coronavirus OC43 is noted among convalescent individuals, illustrating a dichotomy in recognition between close and distant human coronavirus strains associated with exposure history. This analysis of antibody functions suggests the differential potential for antibody effector functions to contribute to protecting vaccinated and convalescent subjects as novel variants continue to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Leo Heyndrickx
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joshua A Wiener
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Peter F Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joel N Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amihai Rottenstreich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gila Zarbiv
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana Wolf
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tessa Goetghebuer
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
- Pediatric Department, CHU St Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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Dickson A, Geerling E, Stone ET, Hassert M, Steffen TL, Makkena T, Smither M, Schwetye KE, Zhang J, Georges B, Roberts MS, Suschak JJ, Pinto AK, Brien JD. The role of vaccination route with an adenovirus-vectored vaccine in protection, viral control, and transmission in the SARS-CoV-2/K18-hACE2 mouse infection model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188392. [PMID: 37662899 PMCID: PMC10469340 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vaccination is the most effective mechanism to prevent severe COVID-19. However, breakthrough infections and subsequent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 remain a significant problem. Intranasal vaccination has the potential to be more effective in preventing disease and limiting transmission between individuals as it induces potent responses at mucosal sites. Methods Utilizing a replication-deficient adenovirus serotype 5-vectored vaccine expressing the SARS-CoV-2 RBD (AdCOVID) in homozygous and heterozygous transgenic K18-hACE2, we investigated the impact of the route of administration on vaccine immunogenicity, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and survival. Results Mice vaccinated with AdCOVID via the intramuscular or intranasal route and subsequently challenged with SARS-CoV-2 showed that animals vaccinated intranasally had improved cellular and mucosal antibody responses. Additionally, intranasally vaccinated animals had significantly better viremic control, and protection from lethal infection compared to intramuscularly vaccinated animals. Notably, in a novel transmission model, intranasal vaccination reduced viral transmission to naïve co-housed mice compared to intramuscular vaccination. Discussion Our data provide convincing evidence for the use of intranasal vaccination in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Dickson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Elizabeth Geerling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - E. Taylor Stone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mariah Hassert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Tara L. Steffen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Taneesh Makkena
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Madeleine Smither
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Katherine E. Schwetye
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
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Bedi R, Bayless NL, Glanville J. Challenges and Progress in Designing Broad-Spectrum Vaccines Against Rapidly Mutating Viruses. Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci 2023; 6:419-441. [PMID: 37196356 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-020722-041304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Viruses evolve to evade prior immunity, causing significant disease burden. Vaccine effectiveness deteriorates as pathogens mutate, requiring redesign. This is a problem that has grown worse due to population increase, global travel, and farming practices. Thus, there is significant interest in developing broad-spectrum vaccines that mitigate disease severity and ideally inhibit disease transmission without requiring frequent updates. Even in cases where vaccines against rapidly mutating pathogens have been somewhat effective, such as seasonal influenza and SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), designing vaccines that provide broad-spectrum immunity against routinely observed viral variation remains a desirable but not yet achieved goal. This review highlights the key theoretical advances in understanding the interplay between polymorphism and vaccine efficacy, challenges in designing broad-spectrum vaccines, and technology advances and possible avenues forward. We also discuss data-driven approaches for monitoring vaccine efficacy and predicting viral escape from vaccine-induced protection. In each case, we consider illustrative examples in vaccine development from influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)-three examples of highly prevalent rapidly mutating viruses with distinct phylogenetics and unique histories of vaccine technology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Bedi
- Centivax Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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37
