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Szabó FP, Sigutova V, Schneider AM, Hoerder‐Suabedissen A, Molnár Z. Chronic silencing of subsets of cortical layer 5 pyramidal neurons has a long-term influence on the laminar distribution of parvalbumin interneurons and the perineuronal nets. J Anat 2025; 246:479-504. [PMID: 39626233 PMCID: PMC11911141 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 11/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2025] Open
Abstract
Neural networks are established throughout cortical development, which require the right ratios of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. Developmental disturbances in pyramidal neuron number and function can impede the development of GABAergic neurons, which can have long-lasting consequences on inhibitory networks. However, the role of deep-layer pyramidal neurons in instructing the development and distribution of GABAergic neurons is still unclear. To unravel the role of deep-layer pyramidal neuron activity in orchestrating the spatial and laminar distribution of parvalbumin neurons, we selectively manipulated subsets of layer 5 projection neurons. By deleting Snap25 selectively from Rbp4-Cre + pyramidal neurons, we abolished regulated vesicle release from subsets of cortical layer 5 projection neurons. Our findings revealed that chronically silencing subsets of layer 5 projection neurons did not change the number and distribution of parvalbumin neurons in the developing brain. However, it did have a long-term impact on the laminar distribution of parvalbumin neurons and their perineuronal nets in the adult primary motor and somatosensory cortices. The laminar positioning of parvalbumin neurons was altered in layer 4 of the primary somatosensory cortex in the adult Snap25 cKO mice. We discovered that the absence of layer 5 activity only had a transient effect on the soma morphology of striatal PV neurons during the third week of postnatal development. We also showed that the relationship between parvalbumin neurons and the perineuronal nets varied across different cortical layers and regions; therefore, their relationship is far more complex than previously described. The current study will help us better understand the bidirectional interaction between deep-layer pyramidal cells and GABAergic neurons, as well as the long-term impact of interrupting pyramidal neuron activity on inhibitory network formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florina P. Szabó
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington BuildingUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Veronika Sigutova
- Department of Stem Cell BiologyUniversitätsklinikum Erlangen/Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Anna M. Schneider
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital Zürich and University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Anna Hoerder‐Suabedissen
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington BuildingUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington BuildingUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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2
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DeSpenza T, Kiziltug E, Allington G, Barson DG, McGee S, O'Connor D, Robert SM, Mekbib KY, Nanda P, Greenberg ABW, Singh A, Duy PQ, Mandino F, Zhao S, Lynn A, Reeves BC, Marlier A, Getz SA, Nelson-Williams C, Shimelis H, Walsh LK, Zhang J, Wang W, Prina ML, OuYang A, Abdulkareem AF, Smith H, Shohfi J, Mehta NH, Dennis E, Reduron LR, Hong J, Butler W, Carter BS, Deniz E, Lake EMR, Constable RT, Sahin M, Srivastava S, Winden K, Hoffman EJ, Carlson M, Gunel M, Lifton RP, Alper SL, Jin SC, Crair MC, Moreno-De-Luca A, Luikart BW, Kahle KT. PTEN mutations impair CSF dynamics and cortical networks by dysregulating periventricular neural progenitors. Nat Neurosci 2025; 28:536-557. [PMID: 39994410 PMCID: PMC12038823 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01865-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2025]
Abstract
Enlargement of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled brain ventricles (ventriculomegaly) is a defining feature of congenital hydrocephalus (CH) and an under-recognized concomitant of autism. Here, we show that de novo mutations in the autism risk gene PTEN are among the most frequent monogenic causes of CH and primary ventriculomegaly. Mouse Pten-mutant ventriculomegaly results from aqueductal stenosis due to hyperproliferation of periventricular Nkx2.1+ neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and increased CSF production from hyperplastic choroid plexus. Pten-mutant ventriculomegalic cortices exhibit network dysfunction from increased activity of Nkx2.1+ NPC-derived inhibitory interneurons. Raptor deletion or postnatal everolimus treatment corrects ventriculomegaly, rescues cortical deficits and increases survival by antagonizing mTORC1-dependent Nkx2.1+ NPC pathology. Thus, PTEN mutations concurrently alter CSF dynamics and cortical networks by dysregulating Nkx2.1+ NPCs. These results implicate a nonsurgical treatment for CH, demonstrate a genetic association of ventriculomegaly and ASD, and help explain neurodevelopmental phenotypes refractory to CSF shunting in select individuals with CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone DeSpenza
