1
|
Elarabi NI, Abdelhadi AA, Nassrallah AA, Mohamed MSM, Abdelhaleem HAR. Biodegradation of isoproturon by Escherichia coli expressing a Pseudomonas putida catechol 1,2-dioxygenase gene. AMB Express 2023; 13:101. [PMID: 37751014 PMCID: PMC10522561 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenylurea herbicides are persistent in soil and water, necessitating the creation of methods for removing them from the environment. This study aimed to examine the soil microbial diversity, searching for local bacterial isolates able to efficiently degrade the phenylurea herbicide isoproturon, 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (IPU). The best isolates able to effectively degrade IPU were selected, characterized, and identified as Pseudomonas putida and Acinetobacter johnsonii. The catechol 1, 2-dioxygenase enzyme's catA gene was amplified, cloned, and expressed in E. coli M15. The Expressed E. coli showed high degradation efficiency (44.80%) as analyzed by HPLC after 15 days of inoculation in comparison to P. putida (21.60%). The expression of the catA gene in P. putida and expressed E. coli was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results displayed a significant increase in the mRNA levels of the catA gene by increasing the incubation time with IPU. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) mass spectrometry analysis revealed that three intermediate metabolites, 1-(4-isopropylphenyl)-3-methylurea (MDIPU), 4-Isopropylaniline (4-IA) and 1-(4-isopropylphenyl) urea (DDIPU) were generated by both P. putida and expressed E. coli. In addition, IPU-induced catA activity was detected in both P. putida and expressed E. coli. The supernatant of both P. putida and expressed E. coli had a significant influence on weed growth. The study clearly exhibited that P. putida and expressed E. coli were capable of metabolizing IPU influentially and thus could be utilized for bioremediation and biodegradation technology development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa I Elarabi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Abdelhadi A Abdelhadi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Amr A Nassrallah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
- Basic Applied Science institute, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), P.O. Box 179, New Borg El- Arab City, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud S M Mohamed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Heba A R Abdelhaleem
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6(th) October City, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ha DD. Degradation of isoproturon in vitro by a mix of bacterial strains isolated from arable soil. Can J Microbiol 2022; 68:605-613. [PMID: 35896041 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2022-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Isoproturon (IPU) is widely used to control annual grasses and broad leaf weeds in cereal crops. In this study, four IPU-degrading bacterial strains, i.e., Sphingomonas sp. ISP1, Arthrobacter sp. ISP2, Acinetobacter baumannii 4IA and Pseudomonas sp. ISP3, were isolated from agricultural soil. The mixed culture of four isolates completely degraded the herbicide at 100 mg/L within 10 days. During IPU degradation, several transient accumulations of the metabolites, including 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1-methylurea, 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-urea, 4-isopropylaniline, and 4-toluidine, were also identified. Moreover, the inoculation of the isolated mixed culture into the soil from a mountain with no previous herbicide application increased the degradation rate by 51% of the herbicide on average. Furthermore, bioaugmentation with isolated bacteria in the soil resulted in short term variations in bacterial structure compared to the unaugmented soil. The findings of this study were instrumental in understanding the mechanisms of pesticide breakdown and bioremediation in liquid media and soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duc Danh Ha
- Dong Thap University, 457959, Cao Lanh, Viet Nam;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hafeez M, Ullah F, Khan MM, Li X, Zhang Z, Shah S, Imran M, Assiri MA, Fernández-Grandon GM, Desneux N, Rehman M, Fahad S, Lu Y. Metabolic-based insecticide resistance mechanism and ecofriendly approaches for controlling of beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:1746-1762. [PMID: 34709552 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16974-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The beet army worm, Spodoptera exigua, is a widely distributed polyphagous pest of economically important crops worldwide. The management of this pest insect continues to face many challenges. Despite synthetic chemicals posing a serious threat to the environment, these remain the conventional approach for controlling S. exigua in the field. An over-reliance on chemical control has not only led to selection for resistance to insecticides and to a reduction of natural enemies, but has also polluted various components of ecosystem. Given these increasing pressures on the ecosystem, there is a need to implement integrated pest management (IPM) approaches exploiting a wider range of tools (biotechnological approaches, microbial control, biological control, cultural control, and use of host plant resistance) for an alternative to chemical control. The IPM approach can not only reduce the hazard of chemical residues in the environment and associated health problems, but may also provide best strategies to control insect pests. This review synthesizes published information on insecticide resistance of S. exigua and explores alternative IPM approaches to control S. exigua.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hafeez
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Muhammad Musa Khan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Sakhawat Shah
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Assiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nicolas Desneux
- UMR ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, 06000, Nice, France
| | - Muzammal Rehman
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, Yunnan, China
| | - Shah Fahad
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China.