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Azarias Da Silva M, Nioche P, Soudaramourty C, Bull-Maurer A, Tiouajni M, Kong D, Zghidi-Abouzid O, Picard M, Mendes-Frias A, Santa-Cruz A, Carvalho A, Capela C, Pedrosa J, Castro AG, Loubet P, Sotto A, Muller L, Lefrant JY, Roger C, Claret PG, Duvnjak S, Tran TA, Tokunaga K, Silvestre R, Corbeau P, Mammano F, Estaquier J. Repetitive mRNA vaccination is required to improve the quality of broad-spectrum anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the absence of CXCL13. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg2122. [PMID: 37540749 PMCID: PMC10403221 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg2122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the initial spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, several viral variants have emerged and represent a major challenge for immune control, particularly in the context of vaccination. We evaluated the quantity, quality, and persistence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA in individuals who received two or three doses of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, compared with previously infected vaccinated individuals. We show that three doses of mRNA vaccine were required to match the humoral responses of preinfected vaccinees. Given the importance of antibody-dependent cell-mediated immunity against viral infections, we also measured the capacity of IgG to recognize spike variants expressed on the cell surface and found that cross-reactivity was also strongly improved by repeated vaccination. Last, we report low levels of CXCL13, a surrogate marker of germinal center activation and formation, in vaccinees both after two and three doses compared with preinfected individuals, providing a potential explanation for the short duration and low quality of Ig induced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Nioche
- INSERM-U1124, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Structural and Molecular Analysis Platform, BioMedTech Facilities INSERM US36-CNRS UMS2009, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Mounira Tiouajni
- INSERM-U1124, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Structural and Molecular Analysis Platform, BioMedTech Facilities INSERM US36-CNRS UMS2009, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dechuan Kong
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Ana Mendes-Frias
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - André Santa-Cruz
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carlos Capela
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jorge Pedrosa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António Gil Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Paul Loubet
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU de Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Albert Sotto
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU de Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Laurent Muller
- Service de Réanimation Chirugicale, CHU de Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | | | - Claire Roger
- Service de Réanimation Chirugicale, CHU de Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | | | - Sandra Duvnjak
- Service de Gérontologie et Prévention du Vieillissement, CHU de Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Tu-Anh Tran
- Service de Pédiatrie, CHU de Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Kenzo Tokunaga
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pierre Corbeau
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, UMR9002 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CHU de Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Fabrizio Mammano
- INSERM-U1124, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université de Tours, INSERM, UMR1259 MAVIVH, Tours, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- INSERM-U1124, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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38
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Tong X, McNamara RP, Avendaño MJ, Serrano EF, García-Salum T, Pardo-Roa C, Bertera HL, Chicz TM, Levican J, Poblete E, Salinas E, Muñoz A, Riquelme A, Alter G, Medina RA. Waning and boosting of antibody Fc-effector functions upon SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4174. [PMID: 37443074 PMCID: PMC10345146 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, vaccines targeting COVID-19 have been developed with unprecedented speed and efficiency. CoronaVac, utilising an inactivated form of the COVID-19 virus and the mRNA26 based Pfizer/BNT162b2 vaccines are widely distributed. Beyond the ability of vaccines to induce production of neutralizing antibodies, they might lead to the generation of antibodies attenuating the disease by recruiting cytotoxic and opsonophagocytic functions. However, the Fc-effector functions of vaccine induced antibodies are much less studied than virus neutralization. Here, using systems serology, we follow the longitudinal Fc-effector profiles induced by CoronaVac and BNT162b2 up until five months following the two-dose vaccine regimen. Compared to BNT162b2, CoronaVac responses wane more slowly, albeit the levels remain lower than that of BNT162b2 recipients throughout the entire observation period. However, mRNA vaccine boosting of CoronaVac responses, including response to the Omicron variant, induce significantly higher peak of antibody functional responses with increased humoral breadth. In summary, we show that vaccine platform-induced humoral responses are not limited to virus neutralization but rather utilise antibody dependent effector functions. We demonstrate that this functionality wanes with different kinetics and can be rescued and expanded via boosting with subsequent homologous and heterologous vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Tong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - R P McNamara
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - M J Avendaño
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - E F Serrano
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - T García-Salum
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) - COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - C Pardo-Roa
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) - COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - H L Bertera
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - T M Chicz
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - J Levican
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - E Poblete
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - E Salinas
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) - COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - A Muñoz
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - A Riquelme
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) - COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - G Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - R A Medina
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile.