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Emre Kiziltug
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Garrett Allington
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel G Barson
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - David O'Connor
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie M Robert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kedous Y Mekbib
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pranav Nanda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana B W Greenberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amrita Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Phan Q Duy
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Francesca Mandino
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anna Lynn
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benjamin C Reeves
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arnaud Marlier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie A Getz
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Carol Nelson-Williams
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hermela Shimelis
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - Lauren K Walsh
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Mackenzi L Prina
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, UAB Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Annaliese OuYang
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Asan F Abdulkareem
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, UAB Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hannah Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John Shohfi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Neel H Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evan Dennis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laetitia R Reduron
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jennifer Hong
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - William Butler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bob S Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Engin Deniz
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Evelyn M R Lake
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Todd Constable
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siddharth Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kellen Winden
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen J Hoffman
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marina Carlson
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Murat Gunel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seth L Alper
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Diagnostic Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael C Crair
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andres Moreno-De-Luca
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Diagnostic Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Bryan W Luikart
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, UAB Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Medyanik AD, Anisimova PE, Kustova AO, Tarabykin VS, Kondakova EV. Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy: Pathogenesis of Intellectual Disability Beyond Channelopathies. Biomolecules 2025; 15:133. [PMID: 39858526 PMCID: PMC11763800 DOI: 10.3390/biom15010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2024] [Revised: 01/11/2025] [Accepted: 01/13/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) are a group of neuropediatric diseases associated with epileptic seizures, severe delay or regression of psychomotor development, and cognitive and behavioral deficits. What sets DEEs apart is their complex interplay of epilepsy and developmental delay, often driven by genetic factors. These two aspects influence one another but can develop independently, creating diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Intellectual disability is severe and complicates potential treatment. Pathogenic variants are found in 30-50% of patients with DEE. Many genes mutated in DEEs encode ion channels, causing current conduction disruptions known as channelopathies. Although channelopathies indeed make up a significant proportion of DEE cases, many other mechanisms have been identified: impaired neurogenesis, metabolic disorders, disruption of dendrite and axon growth, maintenance and synapse formation abnormalities -synaptopathies. Here, we review recent publications on non-channelopathies in DEE with an emphasis on the mechanisms linking epileptiform activity with intellectual disability. We focus on three major mechanisms of intellectual disability in DEE and describe several recently identified genes involved in the pathogenesis of DEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D. Medyanik
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.D.M.); (P.E.A.); (A.O.K.); (E.V.K.)
| | - Polina E. Anisimova
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.D.M.); (P.E.A.); (A.O.K.); (E.V.K.)
| | - Angelina O. Kustova
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.D.M.); (P.E.A.); (A.O.K.); (E.V.K.)
| | - Victor S. Tarabykin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.D.M.); (P.E.A.); (A.O.K.); (E.V.K.)
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena V. Kondakova
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.D.M.); (P.E.A.); (A.O.K.); (E.V.K.)