- Department of Agronomy, University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 22620, Pakistan.
| | - Yaobin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li S, Xu X, Shakeel M, Xu J, Zheng Z, Zheng J, Yu X, Zhao Q, Jin F. Bacillus thuringiensis Suppresses the Humoral Immune System to Overcome Defense Mechanism of Plutella xylostella. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1478. [PMID: 30498450 PMCID: PMC6249373 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Plutella xylostella has become a notorious pest of cruciferous crops all over the world. Delta-endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis are widely used insecticidal proteins for controlling P. xylostella. However, the interaction mechanism of B. thuringiensis with the immune system of P. xylostella, at the genomic level, is still unclear. This study explored the immune response of P. xylostella to B. thuringiensis, at different time intervals, 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, 24 h, and 36 h, by using RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) and RT-qPCR. Results: In total, 167 immunity-related genes were identified and placed into different families, including pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), signal modulators, immune pathways (Toll, IMD, and JAK/STAT), and immune effectors. It is worth mentioning that the analyses of the differentially expressed immunity-related genes revealed that most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (87, 56, 76, 67, and 73 genes) were downregulated in P. xylostella following B. thuringiensis oral infection at 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, 24 h, and 36 h. Interestingly, our RNA-Seq analysis also revealed reduced expression of antimicrobial peptides, that play a vital role in the humoral immune system of P. xylostella. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that B. thuringiensis plays a novel role in controlling P. xylostella, by suppressing the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Shakeel
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fengliang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shakeel M, Farooq M, Nasim W, Akram W, Khan FZA, Jaleel W, Zhu X, Yin H, Li S, Fahad S, Hussain S, Chauhan BS, Jin F. Environment polluting conventional chemical control compared to an environmentally friendly IPM approach for control of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), in China: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:14537-14550. [PMID: 28409427 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, is recognized as a widely distributed destructive insect pest of Brassica worldwide. The management of this pest is a serious issue, and an estimated annual cost of its management has reached approximately US$4 billion. Despite the fact that chemicals are a serious threat to the environment, lots of chemicals are applied for controlling various insect pests especially P. xylostella. An overreliance on chemical control has not only led to the evolution of resistance to insecticides and to a reduction of natural enemies but also has polluted various components of water, air, and soil ecosystem. In the present scenario, there is a need to implement an environmentally friendly integrated pest management (IPM) approach with new management tactics (microbial control, biological control, cultural control, mating disruption, insecticide rotation strategies, and plant resistance) for an alternative to chemical control. The IPM approach is not only economically beneficial but also reduces the environmental and health risks. The present review synthesizes published information on the insecticide resistance against P. xylostella and emphasizes on adopting an alternative environmentally friendly IPM approach for controlling P. xylostella in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shakeel
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | | | - Wajid Nasim
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
- CIHEAM-Institute Agronomique Mediterraneen de Montpellier (IAMM), 34090, Montpellier, France
- CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystem, National Research Flagship, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Waseem Akram
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fawad Zafar Ahmad Khan
- Department of Entomology, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Jaleel
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection,, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Haichen Yin
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuzhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shah Fahad
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Saddam Hussain
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bhagirath Singh Chauhan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - Fengliang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Giri K, Pandey S, Kumar R, Rai JPN. Biodegradation of isoproturon by Pseudoxanthomonas sp. isolated from herbicide-treated wheat fields of Tarai agro-ecosystem, Pantnagar. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:190. [PMID: 28330262 PMCID: PMC5010538 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A gram-negative, rod-shaped, isoproturon (IPU) utilizing bacterium was isolated from herbicide-applied wheat fields of Tarai agro-ecosystem, Pantnagar. The phylogenetic sequence analysis based on 16S rRNA sequence revealed that the isolate could be a distinct species within the genus Pseudomonas. The isolate was a close relative of Pseudoxanthomonas japonensis (95 % similarity) and designated as K2. The bacterial isolate showed positive reaction for oxidase, catalase, and 20 carbohydrates using KB009 Part A and B HiCarbohydrate™ Kit. Degradation experiments were conducted using 200 mg l-1 initial IPU as a source of carbon at different pH and temperatures. Maximum IPU degradation by K2 was observed at pH 7.0 and 30 °C, while least degradation at 6.5 pH and 25 °C. Addition of dextrose along with IPU as an auxiliary carbon source increased IPU degradation by 4.72 %, as compared to the IPU degradation without dextrose under optimum conditions. 4-isopropylaniline was detected as a degradation by-product in the medium. The present study demonstrated the IPU metabolizing capacity of a novel bacterial isolate K2 that can be a better choice for the remediation of IPU-contaminated sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Giri
- Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam, 785 001, India.