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) - COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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39
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Purcell RA, Theisen RM, Arnold KB, Chung AW, Selva KJ. Polyfunctional antibodies: a path towards precision vaccines for vulnerable populations. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183727. [PMID: 37600816 PMCID: PMC10433199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy determined within the controlled environment of a clinical trial is usually substantially greater than real-world vaccine effectiveness. Typically, this results from reduced protection of immunologically vulnerable populations, such as children, elderly individuals and people with chronic comorbidities. Consequently, these high-risk groups are frequently recommended tailored immunisation schedules to boost responses. In addition, diverse groups of healthy adults may also be variably protected by the same vaccine regimen. Current population-based vaccination strategies that consider basic clinical parameters offer a glimpse into what may be achievable if more nuanced aspects of the immune response are considered in vaccine design. To date, vaccine development has been largely empirical. However, next-generation approaches require more rational strategies. We foresee a generation of precision vaccines that consider the mechanistic basis of vaccine response variations associated with both immunogenetic and baseline health differences. Recent efforts have highlighted the importance of balanced and diverse extra-neutralising antibody functions for vaccine-induced protection. However, in immunologically vulnerable populations, significant modulation of polyfunctional antibody responses that mediate both neutralisation and effector functions has been observed. Here, we review the current understanding of key genetic and inflammatory modulators of antibody polyfunctionality that affect vaccination outcomes and consider how this knowledge may be harnessed to tailor vaccine design for improved public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A. Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert M. Theisen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kelly B. Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Selva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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40
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Su L, Huang W, Neill FH, Estes MK, Atmar RL, Palzkill T. Mapping human norovirus antigens during infection reveals the breadth of the humoral immune response. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:87. [PMID: 37280322 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The humoral immune response plays an important role in clearing HuNoV infections and elucidating the antigenic landscape of HuNoV during an infection can shed light on antibody targets to inform vaccine design. Here, we utilized Jun-Fos-assisted phage display of a HuNoV genogroup GI.1 genomic library and deep sequencing to simultaneously map the epitopes of serum antibodies of six individuals infected with GI.1 HuNoV. We found both unique and common epitopes that were widely distributed among both nonstructural proteins and the major capsid protein. Recurring epitope profiles suggest immunodominant antibody footprints among these individuals. Analysis of sera collected longitudinally from three individuals showed the presence of existing epitopes in the pre-infection sera, suggesting these individuals had prior HuNoV infections. Nevertheless, newly recognized epitopes surfaced seven days post-infection. These new epitope signals persisted by 180 days post-infection along with the pre-infection epitopes, suggesting a persistent production of antibodies recognizing epitopes from previous and new infections. Lastly, analysis of a GII.4 genotype genomic phage display library with sera of three persons infected with GII.4 virus revealed epitopes that overlapped with those identified in GI.1 affinity selections, suggesting the presence of GI.1/GII.4 cross-reactive antibodies. The results demonstrate that genomic phage display coupled with deep sequencing can characterize HuNoV antigenic landscapes from complex polyclonal human sera to reveal the timing and breadth of the human humoral immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wanzhi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Frederick H Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Timothy Palzkill
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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41
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Kaplonek P, Deng Y, Shih-Lu Lee J, Zar HJ, Zavadska D, Johnson M, Lauffenburger DA, Goldblatt D, Alter G. Hybrid immunity expands the functional humoral footprint of both mRNA and vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101048. [PMID: 37182520 PMCID: PMC10126214 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the successes of current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, waning immunity, the emergence of variants of concern, and breakthrough infections among vaccinees have begun to highlight opportunities to improve vaccine platforms. Real-world vaccine efficacy studies have highlighted the reduced risk of breakthrough infections and diseases among individuals infected and vaccinated, referred to as hybrid immunity. Thus, we sought to define whether hybrid immunity shapes the humoral immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) following Pfizer/BNT162b2, Moderna mRNA-1273, ChadOx1/AZD1222, and Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. Each vaccine exhibits a unique functional humoral profile in vaccination only or hybrid immunity. However, hybrid immunity shows a unique augmentation of S2-domain-specific functional immunity that was poorly induced for the vaccination only. These data highlight the importance of natural infection in breaking the immunodominance away from the evolutionarily unstable S1 domain and potentially affording enhanced cross-variant protection by targeting the more highly conserved S2 domain of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kaplonek
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yixiang Deng
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Heather J Zar
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; SA MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dace Zavadska
- Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Marina Johnson
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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42