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4
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Barron JJ, Mroz NM, Taloma SE, Dahlgren MW, Ortiz-Carpena JF, Keefe MG, Escoubas CC, Dorman LC, Vainchtein ID, Chiaranunt P, Kotas ME, Nowakowski TJ, Bender KJ, Molofsky AB, Molofsky AV. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells promote inhibitory synapse development and social behavior. Science 2024; 386:eadi1025. [PMID: 39480923 PMCID: PMC11995778 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 11/02/2024]
Abstract
The innate immune system shapes brain development and is implicated in neurodevelopmental diseases. It is critical to define the relevant immune cells and signals and their impact on brain circuits. In this work, we found that group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and their cytokine interleukin-13 (IL-13) signaled directly to inhibitory interneurons to increase inhibitory synapse density in the developing mouse brain. ILC2s expanded and produced IL-13 in the developing brain meninges. Loss of ILC2s or IL-13 signaling to interneurons decreased inhibitory, but not excitatory, cortical synapses. Conversely, ILC2s and IL-13 were sufficient to increase inhibitory synapses. Loss of this signaling pathway led to selective impairments in social interaction. These data define a type 2 neuroimmune circuit in early life that shapes inhibitory synapse development and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerika J. Barron
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nicholas M. Mroz
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sunrae E. Taloma
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Madelene W. Dahlgren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Lung biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jorge F. Ortiz-Carpena
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Matthew G. Keefe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Caroline C. Escoubas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Leah C. Dorman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ilia D. Vainchtein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Pailin Chiaranunt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Maya E. Kotas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tomasz J. Nowakowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kevin J. Bender
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ari B. Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anna V. Molofsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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5
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De Marco García NV, Fishell G. Interneuron Diversity: How Form Becomes Function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024:a041513. [PMID: 39038846 PMCID: PMC11751130 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
A persistent question in neuroscience is how early neuronal subtype identity is established during the development of neuronal circuits. Despite significant progress in the transcriptomic characterization of cortical interneurons, the mechanisms that control the acquisition of such identities as well as how they relate to function are not clearly understood. Accumulating evidence indicates that interneuron identity is achieved through the interplay of intrinsic genetic and activity-dependent programs. In this work, we focus on how progressive interactions between interneurons and pyramidal cells endow maturing interneurons with transient identities fundamental for their function during circuit assembly and how the elimination of transient connectivity triggers the consolidation of adult subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V De Marco García
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Gord Fishell
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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6
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Izumi H, Demura M, Imai A, Ogawa R, Fukuchi M, Okubo T, Tabata T, Mori H, Yoshida T. Developmental synapse pathology triggered by maternal exposure to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1298238. [PMID: 38098940 PMCID: PMC10720911 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1298238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental and genetic factors influence synapse formation. Numerous animal experiments have revealed that pesticides, including herbicides, can disturb normal intracellular signals, gene expression, and individual animal behaviors. However, the mechanism underlying the adverse outcomes of pesticide exposure remains elusive. Herein, we investigated the effect of maternal exposure to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium (GLA) on offspring neuronal synapse formation in vitro. Cultured cerebral cortical neurons prepared from mouse embryos with maternal GLA exposure demonstrated impaired synapse formation induced by synaptic organizer neuroligin 1 (NLGN1)-coated beads. Conversely, the direct administration of GLA to the neuronal cultures exhibited negligible effect on the NLGN1-induced synapse formation. The comparison of the transcriptomes of cultured neurons from embryos treated with maternal GLA or vehicle and a subsequent bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified "nervous system development," including "synapse," as the top-ranking process for downregulated DEGs in the GLA group. In addition, we detected lower densities of parvalbumin (Pvalb)-positive neurons at the postnatal developmental stage in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of offspring born to GLA-exposed dams. These results suggest that maternal GLA exposure induces synapse pathology, with alterations in the expression of genes that regulate synaptic development via an indirect pathway distinct from the effect of direct GLA action on neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Izumi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Maina Demura