| | - Shailseh Pandey
- Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam, 785 001, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam, 785 001, India
| | - J P N Rai
- G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263145, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Papadopoulou ES, Karas PA, Nikolaki S, Storck V, Ferrari F, Trevisan M, Tsiamis G, Martin-Laurent F, Karpouzas DG. Dissipation and adsorption of isoproturon, tebuconazole, chlorpyrifos and their main transformation products under laboratory and field conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:86-96. [PMID: 27341109 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of dissipation constitutes an integral part of pesticides risk assessment since it provides an estimate of the level and the duration of exposure of the terrestrial ecosystem to pesticides. Within the frame of an overall assessment of the soil microbial toxicity of pesticides, we investigated the dissipation of a range of dose rates of three model pesticides, isoproturon (IPU), tebuconazole (TCZ), and chlorpyrifos (CHL), and the formation and dissipation of their main transformation products following a tiered lab-to-field approach. The adsorption of pesticides and their transformation products was also determined. IPU was the least persistent pesticide showing a dose-dependent increase in its persistence in both laboratory and field studies. CHL dissipation showed a dose-dependent increase under laboratory conditions and an exact opposite trend in the field. TCZ was the most persistent pesticide under lab conditions showing a dose-dependent decrease in its dissipation, whereas in the field TCZ exhibited a biphasic dissipation pattern with extrapolated DT90s ranging from 198 to 603.4days in the ×1 and ×2 dose rates, respectively. IPU was demethylated to mono- (MD-IPU) and di-desmethyl-isoproturon (DD-IPU) which dissipated following a similar pattern with the parent compound. CHL was hydrolyzed to 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) which dissipated showing a reverse dose-dependent pattern compared to CHL. Pesticides adsorption affinity increased in the order IPU<TCZ<CHL. IPU transformation products showed low affinity for soil adsorption, whereas TCP was weakly adsorbed compared to its parent compound. The temporal dissipation patterns of the pesticides and their transformation products will be used as exposure inputs for assessment of their soil microbial toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia S Papadopoulou
- University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Larisa, Greece; Aeiforia srl, Spinoff Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fidenza, Italy
| | - Panagiotis A Karas
- University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Larisa, Greece; Aeiforia srl, Spinoff Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fidenza, Italy
| | - Sofia Nikolaki
- Aeiforia srl, Spinoff Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fidenza, Italy; University of Patras, Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Veronika Storck
- Aeiforia srl, Spinoff Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fidenza, Italy; INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Federico Ferrari
- Aeiforia srl, Spinoff Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fidenza, Italy
| | - Marco Trevisan
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Instituto di Chimica Agraria ed Ambientale, Piacenza, Italy
| | - George Tsiamis
- University of Patras, Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, Agrinio, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios G Karpouzas
- University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Larisa, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Karpouzas DG, Tsiamis G, Trevisan M, Ferrari F, Malandain C, Sibourg O, Martin-Laurent F. "LOVE TO HATE" pesticides: felicity or curse for the soil microbial community? An FP7 IAPP Marie Curie project aiming to establish tools for the assessment of the mechanisms controlling the interactions of pesticides with soil microorganisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:18947-18951. [PMID: 27470248 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides end up in soil where they interact with soil microorganisms in various ways. On the Yin Side of the interaction, pesticides could exert toxicity on soil microorganisms, while on the Yang side of interaction, pesticides could be used as energy source by a fraction of the soil microbial community. The LOVE TO HATE project is an IAPP Marie Curie project which aims to study these complex interactions of pesticides with soil microorganisms and provide novel tools which will be useful both for pesticide regulatory purposes and agricultural use. On the Yin side of the interactions, a new regulatory scheme for assessing the soil microbial toxicity of pesticides will be proposed based on the use of advanced standardized tools and a well-defined experimental tiered scheme. On the Yang side of the interactions, advanced molecular tools like amplicon sequencing and functional metagenomics will be applied to define microbes that are involved in the rapid transformation of pesticides in soils and isolate novel pesticide biocatalysts. In addition, a functional microarray has been designed to estimate the biodegradation genetic potential of the microbial community of agricultural soils for a range of pesticide groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D G Karpouzas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26 & Aiolou, 41221, Larissa, Greece.