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Devaux CA, Fantini J. Unravelling Antigenic Cross-Reactions toward the World of Coronaviruses: Extent of the Stability of Shared Epitopes and SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Spike Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies. Pathogens 2023; 12:713. [PMID: 37242383 PMCID: PMC10220573 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immune repertoire retains the molecular memory of a very great diversity of target antigens (epitopes) and can recall this upon a second encounter with epitopes against which it has previously been primed. Although genetically diverse, proteins of coronaviruses exhibit sufficient conservation to lead to antigenic cross-reactions. In this review, our goal is to question whether pre-existing immunity against seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs) or exposure to animal CoVs has influenced the susceptibility of human populations to SARS-CoV-2 and/or had an impact upon the physiopathological outcome of COVID-19. With the hindsight that we now have regarding COVID-19, we conclude that although antigenic cross-reactions between different coronaviruses exist, cross-reactive antibody levels (titers) do not necessarily reflect on memory B cell frequencies and are not always directed against epitopes which confer cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the immunological memory of these infections is short-term and occurs in only a small percentage of the population. Thus, in contrast to what might be observed in terms of cross-protection at the level of a single individual recently exposed to circulating coronaviruses, a pre-existing immunity against HCoVs or other CoVs can only have a very minor impact on SARS-CoV-2 circulation at the level of human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Devaux
- Laboratory Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire—Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS-SNC5039), 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Fantini
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR_S 1072, 13015 Marseille, France
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43
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Alsoussi WB, Malladi SK, Zhou JQ, Liu Z, Ying B, Kim W, Schmitz AJ, Lei T, Horvath SC, Sturtz AJ, McIntire KM, Evavold B, Han F, Scheaffer SM, Fox IF, Mirza SF, Parra-Rodriguez L, Nachbagauer R, Nestorova B, Chalkias S, Farnsworth CW, Klebert MK, Pusic I, Strnad BS, Middleton WD, Teefey SA, Whelan SPJ, Diamond MS, Paris R, O'Halloran JA, Presti RM, Turner JS, Ellebedy AH. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron boosting induces de novo B cell response in humans. Nature 2023; 617:592-598. [PMID: 37011668 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The primary two-dose SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine series are strongly immunogenic in humans, but the emergence of highly infectious variants necessitated additional doses and the development of vaccines aimed at the new variants1-4. SARS-CoV-2 booster immunizations in humans primarily recruit pre-existing memory B cells5-9. However, it remains unclear whether the additional doses induce germinal centre reactions whereby re-engaged B cells can further mature, and whether variant-derived vaccines can elicit responses to variant-specific epitopes. Here we show that boosting with an mRNA vaccine against the original monovalent SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine or the bivalent B.1.351 and B.1.617.2 (Beta/Delta) mRNA vaccine induced robust spike-specific germinal centre B cell responses in humans. The germinal centre response persisted for at least eight weeks, leading to significantly more mutated antigen-specific bone marrow plasma cell and memory B cell compartments. Spike-binding monoclonal antibodies derived from memory B cells isolated from individuals boosted with either the original SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, bivalent Beta/Delta vaccine or a monovalent Omicron BA.1-based vaccine predominantly recognized the original SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Nonetheless, using a more targeted sorting approach, we isolated monoclonal antibodies that recognized the BA.1 spike protein but not the original SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from individuals who received the mRNA-1273.529 booster; these antibodies were less mutated and recognized novel epitopes within the spike protein, suggesting that they originated from naive B cells. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 booster immunizations in humans induce robust germinal centre B cell responses and can generate de novo B cell responses targeting variant-specific epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa B Alsoussi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sameer Kumar Malladi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julian Q Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Baoling Ying
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wooseob Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron J Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tingting Lei
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen C Horvath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexandria J Sturtz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine M McIntire
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Birk Evavold
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fangjie Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Suzanne M Scheaffer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Isabella F Fox
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Senaa F Mirza
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luis Parra-Rodriguez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Christopher W Farnsworth
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael K Klebert
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Iskra Pusic
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin S Strnad
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - William D Middleton
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sharlene A Teefey
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Jane A O'Halloran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jackson S Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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44