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ayako Imai
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ogawa
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Mamoru Fukuchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Gunma, Japan
| | - Taisaku Okubo
- Laboratory for Biological Information Processing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toshihide Tabata
- Laboratory for Biological Information Processing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Pre-Disease Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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7
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Leyva-Díaz E. CUT homeobox genes: transcriptional regulation of neuronal specification and beyond. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1233830. [PMID: 37744879 PMCID: PMC10515288 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1233830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
CUT homeobox genes represent a captivating gene class fulfilling critical functions in the development and maintenance of multiple cell types across a wide range of organisms. They belong to the larger group of homeobox genes, which encode transcription factors responsible for regulating gene expression patterns during development. CUT homeobox genes exhibit two distinct and conserved DNA binding domains, a homeodomain accompanied by one or more CUT domains. Numerous studies have shown the involvement of CUT homeobox genes in diverse developmental processes such as body axis formation, organogenesis, tissue patterning and neuronal specification. They govern these processes by exerting control over gene expression through their transcriptional regulatory activities, which they accomplish by a combination of classic and unconventional interactions with the DNA. Intriguingly, apart from their roles as transcriptional regulators, they also serve as accessory factors in DNA repair pathways through protein-protein interactions. They are highly conserved across species, highlighting their fundamental importance in developmental biology. Remarkably, evolutionary analysis has revealed that CUT homeobox genes have experienced an extraordinary degree of rearrangements and diversification compared to other classes of homeobox genes, including the emergence of a novel gene family in vertebrates. Investigating the functions and regulatory networks of CUT homeobox genes provides significant understanding into the molecular mechanisms underlying embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, aberrant expression or mutations in CUT homeobox genes have been associated with various human diseases, highlighting their relevance beyond developmental processes. This review will overview the well known roles of CUT homeobox genes in nervous system development, as well as their functions in other tissues across phylogeny.
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8
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Barron JJ, Mroz NM, Taloma SE, Dahlgren MW, Ortiz-Carpena J, Dorman LC, Vainchtein ID, Escoubas CC, Molofsky AB, Molofsky AV. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells promote inhibitory synapse development and social behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.16.532850. [PMID: 36993292 PMCID: PMC10055027 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.16.532850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system plays essential roles in brain synaptic development, and immune dysregulation is implicated in neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we show that a subset of innate lymphocytes (group 2 innate lymphoid cells, ILC2s) is required for cortical inhibitory synapse maturation and adult social behavior. ILC2s expanded in the developing meninges and produced a surge of their canonical cytokine Interleukin-13 (IL-13) between postnatal days 5-15. Loss of ILC2s decreased cortical inhibitory synapse numbers in the postnatal period where as ILC2 transplant was sufficient to increase inhibitory synapse numbers. Deletion of the IL-4/IL-13 receptor (Il4ra) from inhibitory neurons phenocopied the reduction inhibitory synapses. Both ILC2 deficient and neuronal Il4ra deficient animals had similar and selective impairments in adult social behavior. These data define a type 2 immune circuit in early life that shapes adult brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerika J. Barron
- Departments of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program
| | - Nicholas M. Mroz
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program
- Department of Laboratory Medicine. University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sunrae E. Taloma
- Departments of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences
- Neuroscience Graduate Program
| | - Madelene W. Dahlgren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine. University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jorge Ortiz-Carpena
- Department of Laboratory Medicine. University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Leah C. Dorman
- Departments of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences
- Neuroscience Graduate Program
| | | | | | - Ari B. Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine. University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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9