| | - G Tsiamis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
| | - M Trevisan
- Instituto di Chimica Agraria ed Ambientale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - F Ferrari
- Aeiforia srl, Spinoff Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fidenza, Italy
| | | | | | - F Martin-Laurent
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Maqbool Z, Hussain S, Imran M, Mahmood F, Shahzad T, Ahmed Z, Azeem F, Muzammil S. Perspectives of using fungi as bioresource for bioremediation of pesticides in the environment: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:16904-16925. [PMID: 27272922 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are used for controlling the development of various pests in agricultural crops worldwide. Despite their agricultural benefits, pesticides are often considered a serious threat to the environment because of their persistent nature and the anomalies they create. Hence removal of such pesticides from the environment is a topic of interest for the researchers nowadays. During the recent years, use of biological resources to degrade or remove pesticides has emerged as a powerful tool for their in situ degradation and remediation. Fungi are among such bioresources that have been widely characterized and applied for biodegradation and bioremediation of pesticides. This review article presents the perspectives of using fungi for biodegradation and bioremediation of pesticides in liquid and soil media. This review clearly indicates that fungal isolates are an effective bioresource to degrade different pesticides including lindane, methamidophos, endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, atrazine, cypermethrin, dieldrin, methyl parathion, heptachlor, etc. However, rate of fungal degradation of pesticides depends on soil moisture content, nutrient availability, pH, temperature, oxygen level, etc. Fungal strains were found to harbor different processes including hydroxylation, demethylation, dechlorination, dioxygenation, esterification, dehydrochlorination, oxidation, etc during the biodegradation of different pesticides having varying functional groups. Moreover, the biodegradation of different pesticides was found to be mediated by involvement of different enzymes including laccase, hydrolase, peroxidase, esterase, dehydrogenase, manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, etc. The recent advances in understanding the fungal biodegradation of pesticides focusing on the processes, pathways, genes/enzymes and factors affecting the biodegradation have also been presented in this review article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Maqbool
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sabir Hussain
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Soil Science, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
- Environmental Microbiology, Soil Science Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tanvir Shahzad
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zulfiqar Ahmed
- Department of Environmental Sciences, PMAS Arid Agricultural University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Farrukh Azeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saima Muzammil
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang F, Dörfler U, Jiang X, Schroll R. Predicting isoproturon long-term mineralization from short-term experiment: Can this be a suitable approach? CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:312-318. [PMID: 26366929 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A worldwide used pesticide - isoproturon (IPU) - was selected to test whether short-term experiments can be used to predict long-term mineralization of IPU in soil. IPU-mineralization was measured for 39 and 265 days in four different agricultural soils with a low mineralization dynamic. Additionally, in one soil IPU dissipation, formation and dissipation of metabolites, formation of non-extractable residues (NER) and (14)C-microbial biomass from (14)C-IPU were monitored for 39 and 265 days. The data from short-term and long-term experiments were used for model fitting. The long-term dynamics of IPU mineralization were considerably overestimated by the short-term experiments in two soils with neutral pH, while in two other soils with low pH and lower mineralization, the long-term mineralization of IPU could be sufficiently predicted. Additional investigations in one of the soils with neutral pH showed that dissipation of IPU and metabolites could be correctly predicted by the short-term experiment. However, the formation of NER and (14)C-microbial biomass were remarkably overestimated by the short-term experiment. Further, it could be shown that the released NER and (14)C-microbial biomass were the main contributors of (14)CO2 formation at later incubation stages. Taken together, our results indicate that in soils with neutral pH short-term experiments were inadequate to predict the long-term mineralization of IPU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Dörfler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Reiner Schroll