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Yu X, Juraszek J, Rutten L, Bakkers MJG, Blokland S, Melchers JM, van den Broek NJF, Verwilligen AYW, Abeywickrema P, Vingerhoets J, Neefs JM, Bakhash SAM, Roychoudhury P, Greninger A, Sharma S, Langedijk JPM. Convergence of immune escape strategies highlights plasticity of SARS-CoV-2 spike. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011308. [PMID: 37126534 PMCID: PMC10174534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has resulted in emergence of lineages which impact the effectiveness of immunotherapies and vaccines that are based on the early Wuhan isolate. All currently approved vaccines employ the spike protein S, as it is the target for neutralizing antibodies. Here we describe two SARS-CoV-2 isolates with unusually large deletions in the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the spike. Cryo-EM structural analysis shows that the deletions result in complete reshaping of the NTD supersite, an antigenically important region of the NTD. For both spike variants the remodeling of the NTD negatively affects binding of all tested NTD-specific antibodies in and outside of the NTD supersite. For one of the variants, we observed a P9L mediated shift of the signal peptide cleavage site resulting in the loss of a disulfide-bridge; a unique escape mechanism with high antigenic impact. Although the observed deletions and disulfide mutations are rare, similar modifications have become independently established in several other lineages, indicating a possibility to become more dominant in the future. The observed plasticity of the NTD foreshadows its broad potential for immune escape with the continued spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Yu
- Structural & Protein Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jarek Juraszek
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lucy Rutten
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Sven Blokland
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Pravien Abeywickrema
- Structural & Protein Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Johan Vingerhoets
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marc Neefs
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Discovery Sciences, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Shah A Mohamed Bakhash
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Virology Division, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Virology Division, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alex Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Virology Division, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Structural & Protein Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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45
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Devaux CA, Camoin-Jau L. Molecular Mimicry of the Viral Spike in the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Possibly Triggers Transient Dysregulation of ACE2, Leading to Vascular and Coagulation Dysfunction Similar to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051045. [PMID: 37243131 DOI: 10.3390/v15051045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The benefits of SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA vaccines are well known, including a significant decline in COVID-19 morbidity and a decrease in the mortality rate of SARS-CoV-2 infected persons. However, pharmacovigilance studies have revealed the existence of rare cases of cardiovascular complications after mass vaccination using such formulations. Cases of high blood pressure have also been reported but were rarely documented under perfectly controlled medical supervision. The press release of these warning signals triggered a huge debate over COVID-19 vaccines' safety. Thereby, our attention was quickly focused on issues involving the risk of myocarditis, acute coronary syndrome, hypertension and thrombosis. Rare cases of undesirable post-vaccine pathophysiological phenomena should question us, especially when they occur in young subjects. They are more likely to occur with inappropriate use of mRNA vaccine (e.g., at the time when the immune response is already very active during a low-noise infection in the process of healing), leading to angiotensin II (Ang II) induced inflammation triggering tissue damage. Such harmful effects observed after the COVID-19 vaccine evoke a possible molecular mimicry of the viral spike transiently dysregulating angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) function. Although the benefit/risk ratio of SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA vaccine is very favorable, it seems reasonable to suggest medical surveillance to patients with a history of cardiovascular diseases who receive the COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Devaux
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI) Laboratory, Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS-SNC5039), 13000 Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Camoin-Jau
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI) Laboratory, Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital de La Timone, APHM, Boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
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46
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Montgomerie I, Bird TW, Palmer OR, Mason NC, Pankhurst TE, Lawley B, Hernández LC, Harfoot R, Authier-Hall A, Anderson DE, Hilligan KL, Buick KH, Mbenza NM, Mittelstädt G, Maxwell S, Sinha S, Kuang J, Subbarao K, Parker EJ, Sher A, Hermans IF, Ussher JE, Quiñones-Mateu ME, Comoletti D, Connor LM. Incorporation of SARS-CoV-2 spike NTD to RBD protein vaccine improves immunity against viral variants. iScience 2023; 26:106256. [PMID: 36845030 PMCID: PMC9940465 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants pose a threat to human health worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD)-based vaccines are suitable candidates for booster vaccines, eliciting a focused antibody response enriched for virus neutralizing activity. Although RBD proteins are manufactured easily, and have excellent stability and safety properties, they are poorly immunogenic compared to the full-length spike protein. We have overcome this limitation by engineering a subunit vaccine composed of an RBD tandem dimer fused to the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the spike protein. We found that inclusion of the NTD (1) improved the magnitude and breadth of the T cell and anti-RBD response, and (2) enhanced T follicular helper cell and memory B cell generation, antibody potency, and cross-reactive neutralization activity against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants, including B.1.1.529 (Omicron BA.1). In summary, our uniquely engineered RBD-NTD-subunit protein vaccine provides a promising booster vaccination strategy capable of protecting against known SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Montgomerie