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Döhne N, Falck A, Janach GMS, Byvaltcev E, Strauss U. Interferon-γ augments GABA release in the developing neocortex via nitric oxide synthase/soluble guanylate cyclase and constrains network activity. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:913299. [PMID: 36035261 PMCID: PMC9401097 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.913299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a cytokine with neuromodulatory properties, has been shown to enhance inhibitory transmission. Because early inhibitory neurotransmission sculpts functional neuronal circuits, its developmental alteration may have grave consequences. Here, we investigated the acute effects of IFN-γ on γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA)ergic currents in layer 5 pyramidal neurons of the somatosensory cortex of rats at the end of the first postnatal week, a period of GABA-dependent cortical maturation. IFN-γ acutely increased the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous/miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (s/mIPSC), and this could not be reversed within 30 min. Neither the increase in amplitude nor frequency of IPSCs was due to upregulated interneuron excitability as revealed by current clamp recordings of layer 5 interneurons labeled with VGAT-Venus in transgenic rats. As we previously reported in more mature animals, IPSC amplitude increase upon IFN-γ activity was dependent on postsynaptic protein kinase C (PKC), indicating a similar activating mechanism. Unlike augmented IPSC amplitude, however, we did not consistently observe an increased IPSC frequency in our previous studies on more mature animals. Focusing on increased IPSC frequency, we have now identified a different activating mechanism-one that is independent of postsynaptic PKC but is dependent on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). In addition, IFN-γ shifted short-term synaptic plasticity toward facilitation as revealed by a paired-pulse paradigm. The latter change in presynaptic function was not reproduced by the application of a nitric oxide donor. Functionally, IFN-γ-mediated alterations in GABAergic transmission overall constrained early neocortical activity in a partly nitric oxide-dependent manner as revealed by microelectrode array field recordings in brain slices analyzed with a spike-sorting algorithm. In summary, with IFN-γ-induced, NO-dependent augmentation of spontaneous GABA release, we have here identified a mechanism by which inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) plausibly modulates neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Döhne
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alice Falck
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriel M. S. Janach
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Egor Byvaltcev
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State, University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ulf Strauss
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Venkataramanappa S, Saaber F, Abe P, Schütz D, Kumar PA, Stumm R. Cxcr4 and Ackr3 regulate allocation of caudal ganglionic eminence-derived interneurons to superficial cortical layers. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111157. [PMID: 35926459 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the cerebral cortex depends on various types of interneurons (cortical interneurons [cINs]) and their appropriate allocation to the cortical layers. Caudal ganglionic eminence-derived cINs (cGE-cINs) are enriched in superficial layers. Developmental mechanisms directing cGE-cINs toward superficial layers remain poorly understood. We examine how developmental and final positioning of cGE-cINs are influenced by the Cxcl12, Cxcr4, Ackr3 module, the chief attractant system guiding medial ganglionic eminence-derived cINs (mGE-cINs). We find that Cxcl12 attracts cGE-cINs through Cxcr4 and supports their layer-specific positioning in the developing cortex. This requires the prevention of excessive Cxcr4 stimulation by Ackr3-mediated Cxcl12 sequestration. Postnatally, Ackr3 confines Cxcl12 action to the marginal zone. Unlike mGE-cINs, cGE-cINs continue to express Cxcr4 at early postnatal stages, which permits cGE-cINs to become positioned in the forming layer 1. Thus, chemoattraction by Cxcl12 guides cGE-cINs and holds them in superficial cortical layers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Friederike Saaber
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Abe
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Dagmar Schütz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Praveen Ashok Kumar
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Stumm
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.
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11
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Impaired bidirectional communication between interneurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells affects social cognitive behavior. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1394. [PMID: 35296664 PMCID: PMC8927409 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical neural circuits are complex but very precise networks of balanced excitation and inhibition. Yet, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that form the balance are just beginning to emerge. Here, using conditional γ-aminobutyric acid receptor B1- deficient mice we identify a γ-aminobutyric acid/tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 12-mediated bidirectional communication pathway between parvalbumin-positive fast spiking interneurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells that determines the density and function of interneurons in the developing medial prefrontal cortex. Interruption of the GABAergic signaling to oligodendrocyte precursor cells results in reduced myelination and hypoactivity of interneurons, strong changes of cortical network activities and impaired social cognitive behavior. In conclusion, glial transmitter receptors are pivotal elements in finetuning distinct brain functions. Early postnatal interruption of the bidirectional GABA/TNFSF12 signaling between parvalbumin-positive interneurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells impairs correct prefrontal cortical network activity and social cognitive behavior later in life.