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Niepceron M, Beguet J, Portet-Koltalo F, Martin-Laurent F, Quillet L, Bodilis J. Low impact of phenanthrene dissipation on the bacterial community in grassland soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:2977-2987. [PMID: 24170505 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of phenanthrene on the bacterial community was studied on permanent grassland soil historically presenting low contamination (i.e. less than 1 mg kg(-1)) by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Microcosms of soil were spiked with phenanthrene at 300 mg kg(-1). After 30 days of incubation, the phenanthrene concentration decreased rapidly until its total dissipation within 90 days. During this incubation period, significant changes of the total bacterial community diversity were observed, as assessed by automated-ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis fingerprinting. In order to get a deeper view of the effect of phenanthrene on the bacterial community, the abundances of ten phyla and classes (Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobiales, Gemmatimonadetes, and Planctomycetes) were monitored by quantitative polymerase chain reaction performed on soil DNA extracts. Interestingly, abundances of some bacterial taxa significantly changed as compared with controls. Moreover, among these bacterial groups impacted by phenanthrene spiking, some of them presented the potential of phenanthrene degradation, as assessed by PAH-ring hydroxylating dioxygenase (PAH-RHDα) gene detection. However, neither the abundance nor the diversity of the PAH-RHDα genes was significantly impacted by phenanthrene spiking, highlighting the low impact of this organic contaminant on the functional bacterial diversities in grassland soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maïté Niepceron
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, Université de Rouen, EA 4312, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Howell CC, Semple KT, Bending GD. Isolation and characterisation of azoxystrobin degrading bacteria from soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 95:370-8. [PMID: 24125711 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The first strobilurin fungicides were introduced in 1996, and have since been used in a vast array of disease/plant systems worldwide. The strobilurins now consist of 16 compounds and represent the 2nd most important fungicide group worldwide with 15% of the total fungicide market share. Strobilurins are moderately persistent in soil, and some degradation products (e.g. azoxystrobin acid) have been detected as contaminants of freshwater systems. Little is currently known about the transformation processes involved in the biodegradation of strobilurins or the microbial groups involved. Using sequential soil and liquid culture enrichments, we isolated two bacterial strains which were able to degrade the most widely used strobilurin, azoxystrobin, when supplied as a sole carbon source. 16S rRNA showed that the strains showed homology to Cupriavidus sp. and Rhodanobacter sp. Both isolated strains were also able to degrade the related strobilurin compounds trifloxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, and kresoxim-methyl. An additional nitrogen source was required for degradation to occur, but the addition of a further carbon source reduced compound degradation by approximately 50%. However, (14)C radiometric analysis showed that full mineralisation of azosxystrobin to (14)CO2 was negligible for both isolates. 16S rRNA T-RFLP analysis using both DNA and RNA extracts showed that degradation of azoxystrobin in soil was associated with shifts in bacterial community structure. However, the phylotypes which proliferated during degradation could not be attributed to the isolated degraders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Howell
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, Warwickshire CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hussain S, Maqbool Z, Ali S, Yasmeen T, Imran M, Mahmood F, Abbas F. Biodecolorization of Reactive Black-5 by a metal and salt tolerant bacterial strain Pseudomonas sp. RA20 isolated from Paharang drain effluents in Pakistan. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 98:331-338. [PMID: 24138897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Discharge of untreated azo dyes contaminated textile wastewater into soil and water bodies causes severe contamination. The present study was conducted to isolate dye degrading bacterial strains from a textile industry wastewater carrying drain in the neighborhood of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Seventy six bacterial strains were initially isolated and was screened using liquid mineral salts medium spiked with Reactive Black-5 azo dye. The strain RA20 was found to be the most efficient azo dye degrading bacterial isolate and was identified by amplifying and sequencing its 16S rRNA. Analysis indicated that this strain belonged to genus Pseudomonas and was designated as Pseudomonas sp. RA20. It had the highest decolorization activity at pH 8 and 25 °C incubation temperature under static conditions using yeast extract as an additional C source. This strain was also effective in decolorizing structurally related other reactive dyes including Reactive Orange 16, Reactive Yellow 2 and Reactive Red 120 but with varying efficacy. RA20 decolorized Reactive Black-5 significantly in the presence of up to 30 g L⁻¹ NaCl; however, the decolorization rate was significantly (p≤0.05) reduced beyond this salt concentration. Moreover, this bacterial strain also exhibited moderate tolerance to different heavy metals including zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and copper (Cu). RA20 also decolorized Reactive Black-5 in the presence of a mixture of the selected heavy metals depending upon their concentrations. This study highlights the importance of Pseudomonas sp. RA20 as a prospective biological resource for bioremediation of water and soils contaminated with azo dyes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabir Hussain