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Thomas W Bird
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Olga R Palmer
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Blair Lawley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Leonor C Hernández
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri Harfoot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Danielle E Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kerry L Hilligan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kaitlin H Buick
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Naasson M Mbenza
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gerd Mittelstädt
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Samara Maxwell
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Shubhra Sinha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joanna Kuang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily J Parker
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Alan Sher
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ian F Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - James E Ussher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Miguel E Quiñones-Mateu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Webster Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Davide Comoletti
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lisa M Connor
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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47
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Mackin SR, Desai P, Whitener BM, Karl CE, Liu M, Baric RS, Edwards DK, Chicz TM, McNamara RP, Alter G, Diamond MS. Fc-γR-dependent antibody effector functions are required for vaccine-mediated protection against antigen-shifted variants of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:569-580. [PMID: 37012355 PMCID: PMC10797606 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with antigenic changes in the spike protein are neutralized less efficiently by serum antibodies elicited by legacy vaccines against the ancestral Wuhan-1 virus. Nonetheless, these vaccines, including mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2, retained their ability to protect against severe disease and death, suggesting that other aspects of immunity control infection in the lung. Vaccine-elicited antibodies can bind Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) and mediate effector functions against SARS-CoV-2 variants, and this property correlates with improved clinical coronavirus disease 2019 outcome. However, a causal relationship between Fc effector functions and vaccine-mediated protection against infection has not been established. Here, using passive and active immunization approaches in wild-type and FcγR-knockout mice, we determined the requirement for Fc effector functions to control SARS-CoV-2 infection. The antiviral activity of passively transferred immune serum was lost against multiple SARS-CoV-2 strains in mice lacking expression of activating FcγRs, especially murine FcγR III (CD16), or depleted of alveolar macrophages. After immunization with the pre-clinical mRNA-1273 vaccine, control of Omicron BA.5 infection in the respiratory tract also was lost in mice lacking FcγR III. Our passive and active immunization studies in mice suggest that Fc-FcγR engagement and alveolar macrophages are required for vaccine-induced antibody-mediated protection against infection by antigenically changed SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Mackin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pritesh Desai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bradley M Whitener
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Courtney E Karl
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meizi Liu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Taras M Chicz
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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48
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Amanat F, Clark J, Carreño JM, Strohmeier S, Yellin T, Meade PS, Bhavsar D, Muramatsu H, Sun W, Coughlan L, Pardi N, Krammer F. Immunity to Seasonal Coronavirus Spike Proteins Does Not Protect from SARS-CoV-2 Challenge in a Mouse Model but Has No Detrimental Effect on Protection Mediated by COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination. J Virol 2023; 97:e0166422. [PMID: 36779758 PMCID: PMC10062180 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01664-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal coronaviruses have been circulating widely in the human population for many years. With increasing age, humans are more likely to have been exposed to these viruses and to have developed immunity against them. It has been hypothesized that this immunity to seasonal coronaviruses may provide partial protection against infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and it has also been shown that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination induces a back-boosting effects against the spike proteins of seasonal betacoronaviruses. In this study, we tested if immunity to the seasonal coronavirus spikes from OC43, HKU1, 229E, or NL63 would confer protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in a mouse model, and whether pre-existing immunity against these spikes would weaken the protection afforded by mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. We found that mice vaccinated with the seasonal coronavirus spike proteins had no increased protection compared to the negative controls. While a negligible back-boosting effect against betacoronavirus spike proteins was observed after SARS-CoV-2 infection, there was no negative original antigenic sin-like effect on the immune response and protection induced by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in animals with pre-existing immunity to seasonal coronavirus spike proteins. IMPORTANCE The impact that immunity against seasonal coronaviruses has on both susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as on COVID-19 vaccination is unclear. This study provides insights into both questions in a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jordan Clark
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Temima Yellin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Philip S. Meade
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Disha Bhavsar
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Weina Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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49