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12
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Abstract
Brain asymmetry is a hallmark of the human brain. Recent studies report a certain degree of abnormal asymmetry of brain lateralization between left and right brain hemispheres can be associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions. In this regard, some questions need answers. First, the accelerated brain asymmetry is programmed during the pre-natal period that can be called “accelerated brain decline clock”. Second, can we find the right biomarkers to predict these changes? Moreover, can we establish the dynamics of these changes in order to identify the right time window for proper interventions that can reverse or limit the neurological decline? To find answers to these questions, we performed a systematic online search for the last 10 years in databases using keywords. Conclusion: we need to establish the right in vitro model that meets human conditions as much as possible. New biomarkers are necessary to establish the “good” or the “bad” borders of brain asymmetry at the epigenetic and functional level as early as possible.
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13
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Luhmann HJ. Neurophysiology of the Developing Cerebral Cortex: What We Have Learned and What We Need to Know. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:814012. [PMID: 35046777 PMCID: PMC8761895 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.814012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article aims to give a brief summary on the novel technologies, the challenges, our current understanding, and the open questions in the field of the neurophysiology of the developing cerebral cortex in rodents. In the past, in vitro electrophysiological and calcium imaging studies on single neurons provided important insights into the function of cellular and subcellular mechanism during early postnatal development. In the past decade, neuronal activity in large cortical networks was recorded in pre- and neonatal rodents in vivo by the use of novel high-density multi-electrode arrays and genetically encoded calcium indicators. These studies demonstrated a surprisingly rich repertoire of spontaneous cortical and subcortical activity patterns, which are currently not completely understood in their functional roles in early development and their impact on cortical maturation. Technological progress in targeted genetic manipulations, optogenetics, and chemogenetics now allow the experimental manipulation of specific neuronal cell types to elucidate the function of early (transient) cortical circuits and their role in the generation of spontaneous and sensory evoked cortical activity patterns. Large-scale interactions between different cortical areas and subcortical regions, characterization of developmental shifts from synchronized to desynchronized activity patterns, identification of transient circuits and hub neurons, role of electrical activity in the control of glial cell differentiation and function are future key tasks to gain further insights into the neurophysiology of the developing cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko J. Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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14
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Knowles R, Dehorter N, Ellender T. From Progenitors to Progeny: Shaping Striatal Circuit Development and Function. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9483-9502. [PMID: 34789560 PMCID: PMC8612473 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0620-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how neurons of the striatum are formed and integrate into complex synaptic circuits is essential to provide insight into striatal function in health and disease. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the development of striatal neurons and associated circuits with a focus on their embryonic origin. Specifically, we address the role of distinct types of embryonic progenitors, found in the proliferative zones of the ganglionic eminences in the ventral telencephalon, in the generation of diverse striatal interneurons and projection neurons. Indeed, recent evidence would suggest that embryonic progenitor origin dictates key characteristics of postnatal cells, including their neurochemical content, their location within striatum, and their long-range synaptic inputs. We also integrate recent observations regarding embryonic progenitors in cortical and other regions and discuss how this might inform future research on the ganglionic eminences. Last, we examine how embryonic progenitor dysfunction can alter striatal formation, as exemplified in Huntington's disease and autism spectrum disorder, and how increased understanding of embryonic progenitors can have significant implications for future research directions and the development of improved therapeutic options.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This review highlights recently defined novel roles for embryonic progenitor cells in shaping the functional properties of both projection neurons and interneurons of the striatum. It outlines the developmental mechanisms that guide neuronal development from progenitors in the embryonic ganglionic eminences to progeny in the striatum. Where questions remain open, we integrate observations from cortex and other regions to present possible avenues for future research. Last, we provide a progenitor-centric perspective onto both Huntington's disease and autism spectrum disorder. We suggest that future investigations and manipulations of embryonic progenitor cells in both research and clinical settings will likely require careful consideration of their great intrinsic diversity and neurogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Knowles
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nathalie Dehorter
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Tommas Ellender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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