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hussain S, Devers-Lamrani M, Spor A, Rouard N, Porcherot M, Beguet J, Martin-Laurent F. Mapping field spatial distribution patterns of isoproturon-mineralizing activity over a three-year winter wheat/rape seed/barley rotation. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:2499-2511. [PMID: 23246724 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The temporal and spatial variability of the activity of soil microorganisms able to mineralize the herbicide isoproturon (IPU) pesticide was investigated over a three-year long crop rotation between 2008 and 2010. Isoproturon mineralization was higher in 2008, when winter wheat was treated with this herbicide, than in 2009 and 2010, when rape seed and barley were treated with different herbicides. Under laboratory conditions, we showed that isoproturon mineralization was not promoted by sulfonylurea herbicide applied on barley crop in 2010. IPU mineralization was shown to be highly variable at the field scale in years 2009 and 2010. Principal component analyses and analyses of similarities revealed that soil pH and equivalent humidity, and to a lesser extent soil organic matter content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were the main drivers of isoproturon-mineralizing activity variance. Using a rather simple model that yields the rate of isoproturon mineralization as a function of soil pH and equivalent humidity, we explained up to 85% of the variance observed. Mapping field-scale distribution of isoproturon mineralization over the three-year survey indicated higher variability in 2009 and in 2010 as compared to 2008, suggesting that isoproturon treatment applied to winter wheat promoted isoproturon mineralization activity and reduced its spatial variability. Field-scale distribution of isoproturon mineralization showed important similarity to the distribution of soil pH, equivalent humidity and to a lesser extent to soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity (CEC) thereby confirming our model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hussain
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroecologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - M Devers-Lamrani
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroecologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - A Spor
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroecologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - N Rouard
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroecologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - M Porcherot
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroecologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - J Beguet
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroecologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - F Martin-Laurent
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroecologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ellegaard-Jensen L, Aamand J, Kragelund BB, Johnsen AH, Rosendahl S. Strains of the soil fungus Mortierella show different degradation potentials for the phenylurea herbicide diuron. Biodegradation 2013; 24:765-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-013-9624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
16
|
Comparing metabolic functionalities, community structures, and dynamics of herbicide-degrading communities cultivated with different substrate concentrations. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 79:367-75. [PMID: 23124226 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02536-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA)-degrading enrichment cultures selected from an aquifer on low (0.1 mg liter(-1)) or high (25 mg liter(-1)) MCPA concentrations were compared in terms of metabolic activity, community composition, population growth, and single cell physiology. Different community compositions and major shifts in community structure following exposure to different MCPA concentrations were observed using both 16S rRNA gene denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting and pyrosequencing. The communities also differed in their MCPA-mineralizing activities. The enrichments selected on low concentrations mineralized MCPA with shorter lag phases than those selected on high concentrations. Flow cytometry measurements revealed that mineralization led to cell growth. The presence of low-nucleic acid-content bacteria (LNA bacteria) was correlated with mineralization activity in cultures selected on low herbicide concentrations. This suggests that LNA bacteria may play a role in degradation of low herbicide concentrations in aquifers impacted by agriculture. This study shows that subpopulations of herbicide-degrading bacteria that are adapted to different pesticide concentrations can coexist in the same environment and that using a low herbicide concentration enables enrichment of apparently oligotrophic subpopulations.