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Zhang Z, Zhou J, Ni P, Hu B, Jolicoeur N, Deng S, Xiao Q, He Q, Li G, Xia Y, Liu M, Wang C, Fang Z, Xia N, Zhang ZR, Zhang B, Cai K, Xu Y, Liu B. PF-D-Trimer, a protective SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine: immunogenicity and application. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:38. [PMID: 36922524 PMCID: PMC10015519 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has had and continues to have a significant impact on global public health. One of the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 is a surface homotrimeric spike protein, which is primarily responsible for the host immune response upon infection. Here we present the preclinical studies of a broadly protective SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine developed from our trimer domain platform using the Delta spike protein, from antigen design through purification, vaccine evaluation and manufacturability. The pre-fusion trimerized Delta spike protein, PF-D-Trimer, was highly expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, purified by a rapid one-step anti-Trimer Domain monoclonal antibody immunoaffinity process and prepared as a vaccine formulation with an adjuvant. Immunogenicity studies have shown that this vaccine candidate induces robust immune responses in mouse, rat and Syrian hamster models. It also protects K18-hACE2 transgenic mice in a homologous viral challenge. Neutralizing antibodies induced by this vaccine show cross-reactivity against the ancestral WA1, Delta and several Omicrons, including BA.5.2. The formulated PF-D Trimer is stable for up to six months without refrigeration. The Trimer Domain platform was proven to be a key technology in the rapid production of PF-D-Trimer vaccine and may be crucial to accelerate the development and accessibility of updated versions of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zhang
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinhu Zhou
- Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Ni
- Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Hubei Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Hubei CDC), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | | | - Shuang Deng
- Nova Biologiques Inc. Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Qian Xiao
- Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian He
- Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China.,School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xian Ning, China
| | - Gai Li
- Nova Biologiques Inc. Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yan Xia
- Nova Biologiques Inc. Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mei Liu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhizheng Fang
- Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Xia
- Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe-Rui Zhang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China. .,Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Kun Cai
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Hubei Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Hubei CDC), Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China. .,Nova Biologiques Inc. Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Binlei Liu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. .,Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xian Ning, China.
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50
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Piubelli C, Ruggiero A, Calciano L, Mazzi C, Castilletti C, Tiberti N, Caldrer S, Verzè M, Longoni SS, Accordini S, Bisoffi Z, Zipeto D. Subjects who developed SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM after vaccination show a longer humoral immunity and a lower frequency of infection. EBioMedicine 2023; 89:104471. [PMID: 36796232 PMCID: PMC9925293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that eliciting SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM after vaccination is associated with higher levels of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing IgG. This study aims to assess whether IgM development is also associated with longer-lasting immunity. METHODS We analysed anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein IgG and IgM (IgG-S, IgM-S), and anti-nucleocapsid IgG (IgG-N) in 1872 vaccinees at different time points: before the first dose (D1; w0), before the second dose (D2; w3) at three (w6) and 23 weeks (w29) after D2; moreover, 109 subjects were further tested at the booster dose (D3, w44), at 3 weeks (w47) and 6 months (w70) after D3. Two-level linear regression models were used to evaluate the differences in IgG-S levels. FINDINGS In subjects who had no evidence of a previous infection at D1 (non-infected, NI), IgM-S development after D1 and D2 was associated with higher IgG-S levels at short (w6, p < 0.0001) and long (w29, p < 0.001) follow-up. Similar IgG-S levels were observed after D3. The majority (28/33, 85%) of the NI subjects who had developed IgM-S in response to vaccination did not experience infection. INTERPRETATION The development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM-S following D1 and D2 is associated with higher IgG-S levels. Most individuals who developed IgM-S never became infected, suggesting that IgM elicitation may be associated with a lower risk of infection. FUNDING "Fondi Ricerca Corrente" and "Progetto Ricerca Finalizzata" COVID-2020 (Italian Ministry of Health); FUR 2020 Department of Excellence 2018-2022 (MIUR, Italy); the Brain Research Foundation Verona.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Piubelli
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar (Verona), Italy
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lucia Calciano
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristina Mazzi
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar (Verona), Italy
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar (Verona), Italy
| | - Natalia Tiberti
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar (Verona), Italy
| | - Sara Caldrer
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar (Verona), Italy
| | - Matteo Verzè
- Health Department, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar (Verona), Italy
| | - Silvia Stefania Longoni
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar (Verona), Italy
| | - Simone Accordini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Zeno Bisoffi
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar (Verona), Italy
| | - Donato Zipeto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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