Collapse
|
17
|
Udiković-Kolić N, Devers-Lamrani M, Petrić I, Hršak D, Martin-Laurent F. Evidence for taxonomic and functional drift of an atrazine-degrading culture in response to high atrazine input. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:1547-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
18
|
Dwivedi S, Singh BR, Al-Khedhairy AA, Musarrat J. Biodegradation of isoproturon using a novel Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain JS-11 as a multi-functional bioinoculant of environmental significance. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 185:938-944. [PMID: 21035259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation of phenylurea herbicide isoproturon was studied in soil microcosm bioaugmented with a novel bacterial strain JS-11 isolated from wheat rhizosphere. The molecular characterization based on 16SrDNA sequence homology confirmed its identity as Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain JS-11. The herbicide was completely degraded within 20 days at ambient temperature with the rate constant of 0.08 day(-1), following the first-order rate kinetics. In stationary phase, at a cell density of 6.5 × 10(9) CFU mL(-1), the bacteria produced substantially increased amounts of indole acetic acid (IAA) in the presence of tryptophan as compared with the control. Also, the bacteria exhibited a time-dependent increase in the amount of tri-calcium phosphate solubilization in Pikovskaya's medium. Further screening of the strain JS-11 for auxiliary activities revealed its remarkable capability of producing the siderophores and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), besides antifungal activity against a common phytopathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Thus, the versatile P. aeruginosa strain JS-11 with innate potential for multifarious biological activities is envisaged as a super-bioinoculant for exploitation in the integrated bioremediation, plant growth and disease management (IBPDM) in contaminated agricultural soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Dwivedi
- Al-Jeraisy Chair for DNA Research, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bers K, Sniegowski K, Albers P, Breugelmans P, Hendrickx L, De Mot R, Springael D. A molecular toolbox to estimate the number and diversity of Variovorax in the environment: application in soils treated with the phenylurea herbicide linuron. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 76:14-25. [PMID: 21204875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.01028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time PCR and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) approaches that specifically target the Variovorax 16S rRNA gene were developed to estimate the number and diversity of Variovorax in environmental ecosystems. PCR primers suitable for both methods were selected as such that the enclosed sequence showed maximum polymorphism. PCR specificity was maximized by combining PCR with a targeted endonuclease treatment of template DNA to eliminate 16S rRNA genes of the closely related Acidovorax. DGGE allowed the grouping of PCR amplicons according to the phylogenetic grouping within the genus Variovorax. The toolbox was used to assess the Variovorax community dynamics in agricultural soil microcosms (SMs) exposed to the phenylurea herbicide linuron. Exposure to linuron resulted in an increased abundance within the Variovorax community of a subgroup previously linked to linuron degradation through cultivation-dependent isolation. SMs that were treated only once with linuron reverted to the initial community composition 70 days after linuron exposure. In contrast, SMs irrigated with linuron on a long-term base showed a significant increase in Variovorax number after 70 days. Our data support the hypothesis that the genus Variovorax is involved in linuron degradation in linuron-treated agricultural soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolien Bers
- Division of Soil and Water Management, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hussain S, Devers-Lamrani M, El Azhari N, Martin-Laurent F. Isolation and characterization of an isoproturon mineralizing Sphingomonas sp. strain SH from a French agricultural soil. Biodegradation 2010; 22:637-50. [PMID: 21110068 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-010-9437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phenylurea herbicide isoproturon, 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (IPU), was found to be rapidly mineralized in an agricultural soil in France that had been periodically exposed to IPU. Enrichment cultures from samples of this soil isolated a bacterial strain able to mineralize IPU. 16S rRNA sequence analysis showed that this strain belonged to the phylogeny of the genus Sphingomonas (96% similarity with Sphingomonas sp. JEM-14, AB219361) and was designated Sphingomonas sp. strain SH. From this strain, a partial sequence of a 1,2-dioxygenase (catA) gene coding for an enzyme degrading catechol putatively formed during IPU mineralization was amplified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the catA sequence was related to Sphingomonas spp. and showed a lack of congruence between the catA and 16S rRNA based phylogenies, implying horizontal gene transfer of the catA gene cluster between soil microbiota. The IPU degrading ability of strain SH was strongly influenced by pH with maximum degradation taking place at pH 7.5. SH was only able to mineralize IPU and its known metabolites including 4-isopropylaniline and it could not degrade other structurally related phenylurea herbicides such as diuron, linuron, monolinuron and chlorotoluron or their aniline derivatives. These observations suggest that the catabolic abilities of the strain SH are highly specific to the metabolism of IPU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabir Hussain
- UMR Microbiologie du Sol et de l'Environment, INRA-Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|